Scribd
Upload
4 views

BME202 Electronics Lecture13

electronic-devices-and-circuit-theory-chapter-9

Uploaded by

Ebisa GT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

BME202 Electronics Lecture13

electronic-devices-and-circuit-theory-chapter-9

Uploaded by

Ebisa GT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Lecture 13: BJT and JFET Frequency

Response
General Frequency Considerations
Frequency Response: The frequency range in which
an amplifier will operate with negligible effects from
capacitors and device internal capacitances; often
called the mid-range.

• At frequencies below mid-range, the coupling and bypass


capacitors lower the gain.

• At frequencies above mid-range, stray capacitances


associated with the active device lower the gain.

• Also, cascading amplifiers limits the gain at high and low


frequencies.
Bode Plot

A Bode plot
illustrates the
frequency response
of an amplifier.

The horizontal scale


indicates the
frequency (in Hz)
and the vertical
scale indicates the
gain (in dB).
Cutoff Frequencies
The mid-range of an
amplifier is called the
bandwidth of the
amplifier.

The bandwidth is
defined by the lower
and upper cutoff
frequencies.

Cutoff frequency – any


frequency at which the
gain has dropped by 3
dB from its mid-range
value
BJT Amplifier Low-Frequency Response

At low frequencies, the reactance of the coupling


capacitors (CS, CC) and the bypass capacitor (CE) affect
the circuit impedances.
Coupling Capacitor (CS)
The cutoff frequency due to CS can be calculated
using
1
f Ls 
2π ( Rs  Ri )Cs

where

Ri  R1 ||R2 ||Re
Coupling Capacitor (CC)
The cutoff frequency due to CC can be calculated
using

1
f LC 
2π ( Ro  RL )Cc

where

Ro  RC ||ro
Bypass Capacitor (CE)
The cutoff frequency due to CE can be calculated
using
1
fLE 
2πReCE
where
Rs
Re  RE||(  re )
β
and
Rs  Rs ||R1 ||R2
BJT Amplifier Low-Frequency Response
The Bode plot indicates that each capacitor may have
a different cutoff frequency.

It is the device that has the highest lower cutoff


frequency (fL) that dominates the overall low-
frequency response of the amplifier.
Roll-Off of Gain in the Bode Plot
• The Bode plot not only indicates the cutoff frequencies of the
various capacitors, it also indicates the amount of attenuation
(loss in gain) at these frequencies.
• The rate of attenuation is sometimes referred to as roll-off.

The roll-off is measured in dB-per-octave or dB-per-decade.


Roll-Off Rate (dB/Decade)

-dB/decade refers to the attenuation for every 10-fold


change in frequency.

For attenuations at the low-frequency end, it refers to the


loss in gain from the lower cutoff frequency to a frequency
that is one-tenth the cutoff value.

fLS = 9kHz gain is 0dB


fLS/10 = .9kHz gain is –20dB
Thus the roll-off is −20dB/decade
Roll-Off Rate (-dB/Octave)

-dB/octave refers to the attenuation for every 2-fold change in


frequency.
For attenuations at the low-frequency end, it refers to the loss
in gain from the lower cutoff frequency to a frequency one-half
the cutoff value.

This is a little difficult to see


on this graph because the fLS = 9kHz gain is 0dB
horizontal scale is a fLS / 2 = 4.5kHz gain is –6dB
logarithmic scale. Therefore the roll-off is 6dB/octave.
FET Amplifier Low-Frequency Response

At low frequencies, the


reactances of the
coupling capacitors (CG,
CC) and the bypass
capacitor (CS) affect the
circuit impedances.
Coupling Capacitor (CG)

The cutoff frequency due to CG can be calculated with

1
f LC
2π (Rsig  Ri )CG

where
Ri  RG
Coupling Capacitor (CC)

The cutoff frequency due to CC can be calculated with

1
fLC 
2π (R o R L )CC

where

Ro  RD ||rd
Bypass Capacitor (CS)
Bypass Capacitor (CS)

The cutoff frequency due to CS can be calculated with

1
fLS 
2πReqCS

where
1
Req  RS || rd  Ω
gm
FET Amplifier Low-Frequency Response

The Bode plot indicates that each capacitor may have a


different cutoff frequency.

The capacitor that has the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL)
is closest to the actual cutoff frequency of the amplifier.
Miller Capacitance
Any p-n junction can develop capacitance. This
capacitance becomes noticeable across:
• The BJT base-collector junction in a common-
emitter amplifier operating at high frequencies
• The FET gate-drain junction in a common-source
amplifier at high frequencies

These capacitances are represented as separate input


and output capacitances, called the Miller
capacitances.
Miller Input Capacitance (CMI)

CMi  (1  Av )Cf

Note that the amount of


Miller capacitance is
dependent on inter-
electrode capacitance from
input to output (Cf) and the
gain (Av).
Miller Output Capacitance (CMO)

If the gain (Av) is


considerably greater
than 1, then

CMO  C f
BJT Amplifier High-Frequency Response

Capacitances that affect


the high-frequency
response are
Junction capacitances
Cbe, Cbc, Cce
Wiring capacitances
Cwi, Cwo
Coupling capacitors
CS, CC
Bypass capacitor
CE
Input High-Frequency Cutoff (fHi)

1
fHi 
2πRThiCi

where
RThi R s ||R1 ||R 2 ||R i

and
Ci  CWi  Cbe  CMi
 CWi  Cbe  ( 1  Av )Cbc
Output High-Frequency Cutoff (fHo)

1
fHo 
2πRThoC o

where
RTho  RC||RL||ro

and
Co  CWo  Cce  CMo
FET Amplifier High-Frequency Response
Capacitances that affect the high-frequency response:
Junction capacitances
Cgs, Cgd, Cds
Wiring capacitances
Cwi, Cwo
Coupling capacitors
CG, CC
Bypass capacitor
CS
Input High-Frequency Cutoff (fHi)

1
fHi 
2πRThiCi

Ci  CWi  Cgs  CMi

CMi  (1  Av )Cgd

RThi  Rsig||RG
Output High-Frequency Cutoff (fHo)

1
fHo 
2πRThoCo

Co  CWo  Cds  CMo

 1 
CMo 
 1  Cgd
 Av 

RTho  RD||RL||rd
Multistage Frequency Effects

Each stage has its own frequency response, but


the output of each stage is affected by
capacitances in the subsequent stage. For
example, the output capacitance (Co) is
affected by the input Miller Capacitance (CMi)
of the next stage.
Multistage Amplifier Response

Once the cutoff frequencies have been determined for


each stage (taking into account the shared
capacitances), they can be plotted.
Note the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL) and the
lowest upper cutoff frequency (fH) are closest to the
actual response of the amplifier.
Square Wave Testing

In order to determine the frequency response of an amplifier by


experimentation, you must apply a wide range of frequencies to the
amplifier.

One way to accomplish this is to apply a square wave. A square wave


consists of multiple frequencies (by Fourier analysis: it consists of odd
harmonics).
Square Wave Response Waveforms

If the output of the amplifier is not a perfect square wave then


the amplifier is ‘cutting’ off certain frequency components of
the square wave.

You might also like