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Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics Vol 147 1st
Edition Peter Hawkes (Ed.) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Peter Hawkes (Ed.)
ISBN(s): 9780123739094, 0123739098
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 5.29 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
Eye Wonder
 LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,
MELBOURNE, and DELHI
Contents
4-5
A mammal, not a fish
6-7
Taking a breath
8-9
Written and edited by Caroline Bingham Swift swimmers
Designed by Helen Chapman and Cheryl Telfer
Publishing manager Susan Leonard 10-11
Managing art editor Clare Sheddon
US editor Margaret Parrish A great tail
Jacket design Chris Drew
Picture researcher Bridget Tily
Production Shivani Pandey
12-13
DTP Designer Almudena D’az Dancing dolphins
Consultant Kim Dennis-Bryan PhD, FZS
With thanks to Venice Shone for artwork.
14-15
First American Edition, 2003
Published in the United States by
Teeth
DK Publishing, Inc.
375 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014 16-17
03 04 05 06 07 08 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The filter feeders
Copyright © 2003 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
18-19
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
Family life
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
20-21
Bingham, Caroline, 1962-
Whales and dolphins / by Caroline Bingham.-- 1st American ed.
Communication
p. cm. -- (Eye wonder)
Summary: A brief introduction to the physical characteristics and
behavior of various marine mammals, particularly whales and
dolphins.
ISBN 0-7894-9269-5 (hc) -- ISBN 0-7894-9613-5 (alb)
22-23
1. Cetacea--Juvenile literature. [1. Whales. 2. Dolphins. 3.
Cetaceans.] I. Title. II. Series.
QL737.C4B654 2003
On the move
599.5--dc21

ISBN 0-7894-9269-5
2003000776
24-25
Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore
A peek inside
Printed and bound in Italy by L.E.G.O.

See our complete product line at

www.dk.com
 26-27
The wolf of the sea
28-29
Deep divers
30-31
The gentle giant
32-33
A fat chance of survival
34-35
Fun in the water
36-37
The sea cow
38-39
Weird and wonderful
40-41
Marine mammals
42-43
Whales in danger
44-45
Save the whale!
46-47
Glossary
48
Index
A mammal, not a fish
All of the animals on these pages are able
to glide through the water, but they are not
fish. They are warm-blooded mammals, just
like us. They have lungs, not gills, and must
come to the surface to breathe air.

Breathe in
Whales and dolphins
draw air into their lungs
through a blowhole, not
through their mouths. The blowhole
is positioned on top of their heads.
 We like milk!
Baby sea lions, like
all mammals, suckle
their motherÕs milk.
The nipples are
hidden in slits on the
motherÕs tummy. The
rich milk is about
50 percent fat.

WhaleÕs milk is
about 10 times
richer in fat
than cowÕs milk.

Sea lionÕs milk is as

Blubber for warmth thick as mayonnaise.
Many whales, dolphins, and seals live A pup will suckle for
in icy places. Under the skin, a thick, up to a year.

oily fat called blubber protects them

from the cold.
lÕs w h it e f u r he
s e a lps
to
a by hid
b e
A it.

Helping hair
Seals and sea lions have
sensitive whiskers, which
help them to find their
food because they pick
up on movement
under the water.
 As it dives, a seal
expels all the air
from its lungs.

Taking a breath
Because they are mammals, whales, dolphins, and seals
Some seal species
all have to come to the surface to breathe. How long they can dive to depths
stay underwater after taking a breath varies from a few of more than
3,000 ft (900 m).
minutes to about two hours, depending on the species.
One hole...
A whaleÕs blowholeÐÐa muscular
opening that leads to the animalÕs
lungsÐÐis positioned on the top of
its head. Toothed whales, such as
orcas, belugas, and dolphins, have
only one blowhole.

Strong muscles around

the blowhole close it
before the animal dives.

...or two
Baleen whales, such as the humpback, have two
blowholes. The skin around the blowhole is very
sensitive, so the whale knows when it is clear of
the water and it is safe to open it.
6
 Going down empty
A seal is unusual because it
breathes out as it dives, closing its
nostrils and blocking its windpipe
so that it dives with empty lungs.
Oxygen from the air has already
entered its blood supply and is
feeding its brain and muscles.

u t es.
min
7 0
ut
ab o
at e r for
u n der w Air facts
i g ht stay
A seal m ¥A humpback can hold its
breath for 30 minutes, but
will usually surface every
4Ð10 minutes.

ÒThar she blows!Ó ¥Sperm whales stay under

for up to 75 minutes.
When a whale surfaces, it breathes
out rapidly producing a ÒblowÓ
or Òspout,Ó which is a spray of
seawater. A large whaleÕs blow
can be up to 13 ft (4 m) high
and can be seen several
miles away.

In the 1800s, whalers

could recognize the type
of whale by the height
and direction of its blow.

7
Swift swimmers The dorsal fin helps
to stop a whale from
Whales are the sprinters of the seas, using their rolling in the water.

tails to power forward. Unlike land mammals,

different whales share the same basic shape.
ItÕs the best shape for cruising through the water.
Dolphins live in
schools of up to 1,000
animals. They twist
and turn continually
to avoid collisions.

LetÕs play
Dolphins have lots of fun riding
the bow waves of boats and
ships, or swimming in the frothy
wake, jostling for position.

8
 A short, stiff neck Different species
Built for speed helps the whale of whale have
Orcas are the fastest of all sea to swim fast. differently shaped
mammals, but most whales are beaks. Some have
no beak at all.
pretty swift swimmers. Their
torpedo-shaped bodies are
perfect for cutting A stiff neck?
through the
Some whales, such
water.
as the orca, cannot
turn their heads from
side to side because
their neck bones are
fused together. This is a
useful adaptation to life in
the water and allows the
whale to reach high speeds.

A whaleÕs front flippers,

or forelimbs, are used
. to change direction.
i m
sw
e to Left a bit, right a bit...
al
e wh direction.The large front flippers help to control

s th A dolphin shows how effective this is

help when picking off small fish from a large shoal.
y
e d bod
ea mlin
A str
Up, down, up, down
A whaleÕs tail moves up and
down to push the animal through
the water, unlike a fish, whose
tail moves from side to side.

er ful muscles tighte ll the tail up and down.

P ow n and relax to pu
9
 A great tail
A whaleÕs tail is made up of two tail flukes, or
sections, that are joined at the center. Unlike a
fishÕs tail, a whaleÕs tail lies flat. This is the
whaleÕs Òpropeller,Ó which forces it forward.
Listen up!
A whale will
sometimes slap its
What a leap! tail flukes against
The sheer power of the
the waterÕs surface.
tailÕs muscle is shown by
It is thought that
the fact that many whales
this may be a form
and dolphins can launch
of communication.
themselves out of the water.

e ls as sm ooth and rubbery

n fe as a ha
ski r d-boile
wh aleÕs d egg.
A

Flying through the water

A whaleÕs tail flukes are thicker at the front
than the back, just like an aircraftÕs wing.
It helps the flukes to slide through the water.

10
ItÕs all in the tail The blue whaleÕs tail
shows how perfectly
Humpback whales have special markings under streamlined these
their flukes. Since every humpback is different, creatures are.
scientists can recognize individual whales.

A whaleÕs tail is full of tiny

Muscle power
blood vessels which help to Most of the back third of a whaleÕs
cool the animal down. body is made up of muscle. The muscle
is connected to the backbone.

11
Dancing dolphins
Dolphins form spectacular displays as they
leap out of the water. They are often
friendly to humans and can be incredibly
nosy. There are about 26 different types,
or species. One way of identifying different
species is through their markings.

The dolphins take a breath

as they leap out of the water,
but continue to swim forward.
This leap-swim action is
called Òporpoising.Ó

leap
can air.
ins the
h to
ar olp

n
si
ly ed
d
era os
sev ttlen
Bo

A friend to all
Bottlenose dolphins are one of the
best-known of all dolphins, and
there are many stories of them
helping people in trouble.
12
A porpoise, not a dolphin
There are six different types of
porpoiseÐÐthis is the harbor porpoise.
Porpoises are very shy and, unlike
dolphins, tend to swim alone.
Their heads are blunt,
with no beak.

Spot those spots

Spotted dolphins are born without
spots, but develop them as they grow.
They appear first on the newborn
dolphinÕs belly, and spread up.

The beak champion

River dolphins have surprisingly long
beaks and, unlike many whales, can turn
their heads. Both these features help them
to poke around on the riverbed for food.
A river dolphin
has tiny eyes and
finds its way using
echolocation.

Scarred for life

ItÕs easy to identify a RissoÕs
dolphinÐÐit is covered in
white scars. The scars
are caused by fights with
other RissoÕs dolphins.
RissoÕs is one of
the few dolphins
with a blunt
head.

13
Teeth
Whales can be split into those that
have teeth (toothed whales), and
those that donÕt (baleen whales). A sperm whaleÕs
tooth can weigh
Toothed whales, such as the sperm over 2 lbs (1 kg).
ThatÕs more than
whale or the dolphin, have simple, double the weight
peglike teeth that are all the of this book!

same shape.
tween A full set?
s be
in ha A dolphinÕs teeth grow in a single
dolp h
p an d bottom jaws. row on the upper and lower jaw.
nose in its to It has the same set for life, so if
ottle teeth a tooth is lost, it will not
b
A d 100 be replaced.

6 an
7
 Whose teeth? All the better to eat you
These teeth belonged A seal doesnÕt chew. It uses its teeth to

jaw.
to a full-grown sperm grasp and bite, and it will swallow its
whale. Sperm whales prey whole. Seals hunt and eat in water.

wer
have the largest teeth
of all the toothed

s lo
whales. They grow

it
up to 8 in (20 cm)

in
in length.

th
t ee
as
yh

onl The crabeater sealÕs teeth

al e close to form a sieve that
h
mw
filters food from

A sper the water.

Not all the same

Seals and sea lions have a range
of different teeth, just like us. This
crabeater seal shows its incisors, canines,
and jagged cheek teeth (which are
adapted premolars and molars).

Canine tooth

How old?
It is possible to tell
the age of some
whales and seals by
looking at cross-
sections of their teeth.
Just like a tree, one ring
means one year of growth.
15
 The filter feeders
Some of the largest whales have no
teeth. Instead they filter their food
from the sea through fringed brushes
called baleen plates that hang down
inside their mouths.
Big appetite, small food In the groove
Despite their size, the whales that Some filter feeders, such
filter food eat enormous quantities of A humpback whaleÕs
baleen is about 40 in as these humpbacks, have
tiny, shrimplike creatures called krill. (100 cm) in length. throat grooves. These
Each is no longer than your finger. allow their mouths

ales fish in gr 25.

and throats to
wh oups of up to expand to take in
k tons of water.
ac
b
mp

The whales take

Hu

huge gulps of
seawater and
food, then sieve
out the food.
A big brush Bubble nets
Baleen plates grow One way that humpbacks
in rows from the catch their food is by
upper jaw. The releasing air to make
stiff hairs act as bubble nets. These
a filter. air cages trap fish
and plankton.

en plates.
00 bale
8
ve
ha

may
p b ack Each humpback has
A hu m between 10 and 36
throat grooves
below its mouth.

Filter facts
¥Before birth, baleen whales
have tiny tooth buds, but
these never develop into teeth.

¥Baleen is made of keratin,

the same material as human
fingernails!

¥Just like your fingernails,

baleen is constantly growing.
Family life
Adult whales and dolphins
make protective parents when
it comes to the safety of their
young. Many travel around in
close-knit families called
pods and prefer to
do their feeding hools.Ó
r ser y Òsc
in social groups.
rs an d c alv es form large nu
m o t he
h ale
w Baby-sitting services
m
er Female sperm whales live together in big groups
with their young calves. When the mother dives
Sp

to seek food, another female will baby-sit the

calf and protect it from sharks or killer whales.

Join the club

The relationships built
between orcas from the
same pod last for life.
They hunt together,
sharing the winnings,
and care for each
otherÕs young,
sick, or injured.
18
 A warm start
A female humpback
nurses its newborn calf
in warm, shallow waters.
The calf feeds on its
motherÕs rich, fatty milk.

Whale facts
¥Humpback whale calves
Sp Sperm whale calves
may grow as quickly as 1.5 ft
erm usually suckle their
(0.5 m) every month.
motherÕs milk for
wh just over two years. ¥If a baby dolphin strays too
ale far from the mother, she may
sc
an ÒpunishÓ it by trapping the
live infant between her flippers for
for just a few seconds.
7 0 yea
rs.

Sperm whale calves

are born tail first.

Always close to home

A newborn dolphin is nursed by its
mother for as long as a year and a
half. During this time, the baby
hardly ever leaves its motherÕs side.
19
 Humpbacks have
the longest flippers
of any whale.
Communication
Listen to a pod of whales, and you will
hear a lot of clicking and whistling. ItÕs
their way of Òtalking.Ó There are other
ways that whales and dolphins Òtalk.Ó
IÕm here!
Slapping a flipper against the
waterÕs surface is one way of It takes immense
power for a whale
getting attention, especially to breach.
when the flipper belongs to
a humpback whale.
A
th
ic
kp
ad
on t

Takeoff
he

Sometimes a whale will launch itself out of the water,

to

before crashing back down. This is called breaching.

po

Some people think it may be a form of communication.

fa

do
lph
inÕs head helps c licks.
to p r oduce

20
 A big argument
ItÕs not unusual to see
a pair of dolphins
ÒchatteringÓ away to
each other, mouths
open. A confrontation
Bubble soup like this usually means
The bubbles are a sign that this an argument.
male humpback whale has found
a female. The males also sing.
Scientists believe that the sound
helps them to find a mate.

Thes n.
e clic ti o
ks he oca
lp a d
olphin ec hol
to find th s. ItÕs called
in g
I see you
Some whales will rise A WHALE IN SPACE
up slowly to peep A recording of humpback whale songs
above the waterÕs was put aboard the Voyager space probe
surface. This is called in 1977 as a
greeting from
spy hopping. It shows Earth. The songs
just how curious are the most
many whales are complex in the
about the world animal kingdom.
above the water.
21
On the move Which way?
Whales use ocean
currents, EarthÕs magnetic
Many whales move, or migrate, to find food field, the seabed, and the
or to find a mate. Some make amazing position of the Sun to help
them find their way.
journeys, traveling thousands of miles.
This map shows some of the ARCTIC
journeys that they make.

Gray whales
One of the longest
journeys of any mammal is
made by the gray whale: this
whale makes a round trip of
more than 12,000 miles (20,000 km).

Many sperm whale migrations

happen because they are
following their favorite food,
squid. Where the squid go,
the whales follow.
ANTARCTIC
Sperm whales
Male sperm whales spend most of the year in
icy polar seas. They head to the tropics to find
females, who tend to stay in warmer waters.
 Narwhals
Narwhals live in Arctic seas.
Their movements follow
shifts and breakups in the
Arctic pack ice, which
depend on the season.

When narw
hal
sa
re
on

e
th

Hot or cold? mo
The pink band shows the
v e,
the ce.
warmest parts of the EarthÐÐ y swim rf a
the area around the equator. c lose to the su
The Arctic and AntarcticÐÐ
the polesÐÐare the coldest.

Humpback
whales
Like the gray whale,
humpbacks migrate
huge distances.
They feed in polar
seas (the map
shows two Antarctic
When migrating, many populations) and
whales may go without
food for three, four, or move to warmer seas
even five months. to mate and give birth.
23
 JONAH AND THE WHALE

A
The Bible tells the story of Jonah, who

ba
spent three days inside a whale. An adult

lee
human could easily fit inside a whaleÕs

nw
stomach, but it is
unlikely that he

ha
or she would

leÕs
survive.

jaw
b
on e
is f
ar l
a
rger
What a whopper!

than
The blue whaleÕs massive jawbones
are sometimes erected as arches.

that
Here they frame a doorway of a popular
fisheries museum in Nova Scotia, Canada.

of a
toothed whale.

24
 A peek inside Bone facts
¥ Whale bones are often
displayed in museums to help
Whale bones are more porous than our people see what they look
bones and contain a lot of oil. Oil floats like and how big they are.

in water, so the huge quantities inside a ¥ Whale bones donÕt carry

the weight of the whale; the
whale help its buoyancy, or ability to water does that.

float, in water. ¥ The oil makes whale

bones smell as they dry out.

Hidden protection
Just like a human skeleton,
a whaleÕs skeleton has a backbone
and a long, slender rib cage that Orca skeleton
protects the delicate internal organs.

Is it a dog? A whale has a shoulder

A sealÕs skeleton is more like a blade, or scapula.
dogÕs than a whaleÕs. It even has Human
shoulder blade
hind limb bones in its tail flipper.

Elephant seal skeleton

A ball and-socket
joint allows all-
Strong flippers
s.

Finger bones
u

around movement.
The bones in a
ike

whaleÕs flipper are

st l

short and strong Human bones

Compare a
, ju

for efficient steering.

whaleÕs flipper
es

o n with a humanÕs
Aw er b
hale has fing arm bones. Both
Finger have the same
bones bones, but they are
shaped differently.
The wolf of the sea A large maleÕs
dorsal fin can be
as tall as an adult
The orca, or killer whale, is sometimes human being.

known as the wolf of the sea because it is

Orcas
such a powerful hunter. It hunts all kinds of
prey, including small fish, squid, penguins,

,
like
and sea lions. It will even attack young
blue whales. th

o
e r

Orca facts
¥Orcas are the largest
members of the dolphin family.

¥ Female orcas live longer

than males. They can live for
90 years. The males live for
between 50 and 60 years.

¥ Orcas will knock ice floes to

try and tip seals into the water.

The orca strikes

so quickly that
the sea lions are
taken by surprise.
 We are family!
Orcas live in close
family groups called
pods that stay
together for life.
A pod can vary
from six to 40
whales, and has its
own calls that each
member recognizes.

toothed An orca will herd a

wh ales, s shoal of fish before
how picking them off,
ma
ny one by one.
si g
ns
of
i n
te
llig
e
n ce

A fast kill
.

Orcas are fast hunters, capable

of reaching 30 mph (48 kph)
when chasing prey. They will
pick out fish, one by one, from a
shoal, eating around 550 lbs
(250 kg) of food a day.

Shore attack
One population of orcas in
Argentina has learned to beach
themselves in order to grab an
unwary sea lion; they then
wriggle back into the sea.
The skill is passed from one
generation of orcas to the next.
 Deep divers
Sperm whales are incredible divers.
Having taken a breath, they
head to the murky ocean floor
in search of giant squid.
A full-grown adult male
will eat more than
a ton of squid
each day.

Going down
A sperm whale is able to
dive as deep as 1.5 miles
(2.5 km), though most
dives are to about
1,200 ft (360 m).
28
A full-grown sperm
whale is able to hold
What a big head!
its breath for about The sperm whaleÕs huge head is
75 minutes. filled with oil. In the 1800s, sperm
whales were hunted almost to
extinction for this oil. The head
can contain an amazing
500 gallons (1,900 liters)!

A giant squid may

be 60 ft (19 m) long
and have eyes the
size of dinner plates.

Giant squid
Sperm whales often
carry lots of egg-cup
sized scars on their
heads from the suckers
of the giant squid.

Eye spy
The eye is tiny in MOBY DICK
proportion to the The most famous sperm
whale. Yet it is whale of all is Moby Dick,
a rare white whale in a
linked to the
book by Herman Melville.
largest brain This exciting story
of any animal. follows a sailor who
hunts a whale after
losing his leg to it.

29
The gentle giant Blue whale facts
¥Blue whales have been
Meet the largest animal alive todayÐÐ known to reach the age of 80.

the blue whale. This animal is so large ¥An adult blue whale is
protected by a layer of blubber
that a bull elephant (the largest living that, in places, is as thick as
an open page from this book.
land animal) could sit on its tongue. ¥The whale can swim 10
Other whales look tiny by comparison. times faster than you can walk.

How big?
Everything about this whale is
big. Its flippers would stretch
from the floor to the ceiling
of your bedroom, while its
heart is the size of
a small car.

What a whopper!
At birth a blue whale is more
than a thousand times heavier
than a human baby. It will guzzle
about 50 gallons (200 liters) of its
motherÕs milk every day. It needs
to. It puts on the equivalent in
weight of six five-year-old
children each day!

Th
eb
lue
w hale
can gr
ow to

30
 The blue whale is a baleen
whale. It takes huge gulps
of seawater and filters out
the small fish and krill.

A shark-sized snack
A blue whale may be big, but its size
doesnÕt stop sharks and orcas from
attacking it. This whale has lost a
little bit of one of its tail flukes.

A big mouth
The blue whaleÕs mouth is massive.
Between 55 and 70 skin grooves or
pleats run along the lower half from
throat to midbody. These expand
when the whale gulps in its food.
t s.
an

leph
le
b ul
ul t Early whalers
d
6a called the blue whale
as2
me Òsulfur bottom.Ó
s a
th e Algae growing on its
i gh
n d we belly can make it
m) a appear yellow Ð the
90 ft (27
color of sulfur.
31
32
A fat chance of survival
The enormously fat walrus may
look ungainly on land, but it is
perfectly suited to life in the
water. A thick layer of blubber
protects it from the icy cold of
its home in the Arctic ocean.

IÕll fight you!

Adult males will fight for space to be near
females. However, despite looking nasty,
these fights rarely result in serious injury.

A watery haven A walrusÕs

The walrus loves the tusk is an
extra-long
water. It uses its back canine tooth.
flippers to push itself
forward and its front
flippers to change
direction. Walrus tusks can
grow to about
3 ft (1 m) in
length.

Snuggle up
Walrus colonies are
huge, with hundreds
of members. It means A tooth story
thereÕs a lot of jostling Both males and females
for position on the have tusks. Tusks are used
beach, but this also for fighting, and the walrus
helps to keep the also uses them to haul
walruses warm. itself out of the water.
Fun in the water
These marine mammals are seals.
Although they come onto land
to rest and to give birth, they side.
e to
are most at home in the water,
sid
where they perform graceful f r om
underwater acrobatics. p pers
fli
k
bac
h eir The short
t front flippers
g
vin are used to
steer the seal.
o
m
by
m
swi
True seals

Which are you?

Seals can be divided into two
groups: true (or earless) seals
and eared seals. True seals,
such as these harbor seals,
Eared seals have much have no external ears.
longer front flippers
than true seals.
What about eared seals?
Eared seals, such as this sea lion,
have small external ears. They
can also move around more easily
on land and support themselves
in a semi-upright position.

34
 Breaking away

n.
Harp seal pups triple

ar
o le
their weight in the
12 days after their

yt
birth. Their mother

wa
then abandons them.

to play. ItÕs a good

After a month, they
begin to lose their
white coat for the
adult gray fur.
like

Seals have often

been mistaken for
ls

swimmers. Many
sea

legends tell of them

coming ashore and
s,

behaving like people.

al

m m
y ma
man Which is the biggest of all? The male elephant
Li ke Male elephant seals are the largest seals are some
10 times heavier
of all seals, growing to 20 ft (6 m) than the females.
and weighing more than
31Ú2 tons (3 tonnes).

35
The sea cow
These creatures are dugongs and manatees, but
they are also known as sea cows because of the
way they graze on sea grass. In fact, they are
the only vegetarian sea mammal.

Just looking for a quiet life

Manatees have paddle-shaped tails
and live in warm shallow coastal
waters, estuaries, and rivers.

Scarred for life

Because they are slow-
moving, manatees are often
killed or injured by boat
propellers. Many carry the
scars on their body or tail.
36
 A MERMAIDÕS TALE
Sailors have spoken of seeing
mermaids for centuries.
It is thought that
the legends may be
based on sightings
of sea cows.
Mom! IÕm here!
A manatee will give birth to a
calf every two to three years. The
bond between mother and baby is
strong and is constantly reinforced

mobile.
with plenty of mouth contact.

y
ver
is
i p
The upper l
Keep on eating
Sea cows are big eaters. They will
gobble up to a quarter of their
body weight in food every day.

Which is which?
Dugongs have crescent-shaped tails.
It is the main visual difference
between a dugong and a manatee.

A manateeÕs long flippers

are used to hold food and
push it toward the mouth.

Crescent-
shaped tail

37
 Weird and wonderful
Some whales look a little unusual.
The beluga is a white whale, and has the
nickname of Òsea canary.Ó It can shape its
lips to make all kinds of sounds, including
barks, chirps, grunts, squeaks, and moos.

A color change
Belugas are born blue-gray
in color, but this turns
to white by the age of
six. They live in icy
waters, protected by
a layer of blubber
as thick as your
hand is long.
 Tusk defense
The narwhalÕs long tusk makes this
whale easy to recognize. No one really
knows what the tusk is for, especially
since only the male narwhals have them.
Biologists believe it may be used in
fights, so the narwhals
know who is boss.

A narwhalÕs tusk always spirals

the same way. It can grow about
3 ft (1 m) in length and weigh
over 20 lbs (10 kg).

ale lice look

, wh lik
e
pe
o

tin
osc

yc

A LITTLE BIT OF MAGIC

er a micr

rabs

Around 600 years ago, sailors would

return to port and sell narwhal tusks
.

as unicorn horns. People believed that

a unicorn horn had magical properties;
U nd

cups made from them were supposed

to stop a poison
from working.

All aboard!
A large whale
Some creatures make their home on a
may be carrying whaleÕs skin. Baleen whales are often
as much as encrusted with barnacles and
990 lbs (450 kg)
of barnacles!
whale lice that nibble
away at flakes of
dead skin.

39
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
between them, Elphinstone rose to depart, but before he went, he
touched Swift on the shoulder with his sword, and dropped a hint
that he would expect to receive satisfaction next morning on the
Links. Next day, accordingly, the two gentlemen met at eleven in the
forenoon in that comparatively public place (as it now appears), and
fought a single combat with swords, which ended in Swift receiving a
mortal wound in the breast.
Elphinstone was indicted for this act before the High Court of
Justiciary; but the case was never brought forward, and the young
man died without molestation at Leith three years after.

The merit of the invention of that noble 1730.

instrument, the Reflecting Telescope, is
allowed to rest with David Gregory, a native of Scotland, although
that of first completing one (in 1671) is due to the illustrious Newton.
It was thought very desirable by Sir Isaac to substitute glass for
metallic reflectors; but fifty years elapsed without the idea being
realised, when at length, about this date, a very young Edinburgh
artist, named James Short, ‘executed no fewer than six reflecting
telescopes with glass specula, three of which were fifteen inches, and
three nine inches in focal length,’ to which Professor Maclaurin gave
his approbation, though ultimately their light was found fainter than
was deemed necessary.
Two years afterwards, when Short had only attained the age of
twenty-two, he began to enter into competition with the English
makers of reflecting telescopes, but without attempting to make
specula of glass. ‘To such perfection did he carry the art of grinding
and polishing metallic specula, and of giving them the true parabolic
figure, that, with a telescope of fifteen inches in focal length, he and
Mr Bayne, Professor of Law in the University of Edinburgh, read the
Philosophical Transactions at the distance of five hundred feet, and
several times, particularly on the 24th of November and the 7th of
December 1734, they saw the five satellites of Saturn together, an
achievement beyond the reach of Hadley’s six-feet telescope.’
This ingenious man, attaining some celebrity for the making of
reflecting telescopes, was induced, in 1742, to settle in London,
where for a number of years he continued to use his remarkable
talents in this way, occasionally furnishing 1730.
instruments at high prices to royal
personages throughout Europe.[704]

One William Muir, brother of two men Oct. 26.

who had recently been hanged at Ayr for
theft, was this day tried before a jury, for housebreaking, by the Lord
Provost of Edinburgh, acting as ‘High Sheriff within burgh.’ The man
was condemned to death, and the sentence was duly executed on the
ensuing 2d of December, he dying penitent.[705]
It seems strange to us, but about this time the condemnation of
criminals to capital punishment by sheriffs of counties, and by the
chief-magistrate of Edinburgh, was by no means infrequent, being
entirely in accordance with the statutory arrangements of the
country. Nay more, great territorial lords, especially in the
Highlands, still acted upon their ancient privileges of pit and gallows.
It is related that the Duke of Athole one day received at Blair an
application from his baron-bailie for pardon to a man whom he had
condemned to be hanged for theft, but who was a person of such
merits otherwise that it seemed a pity to put justice in force against
him. The Lord President Forbes, who had stopped to dine with his
Grace in the course of a journey to Edinburgh, expressed his surprise
that the power of pardoning a condemned criminal should be
attributed to any person but the king. ‘Since I have the power of
punishing,’ said the duke, ‘it is but right that I should have the power
of pardoning.’ Then, calling a servant, he quietly added: ‘Send an
express to Logierait, and order Donald Stewart, presently under
sentence, to be set at liberty.’[706]

We are now arrived at a time which seems to mark very decidedly

a transition in Scotland from poverty to growing wealth, from the
puritanic manners of the seventeenth century to the semi-licence and
ease of the eighteenth, from narrow to liberal education, and
consequently from restricted to expanded views. It may, therefore, be
proper here to introduce a few general observations.
Although, only a few years back, we find Wodrow speaking of the
general poverty, it is remarkable that, after this time, complaints on
that point are not heard in almost any quarter. The influx of
commercial prosperity at Glasgow had now 1730.
fairly set in, and the linen manufacture and
other branches of industry begin to be a good deal spoken of.
Agricultural improvements and the decoration of the country by
wood had now been commenced. There was great chafing under the
taxation introduced after the Union, and smuggling was popular, and
the revenue-officers were detested; yet the people had become able
to endure the deductions made from their income. Thus did matters
go on during the time between 1725 and 1745, making a slow but
sensible advance—nothing like what took place after the question of
the dynasty had been settled at Culloden, but yet such as to very
considerably affect the condition of the people. Much of this was
owing to the pacific policy of Sir Robert Walpole, to whom, with all
his faults, the British people certainly owe more than to any minister
before Sir Robert Peel.
If we wish to realise the manners before this period, we must think
of the Scotch as a people living in a part of Britain remote from the
centre—peninsulated and off at a side—enjoying little intercourse
with strangers; but, above all, as a people on whom the theology of
the Puritans, with all their peculiar views regarding the forms of
religion and the arrangements of a church, had taken a powerful
hold. Down to 1730, all respectable persons in Scotland, with but the
slightest exceptions, maintained a strictly evangelical creed, went
regularly to church, and kept up daily family-worship. Nay, it had
become a custom that every house should contain a small closet built
on purpose, to which the head of the family could retire at stated
times for his personal or private devotions, which were usually of a
protracted kind, and often accompanied by great motions and
groanings, expressive of an intense sense of human worthlessness
without the divine favour. On Sunday, the whole family, having first
gathered for prayers in the parlour, proceeded at ten to church. At
half-past twelve, they came home for a light dinner of cold viands
(none being cooked on this sacred day), to return at two for an
afternoon service of about two hours. The remainder of the day was
devoted to private devotions, catechising of children, and the reading
of pious books, excepting a space of time set aside for supper, which
in many families was a comfortable meal, and an occasion, the only
one during the day, when a little cheerful conversation was indulged
in. Invariably, the day was closed with a repetition of family prayers.
It was customary for serious people to draw up a written paper, in
which they formally devoted themselves to 1730.
the service of God—a sort of personal
covenant with their Maker—and to renew this each year at the time
of the celebration of the communion by a fresh signature with the
date. The subscriber expressed his entire satisfaction with the
scheme of Christian salvation, avowed his willingness to take the
Lord to be his all-sufficient portion, and to be resigned to his will and
providence in all things. He also expressed his resolution to be
mortified to the world, and to engage heartily and steadfastly
persevere in the performance of all religious duties. An earnest
prayer for the divine help usually closed this document.
As all were trained to look up to the Deity with awe and terror, so,
with the same feelings, were children accustomed to look up to their
parents, and servants to their masters. Amongst the upper classes,
the head of the family was for the most part an awful personage, who
sat in a special chair by the fireside, and at the head of the table, with
his hat on, often served at meals with special dishes, which no one
else, not even guests, partook of. In all the arrangements of the
house, his convenience and tastes were primarily studied. His
children approached him with fear, and never spoke with any
freedom before him. At meals, the lady of the house helped every one
as she herself might choose. The dishes were at once ill-cooked and
ill-served. It was thought unmeet for man that he should be nice
about food. Nicety and love of rich feeding were understood to be
hateful peculiarities of the English, and unworthy of the people who
had been so much more favoured by God in a knowledge of matters
of higher concern.
There was, nevertheless, a great amount of hospitality. And here it
is to be observed, that the poverty of those old times had less effect
on the entertainments of the higher classes than might have been
expected. What helped the gentlefolks in this respect, was the custom
of receiving considerable payments from their tenants in kind. This
enabled them to indulge in a rude abundance at home, while their
means of living in a town-house, or in an inn while travelling, was
probably very limited. We must further remember the abundance of
game in Scotland, how every moor teemed with grouse and black-
cock, and every lake and river with fish. These furnished large
supplies for the table of the laird, both in Lowlands and Highlands;
and I feel convinced that the miserable picture drawn by a modern
historian of the way of living among the northern chiefs is untrue to a
large extent, mainly by his failure to take 1730.
such resources into account.
A lady, born in 1714, who has left a valuable set of reminiscences of
her early days, lays great stress on the home-staying life of the
Scottish gentry. She says that this result of their narrow
circumstances kept their minds in a contracted state, and caused
them to regard all manners and habits different from their own with
prejudice. The adult had few intelligent books to read; neither did
journals then exist to give them a knowledge of public affairs. The
children, kept at a distance by their parents, lived much amongst
themselves or with underlings, and grew up with little of either
knowledge or refinement. Restrained within a narrow social circle,
they often contracted improper marriages. It was not thought
necessary in those days that young ladies should acquire a sound
knowledge of even their own language, much less of French, German,
or Italian; nor were many of them taught music or any other refined
accomplishment. ‘The chief thing required was to hear them psalms
and long catechisms, in which they were employed an hour or more
every day, and almost the whole day on Sunday. They were allowed
to run about and amuse themselves in the way they choosed, even to
the age of woman, at which time they were generally sent to
Edinburgh for a winter or two, to learn to dress themselves, and to
dance, and see a little of the world. The world was only to be seen at
church, at marriages, burials, and baptisms.... When in the country,
their employment was in coloured work, beds, tapestry, and other
pieces of furniture; imitations of fruits and flowers, with very little
taste. If they read any, it was either books of devotion or long
romances, and sometimes both.’
Previous to this time, the universal dress of the middle classes was
of plain country cloth, much of it what was called hodden gray—that
is, cloth spun at home from the undyed wool. Gentlemen of figure
wore English or foreign cloth, and their clothes were costly in
comparison with other articles. We find, for instance, a gentleman at
his marriage, in 1711, paying £340 Scots for two suits, a night-gown,
and a suit to his servant. Linen being everywhere made at home—the
spinning executed by the servants during the long winter evenings,
and the weaving by the village webster—there was a general
abundance of napery and of under-clothing. Holland, being about six
shillings an ell, was worn only by men of refinement. ‘I remember,’
says the lady aforesaid, ‘in the ‘30 or ‘31, of a ball where it was agreed
that the company should be dressed in 1730.
nothing but what was manufactured in the
country. My sisters were as well dressed as any, and their gowns
were striped linen at 2s. 6d. per yard. Their heads and ruffles were of
Paisley muslins, at 4s. 6d., with fourpenny edging from Hamilton; all
of them the finest that could be had.... At the time I mention, hoops
were constantly worn four and a half yards wide, which required
much silk to cover them; and gold and silver were much used for
trimming, never less than three rows round the petticoat; so that,
though the silk was slight, the price was increased by the trimming.
Then the heads were all dressed in laces from Flanders; no blondes
or course-edging used: the price of these was high, but two suits
would serve for life; they were not renewed but at marriage, or some
great event. Who could not afford these wore fringes of thread.’ In
those days, the ladies went to church, and appeared on other public
occasions, in full dress. A row of them so rigged out, taking a place in
the procession at the opening of the General Assembly, used to be
spoken of by old people as a fine show. When a lady appeared in
undress on the streets of Edinburgh, she generally wore a mask,
which, however, seems to have been regarded as simply an
equivalent for the veil of modern times.
One marked peculiarity of old times, was the union of fine parade
and elegant dressing with vulgarity of thought, speech, and act. The
seemliness and delicacy observed now-a-days regarding both
marriages and births were unknown long ago. We have seen how a
bridal in high life was conducted in the reign of Queen Anne.[707] Let
us now observe the ceremonials connected with a birth at the same
period. ‘On the fourth week after the lady’s delivery, she is set on her
bed on a low footstool; the bed covered with some neat piece of
sewed work or white sattin, with three pillows at her back covered
with the same; she in full dress with a lappet head-dress and a fan in
her hand. Having informed her acquaintance what day she is to see
company, they all come and pay their respects to her, standing, or
walking a little through the room (for there’s no chairs). They drink a
glass of wine and eat a bit of cake, and then give place to others.
Towards the end of the week, all the friends are asked to what was
called the Cummers’ Feast.[708] This was a supper where every
gentleman brought a pint of wine to be drunk by him and his wife.
The supper was a ham at the head, and a 1730.
pyramid of fowl at the bottom. This dish
consisted of four or five ducks at bottom, hens above, and partridges
at top. There was an eating posset in the middle of the table, with
dried fruits and sweetmeats at the sides. When they had finished
their supper, the meat was removed, and in a moment everybody
flies to the sweetmeats to pocket them. Upon which a scramble
ensued; chairs overturned, and everything on the table; wrestling
and pulling at one another with the utmost noise. When all was
quiet, they went to the stoups (for there were no bottles), of which
the women had a good share; for though it was a disgrace to be seen
drunk, yet it was none to be a little intoxicat in good company.’
Any one who has observed the conduct of stiff people, when on
special occasions they break out from their reserve, will have no
difficulty in reconciling such childish frolics with the general
sombreness of old Scottish life.
It is to be observed that, while puritanic rigour was characteristic
of the great bulk of society, there had been from the Restoration a
minority of a more indulgent complexion. These were generally
persons of rank, and adherents of Episcopacy and the House of
Stuart. Such tendency as there was in the country to music, to
theatricals, to elegant literature, resided with this party almost
exclusively. After the long dark interval which ensued upon the death
of Drummond, Sir George Mackenzie, the ‘persecutor,’ was the first
to attempt the cultivation of the belles-lettres in Scotland. Dr Pitcairn
was the centre of a small circle of wits who, a little later, devoted
themselves to the Muses, but who composed exclusively in Latin.
When Addison, Steele, Pope, and Swift were conferring Augustine
glories on the reign of Anne in England, there was scarcely a single
writer of polite English in Scotland; but under George I., we find
Ramsay tuning his rustic reed, and making himself known even in
the south, notwithstanding the peculiarity of his language. These
men were all of them unsympathetic with the old church Calvinism
of their native country—as, indeed, have been nearly all the eminent
cultivators of letters in Scotland down to the present time. We learn
that copies of the Tatler and Spectator found their way into
Scotland; and we hear not only of gentlemen, but of clergymen
reading them. Allan Ramsay lent out the plays of Congreve and
Farquhar at his shop in Edinburgh. Periodical amateur concerts were
commenced, as we have seen, as early as 1717. The Easy Club—to
which Ramsay belonged—and other social 1730.
fraternities of the same kind, were at the
same time enjoying their occasional convivialities in Edinburgh. A
small miscellany of verse, published in Edinburgh in 1720, makes us
aware that there were then residing there several young aspirants to
the laurel, including two who have since obtained places in the roll of
the British poets—namely, Thomson and Mallet—and also Mr Henry
Home of Kames, and Mr Joseph Mitchell: moreover, we gather from
this little volume, that there was in Edinburgh a ‘Fair Intellectual
Club,’ an association, we must presume, of young ladies who were
disposed to cultivate a taste for the belles-lettres. About this time, the
tea-table began to be a point of reunion for the upper classes. At four
in the afternoon, the gentlemen and ladies would assemble round a
multitude of small china cups, each recognisable by the number of
the little silver spoon connected with it, and from these the lady of
the house would dispense an almost endless series of libations, while
lively chat and gossip went briskly on, but it is to be feared, in most
circles, little conversation of what would now be called an intellectual
cast. On these occasions, the singing of a Scottish song to an
accompaniment on the spinet was considered a graceful
accomplishment; and certainly no superior treat was to be had.
 Lady playing on Spinet, with Violoncello Accompaniment.—From
a volume entitled Music for Tea-table Miscellany, published by
Allan Ramsay.

Two things at this period told powerfully in introducing new ideas

and politer manners: first, the constant going and coming of sixty-
one men of importance between their own 1730.
country and London in attendance on
parliament; and second, the introduction of a number of English
people as residents or visitors into the country, in connection with
the army, the excise and customs, and the management of the
forfeited estates. This intercourse irresistibly led to greater
cleanliness, to a demand for better house accommodation, and to at
once greater ease and greater propriety of manners. The minority of
the tasteful and the gay being so far reinforced, assemblies for
dancing, and even in a modest way theatricals, were no longer to be
repressed. The change thus effected was by and by confirmed, in
consequence of young men of family getting into the custom of
travelling for a year or two on the continent before settling at their
professions or in the management of their affairs at home. This led,
too, to a somewhat incongruous ingrafting of French politeness on
the homely manners and speech of the general flock of ladies and
gentlemen. Reverting to the matter of house accommodation, it may
be remarked that a floor of three or four rooms and a kitchen was
then considered a mansion for a gentleman or superior merchant in
Edinburgh. We ought not to be too much startled at the idea of a lady
receiving gentlemen along with ladies in her bedroom, when we
reflect that there were then few rooms which had not beds in them,
either openly or behind a screen. It is a significant fact that, in 1745,
there was in Inverness only one house which contained a room
without a bed—namely, that in which Prince Charles took up his
lodgings.
As a consequence of the narrowness of house accommodation in
those days, taverns were much more used than they are now. A
physician or advocate in high practice was to be consulted at his
tavern, and the habits of each important practitioner in this regard
were studied, and became widely known. Gentlemen met in tavern
clubs each evening for conversation, without much expense, a
shilling’s reckoning being thought high—more generally, it was the
half of that sum. ‘In some of these clubs they played at backgammon
or catch-honours for a penny the game.’ At the consultations of
lawyers, the liquor was sherry, brought in mutchkin stoups, and paid
for by the employer. ‘It was incredible the quantity that was drunk
sometimes on those occasions.’ Politicians met in taverns to discuss
the affairs of state. One situated in the High Street, kept by Patrick
Steil, was the resort of a number of the patriots who urged on the Act
of Security and resisted the Union; and the phrase, Pate Steil’s
Parliament, occasionally appears in the 1730.
correspondence of the time. It was in the
same place, as we have seen, that the weekly concert was
commenced. In the freer days which ensued upon this time, it was
not thought derogatory to ladies of good rank that they should
occasionally join oyster-parties in these places of resort.
Miss Mure, in her invaluable memoir, remarks on the change
which took place in her youth in the religious sentiments of the
people. A dread of the Deity, and a fear of hell and of the power of
the devil, she cites as the predominant feelings of religious people in
the age succeeding the Revolution. It was thought a mark of atheistic
tendencies to doubt witchcraft, or the reality of apparitions, or the
occasional vaticinative character of dreams. When the generation of
the Revolution was beginning to pass away, the deep convictions as
well as the polemical spirit, of the seventeenth century gave place to
an easier and a gentler faith. There was no such thing as scepticism,
except in the greatest obscurity; but a number of favourite preachers
began to place Christianity in an amiable light before their
congregations. ‘We were bid,’ says Miss Mure, ‘to draw our
knowledge of God from his works, the chief of which is the soul of a
good man; then judge if we have cause to fear.... Whoever would
please God must resemble him in goodness and benevolence.... The
Christian religion was taught as the purest rule of morals; the belief
of a particular providence and of a future state as a support in every
situation. The distresses of individuals were necessary for exercising
the good affections of others, and the state of suffering the post of
honour.’ At the same time, dread of parents also melted away. ‘The
fathers would use their sons with such freedom, that they should be
their first friend; and the mothers would allow of no intimacies but
with themselves. For their girls the utmost care was taken that fear of
no kind should enslave the mind; nurses were turned off who would
tell the young of ghosts and witches. The old ministers were ridiculed
who preached up hell and damnation; the mind was to be influenced
by gentle and generous motives alone.’
A country gentleman, writing in 1729, remarks the increase in the
expense of housekeeping which he had seen going on during the past
twenty years. While deeming it indisputable that Edinburgh was now
less populous than before the Union, ‘yet I am informed,’ says he,
‘there is a greater consumption since, than before the Union, of all
provisions, especially fleshes and wheatbread. The butcher owns he
now kills three of every species of cattle for 1730.
every one he killed before the Union.’
Where formerly he had been accustomed to see ‘two or three
substantial dishes of beef, mutton, and fowl, garnished with their
own wholesome gravy,’ he now saw ‘several services of little
expensive ashets, with English pickles, yea Indian mangoes, and
catch-up or anchovy sauces.’ Where there used to be the quart stoup
of ale from the barrel, there was now bottled ale for a first service,
and claret to help out the second, or else ‘a snaker of rack or brandy
punch.’ Tea in the morning and tea in the evening had now become
established. There were more livery-servants, and better dressed,
and more horses, than formerly. French and Italian silks for the
ladies, and English broadcloth for the gentlemen, were more and
more supplanting the plain home-stuffs of former days.[709] This
writer was full of fears as to the warrantableness of this superior style
of living, but his report of the fact is not the less valuable.

It will be remembered that the Bank of 1731. July.

Scotland, soon after its institution in 1696,
settled branches at Glasgow, Aberdeen, Montrose, and Dundee, all of
which proving unsuccessful, were speedily withdrawn. Since then, no
new similar movement had been made; neither had a native bank
arisen in any of those towns. But now, when the country seemed to
be making some decided advances in industry and wealth, the Bank
resolved upon a new attempt, and set up branches in Glasgow,
Aberdeen, Dundee, and Berwick. It was found, however, that the
effort was yet premature, and, after two years’ trial, these branches
were all recalled.[710]
It is to be observed that Glasgow, though yet unable to support a
branch of a public bank, was not inexperienced in banking
accommodation. The business was carried on here, as it had long ago
been in Edinburgh, by private traders, and in intimate connection
with other business. An advertisement published in the newspapers
in July 1730 by James Blair, merchant, at the head of the Saltmarket
in Glasgow, makes us aware that at his shop there, ‘all persons who
have occasion to buy or sell bills of exchange, or want money to
borrow, or have money to lend on interest, or have any sort of goods
to sell, or want to buy any kind of goods, or who want to buy sugar-
house notes or other good bills, or desire to have such notes or bills
discounted, or who want to have policies 1731.
signed, or incline to underwrite policies in
ships or goods, may deliver their commands.’[711]

The latter part of the year 1730 and Oct.

earlier part of 1731 were made memorable
in England by the ‘Malicious Society of Undertakers.’ An inoffensive
farmer or a merchant would receive a letter threatening the
conflagration of his house unless he should deposit six or eight
guineas under his door before some assigned time. The system is
said to have begun at Bristol, where the house of a Mr Packer was
actually set fire to and consumed. When a panic had spread, many
ruined gamblers and others adopted the practice, in recklessness, or
with a view to gain; but the chief practitioners appear to have been
ruffians of the lower classes, as the letters were generally very ill-
spelt and ill-written.
In the autumn of 1731, the system spread to Scotland, beginning in
Lanarkshire. According to Mr Wodrow, the parishes of Lesmahago
and Strathaven were thrown into great alarm by a number of
anonymous letters being dropped at night, or thrown into houses,
threatening fire-raising unless contributions were made in money.
Mr Aiton of Walseley, a justice of peace, was ordered to bring fifty
guineas to the Cross-boat at Lanark; otherwise his house would be
burnt. He went to the place, but found no one waiting. At the same
time, there were rumours of strangers being seen on the moors. So
great was the consternation, that parties of soldiers were brought to
the district, but without discovering any person that seemed liable to
suspicion.[712]

James Erskine of Grange, brother of the 1732. Jan. 22.

attainted Earl of Mar, and who had been a
judge of the Court of Session since 1707, was fitted with a wife of
irregular habits and violent temper, the daughter of the murderer
Chiesley of Dalry.[713] After agreeing, in 1730, to live upon a separate
maintenance, she continued to persecute her husband in a personal
and indecent manner, and further vented some threats as to her
power of exposing him to the ministry for dangerous sentiments. The
woman was scarcely mad enough to justify restraint, and, though it
had been otherwise, there were in those days no asylums to which
she could have been consigned. In these circumstances, the husband
felt himself at liberty in conscience—pious man as he notedly was—to
have his wife spirited away by night from her lodgings in Edinburgh,
hurried by night-journeys to Loch Hourn on 1732.
the West Highland coast, and thence
transported to the lonely island of Heskir, and put under the care of a
peasant-farmer, subject to Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleat. After
two years, she was taken to the still more remote island of St Kilda,
and there kept amongst a poor and illiterate people, though not
without the comforts of life, for seven years more. It was not till 1740
that any friends of hers knew where she was. A prosecution of the
husband being then threatened, the lady was taken to a place more
agreeable to her, where she soon after died.
Lord Grange was one of those singular men who contrive to
cherish and act out the most intense religious convictions, to appear
as zealous leaders in church judicatories, and stand as shining lights
before the world, while yet tainted with the most atrocious secret
vices. Being animated with an extreme hatred of Sir Robert Walpole,
he was tempted, in 1734, to give up his seat on the bench, in order
that he might be able to go into parliament and assist in hunting
down the minister. Returned for Clackmannanshire, he did make his
appearance in the House of Commons, fully believing that he should
ere long be secretary of state for Scotland under a new ministry. It
unluckily happened that one of the first opportunities he obtained
for making a display of oratory was on the bill that was introduced
for doing away with the statutes against witchcraft.[714] Erskine was
too faithful a Presbyterian of the old type to abandon a code of beliefs
that seemed fully supported by Scripture. He rose, and delivered
himself of a pious speech on the reality of necromantic arts, and the
necessity of maintaining the defences against them. Sir Robert is said
to have felt convinced from that moment, that he had not much to
fear from the new member for Clackmannanshire.
Disappointed, impoverished, out of reverence with old friends,
perhaps somewhat galled in conscience, Erskine ere long retired in a
great measure from the world. For some years before his death in
1754, he is said to have lived principally in a coffee-house in the
Haymarket, as all but the husband of its mistress; certainly a most
lame and impotent conclusion for one who had made such a figure in
political life, and passed as such a ‘professor,’ in his native country.

On a stormy night in this month, Colonel Feb.

Francis Charteris 1732.
died at his seat of
Stonyhill, near Musselburgh. The pencil of Hogarth, which
represents him as the old profligate gentleman in the first print of
the Harlot’s Progress, has given historical importance to this
extraordinary man. Descended from an old family of very moderate
fortune in Dumfriesshire—Charteris of Amisfield—he acquired an
enormous fortune by gambling and usury, and thus was enabled to
indulge in his favourite vices on a scale which might be called
magnificent. A single worthy trait has never yet been adduced to
redeem the character of Charteris, though it is highly probable that,
in some particulars, that character has been exaggerated by popular
rumour.[715]
A contemporary assures us, that the fortune of Charteris amounted
to the then enormous sum of fourteen thousand a year; of which ten
thousand was left to his grandson, Francis, second son of the Earl of
Wemyss.
‘Upon his death-bed,’ says the same writer, ‘he was exceedingly
anxious to know if there were any such thing as hell; and said, were
he assured there was no such place (being easy as to heaven), he
would give thirty thousand.... Mr Cumming the minister attended
him on his death-bed. He asked his daughter, who is exceedingly
narrow, what he should give him. She replied that it was unusual to
give anything on such occasions. “Well, then,” says Charteris, “let us
have another flourish from him!” so calling his prayers. There
accidentally happened, the night he died, a prodigious hurricane,
which the vulgar ascribed to his death.’[716]

A transaction, well understood in Mar. 12.

Scotland, but unknown and probably
incomprehensible in England—‘an inharmonious settlement’—took
place in the parish of St Cuthbert’s, close to Edinburgh. A Mr
Wotherspoon having been presented by the crown to this charge, to
the utter disgust of the parishioners, the Commission of the General
Assembly sent one of their number, a Mr Dawson, to effect the
‘edictal service.’ The magistrates, knowing the temper of the
parishioners, brought the City Guard to protect the ceremony as it
proceeded in the church; so the people could do nothing there. Their
rage, however, being irrepressible, they came out, tore down the
edict from the kirk-door, and seemed as if 1732.
they would tear down the kirk itself. The
City Guard fired upon them, and wounded one woman.[717]

June 24.
 Owing to the difficulty of travelling, few of the remarkable
foreigners who came to England found their way to Scotland; but
now and then an extraordinary person appeared. At this date, there
came to Edinburgh, and put up ‘at the house of Yaxley Davidson, at
the Cowgate Port,’ Joseph Jamati, Baculator or Governor of
Damascus. He appeared to be sixty, was of reddish-black
complexion, grave and well-looking, wearing a red cloth mantle
trimmed with silver lace, and a red turban set round with white
muslin; had a gray beard about half a foot long; and was described as
‘generally a Christian.’ Assistance under some severe taxation of the
Turkish pacha was what he held forth as the object of his visit to
Europe. He came to Edinburgh, with recommendations from the
Duke of Newcastle and other persons of distinction, and proposed to
make a round of the principal towns, and visit the Duke of Athole
and other great people. He was accompanied by an interpreter and
another servant. It appears that this personage had a public
reception from the magistrates, who bestowed on him a purse of
gold. In consequence of receiving a similar contribution from the
Convention of Burghs, he ultimately resolved to return without
making his proposed tour.
Four years later, Edinburgh received visits, in succession, from two
other Eastern hierarchs, one of them designated as archbishop of
Nicosia in Cyprus, of the Armenian Church, the other being Scheik
Schedit, from Berytus, near Mount Lebanon, of the Greek Church,
both bringing recommendatory letters from high personages, and
both aiming at a gathering of money for the relief of their
countrymen suffering under the Turks. Scheik Schedit had an
interpreter named Michel Laws, and two servants, and the whole
party went formally in a coach ‘to hear sermon in the High
Church.’[718]

The Scottish newspapers intimate that on July 11.

this day, between two and three afternoon,
there was felt at Glasgow ‘a shock of an earthquake, which lasted
about a second.’

July 28.
 The six Highland companies were reviewed at Ruthven, in
Badenoch, by General Wade, and were 1732.
praised for their good state of discipline.
‘We of this country,’ says the reporter of the affair, ‘and, indeed, all
the Highland and northern parts of the kingdom, have substantial
reason to be well satisfied with them, since for a long time there has
not been the least ground to complain of disorders of any kind;
which we attribute to the vigilance of their officers, and a right
distribution and position of the several companies.’[719]

Robert Trotter, schoolmaster of Dumfries, published a

Compendium of Latin Grammar, ‘the conceitedness, envy, and
errors’ of which were next year exposed in a brochure of
Animadversions by John Love, the schoolmaster of Dumbarton. Not
long after Love had thus disposed of Mr Trotter, he was himself put
on the defensive before the kirk-session of his parish, on a charge of
brewing on a Sunday. Probably the verb was only applicable in a
neuter form—that is, nature, by continuing her fermenting process
on the Sabbath, was the only delinquent—for the minister, ‘after a
juridical trial, was obliged to make a public apology for having
maliciously accused calumniated innocence.’[720] Love, who was the
preceptor of Tobias Smollett, afterwards distinguished himself by a
controversy with the notorious Lauder, who, by forgery, tried to
derogate from the fame of Milton.

Since 1598 we have not heard of any 1733. May 14.

foreigners coming into Scotland to play
dangerous tricks upon long tight ropes; but now, unexpectedly, a
pair of these diverting vagabonds, one described as an Italian who
had performed his wonders in all the cities of Europe, the other as
his son, presented themselves. A rope being fixed between the Half-
moon Battery in the Castle, and a place on the south side of the
Grassmarket, two hundred feet below, the father slid down in half a
minute. The son performed the same feat, blowing a trumpet all the
way, to the astonishment of ‘an infinite crowd of spectators.’ Three
days afterwards, there was a repetition of the performance, at the
desire of several persons of quality, when, after sliding down, the
father made his way up again, firing a pistol, beating a drum, and
playing a variety of antics by the way, proclaiming, moreover, that
here he could defy all messengers, sheriffs’ officers, and macers of
the Court of Session. Being sore fatigued at the end of the
performance, he offered a guinea to the 1733.
sutler of the Castle for a draught of ale,
which the fellow was churlish enough to refuse.
The two funambuli failed on a subsequent trial, ‘their equipage not
at all answering.’ Not many weeks after, we learn that William
Hamilton, mason in the Dean, trying the like tricks on a rope
connected with Queensferry steeple, fell off the rope, and was killed.
[721]

In the course of this year, a body called the Edinburgh Company

of Players performed plays in the Tailors’ Hall, in the Cowgate. On
the 6th June, they had the Beggars’ Opera for the benefit of the
Edinburgh Infirmary. They afterwards acted Othello, Hamlet, Henry
IV., Macbeth, and King Lear, ‘with great applause.’ In December,
they presented before a large audience the Tempest, ‘every part, and
even what required machinery, being performed in great order.’ In
February 1734, the Conscious Lovers was performed ‘for the benefit
of Mrs Woodward,’ ‘the doors not to be opened till four of the clock,
performance to begin at six.’ In March, the Wonder is advertised,
‘the part of the Scots colonel by Mr Weir, and that of his servant
Gibby, in Highland dress, by Mr Wescomb; and all the other parts to
the best advantage.’ Allan Ramsay must have been deeply concerned
in the speculation, because he appears in the office-copy of the
newspaper (Caledonian Mercury) as the paymaster for the
advertisements.
Nor was this nascent taste for the amusements of the stage
confined to Edinburgh. In August, the company is reported as setting
out early one morning for Dundee, Montrose, Aberdeen, &c., ‘in
order to entertain the ladies and gentlemen in the different stations
of their circuit.’ We soon after hear of their being honoured at
Dundee with the patronage of the ancient and honourable society of
freemasons, who marched in a body, with the grand-master at their
head, to the playhouse, ‘in their proper apparel, with hautboys and
other music playing before them;’ all this to hear the Jubilee and The
Devil to Pay.
In December, the Edinburgh company was again in the Tailors’
Hall, and now it ventured on ‘a pantomime in grotesque characters,’
costing something in the getting up; wherefore ‘nothing less than full
prices will be taken during the whole performance.’ In consideration
of the need for space, it was ‘hoped that no gentleman whatever will
take it amiss if they are refused admittance 1733.
behind the scenes.’ Soon after, we hear of
the freemasons patronising the play of Henry IV., marching to the
house ‘in procession, with aprons and white gloves, attended with
flambeaux.’ Mrs Bulkely took her benefit on the 22d January in
Oroonoko and a farce, in both of which she was to play; but ‘being
weak, and almost incapable to walk, [she] cannot acquit herself to
her friends’ satisfaction as usual; yet hopes to be favoured with their
presence.’
It is observable that the plays represented in the Cowgate house
were all of them of classic merit. This was, of course, prudential with
regard to popular prejudices. Persons possessed of a love of literature
were very naturally among those most easily reconciled to the stage;
and amongst these we may be allowed to class certain schoolmasters,
who about this time began to encourage their pupils to recite plays as
a species of rhetorical exercise.
On Candlemas, 1734—when by custom the pupils in all schools in
Scotland brought gifts to their masters, and had a holiday—the
pupils of the Perth Grammar School made an exhibition of English
and Latin readings in the church before the clergy, magistrates, and a
large miscellaneous auditory. ‘The Tuesday after, they acted Cato in
the school, which is one of the handsomest in Scotland, before three
hundred gentlemen and ladies. The youth, though they had never
seen a play acted, performed surprisingly both in action and
pronunciation, which gave general satisfaction. After the play, the
magistrates entertained the gentlemen at a tavern.’[722]
In August, ‘the young gentlemen of Dalkeith School acted, before a
numerous crowd of spectators, the tragedy of Julius Cæsar and
comedy of Æsop, with a judgment and address inimitable at their
years.’ At the same time, the pupils in the grammar school of
Kirkcaldy performed a piece composed by their master, entitled The
Royal Council for Advice, or the Regular Education of Boys the
Foundation of all other National Improvements. ‘The council
consisted of a preses and twelve members, decently and gravely
seated round a table like senators. The other boys were posted at a
due distance in a crowd, representing people come to attend this
meeting for advice: from whom entered in their turn and order, a
tradesman, a farmer, a country gentleman, a nobleman, two
schoolmasters, &c., and, last of all, a gentleman who complimented
and congratulated the council on their 1733.
noble design and worthy performances.’
The whole exhibition is described as giving high satisfaction to the
audience.
This sort of fair weather could not last. At Candlemas, 1735, the
Perth school-boys acted George Barnwell—certainly an ill-chosen
play—twice before large audiences, comprising many persons of
distinction; and it was given out that on the succeeding Sunday ‘a
very learned moral sermon, suitable to the occasion, was preached in
the town.’ Immediately after came the corrective. The kirk-session
had nominated a committee to take measures to prevent the school
from being ‘converted into a playhouse, whereby youth are diverted
from their studies, and employed in the buffooneries of the stage;’
and as for the moral sermon, it was ‘directed against the sins and
corruptions of the age, and was very suitable to the resolution of the
session.’

England was pleasingly startled in 1721 by July.

the report which came home regarding a
singularly gallant defence made by an English ship against two
strongly armed pirate vessels in the Bay of Juanna, near Madagascar.
The East India Company was peculiarly gratified by the report, for,
though it inferred the loss of one of their ships, it told them of a
severe check given to a system of marine depredation, by which their
commerce was constantly suffering.
It appeared that the Company’s ship Cassandra, commanded by
Captain Macrae, on coming to the Bay of Juanna in July 1720, heard
of a shipwrecked pirate captain being engaged in fitting out a new
vessel on the island of Mayotta, and Macrae instantly formed the
design of attacking him. When ready, on the 8th of August, to sail on
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