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phy2 (1)

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gokulsubramaniyamgs123
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You are on page 1/ 15

AN

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
FINDING THE
RESISTANCE OF
WIRE OF
DIFFERENT METALS
USING OHM’S LAW

INDEX
1. Introduction
2. AIM
3. Apparatus required
4. Procedure
5. Observation table
6. Calculation
7. Result
8. Precautions
9. Conclusion
10. Ohm’s law
application
11. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Ohm’s law :-
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is proportional to the potential
difference across the two points. Introducing the
constant proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at
the usual mathematical equation that describes this
relationship

I=V/R
where I is the current through the conductor in units of
amperes, V is the voltage measured across the
conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's
law states that the R in this relation is constant,
independent of the current. Ohm's law is an empirical
relation which accurately describes the conductivity of
the vast majority of electrically conductive materials
over many orders of magnitude of current. However
some materials do not obey Ohm's law, these are called
non-ohmic.

Resistance :-
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its
opposition to the flow of electric current. The inverse
quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with
which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance
shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of
mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is
the ohm ( Ω ), while electrical conductance is measured
in siemens
Resistivity :-
Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical
resistance or volume resistivity) is a fundamental
property of a material that quantifies how strongly it
resists or conducts electric current. A low resistivity
indicates a material that readily allows electric current.
Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter
ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-
meter ( Ω ·m)

AIM
"To find resistivity of wires of different metal
using
Ohm's law"
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. 4 Wires of different metals with
respective length
2. A battery eliminator
3. D.C Voltmeter
4. A.C Ammeter
5. A rheostat
6. One plug key
7. Thick connecting wires
8. Sand paper
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the various components of the
circuit accordingly with a plug out of one-
way key
2. Rub the ends of connecting wire with a sand
paper

3. Ensure the ammeter is connected in a


series with the resistance wire with its
positive terminal towards the positive of
the battery. Also ensure the voltmeter
connected in parallel to resistance coil R in
such a manner that the current enters at
its positive end.

4. Connect the rheostat such that its lower


terminals and the upper terminals are used.

5. Insert the plug-in key K.


6. Adjust the rheostat so that small current
flows through the circuit. And record the
readings of ammeter and voltmeter

7. Shift the rheostat contact to shift the


current and take the readings again.

8. Cut the resistance wire at the ends just


coming out of the voltmeter. Stretch it
along the meter and measure its length

9. Observations recorded.

Observation table

Iron wire
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.20v 1.3 Ω
200mA 0.25v 1.001 Ω
300mA 0.30v 1.0 Ω

Aluminium wire
Current Voltage Resistance
200mA 0.10v 0.50 Ω
300mA 0.20v 0.66 Ω
400mA 0.30v 0.75 Ω

Manganim wire
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.20v 1.3 Ω
200mA 0.30v 1.05 Ω
300mA 0.40v 1.3 Ω

Copper wire
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.10v 0.50 Ω
200mA 0.20v 0.54 Ω
300mA 0.30v 0.60 Ω

Calculations
for Iron wire
Length of wire = 21cm
Thickness = 0.54 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.28 x 10^-6 m^2

Mean resistance =
=1.1Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
=10.5*10^8 Ωm

for Aluminium wire


Length of wire = 68 cm
Thickness = 0.66 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.28 x 10^-6 m^2
Mean resistance =
= 0.630 Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
=2.7 x 10^-8 Ωm

for Manganim wire


Length of wire = 57 cm
Thickness =0.66 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.19 X 10^-6 m^2

Mean resistance =
= 1.36 Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
= 48.2 x 10^-8 Ωm

for Copper wire


Length of wire = 48 cm
Thickness = 0.49x 10^-2 m
Mean resistance =
= 0.54 Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
=1.7 x 10^-8 Ωm

RESULT
The resistivity of wires:

1. For iron = 10.5 x 10^-80 Ω m

2. For aluminium = 2.7 x 10^-80 Ω m

3. For manganim = 4.82 x 10^-8 Ω m

4. For copper = 1.7 x 106^-8 Ω m


PRECAUTION
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Short circuiting should be avoided.
3. The plug should be inserted only while taking
observation otherwise current will cause
unnecessary heating in the circuit.

Ohm’s Law Applications


The main applications of Ohm’s law are:
● To determine the voltage, resistance or current of an
electric circuit.
● Ohm’s law maintains the desired voltage drop across
the electronic components.
● Ohm’s law is also used in DC ammeter and other DC
shunts to divert the current.

Conclusion
1. It shows that the current flowing in a conductor
is directly proportional to the voltage across the
Conductor.

2. current measured by the flow of electrons


through the given point under unit time.

3. The electric current in the conductor increases


proportionally with the increase in voltage.
4. The I-V graph is a straight line.

5. The voltage current and resistance are


interrelated on a macroscopic level.

6. The V(voltage) , I (current) , and R (resistance) is


a scalar variable of ohm’s law.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
· google.com

· wikipedia.org

· NCERT book for class XII Physics


· NCERT Lab manual physics for class 12

· byjus.com

· Science for all

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