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 cEiir
c r1008cT305122203
=i.sfir('
RegNo.:
{ffiI r lb.tf rxl/[;j
r ill

APJ ABDUL KALIh{ TECIINOLOGICAL T]N

B.Tech Degree 55 (R, S) / 53 (PT) (R, S) Examination December 2023

Course Code: ECT 305

Course Name: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Max. Marks: 100 Duration:3 Hours
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 mnrks) Marks

I ' Discuss the need for modulation in communication system. 3

2 Explain narrow band FM and wide band FM. 3

3 What is mutual information? Explain any two properties of mutual information. 3

4 Define the Power spectral Density (PSD) of a stationary random process X(t). 3

) what is waveform coding? what are the three main steps in waveform coding? 3

6 What is the advantage of delta modulation over DPCM? 3

7 The output of a duobinary encoder is -2 0 0 0 2 0 -2. Find the transmitted data 3

sequence.

8 What is a matched filter? Find the impulse response of the matched filter for the 3

given input.
stt
a
i

I t-

9 Draw the signal ionstellation diagram of BPSK and explain it briefly. J

t0 Explain the basic concept of QAM. a
J

PART B;,
(Answer onefull questionfrom each module, eoch question carries I1 martes)

Module -l
ll a) obtain the band width and frequency spectrum of AM wave, with the help of
mathematical equations.
b) Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands
are suppressed in an AM wave with modulation index equalto (a) t and (b) 0.40
12 a) What is SSB in AM? Explain phase shift method of SSB generation.

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 1100ECT305122203

b) An FM wave is represented as v: 12 sin (6 X l08t + 5 sin 125ft). Find its carrier

frequency, modulatirig frequency , modulation index and maximum deviation
(6,*).
Module -2
t3 a) Show that for a finite variance o2, the Gaussian random variable has the largest
differential entropy attainable by any random variable.
b) A source emits one of the four possible symbols during each signalling interval.
The symbols occur with the probabilities ps=0.4, ps=0.3, ps=0.2, and ps=0.1.
Find the amount of information gained by observing the source emitting each of
these signals.

t4 a) State and explain the properties of the autocorelation function. 6

b) Find the autocorrelation function of a sinusoidal process with random phase 8

X(t)- Acos(Zrfrt+O)
Module -3
l5 a) Draw the block diagram of a PCM transmitter and receiver and explain the system. 9

b) State and explain sampling theorem. 5

A pCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by an 8-bit encoder. If the bit
rate ofthe system is 108 bps, then what is the maximum bandwidth ofthe low-
pass message signal for which the system operates satisfactorily?

t6 a) Draw the block diagram of DPCM transmitter and receiver. Explain each block. 9

b) Explain the format of output code in an 8 bit (15 level) pl-aw compander with 5

tt=255 .ln a practical 8-bit ( I 5 level) pl.aw compander, output

code is 001 I 000 I .

Find its sign, segment value and quantized level.

Module -4
t7 a) (i) Using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure, find orthonormal .
l4
functions for the set of given signals_xt(t) and xZ(t) given below. I
(ii) Sketch the basis functions.
xilrl xr{t}

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 1lffiECTffin2ns

lE a) Wh* arc the practical difficulties €neountered in ideal Nyquist chanrrl? How 8

can tlrcse be overcomcbyrafiod cosi* fitten.

b) Cotttp"te Ma:rimum Lkelihood reelver and MAP receiver. 6
Module -5
19 a) Drarv the block diagran of BPSK gwration and detection system. Exphin with l0
relwant equations.
' b) Druvthe signal constellation diagrmr ofQPSK and explain it briefty. 4
20 a) Drar'the BERv/s SNRplotfortheBPSK system andexplainthc graph. 4
U)- naive the expression for probability in QPSK . l0
7.
"::I
v

,
Lt
t
l,
a-.

>

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 C 11008cT30512220r

RegNo.:
APJ ABDUL K4.LAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERS
Fifth Semester B.Tech Degree Regular and Supplementary Examination

Course Code: ECT 305

Course Name: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Max. Marks: 100 Duration:3 Hours

PART A
(Answer all questions; each question corries 3 marks) Marks

A 105 MHz carrier signal is frequency modulated by 7 kFIz sine wave. The (3)
resultant signal has a frequency deviation of 50 kHz. Determine the modulation
index and bandwidth of FM wave.

Give the advantages and disadvantages of SSBSC systems. (3)

A continuous random variable X is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,8]. Find (3)
the differential entropy h(X)?
4 stationary? (3)
Whai are the conditions for a stochastic process to be wide sense

5 What is the significance of companding in PCM transmission? (3)

6 Interpret the use of pre-filtering done before sampling. (3)
7 What is meant by equalization and why is it needed? (3)
8 A communication channel of bandwidthTskllz is required to transmit binary data (3)
atarate of 0.1Mb/s using raised-cosine pulses. Determine the roll-offfactor cr?

9 Draw the signal constellation of M-ary QAM for M:16. (3)

l0 What are the''advantages of QPSK over BPSK? (3)
PART B
(Answer onefull questionfrom each mqdule, each question carries 14 marks)

rvroJr. -r
ll a) An AM wave is represented by the expression:
v(t) = 5 (1 + 0.6 cos 6280 t) sin 157 x 104 t volts (7)
(i) What are the minimum and maximum amplitudes ofthe AM wave?
(ii) Determine the frequency components contained in the modulated wave and
what is the amplitude of each component?
(iii) Draw the frequency spectrum.

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 t100EcT30sl2220r

- b) Draw and explain the block diagram of an FM Receiver. What is the purpose of
using pre-emphasis andtde-emphasis in FM? (7)
12 a) Compare the frequency spectrum, bandwidth and power of SSB-SC systems with (6)
DSB-FC and DSB-SC systems.
b) The equation of an angle modulated wave is

AG): l0cos (108t + 3 sin 10at) (S)

(a) Calculate the carrier and modulating frequencies.

(b) Calculate the frequency deviation, bandwidth and the power dissipated in a
100 O resistor.

Module -2
13 a) Define entropy. A source emits symbols {sr, sz, sr, s+} with probabilities { l/2, ll4, (5)
l/8, l/8). Find the entropy of the source.
b) Consider a random process X(t) = cos (t + A) where A is a random variable that is
uniformly distributed over the interval l0,2nf. Find whether X(t) is wide sense (9)
stationary or not.
14 a) State and prove any two properties of autocorrelation function of a stationary (8)
random process. Explain Wiener-Khinchin's theorem.
b) Let X be a random variable with PDF given by
( x, 0(rS1, (6)
fx@)- 12- *, L 1x 12,
( 0, elsewhere
Find E(X), E(X') and oy2 ?

i -;-,, . Module -3
15 a) Describe delta modulation system with neat block diagram. Also illustrate the (8)

" quantization error in delta modulation. _ l

b) A delta modulator with a fixed step size of 0.75 V, is given a sinusoidal message (6)
signal. If the sampling frequency is 30 times the Nyquist rate, determine the
maximum permissible amplitude of the message signal if slope overload is to be
avoided.
-
16' a) Explain pulse code modulation transmitter with neat block diagram. (6)
b) What is linear prediction? Derive Wiener-Hopf equation from a linear prediction (8)
filter.

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 1100ECT305122241

Module -4
17 a) What is a raised cosine spectnlm? Discuss how does it help to reduce ISI? (6)
b) Derive an expression for the impulse response of a matched filter. (8)
l8 Apply Gram Schmidt orthogonalization to obtain orthonormal basis functions for (14)
the signals shown below. Express the signals in terms of orthonormal basis
functions.

rl
Module -5
19 a) Explain the generation and detection of BPSK signals with the help of block
diagrams. (8)
b) Draw and explain the signal constellation diagram for QPSK modulation. (6)
20 a) Derive thaexpression for probability of error in QPSK. (e)
b) What is meant by quadrature amplitude modulation? Draw and explain the block (5)
diagram of a QAM Receiver.
***

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 Reg No.: Name:
l100EcT305t22ro2
APJ ABDI}L KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL IINTVERSI
Fifth Semester B.Tech Degree Examination December 2021 (2019

Course Code: ECT305

Course Name: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
( (Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

I Compare AM, DSB-SC and SSB-SC modulation schemes with respect to (3)

,i bandwidth and system complexity.

With suitable block diagram explain the generation of wideband FM uslng (3)

narrow band FM.

3 Describe the concept of mutual information. Write the expressions for the (3)

same.

Let X be a continuous random variable with the following probability density

c ' -"
runcrton
cr-'\: ( ke-a' x > 0
/ tx/ . Find the value of the constant k.
(3)
to otherwise
5 Discuss any one non uniform quantization methods? (3)

6 Discuss the need of regenerative repeater in PCM system. (3)

1
State the Nyquist criterion for distortionless baseband transmission in the (3)

absence ofnoise.

8 The input to the matched filter is given below. (3)

'
Determine the impulse response of the matched filter.
9 Draw the block diagram ofa coherent binary PSK receiver. (3)

10 Draw the BER v/s SNR plot for the BPSK system and explain the graph. (3)

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 1100ECT305122102

PART B
. (Ansu'er onefull quesfionfrom each module, each question carries 14 marks)
Module -1
I I a) Derive the modulation index of AM wave in terms of V.",. and v.ii, .A (6)
sinusoidal carrier signal of peak amplitude 5 V and frequency 100 kHz is
amplitude modulated by a 5 kHz signal of peak amplitude 3 V. Plot the
modulated wave with V*"* and V6nindicated also calculate modulation index.

b) An AM signal s(t) = 10(1 + 0.8 cos(2n103t)) cos(Zrt06t) is radiated to (8)

free space by an antenna having the resistance of lO. Draw the spectrum of
c, s(t). ako calculate the power and bandwidth.

OR
12 a) With supporting equations and block diagram, explain the SSB-SC modulated (6)
signal generation.
b) A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal
wave of amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency sensitivity (8)
of the modulator is 25kHz per volt. Determine the approximate bandwidth of
the FM signal, using Carson's rule. What will happen to bandwidth if
modulating signal amplitude and frequency are doubled?

Module -2
13 a) Find entropy of a binary mernoryless source emitting two equally probable (4)
messages.

b) Define autocorrelation function of a random process and state its properties. (10)
Also show that the autocorrelation function Ry(r) contains a constant
component equal to A2 if a random process X(f) contains a dc component
equal to A.

OR
14 a) Derive the expression for differential entropy of a Gaussian random variable X (4)
with mean p and variance 02 .
b) Discuss the properties of power spectral density ofa WSS process. Find power (10)
spectral density of the WSS random process if its autocorrelation function is
givenby Rx(z) -- s-altl for -oo < r < oo
Module -3
t5 a) With suitable block diagram explain differential pulse code modulation (8)
transmitter system. How does it differ from PCM and delta modulation?

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 u00EcT305r22r02

b) The input to the delta rrodulator is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency varies
from 500 Hz to 5000 Hz. The sampling rate is 4 times the Nyquist rate. The (6)
signal peak amplitude is I v. Determine the step size when the sampling
frequency is 1000 Hz.

OR
16 a) A stationary process X(t) has the following values for its autocorrelation
14
functions . Rx(0) = 1, Rx(1) : 0.8, R*(Z) = 0.6 and.Rx(3) 0.4 . Caleulate
=
the coefficients of an optirnum linear predictor involving the use of 2
unit-
delays.
(.
Module -4
r7 a) consider the signals sr(t),s2(t) and q(t) given below. Find the orthonormal
basis for these set of signals using Gram-schmidt orthogonalization procedure.

s3(r)

(14)

OR
l8 a) With the help of neat diagram derive the impulse response and frequency (14)
response of duobinary encoder.

Module -5
19 a) Derive the expression for probability of error in BpSK. (14)
., oR
20 a) Draw the constellation diagram for epSK modulation and explain the (14)
generation and detection of epsK signals with the help of block diagrams.

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