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MATH158 Ratio and Proportion

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6 views44 pages

MATH158 Ratio and Proportion

Uploaded by

reyes.shawnmichael.lsei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 158

Math of Investment
Course Outcome 1
Ratio and Proportion
Outline
● Ratio

○ Writing Ratios

○ Solving Word Problems


● Proportion

○ Fundamental Property of Proportions

○ Solving Word Problems

○ Types of Proportion
Writing Ratios
● A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division.
The ratio of a to b can be written in two ways:

1. Odd notation – where the symbol “ : “ is used and is read as


“is to”
Example: 1:2, 2:3, 4:5

𝑎
2. Fractional notation – written as , where 𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏
1 2 4
Example: , ,
2 3 5
Writing Ratios
● Assume that, we have two quantities or two numbers or two entities and we have to find the ratio
of these two, then the formula for ratio is defined as:
a: b ⇒ a/b
where a and b could be any two quantities.

“a” is called the first term or antecedent, and “b” is called the second term or consequent
Writing Ratios
● If we multiply and divide each term of ratio by the same number (non-zero), it doesn’t affect the
ratio.

● For example: 4:9 when multiplied by 2 to both terms, we’ll have 8:18. Also, if we multiply both 4
and 9 by 3, we’ll have 12:27.

● Take note that 4:9 = 8:18 = 12:27.


Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
1 3
1. :
3 4
1 3
2. 1 :
3 4
3. 0.09: 0.12
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
1 3
1. :
3 4
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
1 3
1. :
3 4
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
1 3
2. 1 :
3 4
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
1 3
2. 1 :
3 4
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
3. 0.09: 0.12
Examples
● Simplify the following to their simplest form.
3. 0.09: 0.12
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● In a class of 40 students, the ratio of passing grades to
failing grades is 5 to 3. How many failed the course?
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● In a class of 40 students, the ratio of passing grades to failing grades is 5 to 3. How many failed
the course?
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● A chocolate cake requires an average of one hour of baking time
while a cupcake requires only 20 minutes of baking time. What is
the ratio of baking time for chocolate cake to that for the cupcake?
Express you answer in simplest form.
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● A chocolate cake requires an average of one hour of baking time while a cupcake requires only 20
minutes of baking time. What is the ratio of baking time for chocolate cake to that for the
cupcake? Express you answer in simplest form.
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● Write the ratio, 28 days to 8 weeks, as a fraction in lowest terms.
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● Write the ratio, 28 days to 8 weeks, as a fraction in lowest terms.
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● A piece of string, 20 cm long, is divided into two pieces in the ratio
3:2. What is the length of each of the two pieces of string?
Solving Word Problems with Ratios
● A piece of string, 20 cm long, is divided into two pieces in the ratio 3:2. What is the length of each
of the two pieces of string?
Outline
● Ratio

○ Writing Ratios

○ Solving Word Problems


● Proportion

○ Fundamental Property of Proportions

○ Solving Word Problems

○ Types of Proportion
Proportions
𝑎 𝑐
● A statement that two ratios are equal is called a proportion. If and are two equal ratios, then
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
the statement = is called a proportion.
𝑏 𝑑

𝑎 𝑐
● From = , a is the first term; b the second term; c the third term; and d the fourth term. The
𝑏 𝑑
first and fourth terms are called the extremes. The second and third terms are called the means.
Fundamental Property of Proportions
● In any proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. That is, the
𝑎 𝑐
cross products of the terms are equal. In symbols, if = , then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐.
𝑏 𝑑
Examples
8 18
● Do the ratios and form a proportion? Explain.
10 22
Examples
7 𝑛
● Given = . Find the value of 𝑛.
8 16
Examples
7 𝑛
● Given = . Find the value of 𝑛.
8 16
Examples
𝑛+4 𝑛−2
● Solve for n: = .
5 3
Examples
𝑛+4 𝑛−2
● Solve for n: = .
5 3
Solving Word Problems
● Eight tea bags are needed to make 5 liters of iced tea. How many
tea bags are needed to make 15 liters of iced tea?
Solving Word Problems
● Eight tea bags are needed to make 5 liters of iced tea. How many tea bags are needed to make 15
liters of iced tea?
Examples
● A manufacturer knows that during an average
production run, out of 1,000 items produced by a certain
machine, 25 will be defective. If the machine produces
2,030 items, how many can be expected to be defective?
Examples
● A manufacturer knows that during an average production run, out of 1,000 items produced by a
certain machine, 25 will be defective. If the machine produces 2,030 items, how many can be
expected to be defective?
Examples
● If 1 out of 6 people buy a particular branded item, how
many people can be expected to buy this item in a
community of 6,000 people?
Examples
● If 1 out of 6 people buy a particular branded item, how many people can be expected to buy this
item in a community of 6,000 people?
Types of Proportion
● Direct proportion - two variables, say 𝑥 and 𝑦, varying such that as 𝑥
increases, 𝑦 also increases or as 𝑥 decreases, 𝑦 also decreases
proportionally; that is, the ratio is always the same.

● Indirect/Inverse proportion - two variables, say 𝑥 and 𝑦, varying such


that as 𝑥 increases, 𝑦 decreases, or as 𝑥 decreases, 𝑦 increases
proportionally; that is, the product of 𝑥 and 𝑦 is always the same.
● Partitive proportion – a whole is divided into more than two parts.
Examples
● Two boxes of chocolates cost PhP180. How much do 7
boxes of chocolates cost?
Examples
● Two boxes of chocolates cost PhP180. How much do 7 boxes of chocolates cost?
Examples
● Forty liters of water is transferred into 3 containers in
the ratio 1:3:4. How much water is in each container?
Examples
● Forty liters of water is transferred into 3 containers in the ratio 1:3:4. How much water is in each
container?
Examples
● If Trina works 20 hours, she earns PhP600. How much
does she earn if she works 30 hours?
Examples
● If Trina works 20 hours, she earns PhP600. How much does she earn if she works 30 hours?
43

Examples
The time taken by a vehicle is 3 hours at a speed of 60
miles/hour. What would be the speed taken to cover the
same distance at 4 hours?
Reference
● Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Business Mathematics by The
Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine
Normal University, 2016

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