1 Functions and

Transformations
1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations
1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions
1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions
1.4 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
1.5 Absolute Value Functions
1.6 Piecewise Functions

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Robert Wood
Electrical engineer Robert Wood is an expert in tiny robots called
microrobots. Microrobots are about the size of a bee. He leads a team that
invents and develops entirely new classes of microrobots. For years, the
team has focused on creating flying microrobots called RoboBees that can
be sent on missions that are too dangerous for humans.
• A RoboBee has a 3-centimeter wingspan and a mass of 60 milligrams.
Compare these measurements to the wingspan and mass of an actual
honeybee.
• On what types of assignments might RoboBees be sent?

STEM
Robots can be used for a
wide variety of applications.
In the Performance Task, you
will design a flying robot and
determine how fast it needs
to flap its wings to be able to
take flight.

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 Preparing for Chapter 1
Chapter Learning Target
Chapter Success Criteria
Chapter Learning Target: Understand functions and transformations.
Chapter Success Criteria: I can identify parent functions.
I can use transformations to graph functions.
I can describe characteristics of functions.
I can solve real-life problems using linear and absolute Surface
value functions. Deep

Chapter Vocabulary
Work with a partner. Discuss each of the vocabulary terms.

parent function vertical stretch line of best fit

transformation vertical shrink absolute value inequality
translation line of fit piecewise function
reflection

Mathematical Thinking and Reasoning

6 ASSESS THE REASONABLENESS OF SOLUTIONS
MTR
Mathematicians who assess the reasonableness of solutions estimate to
discover possible solutions.

Work with a partner. A company wants to use a robotic arm to

help manufacture items. The arm costs about $250,000 to purchase
and install. The graph shows the estimated savings over time.

Robotic Arm Savings

S
Savings (dollars)

60
(4, 60)
40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
Time (hours)

1. A manager decides that to purchase the robotic arm, the estimated savings
must be greater than the cost in less than two years. Should the company
purchase the robotic arm?
2. Explain the assumptions or approximations you made to find your answer.
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 1 Prepare WITH
Evaluating Expressions
Example 1 Evaluate the expression 36 ÷ (32 × 2) − 3.
WATCH

36 ÷ (32 × 2) − 3 = 36 ÷ (9 × 2) − 3 Evaluate the power within parentheses.

= 36 ÷ 18 − 3 Multiply within parentheses.
=2−3 Divide.
= −1 Subtract.

Evaluate.

⋅
1. 5 23 + 7 2. 4 − 2(3 + 2)2 3. 48 ÷ 42 + —5
3

4. 50 ÷ 52 2⋅ 5. —12 (22 + 22) 6. —16 (6 + 18) − 22

Transformations of Figures
Example 2 Reflect the black rectangle in the x-axis. Then translate the new rectangle
WATCH
5 units to the left and 1 unit down.
y B
4
A

Move each vertex 5 units D C

left and 1 unit down. −4 −2 4 x
D″ C″ D′ C′ Take the opposite of
−2
each y-coordinate.

−4
A′ B′
A″ B″
Graph the transformation of the figure.

7. Translate the rectangle 8. Reflect the triangle in the 9. Translate the trapezoid
1 unit right and 4 units up. y-axis. Then translate the 3 units down. Then reflect
image 2 units left. the image in the x-axis.
y y y
3 6 4
A B
1 B 4 2
−3 1 3 x A C
−6 −4 −2 B 2x
A
−2
−4 −2 2 4x D C
D C
−5 −2 −4

10. MAKE A CONNECTION Why is the order of operations important when evaluating a numerical
expression? Is the order of transformations of a figure also important? Justify your answers.
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 Parent Functions and
1.1 Transformations
Learning Target: Graph and describe transformations of functions.

Success Criteria: • I can identify the function family to which a function belongs.
• I can graph transformations of functions.
• I can explain how translations, reflections, stretches, and shrinks affect
graphs of functions.

EXPLORE IT Identifying Basic Parent Functions

Work with a partner.
a. Graphs of six basic parent functions are shown below. Classify each function
2
MTR MAKE A
as constant, linear, absolute value, quadratic, square root, or exponential.
CONNECTION Justify your reasoning.
Can considering the i. y ii. y
domain and range help
you identify the graphs 2 2
of any of the functions?

−2 2 x 2 4 x

−2 −2

iii. y iv. y

2 2

−2 2 x −4 −2 2 x

−2 −2

v. y vi. y

2 2

−2 2 x −2 2 x

−2 −2

b. Sort the parent functions in part (a) into groups. Explain how you grouped
the functions.

c. What are the characteristics of the graphs of some of the basic parent functions?

Functions
MA.912.F.1.1 Given an equation or graph that defines a function, determine the function type. Given an input-output
table, determine a function type that could represent it.
MA.912.F.2.2 Identify the effect on the graph of a given function of two or more transformations defined by adding
GO DIGITAL a real number to the x- or y-values or multiplying the x- or y-values by a real number.

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 Identifying Function Families
Functions that belong to the same family share key characteristics. The parent
Vocabulary function is the most basic function in a family. Functions in the same family are
parent function, p. 4 transformations of their parent function.
transformation, p. 5
translation, p. 5 KEY IDEA
reflection, p. 5
vertical stretch, p. 6
Parent Functions
vertical shrink, p. 6 Family Constant Linear Absolute Value Quadratic
Rule f(x) = 1 f(x) = x f(x) = ∣ x ∣ f(x) = x 2

Graph y y y y

x x
x x

Domain All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers
Range y=1 All real numbers y≥0 y≥0

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying a Function Family

Identify the function family to which f belongs. y

Compare the graph of f to the graph of its
parent function. 6

SOLUTION 4

The graph of f is V-shaped, so f is an absolute

value function.
5 USE f(x) = 2x + 1
MTR The graph is shifted up and is narrower than
STRUCTURE −4 −2 2 4 x
the graph of the parent absolute value function.
How can you use a
The domain of each function is all real numbers,
function rule to identify
but the range of f is y ≥ 1 and the range of the
the function family?
parent absolute value function is y ≥ 0.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Identify the function family to which g belongs. Compare the graph of g to the graph of its
parent function.
1. y 2. y
6
1
6 g(x) = 4 (x − 3)2
4
4

g(x) = x + 2 2

−4 2 4 x
−2 2 4 6 8 x
−2

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 Describing Transformations
A transformation changes the size, shape, position, or orientation of a graph. A
translation is a transformation that shifts a graph horizontally and/or vertically but
does not change its size, shape, or orientation.

EXAMPLE 2 Graphing and Describing Translations

Graph g(x) = x − 4 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

SOLUTION
The function g is a linear function with a slope y
REMEMBER of 1 and a y-intercept of −4. So, draw a line 2

The slope-intercept form through the point (0, −4) with a slope of 1.
of a linear equation is The graph of g is 4 units below the graph of −4 −2 2 4 x
y = mx + b, where m is the parent linear function f. f(x) = x −2
the slope and b is the
y-intercept. So, the graph of g(x) = x − 4 is a vertical (0, −4)
translation 4 units down of the graph of
the parent linear function. g(x) = x − 4
−6

A reflection is a transformation that flips a graph over a line called the line of
reflection. A reflected point is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
original point but on the opposite side of the line.

EXAMPLE 3 Graphing and Describing Reflections

Graph p(x) = −x 2 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

SOLUTION
The function p is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph each function.
y
x y = x2 y = −x 2 4
REMEMBER −2 4 −4
The function p(x) = −x 2 2
is written in function −1 1 −1 f(x) = x2
notation, where p(x) is 0 0 0 −4 −2 2 4 x
another name for y.
1 1 −1 p(x) = −x2 −2
2 4 −4
−4

The graph of p is the graph of the parent function flipped over the x-axis.
So, the graph of p(x) = −x 2 is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of the parent
quadratic function.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

3. g(x) = x + 3 4. h(x) = (x − 2)2 5. n(x) = −∣ x ∣

6. REASONING Can you describe the transformation in Example 2 in a different way?
Explain your reasoning.
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 Another way to transform the graph of a function is to multiply all of the
y-coordinates by the same positive factor. When the factor is greater than 1, the
transformation is a vertical stretch. When the factor is greater than 0 and less
STUDY TIP than 1, it is a vertical shrink.
To visualize a vertical
stretch, imagine pulling EXAMPLE 4 Graphing and Describing Stretches and Shrinks
the points away from
the x-axis. Graph each function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

y a. g(x) = 2 ∣ x ∣ b. h(x) = —12 x2

SOLUTION
a. The function g is an absolute value function. Use a table of values to graph
x
the functions.

x y = ∣x∣ y = 2∣ x ∣ g(x) = 2x

y
−2 2 4
To visualize a vertical
6
shrink, imagine pushing −1 1 2
the points toward 0 0 0 4
the x-axis.
1 1 2
y 2
2 2 4
f(x) = x

The y-coordinate of each point on g is −4 −2 2 4 x

x two times the y-coordinate of the
corresponding point on the parent function.
So, the graph of g(x) = 2∣ x ∣ is a vertical stretch of the graph of the parent
absolute value function by a factor of 2.

b. The function h is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph

the functions.

f(x) = x2
x y = x2 y = —12 x 2
y
−2 4 2
6
−1 1 1
—2
4
0 0 0
1 1 1
—2 2
1
h(x) = 2 x 2
2 4 2
−4 −2 2 4 x

The y-coordinate of each point on h is

one-half of the y-coordinate of the
corresponding point on the parent function.
So, the graph of h(x) = —12 x 2 is a vertical shrink of the graph of the parent
quadratic function by a factor of —12 .

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.

9. c(x) = 0.2∣ x ∣
3
7. g(x) = 3x 8. h(x) = —2 x2
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 Combinations of Transformations
You can use more than one transformation to change the graph of a function.

Describing Combinations
EXAMPLE 5
of Transformations

Use technology to graph g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3 and its parent function. Then describe
the transformations.

SOLUTION f
4
The function g is an absolute value function.
–8 –4 4 8
The graph of g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3 is a
reflection in the x-axis followed by a –4

translation 5 units left and 3 units down of g

the graph of the parent absolute value function.

Time Height
(seconds), x (feet), y EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life 7
MTR
0 8
The table shows the height y of a dirt bike x seconds after jumping off a ramp. What
0.5 20 type of function can you use to model the data? Estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
1 24
SOLUTION
1.5 20
2 8 1. Understand the Problem You are asked to identify the type of function that
can model the table of values and then to find the height at a specific time.
2. Make a Plan Create a scatter plot of the data. Then use the relationship shown
in the scatter plot to estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
3. Solve and Check Create a scatter plot. y
30
The data appear to lie on a curve that resembles
a quadratic function. Sketch the curve.
20
So, you can model the data with a quadratic
function. The graph shows that the height is 10
about 15 feet after 1.75 seconds.
0
0 1 2 3 x

Check Reasonableness To check that your solution is reasonable,

analyze the values in the table. Because 1.75 is between 1.5 and 2,
the height is between 20 feet and 8 feet, and 8 ft < 15 ft < 20 ft. ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Use technology to graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformations.

12. g(x) = ∣ 2x ∣ − 3
1
10. h(x) = −—4 x + 5 11. d(x) = 3(x − 5)2 − 1
13. The table shows the amount of fuel in a chain saw after x minutes. What type of function
can you use to model the data? When will the tank be empty?

Time (minutes), x 0 10 20 30 40
Fuel remaining (fluid ounces), y 15 12 9 6 3
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 1.1 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1– 4, identify the function family to which In Exercises 17–24, graph the function and its parent
f belongs. Compare the graph of f to the graph of its function. Then describe the transformation.
parent function. (See Example 1.) (See Example 4.)
1
1. y 2. y 17. f(x) = —3 x 18. g(x) = 4x
−4 −2 x
1
−2 19. f(x) = 2x2 20. h(x) = —3 x2
−4 −2 2 4x 3 4
−4 21. h(x) = —4 x 22. g(x) = —3 x
−2

23. h(x) = 3∣ x ∣ 24. f(x) = —2 ∣ x ∣

1
−4
4

f(x) = 2x + 2 − 8 f(x) = −2x 2 + 3 In Exercises 25–32, use technology to graph the
function and its parent function. Then describe the
transformations. (See Example 5.)
3. y 4. y
20 6
f(x) = 3 25. f(x) = 3x + 2 26. h(x) = −x + 5
10 4
27. h(x) = −3∣ x ∣ − 1 28. f(x) = —4 ∣ x ∣ + 1
3
2
−2 2 4 6x
1
29. g(x) = —2 x2 − 6 30. f(x) = 4x2 − 3
f(x) = 5x − 2 −4 −2 2 4x
−20 −2 32. g(x) = −∣ x − 1 ∣ − —2
1 1
31. f(x) = −(x + 3)2 + —4

5. MODELING REAL LIFE The function 33. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
f (t) = −16t2 + 22t + 4 represents the height (in feet) graphing g(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ and its parent function.
of a bean bag t seconds after it is tossed up into the

✗
air. Identify the function family to which f belongs. y

4
f(x) = |x|
6. MODELING REAL LIFE You purchase a car from a
dealership for $10,000. The trade-in value of the car 2
each year after the purchase is given by the function g(x) = |x + 3|
f (x) = 10,000 − 1250x, where x is the number of
2 4 6x
years after the purchase. Identify the function family
to which f belongs.

In Exercises 7–16, graph the function and its parent

34. ERROR ANALYSIS Identify and correct the error in
function. Then describe the transformation.
describing the transformation of the parent function.
(See Examples 2 and 3.)

✗
7. g(x) = x + 4 8. f(x) = x − 6 y

4
9. f(x) = x 2 − 1 10. h(x) = (x + 4)2

11. g(x) = ∣ x − 5 ∣ 12. f(x) = 4 + ∣ x ∣ −4 −2 2 4x

−4
13. g(x) = −x
−8

14. h(x) = (−x)2 The graph is a reflection in the

x-axis and a vertical shrink of
15. f(x) = 3 the graph of the parent
quadratic function.
16. f(x) = −2
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 CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 35 and 36, find 45. STRUCTURE Are the graphs of the functions
the coordinates of the figure after the transformation. f (x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ and g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 4 the same? Explain.
35. Translate 2 units 36. Reflect in the x-axis.
down. 46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
Consider the graphs of f, g, and h.
y y
2 4
A A B a. Does the graph of g h 4 y
represent a vertical f
−2 4x g
D C
stretch or a vertical 2
B −4 −2 2x shrink of the graph
C −2
of f ? Explain your
−4 −4 2 4x
reasoning.
−2
b. Describe how to
USING TOOLS In Exercises 37–42, identify the function transform the graph −4
family to which the function belongs. Then find the of f to obtain the
domain and range. Use technology to verify your graph of h.
answer.
37. g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1 38. h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 2 47. DISCUSS MATHEMATICAL THINKING A person swims
at a constant speed of 1 meter per second. What type
39. g(x) = 3x + 4 40. f(x) = −4x + 11 of function can be used to model the distance the
swimmer travels? If the person has a 10-meter head
41. f(x) = 5x 2 − 2 42. f(x) = −2x2 + 6 start, what type of transformation does this
represent? Explain.
43. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the speeds of
a car as it travels through an intersection with a stop 48. REASONING The graph shows the balance of a
sign. What type of function can you use to model the savings account over time.
data? Estimate the speed of the car when it is 20 yards a. Write a function
past the intersection. (See Example 6.) Savings Account
that represents
the account y

(hundreds of dollars)
Displacement from Speed balance for the
16
sign (yards), x (miles per hour), y domain shown.

Balance
−100 40 Identify the 12
function type.
−50 20 8
b. Can you use
−10 4 your function to 4
0 0 predict the
account balance 0
10 4 0 2 4 6 x
after 1 year? Month
50 20 Explain.
100 40 c. What is the initial balance? How would the
graph change if the account had an initial
44. MODELING REAL LIFE
balance of $2000?
The table shows the
49. PROBLEM SOLVING You are playing bossaball, a
battery life of a robotic
volleyball-like game that originated in Spain and
vacuum over time.
is played on an inflatable court with a trampoline
What type of function
section. The height (in feet) of the ball above the
can you use to
Time Battery life court t seconds after you hit the ball is modeled by
model the data?
(minutes), x remaining, y the function f (t) = −16t2 + 26t + 6.5.
Interpret the
meaning of the 30 75% a. Without graphing, identify the type of function
x-intercept in 90 25% that models the height of the bossaball.
this situation.
120 0% b. What is the value of t when you hit the ball?
Explain your reasoning.
180 50%
c. How many feet above the ground is the ball when
GO DIGITAL 240 100% you hit the bossaball? Explain.

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 50. THOUGHT PROVOKING 52. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following function
The graph of f (x) = mx + b is transformed to obtain types cannot have a range of all real numbers? Select
the graph of g(x) = mx + c, where m is a rational all that apply. Explain your reasoning.
number and b and c are integers. Describe the
A constant C absolute value
transformation from the graph of f to the graph of g
in terms of b and c. B linear D quadratic

53. NUMBER SENSE Use the values −1, 0, 1, and 2 to

51. REASONING Compare each function with its parent complete each function so their graphs intersect the
function. State whether each represents a horizontal x-axis. Explain your reasoning.
translation, vertical translation, both, or neither.
Explain your reasoning. a. f (x) = 3x +1 b. f (x) = ∣ 2x − 6 ∣ −
a. f (x) = 2∣ x ∣ − 3 b. f (x) = (x − 8)2 c. f (x) = x2 + 1 d. f (x) =
c. f (x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ + 4 d. f (x) = 4x 2

REVIEW & REFRESH

54. Tell whether (5, 2) is a solution of y ≤ x − 3. In Exercises 68 and 69, find the volume of the solid.

68. 4 in. 69.

In Exercises 55 and 56, find the x- and y-intercepts of
the graph of the equation. 6 cm

55. y = x + 2 56. x − 2y = 8
10 in.

57. NUMBER SENSE The sum of three-halves a number

and eight is seventeen. What is the number? 3 cm

In Exercises 58– 61, graph the function and its parent 70. Determine which of the lines, if any, are parallel
function. Then describe the transformation. or perpendicular.
Line a: 2y + x = 12
58. f (x) = x2 + 5 59. g(x) = ∣ x − 2 ∣
Line b: y = 2x − 3
3 Line c: y + 2x = 1
60. h(x) = —2 x 61. f (x) = 3x2
71. MODELING REAL LIFE The growth rate of a
62. Determine whether y bacterial culture is 125% each hour. Initially, there
the graph represents are 5 bacteria. Find the number of bacteria in the
2
a function. Explain. culture after 6 hours.
2 4 x
72. The two-way table shows the results of a survey.
−2
Make a two-way table that shows the joint and
marginal relative frequencies.

In Exercises 63–66, solve the equation. Use Social Media

63. x + 11 = 28 64. 2∣ x − 8 ∣ = 18 Yes No
Yes 132 59
Phone
a Cell

65. x2 − 64 = 0 66. 2x2 − 5x = 9

Own

No 87 46
67. Tell whether the table of values represents a linear,
an exponential, or a quadratic function.
In Exercises 73–76, factor the polynomial completely.
x −1 0 1 2 3 73. x2 − x − 30 74. 3x2 + 15x + 12
1
y 8 4 2 1 —2
75. x2 − 18x + 81 76. 2x3 − 2x
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 Transformations of Linear and
1.2 Absolute Value Functions
Learning Target: Understand transformations of linear and absolute value functions.

Success Criteria: • I can write functions that represent transformations of linear and
absolute value functions.
• I can identify transformations of linear and absolute value functions.
• I can explain how translations, reflections, stretches, and shrinks
affect graphs of functions.

EXPLORE IT Transforming the Parent Absolute Value Function

Work with a partner. For parts (a)–(d), graph the function for several values
of k, h, or a. Then describe how the value of k, h, or a affects the graph.
a. y = ∣ x ∣ + k b. y = ∣ x − h ∣
y y
4 4

2
4 2
MTR CONSTRUCT AN
ARGUMENT
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
In parts (c) and (d), how
does a affect the graph −2 −2
when a = −1? Explain
why this occurs. −4 −4

⋅
c. y = a ∣ x ∣ ⋅
d. y = ∣ a x ∣
y y
4 4

2 2

−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

−2 −2

−4 −4

e. Let f be the parent absolute value function. How do the graphs compare to
the graph of f ?

i. y = f (x) + k ii. y = f (x − h)

⋅
iii. y = a f (x) ⋅
iv. y = f (a x)

Functions
MA.912.F.2.2 Identify the effect on the graph of a given function of two or more transformations defined by adding
a real number to the x- or y-values or multiplying the x- or y-values by a real number.
MA.912.F.2.5 Given a table, equation or graph that represents a function, create a corresponding table, equation or
graph of the transformed function defined by adding a real number to the x- or y-values or multiplying the x- or
y-values by a real number.
GO DIGITAL Also MA.912.F.2.3

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 Transformations of Functions
You can use function notation to represent transformations of graphs of functions.

KEY IDEAS
Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations
The graph of y = f (x − h) is a The graph of y = f (x) + k is a
horizontal translation of the graph vertical translation of the graph of
of y = f (x), where h ≠ 0. y = f (x), where k ≠ 0.
y y = f(x) y
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k, y = f(x)
h<0 k>0

x x
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k,
h>0 k<0

Subtracting h from the inputs before Adding k to the outputs shifts the
evaluating the function shifts the graph graph down when k < 0 and up
left when h < 0 and right when h > 0. when k > 0.

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Translations of Functions

Let f(x) = 2x + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a translation 3 units down of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a translation 2 units left of the graph of f.

SOLUTION
a. A translation 3 units down is a vertical translation that adds −3 to each output value.
g(x) = f(x) + (−3) Add −3 to the output.
= 2x + 1 + (−3) Substitute 2x + 1 for f(x).
= 2x − 2 Simplify.
The translated function is g(x) = 2x − 2.

b. A translation 2 units left is a horizontal translation that subtracts −2 from each

Check input value.

h f g h(x) = f(x − (−2)) Subtract −2 from the input.

2
= f(x + 2) Add the opposite.
–4 –2 2 4 = 2(x + 2) + 1 Replace x with x + 2 in f(x).
= 2x + 5 Simplify.
The translated function is h(x) = 2x + 5.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
Use technology to check your answer.
1. f(x) = 3x; translation 5 units up 2. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; translation 4 units right
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12 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 KEY IDEAS
Reflections in the x-Axis Reflections in the y-Axis
The graph of y = −f (x) is a reflection The graph of y = f (−x) is a reflection
STUDY TIP in the x-axis of the graph of y = f (x). in the y-axis of the graph of y = f (x).
When you reflect a graph y y
in a line, the graphs are y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x)
symmetric about that line.
x x
y = −f(x)

Multiplying the outputs by −1 Multiplying the inputs by −1 changes

changes their signs. their signs.

EXAMPLE 2 Writing Reflections of Functions

Let f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f.

SOLUTION
a. A reflection in the x-axis changes the sign of each output value.
g(x) = −f(x) Multiply the output by −1.
= −( ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 ) Substitute ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 for f(x).
= −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1 Distributive Property
The reflected function is g(x) = −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1.

b. A reflection in the y-axis changes the sign of each input value.

Check
h(x) = f(−x) Multiply the input by −1.
6
= ∣ −x + 3 ∣ + 1 Replace x with −x in f(x).
f 2
h = ∣ −(x − 3) ∣ + 1 Factor out −1.
–8 –4 4 8
⋅
= ∣ −1 ∣ ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1 Product Property of Absolute Value
g = ∣x − 3∣ + 1 Simplify.
–6
The reflected function is h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
Use technology to check your answer.
3. f(x) = −∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1; reflection in the x-axis
1
4. f(x) = —2 x + 1; reflection in the y-axis

5. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Let f(x) = x − 1 and g(x) = x + 1. Which function does not
belong with the other three? Explain your reasoning.

h(x) = −f(x) h(x) = f(−x) h(x) = g(−x) h(x) = 1 − x

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 In the previous section, you learned that vertical stretches and shrinks transform
graphs. You can also use horizontal stretches and shrinks to transform graphs.

KEY IDEAS
Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks
The graph of y = f (ax) is a horizontal stretch y = f(ax),
1 a>1
or shrink by a factor of — of the graph of y y = f(x)
a
y = f(x), where a > 0 and a ≠ 1.
y = f(ax),
Multiplying the inputs by a before evaluating 0<a<1
the function stretches the graph horizontally x
(away from the y-axis) when 0 < a < 1, and The y-intercept
shrinks the graph horizontally (toward the stays the same.
y-axis) when a > 1.
STUDY TIP
The graphs of y = f(−ax) Vertical Stretches and Shrinks y = a ∙ f(x),
⋅
and y = −a f(x) represent ⋅
The graph of y = a f(x) is a vertical stretch
or shrink by a factor of a of the graph of y
a>1
y = f(x)
a stretch or shrink and a
reflection in the x- or y-axis y = f(x), where a > 0 and a ≠ 1.
y = a ∙ f(x)
of the graph of y = f (x). Multiplying the outputs by a stretches the graph 0<a<1
vertically (away from the x-axis) when a > 1, x
and shrinks the graph vertically (toward the The x-intercept
x-axis) when 0 < a < 1. stays the same.

EXAMPLE 3 Writing Stretches and Shrinks of Functions

Let f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5. Write (a) a function g whose graph is a horizontal shrink

of the graph of f by a factor of —13 , and (b) a function h whose graph is a vertical
stretch of the graph of f by a factor of 2.

SOLUTION
a. A horizontal shrink by a factor of —13 multiplies each input value by 3.
g(x) = f(3x) Multiply the input by 3.
Check = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5 Replace x with 3x in f(x).
The transformed function is g(x) = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5.
f g
–4 4 10 b. A vertical stretch by a factor of 2 multiplies each output value by 2.
–4
⋅
h(x) = 2 f(x) Multiply the output by 2.
–8 = 2 ⋅ (∣x − 3∣ − 5) Substitute ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5 for f(x).
h
= 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10 Distributive Property
The transformed function is h(x) = 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
Use technology to check your answer.
7. f (x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; vertical shrink by a factor of —3
1
6. f (x) = 4x + 2; horizontal stretch by a factor of 2

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14 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 EXAMPLE 4 Describing a Transformation

The table represents two absolute value functions f and g. Describe the transformation
x −3 −2 −1 0
from the graph of f to the graph of g.
f (x) 10 6 2 6
SOLUTION
g(x) 5 3 1 3
To determine the transformation, compare values of f (x) and g(x).

x −3 −2 −1 0
f (x) 10 6 2 6
For each input, g(x) is —12 times
× —12 × —12 × —12 × —12 f (x). So, g(x) = —12 f (x).

g(x) 5 3 1 3

The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 of the graph of f.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

8. Use the graph to describe the transformation y

3
from the graph of f to the graph of g.
g
1
x
2 4
−1
f

−3

Combinations of Transformations

EXAMPLE 5 Describing a Combination of Transformations

Describe the transformation of f (x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ represented by g(x) = −f (x − 1).

Then graph each function.

SOLUTION
5 USE
MTR
Notice that the function is of the form y
STRUCTURE
Does the order of the
and h = 1.
⋅
g(x) = a f (x − h), where a = −1 3
f
transformations matter
in this situation? Justify So, the graph of g is a reflection in
your answer. −4 −2 2 x
the x-axis and a horizontal translation
1 unit right of the graph of f. −2
g

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

9. Describe the transformation of f (x) = x − 4 represented by g(x) = 2 f (x) + 5. Then graph each function.

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 You can write a function that represents a series of transformations on the graph of
another function by applying the transformations one at a time in the stated order.

EXAMPLE 6 Writing a Combination of Transformations

Let the graph of g be a vertical shrink by a factor of 0.25 followed by a translation

3 units up of the graph of f (x) = x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical shrink of f.
Check

f
h(x) = 0.25 f(x)⋅ Multiply the output by 0.25.
8
= 0.25x Substitute x for f(x).
4 g
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.
–4 4 8
g(x) = h(x) + 3 Add 3 to the output.
–4
= 0.25x + 3 Substitute 0.25x for h(x).
The transformed function is g(x) = 0.25x + 3.

7 EXAMPLE 7 Modeling Real Life

MTR

You design a computer game. Your revenue (in dollars)

for x downloads is given by f(x) = 2x, and your profit
is $50 less than 90% of the revenue. What is your
profit for 100 downloads?

SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a function that represents your revenurevenue
and a verbal statement that represents your profit. You are asked to find your profit
for 100 downloads.
Look Back The vertical
shrink decreases the slope, 2. Make a Plan Write a function p that represents your profit. Then use this function
and the translation shifts the to find the profit for 100 downloads.
graph 50 units down. So, the 3. Solve and Check ⋅
profit = 90% revenue − 50
graph of p is below and not
as steep as the graph of f. ⋅
p(x) = 0.9 f(x) − 50
Vertical shrink by Translation 50 units down

150
f p a factor of 0.9
⋅
= 0.9 2x − 50 Substitute 2x ffor f(
f(x).
)
= 1.8x − 50 Simplify.
100
(100, 130)
To find the profit for 100 downloads, evaluate p when x = 100.
50
p(100) = 1.8(100) − 50 = 130
50 100
Your profit is $130 for 100 downloads.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

10. Let the graph of g be a translation 6 units down followed by a reflection in the x-axis
of the graph of f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Write a rule for g. Use technology to check your answer.
11. WHAT IF? In Example 7, your revenue function is f(x) = 3x. How does this affect
your profit for 100 downloads?
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 1.2 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1– 6, write a function g whose graph In Exercises 9–14, write a function g whose graph
represents the indicated transformation of the graph represents the indicated transformation of the graph
of f. Use technology to check your answer. of f. Use technology to check your answer.
(See Example 1.) (See Example 2.)

1. f(x) = x − 5; translation 4 units left 9. f(x) = −5x + 2; reflection in the x-axis

1
2. f(x) = x + 2; translation 2 units right 10. f(x) = —2 x − 3; reflection in the x-axis

3. f(x) = ∣ 4x + 3 ∣ + 2; translation 2 units down 11. f(x) = ∣ 6x ∣ − 2; reflection in the y-axis

4. f(x) = 2∣ x ∣ − 9; translation 6 units up 12. f(x) = ∣ 2x − 1 ∣ + 3; reflection in the y-axis

5. f(x) = 4 − ∣ x + 1 ∣ 6. f(x) = ∣ 4x ∣ + 5 13. f(x) = −3 + ∣ x − 11 ∣; reflection in the y-axis

y y
5
f 14. f(x) = −x + 1; reflection in the y-axis
f g g
4
In Exercises 15–22, write a function g whose graph
1 represents the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
−1 1 3 x
2 Use technology to check your answer. (See Example 3.)

15. f(x) = x + 2; vertical stretch by a factor of 5

−1 1 x
1
16. f(x) = 2x + 6; vertical shrink by a factor of —2
7. WRITING Describe the translation from the graph of f
17. f(x) = ∣ 2x ∣ + 4; horizontal shrink by a factor of —2
to the graph of g in two different ways. 1

y
2
18. f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣; horizontal stretch by a factor of 4

−2 2 4x 19. f(x) = x − 3; horizontal stretch by a factor of 2

g(x) = −x − 2
20. f(x) = ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1; vertical stretch by a factor of 3
f(x) = −x − 5
−6
− 21. f(x) = −2∣ x − 4 ∣ + 2
y (4, 2)
2
(4, 1)
8. PROBLEM SOLVING You start a photography
business. The function f(x) = 4000x represents 4 x
g
your expected total net income (in dollars) after −2
x weeks. Before you start, you incur an expense of f
$12,000. What transformation of f is necessary to
model this situation? How many weeks will it take
to pay off the extra expense?
22. f(x) = 6 − x
y

6
(0, 6)

2 f
g
−4 4 8x
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 In Exercises 23–26, create a table that represents the In Exercises 31– 38, describe the transformations from
transformation of f given by g. the graph of f to the graph of g. (See Example 4.)

23. g(x) = f (x − 4) 31.

x 4 5 6 7

x −1 0 1 2 f (x) 1 0 1 2

f (x) −4 −3 −2 −1 g(x) = f (x) − k −3 −4 −3 −2

24. g(x) = f (x) + 5 32.

x −2 −1 0 1

x −7 −5 −3 −1 f (x) 1 4 7 10

f (x) 3 1 1 3 g(x) = −f (x) −1 −4 −7 −10

25. g(x) = 3 f (x) 33. 34.

y y
g(x) = f(x + k)
g(x) = f(kx)
x −3 −1 1 3 4
6
f (x) −5 −1 3 7 f
4
f
26. g(x) = −f (x) −4 −2 x
2
−2
x −2 0 2 4
−2 4 6x
f (x) 10 2 6 14
35.
x −4 −2 0 2
In Exercises 27–30, graph g.
f (x) 4 5 6 7
27. g(x) = f (x + 1) 28. g(x) = f (x) − 6
g(x) 8 10 12 14
y y
36.
f
2 4 x 3 4 5 6
f
−6 −4 −2 x
f (x) 0 −1 0 1
−2 g(x) 2 1 2 3
−2 2 4 x
−4 −2
37. 38.
y y

4 4
29. g(x) = 0.5f (x) 30. g(x) = f (4x) g
f
y y f x
2 −4 −2 2 x −2 2 4
−6 −2 x g
−2 −2
−2
2 4 6 x
−4 −2
f
f
In Exercises 39– 42, describe the transformation of f
−4
represented by g. Then graph each function.
(See Example 5.)

39. f (x) = ∣ x − 9 ∣; g(x) = f (x + 5) − 1

1
40. f (x) = —2 x − 4; g(x) = f (x − 2) + 7

41. f (x) = 3x + 11; g(x) = −f —3 x ( )

1

42. f (x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 5; g(x) = 3 f (x) − 4 GO DIGITAL

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 STRUCTURE In Exercises 43–46, y ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 53 and 54, identify and
match the graph of the correct the error in writing the function g whose graph
transformation of f with the represents the indicated transformations of the graph
correct equation shown. f of f.
Explain your reasoning.
53.

43. y 44. y
x
✗ f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation
3 units right followed by a
translation 2 units up
g(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 2

54.

45. y
x

46. y
x
✗ f(x) = x; translation
6 units down followed by
a vertical stretch by a
factor of 5

g(x) = 5x − 6

x x
55. MODELING REAL LIFE The cost (in dollars)
A. y = 2f(x) C. y = f (x + 2) of a car ride from a ride-sharing company
during regular hours is modeled
B. y = f(2x) D. y = f(x) + 2
by f(x) = 2.30x, where
x is the number of miles
In Exercises 47–52, write a function g whose graph driven. The cost of
represents the indicated transformations of the graph a ride during high-
of f. (See Example 6.) demand hours,
including a tip, is
47. f(x) = x; vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
$5 more than 120%
by a translation 1 unit up
the cost during regular
hours. What is the cost of
48. f(x) = x; translation 3 units down followed by a
a 6-mile ride during high-
vertical shrink by a factor of —13
demand hours? (See Example 7.)

49. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation 2 units right followed by a 56. MODELING REAL LIFE Recently, bookstore sales have
horizontal stretch by a factor of 2 been declining. The sales (in billions of dollars) can
be modeled by the function f(t) = −—14t + 11.3, where
50. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the y-axis followed by a t is the number of years since 2016. Transform the
translation 3 units right graph of f to model sales that decrease at twice this
rate. Explain how this affects bookstore sales in 2024.
51. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ 52. f(x) = ∣ x ∣
y
4
y CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 57 and 58,
4
f describe the transformation of the graph of f to the
f
2 graph of g. Then find the area of the shaded triangle.
−8 −4 4 8x
−4
57. f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ 58. f (x) = −x + 4
−4 −2 2 4x
g y y
6
g −4 f g g
−12 2

−2 2 4 6x
−2
−4 −2 2 4x f
−2
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 59. REASONING Give an example of a function and 61. REASONING Complete the function
a series of transformations where the order of the g(x) = ∣x − ∣+ so that g is a
transformations does not matter. Then give an reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation
example where the order does matter. Explain. one unit left and one unit up of the graph of
f(x) = 2∣ x − 2 ∣ + 1. Explain your reasoning.
60. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? y
Consider the graph 62. THOUGHT PROVOKING
of f(x) = mx + b. k
Let f(x) = a∣ x − h ∣ + k and g(x) = −∣ x − j ∣ − —,
Describe the effect each a
transformation has on the where a, h, j, and k are positive integers. Describe
f the transformations of the graph of f to the graph
slope of the line and the
intercepts of the graph. of g in terms of a, h, j, and k.
x
a. Reflect the graph of
63. DIG DEEPER The functions f(x) = mx + b and
f in the y-axis.
g(x) = mx + c represent two parallel lines. Write an
b. Shrink the graph of f vertically by a factor of —13. expression for the horizontal translation of the graph
c. Stretch the graph of f horizontally by a factor of f to the graph of g.
of 2.

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 64 and 65, evaluate the function for the In Exercises 69 –72, solve the system using any
given value of x. method. Explain your choice of method.
64. f(x) = x + 4; x = 3 69. 3x − 2y = −15
2
70. y = —3 x − 4
4x + 2y = 8 y = —43 x + 2
65. f(x) = −2x − 2; x = −1

71. x = −4y + 7 72. 2.5x − 2.5y = 10

In Exercises 66 and 67, make a scatter plot of the data.
Then describe the relationship between the data. −2y + 3x = 9 −5x + 5y = −15

66. 73. MODELING REAL LIFE The function

x 8 10 11 12 15
f (x) = −1.5x + 50 represents the amount
f(x) 4 9 10 12 12 (in pounds) of dog food in a bag after x days.

67. a. Graph the function and find its domain and range.
x 2 5 6 10 13
b. Interpret the slope and the intercepts of the graph.
f(x) 22 13 15 12 6
In Exercises 74 –77, graph the function. Identify the
domain and range.
68. Identify the function family to which g belongs.
3
Compare the graph of the function to the graph 74. f (x) = —2 x2 75. g(x) = −x2 + 5
of its parent function.
1
76. p(x) = 3(x − 1)2 77. q(x) = −—2 (x + 4)2 − 6
y
12
In Exercises 78 and 79, write a function g whose
graph represents the indicated transformations
8
of the graph of f.
4 78. f(x) = x; translation 2 units down and a horizontal
shrink by a factor of —23
−4 −2
79. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the x-axis and a vertical
4 2 2 x

g(x) = 2(x + 1)2 stretch by a factor of 4

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 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions
Learning Target: Use linear functions to model and analyze real-life situations.

Success Criteria: • I can write equations of linear functions.

• I can compare linear equations to solve real-life problems.
• I can determine a line of best fit.

EXPLORE IT Modeling with Linear Functions

Work with a partner. A company purchases a demolition robot for $87,000.
A B The spreadsheet shows how the robot depreciates over an 8-year period.
1 Year, t Value, V
2 0 $87,000 a. Determine what type of function is represented by the data. Then explain
3 1 $79,750 how you can write a linear function to represent the value V of the robot as a
4 2 $72,500 function of the number t of years.
5 3 $65,250
b. Sketch a graph of the function. Explain why this type of depreciation is called
6 4 $58,000
straight line depreciation.
7 5 $50,750
8 6 $43,500 c. Interpret the slope and intercepts of the graph in the context of the problem.
9 7 $36,250
10 8 $29,000
d. Use the Internet or another resource to find a real-life example of straight line
11
depreciation. Then write a function that models the example you found, and
sketch its graph.
e. Describe a real-life situation that can be modeled by each graph below.
Exchange situations with your partner, and match each of your partner’s
situations with its corresponding graph. Explain your reasoning.
y y
i. ii.
40 200

30 150

20 100

10 50

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 x 0 2 4 6 8 x

iii. y iv. y
1
MTR ANALYZE A 24 800
PROBLEM
After matching a 18 600
situation with its graph,
12 400
label the axes to clarify
their correspondence 6 200
with the quantities in
the situation. 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 x 0 2 4 6 8 x

f. How can you use a linear function to model and analyze a real-life situation?

Functions
MA.912.F.1.1 Given an equation or graph that defines a function, determine the function type. Given an
input-output table, determine a function type that could represent it.
MA.912.F.1.7 Compare key features of two functions each represented algebraically, graphically, in tables
GO DIGITAL or written descriptions.

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 Writing Linear Equations

Vocabulary KEY IDEA

line of fit, p. 24
Writing an Equation of a Line
line of best fit, p. 25 Given slope m and y-intercept b Use slope-intercept form:
y = mx + b
Given slope m and a point (x1, y1) Use point-slope form:
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
Given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) First use the slope formula to
find m. Then use point-slope
form with either given point.

Asteroid 2019 GC6 is about EXAMPLE 1 Writing a Linear Equation from a Graph
as large as a house. NASA
and several international The graph shows the distance Asteroid 2019 GC6
Asteroid 2019 GC6
organizations are constantly travels in x seconds. Write an equation of the line
y
scanning our skies for threats and interpret the slope. The asteroid came within

Distance (miles)
from space rocks. 136,000 miles of Earth in April 2019. About how 24
(6, 21)
long does it take the asteroid to travel that distance?
16
SOLUTION 8
From the graph, you can see the slope is
21 0
m=— 6
= 3.5 and the y-intercept is b = 0. Use 0 2 4 6 x
slope-intercept form to write an equation of the line. Time (seconds)
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
= 3.5x + 0 Substitute 3.5 for m and 0 for b.
The equation is y = 3.5x. The slope indicates that the asteroid travels 3.5 miles per
second. Use the equation to find how long it takes the asteroid to travel 136,000 miles.
136,000 = 3.5x Substitute 136,000 for y.
38,857 ≈ x Divide each side by 3.5.
Because there are 3600 seconds in 1 hour and
3600 sec 1h
38,857 sec ÷ — = 38,857 sec × — ≈ 11 h,
1h 3600 sec
it takes the asteroid about 11 hours to travel 136,000 miles.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. STRUCTURE What does an equation of the form y = mx indicate about x and y?

2. The graph shows the remaining balance y on a car loan after making Car Loan
x monthly payments.
(thousands of dollars)

y
(0, 18)
18
a. Write an equation of the line, and interpret the slope and
y-intercept. What is the remaining balance after 36 payments? 12
Balance

(10, 15)
b. Interpret the meaning of the x-intercept in this situation. 6
c. What happens to the equation you wrote in part (a) when the
0
y-intercept remains the same and the x-intercept is changed to 72? 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
What changed in the problem? Number of payments
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 EXAMPLE 2 Comparing Linear Equations
Two prom venues charge a rental fee plus a fee per student. The table shows the total
Lakeside Inn
costs (in dollars) for different numbers of students at Lakeside Inn. The total cost
Number of Total y (in dollars) for x students at Sunview Resort is represented by the equation
students, x cost, y
y = 10x + 600. Sunview Resort
100 $1500
Which venue charges a greater rental fee? How many students must attend for the
125 $1800
total costs to be the same?
150 $2100
SOLUTION
175 $2400
1. Understand the Problem You are given cost information for two venues. You
200 $2700
need to compare the costs.
2. Make a Plan Write an equation that represents the total cost at Lakeside Inn.
5 USE A PATTERN Then compare the y-intercepts to determine which venue charges a greater rental
MTR fee. Equate the cost expressions and solve to determine the number of students for
How can you use the which the total costs are equal.
table to verify that the
3. Solve and Check The table shows a constant rate of change. Find the slope using
total cost for Lakeside
any two points. Use (x1, y1) = (100, 1500) and (x2, y2) = (125, 1800).
Inn can be represented
by a linear equation? y2 − y1 1800 − 1500 300
m=— = —— = — = 12
x2 − x1 125 − 100 25
Write an equation that represents the total cost at Lakeside Inn using the slope of 12
and a point from the table. Use (x1, y1) = (100, 1500).
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Point-slope form
y − 1500 = 12(x − 100) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 1500 = 12x − 1200 Distributive Property
y = 12x + 300 Add 1500 to each side.
Each equation is written in slope-intercept form. Comparing the y-intercepts, you
can see that Sunview Resort charges a $600 rental fee, which is greater than the
Another Way $300 rental fee that Lakeside Inn charges.
Another way to check your
solution is to graph each cost Equate the cost expressions and solve to determine the number of students for
equation and find the point which the costs are equal.
of intersection. The x-value 10x + 600 = 12x + 300 Set cost expressions equal.
of the point of intersection
150 = x Solve for x.
is 150.
The total costs are the same when 150 students attend the prom.

2400 (150, 2100)

Check Notice that the table shows the total cost for 150 students at
1800 Lakeside Inn is $2100. To check that your solution is correct, verify
1200 that the total cost at Sunview Resort is also $2100 for 150 students.

y = 10(150) + 600 Substitute 150 for x.

50 100 150 200
= 2100 ✓ Simplify.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

3. WHAT IF? Maple Ridge charges a rental fee plus a $10 fee per student. The total
cost is $1900 for 140 students. Describe the number of students that must attend
for the total cost at Maple Ridge to be less than the total costs at the other two
venues. Use a graph to justify your answer.
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 Finding Lines of Fit and Lines of Best Fit
Data do not always show an exact linear relationship. When the data in a scatter plot
show an approximately linear relationship, you can model the data with a line of fit.

KEY IDEA
Finding a Line of Fit
Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data.
Step 2 Draw the line that most closely appears to follow the trend given by
the data points. There should be about as many points above the line
as below it.
Step 3 Choose two points on the line and estimate the coordinates of each point.
These points do not have to be original data points.
Step 4 Write an equation of the line that passes through the two points from
Step 3. This equation is a model for the data.

EXAMPLE 3 Finding a Line of Fit

The table shows the femur lengths (in centimeters) and heights (in centimeters) of
Femur Height (cm), several people. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line
length (cm), x y of fit and use it to estimate the height of a person whose femur is 35 centimeters long.
40 170
45 183 SOLUTION
32 151 Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data. Human Skeleton
The data show a linear relationship.
50 195 y (40, 170)

(centimeters)
37 162 Step 2 Draw the line that most closely
Height
160
appears to fit the data. One possibility (50, 195)
41 174 is shown. 80
30 141
Step 3 Choose two points on the line.
0
34 151 For the line shown, you might 0 30 40 50 x

47 185 choose (40, 170) and (50, 195). Femur length

(centimeters)
45 182 Step 4 Write an equation of the line.
First, find the slope.
y2 − y1 195 − 170 25
m=— = — = — = 2.5
x2 − x1 50 − 40 10
Use point-slope form to write an equation. Use (x1, y1) = (40, 170).
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Point-slope form
y − 170 = 2.5(x − 40) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 170 = 2.5x − 100 Distributive Property
y = 2.5x + 70 Add 170 to each side.
Use the equation to estimate the height of a person whose femur is
35 centimeters long.
y = 2.5(35) + 70 Substitute 35 for x.
= 157.5 Simplify.
The approximate height of a person whose femur is 35 centimeters long
is 157.5 centimeters.
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 The line of best fit is the line that best models a set of data and lies as close as
possible to all of the data points. Many technology tools have a linear regression
feature that you can use to find the line of best fit for a set of data.

EXAMPLE 4 Finding a Line of Best Fit Using Technology

humerus Use technology to find an equation of the line of best fit for the data in Example 3.
Estimate the height of a person whose femur is 35 centimeters long. Compare this
height to your estimate in Example 3.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Enter the data into Step 2 Find an equation of the line
two lists. of best fit. The values in the
x y
equation can be rounded to
obtain y = 2.6x + 65.
40 170
45 183
y = mx + b
32 151
PARAMETERS
50 195
37 162 m = 2.6036 b = 64.9968
41 174 STATISTICS

femur 30 141 r 2 = 0.9891

r = 0.9945

Step 3 Graph the regression equation Step 4 Find the value of y when
with the data. x = 35.
200
y = 2.6x + 65

1 ANALYZE A 180 180

MTR
160 160
PROBLEM (35, 156)
How can you determine
appropriate scales for 30 35 40 45 50 30 35 40 45 50
your graph?
The height of a person with a 35-centimeter femur is about 156 centimeters.
This is less than the estimate of 157.5 centimeters found in Example 3.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

4. The table shows the humerus lengths x (in centimeters) and heights y (in centimeters)
of several females.

Humerus length (cm), x 33 25 22 30 28 32 26 27

Height (cm), y 166 142 130 154 152 159 141 145

a. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line of fit and
use it to estimate the height of a female whose humerus is 40 centimeters long.
b. Use technology to find an equation of the line of best fit for the data. Estimate the
height of a female whose humerus is 40 centimeters long. Compare this height to
your estimate in part (a).

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 1.3 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1–6, use the graph to write an equation of 8. MODELING REAL

Your Service Hours
the line and interpret the slope. (See Example 1.) LIFE You and a
friend sign up for a Weeks, x Total hours, y
1. Tipping 2.
2 Gasoline Tank new volunteer project 4 15
y y
90
to increase your
Tip (dollars)

6 20

Fuel (gallons)
4 service hours. The
3
(10, 2) tables show your and 8 25
2 8 (90, 9)
your friend’s total 10 30
0 4 numbers of service
0 4 8 12 x
hours after different 12 35
Cost of meal 0 numbers of weeks on
0 60 120 x
(dollars)
Distance (miles) the new project. Who Your Friend’s Service Hours
initially has more Weeks, x Total hours, y
service hours? After
3. Savings Account 4
4. Tree Growth how many weeks do 1 10
y y you and your friend 3 14
Tree height (feet)
Balance (dollars)

6 have the same total

350
5 18
(4, 300) number of service
4 7 22
250 6 hours?
100
2 9 26
150 2
4
0 9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error
0 2 4 x
0
0 2 4 x Age (years) in writing an equation that models the data.
Time (weeks)

✗
x y
20 − 12 8 4
m=—=—=—
5. Typing Speed 6. Swimming Pool
12 17 23 − 17 6 3
20 23
Volume (cubic feet)

y y y − 17 = —43(x − 12)
28 29
Words typed

150 (3, 165) 400 (3, 300) y − 17 = —43x − 16

36 35
100 200
(5, 180) 42 41 y = —43x + 1
(1, 55)
50 0
0 2 4 x
0 Time (hours) 10. PROBLEM SOLVING You notice that temperatures
0 2 4 x
in Canada are reported in degrees Celsius. You
Time (minutes)
know there is a linear relationship between degrees
Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius, but you have
7. MODELING REAL LIFE forgotten the formula. From science class, you
You consider buying a Carrier A remember that the freezing point of water is 0°C or
phone from one of two Months, x Total cost, y 32°F, and its boiling point is 100°C or 212°F.
cell phone carriers. a. Write a function that represents degrees Fahrenheit
The table shows the 3 $500
in terms of degrees Celsius. When is the function
total costs (in dollars) 6 $650 positive? negative?
of the phone and
9 $800 b. A forecast for Toronto shows a high of 15°C.
service for different
numbers of months at 12 $950 What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
Carrier A. The total 15 $1100 c. Rewrite your function in part (a) to represent
cost y (in dollars) of degrees Celsius in terms of degrees Fahrenheit.
the phone and x months of service at Carrier B is
When is the function positive? negative? How
represented by the equation y = 55x + 300. Which
does this compare to your answer in part (a)?
carrier has the lower initial fee? After how many
months of service are the total costs the same? d. A forecast for your city shows a high
(See Example 2.) of 68°F. What is this temperature in GO DIGITAL
degrees Celsius?
26 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 In Exercises 11–14, determine whether the data show a USING TOOLS In Exercises 17 and 18, use technology to
linear relationship. If so, write an equation of a line of fit. find an equation of the line of best fit for the data.
Then estimate y when x = 15 and explain its meaning in
17. y 18. y
the context of the situation. (See Example 3.)
4 4
11.
Minutes walking, x 1 6 11 13 16 2 2
Calories burned, y 6 27 50 56 70
0 0
0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 x
12.
Months, x 9 13 18 22 23
19. REASONING The table shows the numbers of tickets
Hair length (in.), y 3 5 7 10 11 sold for a concert when different prices are charged.
Write an equation of a line of fit for the data. Does
13. it seem reasonable to use your model to predict the
Hours, x 3 7 9 17 20
number of tickets sold when the ticket price is $85?
Battery life (%), y 86 61 50 26 0 Explain.

14. Ticket price (dollars), x

Shoe size, x 6 8 8.5 10 13 17 20 22 26
Heart rate (bpm), y 112 94 100 132 87 Tickets sold, y 450 423 400 395

15. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the average

20. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
annual tuition and fees y (in dollars) for private
You secure an interest-free loan to purchase a boat.
nonprofit colleges and universities in the United
You agree to make
States x years after the 2012–2013 academic year. Use Boat Loan
equal monthly
technology to find an equation of the line of best fit.

(hundreds of dollars)
y
payments for the next
Interpret the slope and y-intercept in this situation.
two years. The graph

Loan balance
Estimate the average annual tuition in the 2023–2024 30
shows the amount of
academic year. (See Example 4.) 20
money you still owe.
Years after a. What is the slope 10
Tuition, y
2012–2013, x of the line? What
does the slope 0
0 31,890 0 8 16 24 x
represent? Time (months)
1 32,500
b. What is the
2 33,090 domain and range
3 34,150 of the function? What does each represent?
4 35,080 c. How much do you still owe after making
5 35,720 payments for 12 months?
6 35,830
21. ASSESS REASONABLENESS Two scuba divers dive in
16. MODELING REAL LIFE Years after Population, a lake that is 50 feet deep. After x minutes, Diver A’s
The table shows the 2013, x y depth y (in feet) is represented by y = −2x and Diver
population y (in B’s depth y (in feet) is represented by y = −3.5x.
millions) of Florida 0 19.30 Your friend claims that the domain and range of both
x years after 2013. 1 19.51 dives are all real numbers. Is your friend’s claim
Use technology to find 2 19.82 reasonable? Explain.
an equation of the line
of best fit. Interpret 3 20.15 22. COLLEGE PREP Which equation has a graph that
the slope and 4 20.48 is a line passing through the point (8, −5) and is
y-intercept in this 5 20.84 perpendicular to the graph of y = −4x + 1?
situation. Estimate the 1 1
population of Florida 6 21.21 A y = —4 x − 5 C y = −—4 x − 7
in 2026. B y = −4x + 27
1
D y = —4 x − 7
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 23. MAKING AN ARGUMENT The table shows the times 25. PERFORMANCE TASK Your family wants to purchase
students study x (in hours) and their grades y on a test. a new vehicle that comes in either a gasoline model or
Your friend says the data display a linear relationship an electric model.
with a line of fit y = −3x + 93, which means
a. Using the information
studying less results in a better test grade. Is your
shown, the approximate
friend’s claim reasonable? Explain.
number of miles your
Gasoline
family drives per year,
Time studying, x 1 2 4 6 8 10 Price: $17,950
and gas and electricity
Fuel Economy:
Test score, y 90 55 72 86 95 63 prices in your area,
26 mi/gal city
determine which vehicle 38 mi/gal highway
is a better buy. Use linear
24. THOUGHT PROVOKING equations to support your
Points A and B lie on the line y = −x + 4. Point C is answer.
the same distance from point A as it is from point B Electric
b. Research other factors Price: $29,120
but does not lie on the same line. Choose coordinates that affect the cost of
for points A, B, and C. Write equations for the lines Fuel Economy:
vehicle ownership. How
connecting points A and C and points B and C. 31 kWh/100 mi
might these factors
support or change your
answer?

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 26–29, solve the system using any In Exercises 37 and 38, find the sum or difference.
method. Explain your choice of method.
37. (x2 + 2x + 16) + (4x2 − 7x − 18)
26. 3x + y = 7 27. 4x − 6y = 2
−2x − y = 9 2x − 3y = 1 38. (−5n3 + n2 − 12n) − (6n2 + 4n − 13)

28. 2x + 2y = 3 29. y = x − 4 39. MODELING REAL LIFE

Company A
x = 4y − 1 y = −4x + 6 Two Internet service
providers charge an Months, x Total cost, y
30. Write a system of inequalities represented by installation fee plus a 2 $180
the graph. monthly service fee.
The table shows the 3 $220
y total costs (in dollars) 4 $260
3
for different numbers 5 $300
1
x
of months at Company
A. The total cost y 6 $340
−2 2
(in dollars) for
−3
x months of service at Company B is represented
by y = 45x + 50. Which company charges less per
month? After how many months of service are the
31. Solve the literal equation z = 4y + 2x + 8 for x. total costs the same?

32. What percent of 25 is 14? 40. What number is 34% of 50?

In Exercises 33– 36, graph the function and its parent In Exercises 41 and 42, write a function g whose
function. Then describe the transformation. graph represents the indicated transformation of the
3
graph of f.
33. f(x) = —2 34. f(x) = 3x
41. f(x) = 2x + 1; translation 3 units up
35. f(x) = 2(x − 1)2 36. f(x) = −∣ x + 2 ∣ − 7
42. f(x) = −3∣ x − 4 ∣; vertical shrink by a factor of —2
1

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 Solving Absolute Value
1.4 Inequalities
Learning Target: Write and solve inequalities involving absolute value.

Success Criteria: • I can write a compound inequality related to a given absolute

value inequality.
• I can solve absolute value inequalities.
• I can use absolute value inequalities to solve real-life problems.

EXPLORE IT Solving an Absolute Value Inequality

Work with a partner. Consider the absolute value inequality
∣ x + 2 ∣ ≤ 3.

a. Explain what you think this inequality means.

b. Can you find a number that makes the inequality true? If so, what is
the number?

c. Do you think there are other numbers that make the inequality true?
If so, find several of them. Compare your answers with your classmates’.

d. On the real number line below, locate the point for which the expression
∣ x + 2 ∣ is equal to 0.

–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Then locate the numbers you found in parts (b) and (c) on the real number line.
What do you notice?

e. Can you write two linear inequalities that use the expression x + 2 to
represent the solutions of ∣ x + 2 ∣ ≤ 3? Explain.

f. Repeat parts (b)−(e) for the inequality ∣ x + 2 ∣ ≥ 3. Compare your results

with those for the inequality ∣ x + 2 ∣ ≤ 3.

g. Describe how to find the solutions of the absolute value inequalities

algebraically. Then find the solutions.
5 USE i. ∣ x − 4 ∣ ≤ 2
x1 x1 − 4
MTR −6 10
STRUCTURE
ii. ∣ x − 4 ∣ ≥ 2 −5 9
How can you change −4
one of the absolute −3
value inequalities h. CHOOSE A METHOD Solve the absolute
−2
shown so that it has no value inequalities in part (g) in a different
−1
solution? way. Explain your method.
0
1
2

Algebraic Reasoning
MA.912.AR.4.2 Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable absolute value
GO DIGITAL inequalities. Represent solutions algebraically or graphically.

1.4 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities 29

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 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
An absolute value inequality is an inequality that contains an absolute value
Vocabulary expression. For example, ∣ x ∣ < 2 and ∣ x ∣ > 2 are absolute value inequalities. Recall
absolute value inequality, that ∣ x ∣ = 2 means the distance between x and 0 is 2.
p. 30
endpoints, p. 32
The inequality ∣ x ∣ < 2 means the The inequality ∣ x ∣ > 2 means the
distance between x and 0 is less distance between x and 0 is greater
bounded interval, p. 32
than 2. than 2.
unbounded interval, p. 32
absolute deviation, p. 33
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

The graph of ∣ x ∣ < 2 is the graph of The graph of ∣ x ∣ > 2 is the graph of
x > −2 and x < 2. x < −2 or x > 2.

You can solve these types of inequalities by solving a compound inequality.

KEY IDEA
Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
Let c be a positive real number.
To solve ∣ ax + b ∣ < c, solve the compound inequality
ax + b > − c and ax + b < c.
∣ ∣
To solve ax + b > c, solve the compound inequality
ax + b < − c or ax + b > c.
In the inequalities above, you can replace < with ≤ and > with ≥.

EXAMPLE 1 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

Solve each inequality. Graph each solution, if possible.

a. ∣ x + 7 ∣ ≤ 2 b. ∣ 8x − 11 ∣ < 0

SOLUTION
a. Use ∣ x + 7 ∣ ≤ 2 to write a compound inequality. Then solve.
REMEMBER x + 7 ≥ −2 and x+7 ≤ 2 Write a compound inequality.
A compound inequality with −7 −7 −7 −7 Subtraction Property of Inequality
and can be written as a
single inequality. x ≥ −9 and x ≤ −5 Simplify.

The solution is −9 ≤ x ≤ −5.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2

b. By definition, the absolute value of an expression must be greater than or equal

to 0. The expression ∣ 8x − 11 ∣ cannot be less than 0.

So, the inequality has no solution.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. WRITING How do you determine whether to use a compound inequality with and or a
compound inequality with or when solving an absolute value inequality?
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution, if possible.
2. ∣ x ∣ ≤ 3.5 3. ∣ k − 3 ∣ < −1 ∣1 ∣
4. —2 w − 1 < 11
GO DIGITAL

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 EXAMPLE 2 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

Solve each inequality. Graph each solution.

a. ∣ c − 1 ∣ ≥ 5 b. ∣ 10 − m ∣ ≥ − 2 c. 4∣ 2x − 3 ∣ + 1 > 17

SOLUTION
a. Use ∣ c − 1 ∣ ≥ 5 to write a compound inequality. Then solve.
c − 1 ≤ −5 or c−1 ≥ 5 Write a compound inequality.
+1 +1 +1 +1 Addition Property of Inequality
c ≤ −4 or c≥ 6 Simplify.

The solution is c ≤ −4 or c ≥ 6.
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

b. By definition, the absolute value of an expression must be greater than or

equal to 0. The expression ∣ 10 − m ∣ will always be greater than −2.

So, all real numbers are solutions.

−2 −1 0 1 2

c. First isolate the absolute value expression on one side of the inequality.
4∣ 2x − 3 ∣ + 1 > 17 Write the inequality.
−1 −1 Subtraction Property of Inequality
4∣ 2x − 3 ∣ > 16 Simplify.
4∣ 2x − 3 ∣ 16
— > — Division Property of Inequality
4 4
∣ 2x − 3 ∣ > 4 Simplify.

Use ∣ 2x − 3 ∣ > 4 to write a compound inequality. Then solve.

2x − 3 < −4 or 2x − 3 > 4 Write a compound inequality.
+3 +3 +3 +3 Addition Property of Inequality
2x < −1 2x > 7 Simplify.

2x −1 2x7
— < — — > — Division Property of Inequality
2 2 2 2
1 7
x < −— or x>— Simplify.
2 2

The solution is x < −—12 or x > —72 .

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

5. ∣ x + 3 ∣ > 8 6. ∣ n + 2 ∣ − 3.7 ≥ −6 7. 3∣ d + 1 ∣ − 7 ≥ −2
8. WRITING Describe how solving ∣ w − 9 ∣ ≤ 2 is different from solving ∣ w − 9 ∣ = 2.

9. REASONING What is the solution of the inequality ∣ ax + b ∣ < c, where c < 0?

What is the solution of the inequality ∣ ax + b ∣ > c, where c < 0? Explain.
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 Using Interval Notation
Another way to represent solutions of inequalities is to use interval notation.

KEY IDEA
Interval Notation
Let a and b be two real numbers such that a < b. Then a and b are the endpoints
of four different bounded intervals on the real number line, as shown below. A
bracket indicates that the endpoint is included in the interval, and a parenthesis
indicates that the endpoint is not included in the interval.
Inequality Interval Notation Graph
4 COMMUNICATE
MTR a≤x≤b [a, b] x
CLEARLY a b
Explain how to
determine whether to a<x<b (a, b) x
use a parenthesis or a a b

bracket when writing a≤x<b [a, b) x

an inequality in interval a b
notation.
a<x≤b (a, b] x
a b

The length of any bounded interval is the distance between its endpoints: b − a.
Any bounded interval has a finite length. Each interval shown below is an
unbounded interval. An unbounded interval is an interval that does not have a
finite length.
Inequality Interval Notation Graph
STUDY TIP x≥a [a, ∞) x
The symbols ∞ (infinity) a
and −∞ (negative infinity) x>a (a, ∞) x
are used to represent the a
unboundedness of intervals
such as [7, ∞) and (−∞, 7].
x≤b (−∞, b] x
b
Because these symbols
do not represent real x<b (−∞, b) x
numbers, they are always (−∞, ∞) b
enclosed by a parenthesis. x

EXAMPLE 3 Writing Interval Notation

Write each inequality in interval notation.

a. −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 b. x > −1

SOLUTION
a. The inequality −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 is the bounded interval [−2, 3].

b. The inequality x > −1 is the unbounded interval (−1, ∞).

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write the inequality in interval notation.

10. x ≥ −2 11. −7 < x < −4 12. −10 < x ≤ −1
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 Solving Real-Life Problems
The absolute deviation of a number x from a given value is the absolute value of the
WORDS AND MATH difference of x and the given value.
A deviation is something absolute deviation = ∣ x − given value ∣
that is different from
the expected norm. In
mathematics, absolute 7 EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life
MTR
deviation represents
how far a number deviates A mountain climber wants to buy a new camera drone
from a specific value. Camera Drone Prices
to help map out a safe route to a mountain’s summit.
The table shows the prices of several camera drones. The $890 $750
climber is willing to pay the mean price with an absolute $650 $370
deviation of at most $100. How many of the camera drone
$660 $670
prices meet this condition?
$450 $650
$725 $825
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You know the prices of 10 camera drones. You are
asked to find how many drones are at most $100 from the mean price.
2. Make a Plan Calculate the mean price by dividing the sum of the prices by
the number of prices. Use the absolute deviation and the mean price to write
an absolute value inequality. Then solve the inequality and use it to answer
the question.
3. Solve and Check
6640
The mean price is — = $664. Let x represent a price the climber is willing
10
to pay.
∣ x − 664 ∣ ≤ 100 Write the absolute value inequality.
−100 ≤ x − 664 ≤ 100 Write a compound inequality.
564 ≤ x ≤ 764 Add 664 to each expression and simplify.
2 MAKE A The prices the climber is willing to pay are at least $564 and at most $764.
MTR
CONNECTION Six prices meet this condition: $750, $650, $660, $670, $650, and $725.
Use interval notation to
represent the solution of Check Reasonableness You can check that your answer is correct by
the inequality. Explain
graphing the drone prices and the mean on a number line. Any point within
your notation to a
100 of 664 represents a price that the climber is willing to pay.
classmate.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

13. WHAT IF? The climber is willing to pay the mean price with an absolute deviation
of at most $75. Do you expect the number of prices that meet this condition to
increase or decrease? Explain your reasoning. How many of the camera drone
prices meet this condition? Hotel Price per night

14. A softball team is participating in a tournament where the team will spend three A $80
nights at a hotel. Each hotel offers a 50% discount for the third night. The coach B $105
wants to keep the total cost for each player at $225 with an absolute deviation of C $75
at most $25. Write and solve an absolute value inequality to find which hotels
meet this condition. D $90
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 1.4 Practice WITH AND

✗
In Exercises 1–16, solve the inequality. Graph the 22.
solution, if possible. (See Examples 1 and 2.) ∣ x + 4 ∣ > 13
1. ∣x∣ < 3 2. ∣ y ∣ ≥ 4.5 x + 4 > −13 and x + 4 < 13
x > −17 and x<9
3. ∣d + 9∣ > 3 4. ∣ h − 5 ∣ ≤ 10
−17 < x < 9
5. ∣ 2s − 7 ∣ ≥ −1 6. ∣ 4c + 5 ∣ > 7
In Exercises 23–28, write the inequality in interval
7. ∣ 5p + 2 ∣ < −4 8. ∣ 9 − 4n ∣ < 5
notation. (See Example 3.)
9. ∣ 6t − 7 ∣ − 8 ≥ 3 10. ∣ 3j − 1 ∣ + 6 < 0 23. 3 < x < 9 24. −5 < x ≤ 20

11. 3∣ 14 − m ∣ > 18 12. −4∣ 6b − 8 ∣ ≤ 12 25. x ≥ −13 26. x ≤ 58

13. 2∣ 3w + 8 ∣ − 12.5 ≤ −4.5 27. x < 19 28. x > 71

In Exercises 29 and 30, solve the inequality. Then write

14. −3∣ 2 − 4u ∣ + 5.5 < −4.1
the solution in interval notation.
∣ 1
∣
15. 6 −—4 f + 3 + 7 > 7 16. —23 ∣ 4v + 6 ∣ − 2 ≤ 10 29. ∣ x − 7 ∣ < 12 30. ∣x + 2∣ ≤ 5
In Exercises 31–34, write an inequality that represents
In Exercises 17 and 18, write the sentence as an absolute
the situation. Then write the inequality in interval
value inequality. Then solve the inequality.
notation.
17. A number is less than 6 units from 0. 31. An animal shelter needs at least 110 pounds of dog
food for a month.
18. Twice a number is no less than 10 units from −1.
32. You must release fish that weigh less than 1.2 pounds.
19. MODELING REAL LIFE The rules for an essay
contest require that entries have 500 words with an 33. Your hourly wage of $15 differs from the average by
absolute deviation of at most 30 words. Write and less than or equal to $5.
solve an absolute value inequality that represents the
acceptable numbers of words. 34. An essay contest requires that entries be within
50 words of 1000 words long.
20. MODELING REAL LIFE
The normal body 35. MODELING REAL LIFE The elevation relative to sea
temperature of a camel level in the United States ranges from −282 feet in
is 37°C. This temperature Death Valley, California, to 20,320 feet on Denali
varies by up to 3°C in Alaska. Write the range of elevations in interval
throughout the day. notation and in set-builder notation.
Write and solve an
36. MODELING REAL LIFE The main floor of an
absolute value inequality
auditorium ranges from 6 feet below the stage to
that represents the range of
8 feet above the stage. The floor of the balcony ranges
normal body temperatures (in degrees Celsius) of a
from 26 to 37 feet above the stage. Write the range of
camel throughout the day.
the floor levels relative to the stage in interval notation
and in set-builder notation.
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 21 and 22, describe and
correct the error in solving the absolute value inequality. 37. MODELING REAL LIFE A manufacturer throws out
gaskets with weights that have an absolute deviation

✗
21.
∣ x − 5 ∣ < 20 of more than 0.06 pound from the mean weight of
the batch. The weights (in pounds) of the gaskets in
x − 5 < 20 a batch are 0.58, 0.63, 0.65, 0.53, and 0.61. Which
x < 25 gaskets should be thrown out? Use an
absolute value inequality to justify your GO DIGITAL
answer. (See Example 4.)
34 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 38. MODELING REAL LIFE The table 43. COLLEGE PREP What is the solution of
shows the total distances of four Trail Miles ∣ 2x + 3 ∣ ≥ 11? Select all that apply.
trails. You want to complete a trail in A 5—14
1—12 hours with an absolute deviation A
of at most 15 minutes. You hike at a B 4—34 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
rate of 3 miles per hour. Which trails
can you hike? Use an absolute value C 3—12 B (−∞, ∞) D {x | x ≤ −7 or x ≥ 4}
inequality to justify your answer.
D 4 C [−7, 4] E −7 ≤ x ≤ 4

39. PROBLEM SOLVING You are marking a rectangular 44. NUMBER SENSE Complete the inequality so that the
paintball zone that must be 34 meters wide and have a solutions are −9 ≤ x ≤ 6. Justify your answer.
perimeter of at least 140 meters but not more than
260 meters. Find the interval for the length x of the −2 ∣ ∣
x + 3 + 14 ≥ −16
rectangular paintball zone.
45. PROBLEM SOLVING Six students measure the
acceleration (in meters per second per second) of an
object in free fall. The measured values are shown.
The students want to state that the absolute deviation
of each measured value x from the mean is at most d.
Find the value of d.
10.56, 9.52, 9.73, 9.80, 9.78, 10.91
40. PROBLEM SOLVING You have 20 gallons of roof
coating to apply to the roof of a mobile home that 46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
is 16 feet wide. Twenty gallons covers 760 to 1000 Write an absolute value inequality for each graph.
square feet. Find the interval for the length x that you
can cover before you need to buy more roof coating.
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16 ft −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 41 and 42, write

and solve an absolute value inequality that represents −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
the situation. How did you decide which inequality symbol to
41. The difference between the areas of the figures is less use for each inequality?
than 2.

47. CHOOSE A METHOD You conduct a science

experiment to find the absolute deviation of weight for
x+6 6
boxes of breakfast cereals from the value advertised
on the box. Would you present your results using a
graph, interval notation, inequalities, or set-builder
notation? Explain your reasoning.
4 2
42. The difference between the perimeters of the figures is
less than or equal to 3.

x
3

x+1 x
GO DIGITAL

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 REASONING In Exercises 48–51, tell whether the 52. THOUGHT PROVOKING
statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why. Draw and label a geometric figure so that the
perimeter P of the figure is a solution of the
48. If a is a solution of ∣ x + 3 ∣ ≤ 8, then a is also a
inequality ∣ P − 60 ∣ ≤ 12.
solution of x + 3 ≥ −8.

49. If a is a solution of ∣ x + 3 ∣ > 8, then a is also a 53. MAKING AN ARGUMENT One of your classmates
solution of x + 3 > 8. claims that the solution of ∣ n ∣ > 0 is {n | n ≠ 0}. Is
50. If a is a solution of ∣ x + 3 ∣ ≥ 8, then a is also a
your classmate correct? Explain your reasoning.
solution of x + 3 ≥ −8.
54. DIG DEEPER Solve the compound inequality
51. If a is a solution of x + 3 ≤ −8, then a is also a ∣ x − 3 ∣ < 4 and ∣ x + 2 ∣ > 8. Describe your steps.
solution of ∣ x + 3 ∣ ≥ 8.

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 55 and 56, graph the polygon with the In Exercises 63–67, solve the inequality. Graph the
given vertices and its image after the given rotation solution.
about point A. t
63. — − 2 ≥ 1.7 64. 15x + 3 < 6(4x + 5)
55. A(−5, −1), B(−4, 3), C(5, −2); 90° clockwise −5
65. −3 < 4y + 5 ≤ 9 66. 6∣ 3x + 2 ∣ > 60
56. A(4, 2), B(5, −3), C(7, 1), D(6, 5);
90° counterclockwise 1 5
67. b + — ≤ — or 1 − 3b ≤ −5
3 3
In Exercises 57 and 58, find m∠ 1. Then classify the
68. Use the graph to write an equation of the line and
triangle by its angles.
interpret the slope.
57. 58. 1 37°
1 Test Grade
y
33°
Test score
(percent)

80
76° 47° (10, 60)
40
In Exercises 59 and 60, find the cube root.
0
— 0 10 20 30 x
3—
√
3
59. √ −216
8
60. —
125 TV time (hours)

61. REASONING Can you determine the solution of

In Exercises 69 and 70, write a function g whose
∣ 4x − 2 ∣ ≥ −6 without solving? Explain.
graph represents the indicated transformation of the
graph of f.
62. MODELING REAL LIFE You are building a stage.
The diagram shows the four vertices of the stage. 69. f (x) = 7x + 2; reflection in the x-axis
Each unit in the coordinate plane represents 1 foot.
Find the perimeter and the area of the stage. 70. f (x) = ∣ 5x − 4 ∣; reflection in the y-axis

Q (−7, 6) y (10, 6) R 71. Identify the function family to which f belongs.

Compare the graph of f to the graph of its parent
4 function.

2 y
4

−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
2
T (−7, −2) (10, −2) S f(x) = 3x 2 − 1

−2 2 x

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 1.5 Absolute Value Functions
Learning Target: Understand characteristics of absolute value functions.

Success Criteria: • I can describe the characteristics of an absolute value function

from a graph.
• I can graph an absolute value function given its characteristics.
• I can solve real-life problems involving absolute value functions.

EXPLORE IT Describing Characteristics of Absolute Value Functions

D
Work with a partner.
W
aa. Match each function with its graph. Explain your reasoning.
i. f (x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 2 ii. g(x) = −∣ x − 2 ∣ + 2

iii. j(x) = −∣ x − 2 ∣ − 2 iv. m(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ + 2

A. y B. y
4

2 2
x
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2

−2 −2

−4 −4

C. y D. y
4 4

2 2

−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

−2 −2

−4

1 ANALYZE A
MTR b. Complete the table below to describe characteristics of each function in part (a).
PROBLEM
You know the vertex, Function Vertex Range Line of symmetry End behavior
range, line of symmetry,
and end behavior for f
an absolute value g
function p. Do you have
enough information to j
graph p? If not, what m
other information do
you need? c. Explain how each of the characteristics in the table are related to the equation
of an absolute value function.

Algebraic Reasoning
MA.912.AR.4.4 Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with absolute value
functions. Interpret key features and determine constraints in terms of the context.
Functions
MA.912.F.1.7 Compare key features of two functions each represented algebraically, graphically, in tables or
GO DIGITAL written descriptions.

1.5 Absolute Value Functions 37

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 Characteristics of Absolute Value Functions
Recall that an absolute value function is a function that contains an absolute
Vocabulary value expression.
vertex form, p. 38
KEY IDEA
Vertex Form of an Absolute Value Function
An absolute value function written in the form g(x) = a∣ x − h ∣ + k, where
a ≠ 0, is in vertex form. The vertex of the graph of g is (h, k).
Any absolute value function can be written in vertex form, and its graph is
symmetric about the line x = h.
REMEMBER
The end behavior of a function
is the behavior of the graph as EXAMPLE 1 Describing Characteristics
x approaches positive infinity
(+∞) or negative infinity (−∞). Graph f (x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ − 1. Determine when the function is positive, negative,
increasing, or decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of the function.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Make a table of values.
5
MTR MAKE A PLAN
Make a plan for how to x 2 3 4 5 6
choose x-values for a f (x) 1 0 −1 0 1
table when graphing an
absolute value function. Step 2 Plot the ordered pairs. y
Explain your reasoning.
Step 3 Draw the graph. 4

Positive and Negative: The x-intercepts are 3 and

2
5. The function is positive when x < 3, negative
when 3 < x < 5, and positive when x > 5.
2 4 6 x
Increasing and Decreasing: The vertex is
(4, −1). The function is decreasing when −2
x < 4 and increasing when x > 4.
End Behavior: The graph shows that the function
values increase as x approaches both positive and negative infinity. So, y → +∞ as
x → −∞ and y → +∞ as x → +∞.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph f. Determine when the function is positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing.

Then describe the end behavior of the function.
1. f (x) = ∣ x + 6 ∣ + 1 2. f (x) = −∣ x − 5 ∣ + 2 3. f (x) = 2∣ x + 1 ∣ − 8

4. STRUCTURE A function g is increasing when x < 2, decreasing when x > 2, and has a range of
(−∞, −2). Use the given values to complete the function. Do not use any value more than once.

−2 0
g(x) = ∣x − ∣+
2 −1

GO DIGITAL

38 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 Using Characteristics to Graph
EXAMPLE 2
an Absolute Value Function
STUDY TIP
The interval in part (a) Graph each absolute value function f with the given characteristics.
represents y-values, and the
intervals in part (b) represent a. f has a range of (−∞, 1), and a graph that is symmetric about the line x = −2,
x-values. and has a y-intercept of −5.
b. f is positive over the intervals (2∞, 0) and (4, ∞), negative over the interval (0, 4),
and the minimum value is 24.

SOLUTION
a. Because the graph is symmetric about y
1 x 5 22, the x-value of the vertex is 22. x = −2 2
MTR ANALYZE A Because the range is (2∞, 1), the y-value ((−2,
2 1)
PROBLEM
of the vertex is 1. Plot the vertex (22, 1). −6 −4 2 x
In part (a), is it
Because the y-intercept is 25, plot the
possible to determine
point (0, 25) and its reflection in the line
the graph of f using
of symmetry, (24, 25). Then draw the
only two of the given
characteristics? Explain graph. (−4, −5) (0, −5)
your reasoning.
−6

b. Because f is positive over the intervals (2∞, 0) and (4, ∞), and negative over the
interval (0, 4), you know that the x-intercepts are 0 and 4. Because the x-intercepts
014
are 0 and 4, the vertex has an x-coordinate of — 5 2. So, plot the points (0, 0),
2
(4, 0), and the vertex (2, 24). Then draw the graph.

y
4
The graph is above the x-axis
2 when f is positive.

(0, 0) (4, 0)
−2 2 6 x

−2 The graph is below the x-axis

when f is negative.
−4
(2, −4)

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

5. Graph the absolute value function f with the following characteristics.

• f is decreasing over the interval (−∞, −3) and increasing over the interval (−3, ∞).
• The graph of f has a y-intercept of 1.
• The range of f is (−2, ∞).

6. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Consider the function g(x) = ∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3.

Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the vertex of the graph of g? At what point does the graph of g change direction?

What is the minimum value of g? What point on the graph of g lies on the line of symmetry?
GO DIGITAL

1.5 Absolute Value Functions 39

FL_hs_alg2_se_01.indb 39 2/17/21 8:17 AM

 cm
180
Solving Real-Life Problems
170
7 EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life
160 MTR
150 The function m(x) = ∣ x − 178 ∣ represents the absolute deviation (in centimeters)
140 of a man’s height x (in centimeters) from the average height of men in Florida. The
130
function w(x) = ∣ x − 163 ∣ represents the absolute deviation (in centimeters) of a
woman’s height x (in centimeters) from the average height of women in Florida.
120

110
a. Interpret and compare the vertices of the graphs in this context.
100 b. Compare the absolute deviations for a man and a woman who are both
90
170.5 centimeters tall.
80
SOLUTION
70

60
a. Each function is written in vertex form. Identify h and k to find the vertex of
each function.
50

40 m(x) 5 ∣ x 2 178 ∣ h 5 178, k 5 0

30
w(x) 5 ∣ x 2 163 ∣ h 5 163, k 5 0
20

10
The vertex of the graph of m is (178, 0). So, the average height of men in
Florida is 178 centimeters. The vertex of the graph of w is (163, 0). So, the
average height of women in Florida is 163 centimeters. The vertex of the
Check Graph each graph of m is 15 units right of the vertex of the graph of w, indicating that
function to verify that the average height of men in Florida is 15 centimeters greater than the average
the graphs intersect at height of women in Florida.

(170.5, 7.5). ✓ b. Evaluate each function for x 5 170.5.

m(x) 5 ∣ x 2 178 ∣ Write the function. w(x) 5 ∣ x 2 163 ∣

30
5 ∣ 170.5 2 178 ∣ Substitute. 5 ∣ 170.5 2 163 ∣
(170.5, 7.5)
10 5 7.5 Simplify. 5 7.5

160 180 The heights of the man and the woman are both 7.5 centimeters from the
average heights.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

7. You and your friend race from one end of a pool to the other
and then back again. The function d(x) = −1.5 x − — 50
3
∣
+ 25 ∣ Distance from Starting Point
y
Distance (yards)

represents your distance (in yards) from the starting point after 30
x seconds. Your friend’s distance from the starting point is shown
20
in the graph. Who wins the race? By how many seconds does the
first-place finisher win the race? Justify your answer. 10

0
0 10 20 30 40 x
Time (seconds)

GO DIGITAL

40 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 1.5 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1–8, graph f. Determine when the function 16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
is positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing. Then graphing the function.
describe the end behavior of the function.

✗ f (x) = ∣ x − 5 ∣ + 2
(See Example 1.)

1. f (x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 2 2. f (x) = ∣ x − 7 ∣ + 2 y

4
3. f (x) = −∣ x − 4 ∣ − 9 4. f (x) = ∣ x + 8 ∣ − 1
2
5. f (x) = 3∣ x − 1 ∣ + 5 6. f (x) = −—4 ∣ x + 4 ∣ + 3
1

–8 –6 –4 –2 x
7. f (x) = −—2 ∣ x − 6 ∣ − 10 8. f (x) = −2∣ x + 2 ∣ − 8
3

In Exercises 9–14, graph the absolute value function f 17. MODELING REAL LIFE The function m(x) = ∣ x − 41 ∣
with the given characteristics. (See Example 2.) represents the absolute deviation (in years) of a
9. f has a range of (−∞, 7), and a graph that is symmetric man’s age x (in years) from the average age of men
about the line x = 3, and has a y-intercept of 4. in Florida. The function w(x) = ∣ x − 44.2 ∣ represents
the absolute deviation (in years) of a woman’s
10. f has a range of (−4, ∞), and a graph that is symmetric age x (in years) from the average age of women in
about the line x = −1, and has a y-intercept of −3. Florida. (See Example 3.)
a. Interpret and compare the vertices of the graphs in
11. f is positive over the intervals (−∞, −1) and (11, ∞), this context.
negative over the interval (−1, 11), and the vertex of
b. Compare the absolute deviations for a man and a
the graph of f is (5, −3).
woman who are both 65 years old.
12. f is negative over the intervals (−∞, −7) and (5, ∞),
18. MODELING REAL LIFE A car and a truck follow the
positive over the interval (−7, 5), and the maximum
same route on a pair of round-trip deliveries. The
value is 6.
function c(x) = −72∣ x − 5 ∣ + 360 represents the
distance (in miles) of the car from the starting point
13. f is increasing over the interval (−∞, 2) and
after x hours. The truck’s distance from the starting
decreasing over the interval (2, ∞). The graph of f has
point is shown in the graph.
a y-intercept of −16, and the range of f is (−∞, 2).
Distance from Starting Point
14. f is decreasing over the interval (−∞, −4) and
y
increasing over the interval (−4, ∞). The graph of f
Distance (miles)

360
has a y-intercept of −8, and the range of f is (−12, ∞).
240
15. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
determining when the function is positive or negative. 120

✗
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
y
2 Time (hours)

−4 −2 x
a. How far is the delivery from the starting point?
f b. Which vehicle takes longer to complete the
−4 delivery? How much longer? Justify your answers.
The vertex is (−3, −4). The 19. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that if you
function is negative when x < −3 are given the vertex of any absolute value function
and positive when x > −3. and the intervals where the function is positive and
negative, then you are able to graph the function. Is
GO DIGITAL
your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.

1.5 Absolute Value Functions 41

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 20. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? STRUCTURE In Exercises 21 and 22, graph the absolute
Match each absolute value function with its graph. value function. Then find the area of the enclosed region
Explain. created by the graph of the function and the x-axis.
21. f (x) = —2 ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 6 22. f (x) = −4∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8
1
a. y b. y
2 6

23. REASONING An absolute value function is positive

−2 x over its entire domain. How many x-intercepts does
2 the graph of the function have?

−4
2 4 x
24. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Graph an absolute value function f that represents
c. y d. y
4 the route a wide receiver runs in a football game.
Let the x-axis represent distance (in yards) across
−4 −2 2x
the field horizontally. Let the y-axis represent
x distance (in yards) down the field. Limit the domain
−2 −4
so the route is realistic.
−2

i. f (x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1 ii. g(x) = −∣ x + 1 ∣ + 3

iii. h(x) = −∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 iv. k(x) = ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 3

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 25– 28, write a function g described by 31. Use the graph to write an equation of the line and
the given transformation of f (x) = ∣ x ∣ − 5. interpret the slope.
25. translation 2 units to the left
Gym Membership
Total cost (dollars)

y
26. reflection in the x-axis 300
(4, 200)
27. translation 4 units up 200

100
28. vertical stretch by a factor of 3 (0, 100)
0
29. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the total 0 2 4 6 x
distance a new car travels each month after it is Time (months)
purchased. What type of function can you use to
model the data? Estimate the mileage after 1 year.
In Exercises 32 and 33, find the product.
Time (months), x Distance (miles), y 32. (x − 2)2 33. (3m + 1)2
0 0
2 2300 In Exercises 34–39, solve the inequality. Graph the
solution.
5 5750
6 6900 34. ∣ 6 + w ∣ > −15 35. 5y − 2 ≤ 28

9 10,350 n
36. 6.5 ≥ −— 37. 2(x − 4) > 6x − 16
3

30. Graph f (x) = 3∣ x − 4 ∣ + 2. Determine when 38. ∣ 2h + 3 ∣ − 3 < −1

the function is positive, negative, increasing, or 1
decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of 39. 4t + 21 < −7 or −—2 t ≤ 2
the function.
GO DIGITAL

42 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 1.6 Piecewise Functions H

Learning Target: Graph and write piecewise functions.

Success Criteria: • I can evaluate piecewise functions.

• I can graph piecewise functions.
• I can write piecewise functions.

EXPLORE IT Interpreting a Graph

Work with a partner. At the beginning of the day on Monday, your friend
has $300 in her digital wallet. She sends and receives the following electronic
payments through Sunday.
• $50 payment received on Wednesday
• $150 payment sent on Thursday
• $100 payment received on Saturday

She graphs the balance of her account during the week as shown.

Digital Wallet Balance

Digital Wallet: y
400
Balance:
Balance (dollars)

350
$300 300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Days after Monday

a. Does the graph represent y as a function of x? Explain your reasoning.

b. According to the graph, what is your friend’s balance when x = 2?

when x = 4? Do these values match what you expect given the list of
payments sent and received?
5 DECOMPOSE A
MTR
PROBLEM c. Does the graph accurately show how the account balance changes during
How can finding the the week? Explain your reasoning.
balance on each day
of the week help you
create a more accurate d. Create a graph that more accurately shows how the account balance
graph? changes during the week.

Algebraic Reasoning
H MA.912.AR.9.10 Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with piecewise
GO DIGITAL functions. Interpret key features and determine constraints in terms of the context.

1.6 Piecewise Functions 43

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 Evaluating Piecewise Functions
Vocabulary
KEY IDEA
piecewise function, p. 44
step function, p. 46
Piecewise Function
A piecewise function is a function defined by two or more equations.
Each “piece” of the function applies to a different part of its domain.
An example is shown below.

f(x) = { x − 2,
2x + 1,
if x ≤ 0
if x > 0 4
y

• The expression x − 2 represents 2

the value of f when x is less than f(x) = 2x + 1, x > 0
or equal to 0.
−4 −2 2 4 x
• The expression 2x + 1
represents the value of f f(x) = x − 2, x ≤ 0
when x is greater than 0.
−4

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating a Piecewise Function

Evaluate f(x) = { 3x + 1, if x < 2

x − 5, if x ≥ 2
when (a) x = 2 and (b) x = −—13 .

SOLUTION
a. Because x = 2 and 2 ≥ 2, use the second equation.
f(x) = x − 5 Write the second equation.
f(2) = 2 − 5 Substitute 2 for x.
f(2) = −3 Subtract.

The value of f is −3 when x = 2.

b. Because x = −—13 and −—13 < 2, use the first equation.

f(x) = 3x + 1 Write the first equation.

( ) ( )
f −—13 = 3 −—13 + 1 Substitute −—13 for x.

f ( −— ) = 0
1
3
Simplify.

The value of f is 0 when x = −—13 .

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Evaluate the function when x = −8, −2, 0, —72 , and 5.

1. h(x) = { −3x,
2x + 7,
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0 {
2. f (x) = x + 2,
3,

4x,
if x < −2
if −2 ≤ x ≤ 5
if x > 5

3. REASONING When evaluating a piecewise function, can two different inputs

have the same output? Explain your reasoning.
GO DIGITAL

44 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 Graphing and Writing Piecewise Functions
EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Piecewise Function

Graph y = {
−x − 4,
x,
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0
. Describe the domain, range, and end behavior

of the function.

SOLUTION

4
y
Step 1 Graph y = −x − 4 for x < 0. Because 0 is not included in the domain for this
equation, use an
2
open circle at (0, −4).
y = x, x ≥ 0 Step 2 Graph y = x for x ≥ 0. Because 0 is included in the domain for this equation,
−4 −2 2 4 x
use a closed circle at (0, 0).

−2 The domain is all real numbers, and the range is y > −4. The graph shows that
y → +∞ as x → −∞ and y → +∞ as x → +∞.
y = −x − 4, x < 0
EXAMPLE 3 Writing a Piecewise Function

Write a piecewise function represented by the graph. y

4

SOLUTION
2
Each “piece” of the function is linear.
Left Piece When x < 0, the graph is the line −4 −2 2 4 x
represented by y = x + 3.
−2
Right Piece When x ≥ 0, the graph is the line
represented by y = 2x − 1. −4

So, a piecewise function represented by the

graph is

f(x) = { x + 3,
2x − 1,
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0
.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the function. Describe the domain, range, and end behavior of the function.

4. y = { x + 1,
−x,
if x ≤ 0
if x > 0
5. y = { x − 2, if x < −1
4x, if x ≥ −1

Write a piecewise function represented by the graph.

6. y 7. y
4
3
2
1

−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

−2 −2

8. OPEN-ENDED Write a piecewise function that is positive over its entire domain.
GO DIGITAL

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 Graphing and Writing Step Functions
A step function is a piecewise function defined by a constant value over each part of
WORDS AND MATH its domain. The graph of a step function consists of a series of line segments.
How does the graph of y
a step function relate to 2, if 0 ≤ x < 2
6
your understanding of 3, if 2 ≤ x < 4
the word step? 4 4, if 4 ≤ x < 6
f(x) =
5, if 6 ≤ x < 8
2 6, if 8 ≤ x < 10
0
7, if 10 ≤ x < 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x

7 EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life

MTR

You rent a karaoke machine for 5 days. The rental company charges $50 for
the first day and $25 for each additional day or any portion of a day. Write and
graph a step function that represents the relationship between the number x of
days and the total cost y (in dollars) of renting the karaoke machine.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Use a table to organize Step 2 Write the step function.

{
the information.
50, if 0 < x ≤ 1
Number Total cost 75, if 1 < x ≤ 2
of days (dollars) f(x) = 100, if 2 < x ≤ 3
0<x≤1 50 125, if 3 < x ≤ 4
150, if 4 < x ≤ 5
1<x≤2 75
2<x≤3 100
3<x≤4 125
4<x≤5 150

Step 3 Graph the step function. Karaoke Machine Rental

y
175
Total cost (dollars)

150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Number of days

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

9. A landscaper rents a wood chipper for 4 days. The rental company charges $100 for the first day and
$50 for each additional day or any portion of a day. Write and graph a step function that represents
the relationship between the number x of days and the total cost y (in dollars) of renting the chipper.
10. MAKE A CONNECTION Is it possible to perform a vertical translation on a step function f ?
a horizontal translation? If so, how would the equation that represents f change?
GO DIGITAL

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 Writing Absolute Value Functions
The absolute value function f(x) = ∣ x ∣ can be written as a piecewise function.

f(x) = {−x,
x,
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0
Similarly, the vertex form of an absolute value function g(x) = a∣ x − h ∣ + k can be
REMEMBER written as a piecewise function.
The vertex form of an
absolute value function is g(x) = { a[−(x − h)] + k, if x − h < 0
a(x − h) + k, if x − h ≥ 0
g(x) = a∣ x − h ∣ + k, where
a ≠ 0. The vertex of the
graph of g is (h, k). 7 EXAMPLE 5 Modeling Real Life
MTR

In holography, light from a laser beam is split into two beams, a reference beam and
an object beam. Light from the object beam reflects off an object and is recombined
with the reference beam to form images on film that can be used to create
three-dimensional images.
y
(5, 8) mirror a. Write an absolute value function that represents the path of the reference beam.
8
reference reference b. Write the function in part (a) as a piecewise function.
beam beam
6 object
beam SOLUTION
splitter
4 a. The vertex of the path of the reference beam is (5, 8). So, the function has the form
film g(x) = a∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8. Substitute the coordinates of the point (0, 0) into the equation
2 object plate and solve for a.
beam mirror
(0, 0)
g(x) = a∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8 Vertex form of the function
laser
2 4 6 8 x 0 = a∣ 0 − 5 ∣ + 8 Substitute 0 for x and 0 for g(x).
−1.6 = a Solve for a.

So, the function g(x) = −1.6∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8 represents the path of the

reference beam.

STUDY TIP b. Write g(x) = −1.6∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8 as a piecewise function.

Recall that the graph of
an absolute value function
is symmetric about the
g(x) = { −1.6[−(x − 5)] + 8, if x − 5 < 0
−1.6(x − 5) + 8, if x − 5 ≥ 0

line x = h. So, it makes Simplify each expression, and solve the inequalities.
sense that the piecewise So, a piecewise function for g(x) = −1.6∣ x − 5 ∣ + 8 is

{
function “splits” at x = 5.
1.6x, if x < 5
g(x) = .}
−1.6x + 16, if x ≥ 5

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

11. WHAT IF? In Example 5, the reference beam originates at (3, 0) and reflects off y
a mirror at (5, 4).
6
a. Write an absolute value function that represents the path of the reference beam.
4
b. Write the function in part (a) as a piecewise function.
2
12. WRITING Write a piecewise function represented by the graph. Then describe a
real-life situation that can be modeled by the graph. 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
GO DIGITAL

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 1.6 Practice WITH AND

In Exercises 1 and 2, evaluate the function when In Exercises 11–16, write a piecewise function
x = −4, −2, −1, —12 , and 2. (See Example 1.) represented by the graph. (See Example 3.)

1. f(x) = {5xx +−3,1, if x ≤ −2

if x > −2
11.
3
y 12. y

{
2
−x + 4, if x < −1 1
2. g(x) = 3, if −1 ≤ x < 2 −1 1 3x −2 2 x
2x − 5, if x ≥ 2 −2
−3
In Exercises 3–8, graph the function. Describe the
domain, range, and end behavior of the function.
(See Example 2.) 13. y 14. y
1

{
−4 −2 2x
−x, if x < 2
3. y = 2 4 6x
−2
x − 6, if x ≥ 2

{
−4
2x, if x ≤ −3
4. y =
−2x, if x > −3 −6

5. y = { −3x − 2,
x + 2,
if x ≤ −1
if x > −1
15.
2
y 16. y

6. y = {
x + 8,
4x − 4,
if x < 4
if x ≥ 4
−2 2 x
−2 4x

{
−2
1, if x < −3
−4
7. y = x − 1, if −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
−—53x + 4, if x > 3
17. WRITING When you graph the solutions of a

{
2x + 1,
8. y = −x + 2,
−3.5,
if x ≤ −1
if −1 < x < 2
if x ≥ 2
piecewise function and a linear function, how
do the graphs differ?

18. MODELING REAL LIFE

9. MODELING REAL LIFE On a trip, the total distance Write a piecewise
(in miles) you travel in x hours is represented by the function that represents 0–24 shirts
piecewise function the total cost y (in $17.00 per shirt

{
dollars) of ordering
55x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 . 25–49 shirts
d(x) = x custom shirts. Then
65x − 20, if 2 < x ≤ 5 $15.80 per shirt
interpret the domain
Interpret the domain and range of the function. How and range of the 50+ shirts
far do you travel in 4 hours? function. Determine $14.00 per shirt
the total cost of plus a $20 processing
10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error ordering 26 shirts. fee on all orders
in graphing

y= { x + 6, if x ≤ −2 .
1, if x > −2
In Exercises 19 and 20, graph the step function.

{
Find the domain and range.
≤

✗
3, if 0 x < 2
y 4, if 2 ≤ x < 4
19. f(x) =
4 5, if 4 ≤ x < 6
≤

{
6, if 6 x < 8
2
−—52 , if −6 ≤ x < −5
−5 −3 −1 1x
20. f(x) = −1, if −5 ≤ x < −3
0, if −3 ≤ x < −2
1, if −2 ≤ x < 0 GO DIGITAL

48 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

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 21. MODELING REAL LIFE Miami-Dade County issues 30. MODELING REAL LIFE You are trying to make a hole
tickets for speeding as follows. in one on the miniature golf green.
• no more than 9 miles per hour over: $151 y
• more than 9 miles per hour to no more than 3
14 miles per hour over: $226
• more than 14 miles per hour to no more than 1
19 miles per hour over: $276 1 3 5 7 9 x
• more than 19 miles per hour to no more than
29 miles per hour over: $301 a. Write an absolute value function that represents
• more than 30 miles per hour over: $376 the path of the golf ball.
Write and graph a step function that represents the b. Write the function in part (a) as a piecewise
relationship between the number x of miles per hour function.
over the speed limit and the cost y (in dollars) of the
speeding ticket. (See Example 4.) 31. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following are true about

22. MODELING REAL LIFE A parking garage charges

$4 per hour or any portion of an hour, up to a daily
f(x) = { 2x + 8,
−—23 x,
if x < −3
if x ≥ −3 }
? Select all that apply.

maximum of $15. A The y-intercept of the graph is 8.

a. Write and graph a step function that represents B The function is increasing when x < −3 and
the relationship between the number x of hours a decreasing when x > −3.
car is parked in the garage and the total cost y (in
C The function is negative when x < −4, positive
dollars) of parking in the garage for up to 1 day.
when −4 < x < 0, and negative when x > 0.
Interpret the domain, range, and any intercepts.
b. Is x a function of y? Explain your reasoning. D ( ) ( )
7
f − —2 = f − —2
3

In Exercises 23–28, write the absolute value function as

a piecewise function. 32. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? y
6
The graph of a piecewise
23. y = ∣ x ∣ + 1 24. y = ∣ x − 2 ∣ function f is shown. What 4
is the value of f (1)? Which
25. y = 4∣ x − 1 ∣ 26. y = −3∣ x + 6 ∣ is greater, f(4) or f(4.1)?

27. y = −∣ x − 3 ∣ + 2 28. y = 7.5∣ x + 1 ∣ − 5 2 4 6x

29. MODELING REAL LIFE You are sitting on a boat on a

lake. You can get a sunburn from the sunlight that hits
you directly and also from the sunlight that reflects off 33. DISCUSS MATHEMATICAL THINKING Describe how
the water. (See Example 5.) the graph of each piecewise function changes when
< is replaced with ≤ and ≥ is replaced with >. Do the
y
domain and range change? Explain.

a. f(x) = { x + 2,
−x − 1,
if x < 2
if x ≥ 2

{
5
1 3
—2 x + —2 , if x < 1
b. f(x) =
3 −x + 3, if x ≥ 1

1 3 x
34. STRUCTURE Graph y =
−x + 2, if x ≤ −2
x, if x > −2{∣ ∣
.

Find the domain, range, and when the function is

increasing or decreasing.
a. Write an absolute value function that represents
the path of the sunlight that reflects off the water. 35. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that
b. Write the function in part (a) as a piecewise
function.
y= { 2x − 2,
−3,
if x ≤ 3
if x ≥ 3
represents a piecewise

GO DIGITAL function. Is your friend correct? Explain.

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 36. COMPARE METHODS You purchase a new cell phone 37. PERFORMANCE TASK You are the manager of a
that costs $250. You select a payment plan where store. During a sale, you offer customers different
you initially pay $10, and then pay $10 every month discounts based on the total amounts they spend.
for the next 24 months. So far, you have paid $60. Write and graph a step function that represents your
Two graphs that model this situation are shown. discount policy. Then create an advertisement
Explain how each graph represents the situation. explaining your discount policy to customers.
Then describe an advantage and disadvantage of each
representation.
38. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Cell Phone Payment Cell Phone Payment The output y of the greatest integer function is the
y y greatest integer less than or equal to the input value
60 x. This function is written as f(x) = ⟨x⟩. Graph the
Total amount
60

paid (dollars)
Total amount
paid (dollars)

50 50 function for −4 ≤ x < 4. Is it a piecewise function?

40 40
a step function? Explain.
30 30
20 20
10
10
39. DIG DEEPER During a 9-hour snowstorm, it
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4 x snows at a rate of 1 inch per hour for the first 2 hours,
Number of Number of 2 inches per hour for the next 6 hours, and 1 inch per
months months hour for the final hour. Write and graph a piecewise
function that represents the snow accumulation during
the storm. What is the total accumulation?

REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 40– 42, graph f and h. Describe the 47. MODELING REAL LIFE There must be 2 chaperones
transformations from the graph of f to the graph of h. for every 25 students at a school dance. How many
chaperones are needed for 200 students?
40. f(x) = x; h(x) = 4x + 3

41. f(x) = x; h(x) = −x − 8 48. Graph y = { −—14 x,

2x + 3,
if x ≤ −4
if x > −4
. Describe the

1
42. f(x) = x; h(x) = −—2 x + 5 domain, range, and end behavior of the function.

43. Describe the relationship y In Exercises 49 and 50, write a linear function f with
between the data in 7 the given values.
6
the scatter plot. 49. f(−2) = 5, f(6) = −3
5
4
3 50. f(0) = −4, f(10) = −12
2
1
0 In Exercises 51 and 52, solve the inequality. Graph
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x the solution, if possible.
In Exercises 44 and 45, graph f. Determine when the 51. ∣ k − 8 ∣ < 11 52. −3∣ 2p + 5 ∣ ≤ 18
function is positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing.
Then describe the end behavior of the function. 53. REASONING The piecewise function f consists of
two linear “pieces.” The graph of f is shown. What
44. f (x) = −∣ x − 9 ∣ − 2 45. f (x) = 4∣ x + 1 ∣ − 3
is the value of f (−10)? f(8)?
46. Determine whether the data show a linear y
relationship. If so, write an equation of a line of 4
fit. Then estimate y when x = 10 and explain its
meaning in the context of the situation. 2

Minutes jogging, x 5 10 15 20 25 2 4 x
Distance (miles), y 0.75 1.5 2.25 3 3.75

GO DIGITAL

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 1 Chapter Review WITH
Chapter Learning Target: Understand functions and transformations.
Chapter Success Criteria: I can identify parent functions.
I can use transformations to graph functions. Surface
I can describe characteristics of functions. Deep
I can solve real-life problems using linear and absolute value functions.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I don’t understand yet. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1.1 Parent Functions and Transformations (pp. 3–10)

Learning Target: Graph and describe transformations of functions. Vocabulary
parent function
Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
transformation
1. f(x) = x + 3 2. g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 1 translation
1 reflection
3. h(x) = —2 x2 4. g(x) = −3(x + 3)2
vertical stretch
5. The graphs of f and g are shown. Describe two different y
vertical shrink
transformations from the graph of f to the graph of g.
g 1
f
6. A function g is a translation 4 units right and 6 units −4
− 2 4x
−1
down, followed by a reflection in the y-axis of the graph
of f (x) 5 2—12(x 1 1)2. Graph f and g.

7. The table shows the total distance traveled by a space probe after x seconds.
What type of function can you use to model the data? Estimate the distance
traveled by the space probe after 1 minute.

Time (seconds), x 0 8 20 36 50
Distance (miles), y 0 76 190 342 475

1.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions (pp. 11–20)

Learning Target: Understand transformations of linear and absolute value functions.

Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformations of

the graph of f. Use technology to check your answer.
8. f (x) 5 −3x + 4; translation 3 units down and a reflection in the y-axis

9. f (x) = ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 2 vertical shrink by a factor of —2 followed by a translation 2 units up

1

10. The graph of f is shown. Graph g when g(x) = f (x) + 5. y

4
11. The total cost of an annual pass for admission to a national
park plus camping for x days can be modeled by the function
−4 x
f(x) = 20x + 80. A senior citizen pays $20 less than half of
f
this price for x days. What is the total cost for a senior citizen to −4

GO DIGITAL go camping for three days in the park?

Chapter 1 Chapter Review 51

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 1.3 Modeling with Linear Functions (pp. 21–28)

Learning Target: Use linear functions to model and analyze real-life situations.

Use the graph to write an equation of the line and interpret the slope. Vocabulary
12. Distance Traveled 13. line of fit
Hot Air Balloon
line of best fit
Distance (miles)

Height (meters)
y y

300 600 (8, 540)

150 (3, 165) 300

(25, 200)
0 0
0 2 4 6 x 0 10 20 30 x
Time (hours) Time (minutes)

14. You ride your bike and measure how far you travel. After 10 minutes, you have traveled
3.5 miles. After 30 minutes, you have traveled 10.5 miles. Write an equation to model
your distance. How far can you ride your bike in 45 minutes?
15. You consider purchasing an Internet plan from one of two companies.
Company A
The table shows the total costs (in dollars) of the equipment fee and
service for different numbers of months at Company A. The total cost y Months, x Total cost, y
(in dollars) of the equipment fee and x months of service at Company B
4 $368
is represented by the equation y = 68x + 120. Which company has the
greater equipment fee? After how many months of service are the total 6 $512
costs the same?
8 $656
16. The table shows the numbers of ice cream cones sold for different
10 $800
outside temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit). Do the data show a linear
relationship? If so, write an equation of a line of fit and use it to estimate 12 $944
how many ice cream cones are sold when the temperature is 60°F.

Temperature, x 53 62 70 82 90
Number of cones, y 90 105 117 131 147

1.4 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities (pp. 29–36)

Learning Target: Write and solve inequalities involving absolute value. Vocabulary
absolute value
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution, if possible.
inequality
17. m ≥ 10 18. ∣ k − 9 ∣ < −4 endpoints
bounded interval
19. ∣ −1.5g − 2 ∣ + 1 < 6 20. ∣ 9 − 2j ∣ + 10 ≥ 2 unbounded interval
absolute deviation
Write the interval in interval notation.
21. −5 < x < 15 22.
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

23. A safety regulation says that the height of a guardrail should be

106 centimeters with an absolute deviation of no more than 7 centimeters.
Write and solve an absolute value inequality that represents the acceptable
heights of a guardrail.
GO DIGITAL

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 1.5 Absolute Value Functions (pp. 37–42)

Learning Target: Understand characteristics of absolute value functions.

Graph f. Determine when the function is positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing.

Then describe the end behavior of the function. Vocabulary
24. f (x) = ∣ x + 4 ∣ + 7 vertex form

25. y = −∣ x − 8 ∣ + 15

26. y = −3∣ x − 3 ∣ + 6

Graph the absolute value function f with the given characteristics.

27. f has a range of (2, ∞), and a graph that is symmetric about the line x = 5,
and has a y-intercept of 7.

28. f is increasing over the interval (−∞, −3) and decreasing over the interval
(−3, ∞). The graph of f has a y-intercept of −7, and the range of f is (−∞, −3).

29. Graph the absolute value function f (x) = —4 ∣ x + 6 ∣ − 2. Then find the area of
1

the enclosed region created by the graph of the function and the x-axis.

1.6 Piecewise Functions (pp. 43–50)

Learning Target: Graph and write piecewise functions. Vocabulary

{ 3 piecewise function
—2 x + 3, if x ≤ 0 step function
30. Evaluate y = when (a) x = 0 and (b) x = 5.
−2x, if x > 0

Graph the function. Describe the domain, range, and end behavior of the function.

31. y = { x + 6,
−3x,
if x ≤ 0
if x > 0
32. y = { 4x + 2,
2x − 6,
if x < −4
if x ≥ −4

Write the absolute value function as a piecewise function.

33. y = ∣ x ∣ + 15 34. y = 4∣ x + 5 ∣ 35. y = 2∣ x + 2 ∣ − 3

36. You are organizing a school fair and rent a popcorn machine for 3 days. The rental
company charges $65 for the first day and $35 for each additional day or any portion
of a day. Write and graph a step function that represents the relationship between the
number x of days and the total cost y (in dollars) of renting the popcorn machine.

Mathematical Thinking and Reasoning

6 ASSESS THE REASONABLENESS OF SOLUTIONS
MTR
Mathematicians who assess the reasonableness of solutions estimate to
discover possible solutions.

1. The data in Chapter Review Exercise 7 are approximated. Explain why it is

helpful to use the approximated data instead of exact data in this context.
2. Use a linear function to model the distance that you jog over time. How far can
you jog in 20 minutes? What estimations or assumptions did you make to solve
the problem?
GO DIGITAL

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 1 Practice Test WITH
Write an equation of the line and interpret the slope and y-intercept.
1. Sky Lantern 2. Shoe Sales
y

Price of pair of shoes (dollars)

y 20
50
480 10
Height (feet)

40
360 (3, 360)
30 (0, 50)
240 (2, 240)
20
120
10
0
0 2 4 6 x
0
Minutes 0 20 40 60 80 x
Percent discount

Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
3. f(x) = ∣ x − 1 ∣
1
4. f(x) = (3x)2 5. f(x) = —4 x 2 5

Match the transformation of f (x) = x with its graph. Then describe the transformation.
6. g(x) = 2f(x) + 3 7. g(x) = 3f(x) − 2 8. g(x) = −2f(x) − 3
A. y B. y C. y
4 4 4

2 2

−4 −2 2 4x −4 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

−2 −2

−4 −4

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution, if possible.

9. 3∣ x ∣ ≥ 18 10. ∣ −y − 2 ∣ − 3 ≤ 8 11. 4∣ −3b + 5 ∣ − 9 < 7

12. Graph y = { 2x + 4, if x ≤ −1
1
—3 x − 1, if x > −1
. Find the domain and range.

13. Write a piecewise function defined by three equations that has a domain of
all real numbers and a range of −3 < y ≤ 1.

14. The monthly costs of four different phone plans are shown in the table.
Plan Price per month
You want to spend less than $155 every three months with an absolute
deviation of at most $15. Write and solve an absolute value inequality A $30
to find which phone plans meet this condition.
B $65
15. A fountain with a depth of 5 feet is drained and then refilled. C $45
The water level (in feet) after t minutes can be modeled by
D $50
f(t) = —14 ∣ t − 20 ∣. At the same time, a second fountain with the
same depth is drained and filled twice as quickly as the first fountain.
Describe how to transform the graph of f to model the water level
in the second fountain after t minutes. When are the fountains at the
same depth? Justify your answer. GO DIGITAL

54 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

FL_hs_alg2_se_01.indb 54 2/17/21 8:17 AM

 1 Performance Task
Flying Robot Design
Some of the smallest
flying robots have masses
Optical-fl
Op
Opti
tica
cal-fl
fl ow sensors
flow
o as low as 175 milligrams
5 mi
m lligrams
could potentially be
co wing
and wi frequencies
ing fre
requ
re q en ci as
ncies
ci
used for stability and to high as 300 hertz.
navigate surroundings.

For a robot to fly, its

mass (in grams) must be The frame houses
less than
thaan the lift force actuators to
(in gram-forces) of transfer power to
its wings. the wings.

hertz (Hz): cycles per second

gram-force (gf): the amount of force
exerted by gravity on 1 gram of matter

CREATE A FLYING ROBOT

Wing A
You are a member of a team that is creating Frequency (Hz), x 10 13 16 19
a prototype for a flying robot. For each wing Lift Force (gf), y 3.2 7.1 11.8 16.9
design, your team measures lift forces for various
flapping frequencies. The tables show the results.
For each wing design, the relationship between Wing B
flapping frequency and lift force is approximately Frequency (Hz), x 11 14 17 20
linear. Lift Force (gf), y 3.3 6.1 9.4 13.1
• Choose a wing design and a frame style for
your robot, and find the minimum flapping Wing C
frequency needed for your robot to take flight. Frequency (Hz), x 12 15 18 21
• You want to use your flying robot to carry a Lift Force (gf), y 4.6 8.0 11.9 16.4
small camera, but the robot will need to use
a greater flapping frequency to remain in the
air with the added mass. Write a function that
you can use to find the greatest additional
mass your robot can carry for different flapping
frequencies.

Frame A Frame B Frame C

GO DIGITAL 22 grams 20 grams 12 grams

55

FL_hs_alg2_se_01.indb 55 2/17/21 8:17 AM

 1 Test Prep WITH
Cumulative Practice
Tutorial videos are available for each exercise.

1. Which transformation of the graph of f(x) = 2x − 4 is represented by 2

y
g
the graph of g?
−2 4x
A a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2
1
B a horizontal shrink by a factor of —2
−4
C a vertical stretch by a factor of 2
1
D a vertical shrink by a factor of —2

2. Write the interval in interval notation.

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20

3. The graph shows the residuals of a line of fit. Which statement best y
describes the equation of the line of fit?
0.4

A The equation is not a good fit because the residuals are not
0.2
evenly dispersed about the horizontal axis.
0
B The equation is not a good fit because the residual values 0 2 4 x

are not constant.

C The equation is a good fit because the residual values are

approximately linear.

D The equation is a good fit because the absolute values of the residuals are small.

4. Use <, 5, or > to complete the statement comparing linear functions f and g. Explain
your reasoning.

x f(x) x g(x) f (22) g(22)

−5 −23 −2 −18
−4 −20 −1 −14
−3 −17 0 −10
−2 −14 1 −6

2
5. Which equation is equivalent to —3 x 2 3 5 4x 1 2?

2
A x 2 3 5 6x 1 3 C —3x 2 1 5 4x
1 3 1 3
B —3 x 2 —2 5 2x 1 1 D —6x 2 —4 5 x 1 2
GO DIGITAL

56 Chapter 1 Functions and Transformations

FL_hs_alg2_se_01ec.indd 56 9/3/21 10:39 AM

 6. The graph shows the height of a hang glider over time. Hang Gliding Descent
Which equation models the situation?
y

A y + 450 = 10x 400

Height (feet)
300
B y + 450 = −10x
1 200
C 2x + —
10
y = 450
100
D 10x + y = 450
0
0 10 20 30 x
Time (seconds)

7. Let f(x) = −3x − 4. The graph of g is a translation 2 units left, followed by a

horizontal stretch by a factor of 3 of the graph of f. Which function represents g?

A g(x) 5 2x 1 2 C g(x) 5 2x 2 10

B g(x) 5 29x 2 10 D g(x) 5 2x 2 6

8. The table shows the tuition costs for a private school x years after it opens.

Year, x 0 1 2 3
Tuition (dollars), y 36,208 37,620 39,088 40,594

a. Verify that the data show a linear relationship. Then write an equation of a
line of fit.
b. Interpret the slope and y-intercept in this situation.
c. Predict the cost of tuition after 5 years.

1
9. The area A of a trapezoid is represented by the formula A 5 —2 h(b1 1 b2).
Which equation represents the height h of a trapezoid?
b2

b1

A
A h 5— C h 5 2A 2 (b1 1 b2)
2(b1 1 b2)

2A
B h5— D h 5 2A(b1 1 b2)
b1 1 b2

10. In a trivia game, each correct answer is worth 10 points in the first round, 15 points in
the second round, and 25 points in the third round. You score 370 points by answering
24 questions correctly. You score 55 more points in the third round than you do in the
GO DIGITAL
first round. How many questions do you answer correctly in each round?

Chapter 1 Test Prep Cumulative Practice 57

FL_hs_alg2_se_01ec.indd 57 9/3/21 10:39 AM