Cloud Computing

Unit II
Chapter 1: Cloud Models and Types
Cloud Model:
Cloud models are a fundamental entity that describes the various components and
elements that constitute as a part of the cloud organization.
The NIST Model
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an organization under
the US Department of Commerce is accountable for descriptive & describing
standards in Science and Technology. The modern NIST model of cloud
computing necessitates virtualization and employs the notion of multi-tenancy.
NIST’s cloud model is composed of:
 Five essential characteristics

 Three service models

 Four deployment models

Cloud computing models enable suitably, permission to on-request access to a
collective pool of customizable resources including storage space, network servers,
and applications. It can be quickly deployed with insignificant efforts, interaction
with the service provider.

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Key facilitating technologies present in the NIST model comprise:
(1) faster wide-area networks, (2) great, low-cost server computers, and (3) high-
performance virtualization for product hardware.
Some of the important features present in the NIST model are as follows:
1. On-Demand Self-Service
Self-service means the cloud user can acquire the service independently, without
going through an IT department, call center, or other middleman. To support self-
service:
 The cloud provider must have an automated interface such as a web portal or

mobile app.
 The user should be able to access the interface at any time.

 The user should also be able to cancel the cloud service anytime.

2. Broad Network Access

The cloud service must be broadly available over the communication network.
Users should be able to access it from any location and on an internet-enabled
device.
3. Resource Pooling
Multiple customers share the cloud service resources in a multi-tenancy model.
This model does raise privacy and security concerns, so users must protect their
cloud data and assets by taking necessary security precautions.
4. Rapid Elasticity
Elasticity refers to the flexibility of the cloud service to scale up or down
automatically to meet the user’s needs. That allows the user to access the right
level and kind of resources, including processing power, memory, network
bandwidth, and storage, to accommodate the user’s varying workloads.
5. Measured Service
Cloud services are metered and can be purchased by the user as per rate basis at
any given time. This model provides users with greater transparency and control
over their cloud costs.

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 Cloud Cube Model
In Cloud computing, the Cloud Cube Model (CCM) is developed by the Jericho
forum. This model helps to classify network into four demensional parts as
follows:
 Internal/External
 Insourced/ Outsourced
 Proprietary/Open
 Perimeterized/ de-perimeterized

The main goal of cloud cube model is to provide the security to the cloud network
and protect it. This model helps to different organizations, IT managers and
various business leaders by providing secure cloud network with the help of
cloud cube model. In cloud computing security plays an important part for
different cloud users. Cloud cube model also enables secure collaboration of
cloud formations that is helpful for different types of organizations and
businesses.
Dimensions of Cloud Cube Model
Internal/External: The information of physical location of data is given by
Internal/External type. This is common form of cloud cube model. The data
which is present inside the cloud is known as internal and the data resides outside
the cloud known as external.
Insourced/Outsourced: This is the second dimension of cloud cube model. In
this form of dimension different services are offered, the third-party services
offered are known as Outsourced and the services which are self-offered is called
Insourced.
Proprietary/Open: This is the third dimension of cloud cube model. The
proprietary dimension means that the organization is offering the service which is
secure and protected under their ownership. It defines the incomparability
between data during transformation.

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Perimeterized/de-perimeterized: This is the fourth form of dimension which
requires collaboration oriented architecture. Perimeterized dimension always
work within the traditional boundary, the customer can increase the
organization’s boundary into the external cloud computing domain with the help
of operation of virtual server in domain(IP) and also with the use of VPN support.
De-perimeterized is the data is encapsulated with metadata and structure, which
will again support to secure the data and control the misuse of data.

Deployment Model
The different cloud deployment models are: Introduction to Cloud Computing
 Private cloud: used completely by a single corporate or organization and
can be physically situated on the company’s on-site data center.
 Public cloud: possessed, functioned and hosted on the foundation of the
third-party service provider to transport their resources like servers and
storage space over the web.
 Community cloud: combined by a set of organizations of similar trades and
circumstances with comparable necessities i.e. task, safety, agreement and
IT rules.
 Hybrid cloud: grouping of more than one model together such as public,
private or community cloud to transport information and programs and
making use of regular technology without disclosing any sort of cloud
information.

Service Models
The different cloud service models are:
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): provides comprehensive elasticity to
customers in choosing desktops, VPN’s, disk drives, mailing networks, DNS
etc.,
 Platform as a Service (PaaS): providing platform to transport
development/operating atmosphere as a facility having physical servers,
databases and online servers.

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  Software as a Service (SaaS): to deliver a single application through the
browser to numerous users via vendor who sells an application to consumers
on license basis.
Some of the services of various Service Models in different sectors are shown in
table

Layers and Types of Clouds

Layers
Cloud computing contains a number of elements which are layered from top to
bottom. Bottom layer acts as a foundation for cloud computing. It is a purely
physical layer that is involved with providing storage and infrastructure. Top layers
are usually involved with the networks and applications and are only possible due
to the layers beneath it.
There are three major layers in the cloud i.e., IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. IaaS lies at the
foundation of the cloud paradigm while the SaaS is the layer at the top . Each
higher layer incorporates the layers beneath it. Figure highlights different layers
present in cloud computing.

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Infrastructure as a Service
This is the base layer of the cloud paradigm. This layer consists of physical
hardware that is necessary for cloud computing to be effectively operational. This
layer contains hardware, network equipment, and web hosting services that can be
rented out to the users using the cloud.
The users who want to run their own Cloud-based services can even use this layer.
The users even have options to buy or lease this layer for the above mentions
purpose. Cloud is based on physical components that can be used for computing
purposes. These physical systems include servers, hypervisors, cooling gear etc.,
these resources are stored in a data center (DC) owned by cloud providers. Since
this layer is the base physical layer, without this layer SaaS and PaaS are not
possible at all.
Characteristics of IaaS:
1. Resources shared as a facility.
2. Active, on-request scaling of services.
3. Value-based assessing model.
4. Simultaneous users on a single portion of the hardware.

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 Platform as a Service
The programmers, coders and the web developers use this layer to develop
applications, create programs, software, and web tools. The hardware needed
for development purposes is rented out from an IaaS provider. Then, developers
can use this layer as a platform to build innovative applications. Examples of
infrastructure providers are RackSpace, Amazon EC2, Digital Ocean, etc.,
Generally, these infrastructures contain pre-installed developer tools. These
additional tools can be software libraries that are responsible for performing a
specific task or they can be frameworks (such as .Net
Characteristics of PaaS:
1. Distinct environment to code, test, deploy, and repair applications.
2. UI designing tools to generate, adjust, and deploy diverse UI/UX
situations.
3. Multi-tenant design simplifying simultaneous users.
4. Load corresponding, safety, and failover abilities for application to be
organized.
5. Dedicated tools for billing and support.
Software as a service
SaaS is the layer above the PaaS layer. This layer is utilized mainly by end-users. It
is built on the top of PaaS and IaaS and encompasses both of them to work. It acts
as a provider of applications, programs, and web tools. SaaS offer these services
either free or at some nominal price. SaaS is the most accessible layer of cloud
computing by the end-user and can be accessed on any portable device ranging
from smart phones to Laptops. SaaS has a large number of applications in the
business areas. These include customer management system (CRM), accounting
and human resource (HR) management. Salesforce.com is the best example of a
SaaS vendor.

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Characteristics of SaaS:
1. Integrated Internet-based access to business and commercial applications.
Complete commercial process fluctuating to cloud giving superior services
to client.
2. No trouble regarding software updates and patches as it is the sole
responsibility of the service provider.
3. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) permit incorporation with
different programs.
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Types Of Clouds
Cloud is divided into four different types of deployment models on the basis of
their services they provide. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Types of the cloud
i. Private cloud
ii. Community cloud
iii. Public cloud
iv. Hybrid cloud
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 1. Public Cloud
Public cloud is based on a computing model where the cloud provider makes the
resources (such as virtual machines, applications or storage), available to everyone
over the Internet. Public cloud saves organizations from spending huge amounts of
resources to buy, and manage the application infrastructure along with the
additional required hardware.
In the public cloud, the cloud provider (like Amazon’s AWS or Microsoft’s Azure)
would be held responsible for the installation and maintenances of the system
along with its additional software dependencies. If implemented in a proper
manner, public cloud can be as secure as the private clouds and even at a much
lower cost. Effective security methods can be put in place to ensure data privacy.
For e.g. Intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS) can be used to ensure
data security. Some of the examples of public cloud service providers are
Salesforce, Hp Cloud services, Amazon Web Services etc.
Characteristics of Public Cloud:
 Cost Effective.
 Easy Deployment
 Reliability
 On demand scalability
 Zero maintenance
2. Private Cloud
Private cloud is a cloud computing model whose scope is limited to a single user or
an organization. It involves a secure cloud-based environment and only an
authenticated client can operate it. This provides the organization with a greater
control over their data and more privacy. That’s why the private cloud is a good
choice for organizations whose data or assets are too valuable or sensitive to put on
a public cloud.

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Characteristics of Private Cloud:
 High Security and Privacy
 Considered for big enterprises and businesses
 Better regulation over cloud infrastructure.
 More control over the data stored on the cloud
 Cost and energy efficient.
 Improved reliability.
3. Community Cloud
A community cloud is simply a broader version of the public cloud. Community
cloud supports a community where their members have a similar requirement of
services and their share of concerns. The common interests and concerns can
include security methods, data privacy, business models and need of end-users.
Community cloud can also be further explained on the basis of its abstraction level.
A community cloud is delivered over the Internet, which does not happen with the
private cloud. They also generally have an operating expenditure price model.
Community clouds are expected in government, healthcare, and education.
Characteristics:
 Better-quality security and privacy.
 Improved scalability and flexibility.
 IaaS community cloud shares the same cloud infrastructure.
 SaaS community cloud shares the same software.
4. Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid cloud computing model encapsulates two or more same or different types
of the clouds together. Hybrid cloud can be a combination of a private cloud and a
public cloud, a public cloud and a community cloud, or mix of all of them. Every
hybrid cloud model has its unique sets of characteristics and features that serves
the needs of end users.
Characteristics:

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  Reasonable Price.
 Better security, confidentiality, and consistency.
 Easiness of data sharing and partnership.

Components of Cloud Computing

The three main elements of cloud computing include:
A. Clients
B. Datacenter
C. Distributed Clients
Clients:
Clients interact with end-user devices to manage information on the cloud. Clients
are divided into three groups:
 Mobile Clients: It includes portable devices such as a smartphone, PDA’s
that work on wireless networks and connected to the Internet.
 Thin Clients: It includes thin computers that do not have internet hard
drives, instead, the server does the work for them and displays the
information.

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  Thick Clients: It includes normal computers with hard drives that make use
of a web browser such as Chrome, Firefox etc. to access Cloud via the
internet

Data Centers:
A data center is collection of servers where the application is hosted and can be
accessed via internet. Nowadays, IT sector uses Visualization (virtual server) and
can have multiple instances of a virtual server running on one physical server.
Distributes Clients:
Distributed Clients are termed as collection of servers where the application is
hosted and can be accessed via internet. Servers are often hosted in diverse
geographic locations, thus giving the service provider the options of more
flexibility and security.
Example: Amazon has its own cloud solution and if anything goes wrong at one
site, the services would not be stopped and accessed via another site. They can add
more servers to another location and connect it to the cloud network. Components
in cloud computing refers to the platform that needs to be accessed via combining
different forms of architecture and operations.

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