Materid Ahaly sis by Nucleas Techinique

Chapteo-4 )Miro elemets witt abundances

less than about 1I
Nuclea Techniques to *supose the abundane ofte
Mateaal Analysis elenot is eztoeelg snoall in
l the shedy ¢of physis, we
we cowe Hhe odes of 1in toe er lowes.
(1 past pes million cs
aDSS vasiMS types of saoples. 4 parrt pes billion)
oPten it beomes necess to kenoo Such elewset aoe called toace
hat ae the vaious conshuent eleent.Theis concetations are
elengents paesest in sudh sawoples,sudly exprtssed in lits o ppms
as uell as the asounts of these Ppb: hese cay be inutedi
wirrnele ment.
elemot. Tbe psoceduse adapted heis Goncent touy
fos qetting suc iowatiomi are Atthough
are
called Mateials Anay sis vezy inoportant and vitel oole i
Aemsental Anaysis vanous types f samples A ee
k nateial Analy sis has a aspect:othesltaceelenget apart tom the
micoro elewet to be
DPualitahve Analysis analysed ase sad to tog the
Prpese o ind the
wehae acoo
Hee . denoteHhe emaining
elemment in theshple
Vaaians eleent paset n tthe
Samgple. classificakon o toce eleet-a
quattatie Analysis DESential tace elemert
0e highly essetied fo
Heoe e reie eithes tthe noal
abs oute aount of N
he elegat ous body. TH,o, N,e, c, Na ")

oss relahive asounts with spectey at aeqwtdother in lange quantties

is
to somge mefesene elonest whereas certas elements
ave present in icso/ce Qraount
t beperding on the perentge lilee z, tocine, ete.
abindaes of the consttuent
be dassied
elenynt tey
DMaco elesents
Hese he asundanes grRs a)Toue tace eloet
host
Veguth hamnfut to the meteal
F'- A, H.cd ste.
 Ge the essenial tace eleweat
Hhemseles can be oie if present Anaysis, we
use nulear tehniques/nud.
in levels much aLove the nomal
*The de Racy oof sowye of the vamous nuclea neactio toti
tace elent lead to malkincinig ane chaged paotele analy'
of ces tain gni0 method, weutran Actvation
* le human bode aet tace elerot Analyis (AA) Rutheoford
X-oa Re'onan
frem food tat we eat and the Bacescateang CRBS),Atoie
wates we doink. he tace clus't uoesene xRED, esr
oP plant and ates sanoles hae Spectonebhy (Afs, Prtos indured
Eissio (PIXE),
*Be tace elemget in the Bie tistoy
atos pheeCpollutins toae impike
o toic toace elegent),entes the ingpotant dadpmet
inveton: thct
ous body by
(Modesn susk Ae
he and tcbnlogie
4ockeolog nudear tehiques.
adances bave led to large sule
envi son mentd poluhon Host o Pacdere ) Disove o
give out laqe quanttes of polatan adio achvity (ve
into he atmsphere as well'as into
water eIouYeS in the fom op tudusbial 3 Ruteod Kacteig exptsiet
To Bnd whih ae the
and the udeas tom mdel
polluting trace elements os 4the Diaoveg f aottfial, tgznstalion
iadcd adioadilg
Most the udeas techiques
amount of taace elegeut tat we op elemental arayis a e ased
inhaled, and to fimd the tace
level of Hheiqui Hes longisg on these phenowsena.
ton industies and undesstaud Derespnet af potde acalert*
Hheis saPe lingit ete we need f neutron in 32
Deve apent o vaious radaten
watesl anaysis detec
case eipnty out larels,
(G many be
eren cthe oae larel tus
devlopyent of udeas eatrst
cntal As a esul he oace eleent Tis häd a looge ole to pag
deleninaten in such saples is in H e NAA tednigue
quite enenil)
 Che0 etheds nale
Brsic Poinuple of elaetal chemica popeies oP the
elewsents
* Eacheleet has itb owy
* An analytical 4cehigue o chateishe omsion and absapha
the onshtuent elewsets of
Samde equies tht there
specba Atamie spectstopy myetod
shoud be soe chaCheas he make use of this dhaocetie spetra
s4 able pwpety of Ahe* Nuclears techniques the mhiatin
and wmia cut tong the
patiala T eleget posent in patede ongigodelected to pnd
te sanple, whih ca act as Sample can be
a Finges pint"ofHhe eleat the Gnsthent elements
* It should be possible o *suppase w; is the mass of ee
di stnguisb betueey vasious elenmet i io the sanple and
elenet oy the bAs0s ofte's N; is the intensity tibuted to
porpeoty.CAGle to atcognize Hhe chardeoishie ppesty ten
Sanaple. N; < m;
he elegtats bseve simc physeal NË K;m;-
prupca btbut cmo unt is difleat k; - Gonstant chaa cteaizig Hhe
popegu) analical echnigue.
*Usugly it is somse measue *The vaue of k depends
of poapesty wich wil chondei vaaÒ us fados like theechnigye
the elemeat. By idetfyig used fos rerealing the pataar
thi's apesty we can cheaderistic ponpeoty being
e L
the elengent ,
his PoHhe
Prms He psbbit
dekled o
or eatwred, he
quattetie paatof the telne tthe poopety under
frs rraling
x Che inlensity et the praperteondsiom of tthe eapeaiant
which shuld be ppo otenal fo sehp beiga useds the qemsey
he quantity op the element
in the sam ple eknyest
* he cackshie panperty and if ue delemine N; fo
Can be cheiaatomi'e o unknun uantty of elemert, he
'uclea To Pind the conskkcat Qmount of he esement can be
lement in a
atme
chemitd ,(speithep melhds
was
calelated ustng
4Thuns Hhe suess efechnique
depe-ds on knoui the valae of Ns
()C)
o Ns, ms 4K, ane the relesaut
gien setp he proedue
cbtainig ths infrtion is fas any
called "calibax ha': Bask oequisewents
most cases, albYntioy ofhe Jecue f elegetl analgis
*n
set up is caaaied ou by using
Sawples hich ontaiy knouy
amounts of the vaos elemet an elegentin
Snalletanout
Sallet o
and meas uig Nfos all these a
The sumples used in suh the sample ohit an produce
Calibtion pr2ceduoe can be te pnpest
detectable choge in bsis
used as 4he o
called standat sampla
varevi elemints is noum.
keig
he techu'a ue
(mArt
*It is sually expses sed ta Pprs
prper N).
alibraton t he sensiivihy will depond on
EJult of Hi's
A Cabbratos graph is doawn the elemme and technigue aud
matix (all Hhe cthes wai os elemets
present in dte samde oterthan te
wit o/toLe elemet):
m
* Ihe se ond oequibengeit is the
atbra for wme Pos elemetl minimuny detectio ItanitThs
analyn tedniqne is he sallet concentztion in pprs
konce the calioatio euve is ofthe lensent.Tie wini mun
obtined, Hhe anount ofany detection linit also ise ependson
edement in aa puotiulas smplem4 he element, ten'que f mata.
CHe
Can be esiy neadotp. * Third ioemet of any
fe elemhd
we deleomine N. methd that
be iateesta analyis is mti-elerental
*Att Hmes we m op ature of the eh que e
anoust
in hot the aboute
the eleetbt He
elatire single analysis ap shald ge
quantitative inPoatorabat
amoun ts wirt Some standad many element (ese netods ae
elemet ln Suh cases we
 Ml mmali -elemental methody, *n the poveSs p aking
hus saving aluable he tansito Rorong the eact stde
to the arund state te systang
And tthe tou dt ppeaty is,natoe.
kd will qet md fo its ezces serikekà
it ust be non-destctive enegy, etes in the frge
*1t becomes ve hnuch essenial quantug o radiatios (Phctas
that sutiectng the sample to
tte anagst by the protalas
4ecknigue sholdnat dotyy it.
Ihis oeqwieent is caled He
hon-desthuctire natire
The eatezion e decidi"aph.l
Nhcleag techniques tos eleata in whitlh Pong Hhe ex cess
analysis eie2 ill be eliminate fang
xi the nuclear tedhniques fo enl
tte sstem depends on ttee
elementad analysis, Ahe chateiste o gntde of the eawtetics
propesty that one is bokig far ene
is the radiahans os pasticles Case oP a nuclear
emited feo the nudei o e tln the
Gnstituent eleentt ty the sawde exctahon 1 e exitatios
neg exeeed s se parstde
* Nommaly the Samples Gavtin ouy emisior
stable atowsuclei. tthoesheld (aroud tMeN)
n oodes that tte eit the a patlewill be emited.
chamde'ste adatons ospateshe edats eneogy of
nudeer exctatioy is
it is neress ay that they should
Pint be eadted to ahe of e &Mey pastle is exute)
posside exited tates KEelit
s is less tthan the &Mev,.
enuted ystem is boudto photon will be
* Amy
decay bak to he qraund stade enited (vsble r ulbzviolet
in caumecf a tiee with tnge pheton
Gusteut Collel eiffime),wwich emitte)
s chamdeiske of that speaes.
he aound sale can have ay a visible/uv photn os an x
Anges cen be ewitted
* Fos the technigue to be usell 2) Sarple CTasqet)
(Tanget
as an elewnental analytal getho T5e sagple os
he ndiahe paohele, emitted usaaly nifo
sheuld be popohnal to Athe ciuler disc of
no. f atns o the element Jeaness
in the samgle +lt contains the vanus
be
cich hare to be quette
wil be un's and quanktatvely ehinelel
estinated.
btth aspets of Hhe *Pspeat
mpstaut espet of
technique (the qnatitetire and eBuneutal anayis
quenitatire) can be ealiied.
* he simplest case would be
Geneal Eapesiyental Setp fors a

Souece
ttis,self Spporotig taoget
adisehve Can be made.
we use ion soues(
Sou es partrle aecaletsiTetat is made as
* we bae a soure whih deposit of he aatend ont
pvides a naow beany of suitebe backigs mateil.
indent adiations (ailkee -ay R mateaal shouldbe
gamays et)os pastiles (8, The backing atea
pntons, partiles ete). f the thin andade ofa
* The nunberI, Caled the fus that will not p dee intense
he incideat adiation1/paokl bechgaound sadiations
op
Coossing untara of Hhe bean ad backig 4e
* hig tagetAeciques Hhat use
ner seond has to be weawse hecersA in
* Ehes
Gittes ndioadire seunescu,neyete daged pagtde: loe

attenuated Hhe
Paotele 6ce levstos (kegete Cas be heay
changed ions sa be used as Snall.
Sou es
* he ions penetate ttecAlectd
toyct
and be
aae allowed to
oey an nsulated Faondeg integoete
is canected to a chaye
 The total c e Co llected
will be -1e -keo inpodtadt chanaceaisties
4- theis aage adiaton delectors.
Detectoos *hhat is oe soutio ? when
In^nucleas nehods we
talce a Sample aud bomrad t semple, Hher adiakons os
Cnesqehie ioy "Patides os Paicles will be Le
cjeed. enes3
beang of
niations ge eitel Boo tis ejeded patiles Peu wll harer poas
hon is the
sample wht isdelede ay weans efte detetrs.
suitable detedos s. ledes poy abithy ofa deledos to sho
a impo
ip stant oole
le is isay Be aetpes as sepeate.
veg
pes. peak orespouds to
* he detectos has ative Gmespod,
wittpaiadas ene3A
mediui su eteing cohicdh te to a qastiaks elee
pastile/radiatio iesal wilk hel
a

ad pacÂuce of te
Resouton is ee aliby
sto i i e scAiuns
ediung
ion paiDs.he ion pal s are
detects to sepaonte too adjaet
us to
Galleced electdes heseby
prnduing electcal signals. ea siy ite,tty the &PPegetuclei
k One such siqnal ill be available peset in te sanpe)
at the outpat of the detectos -How ya will'see te specu
fos eec, iyadet adiatentthe wuclear erction auaysis
amplithede f the signal being detects. The sactum is kon
proprskonal to tthe eney as pulse heisl spetag.
Hhe inc deat adaion deposits het spectayof s4 Mev
an tthe actie ediung KPuse
t,e adiation ad alpa paztle, using a s srsace
type of
eneogy uiually idekßy te bases delecos
elementand tehe no ofOguh
Sgnals prducd per ini det
sadi ati on gie s
the aant the patiulas
eleet
 Actay o shonld get a * Fos chaqed paroticles and
shap ie to the low eneTgg *ys,the puse
Jet speoteano Conteis ony the
compndi height
fuasia fpeak ilce ttis ain peak. However, rs higher
a astilas eneg enegy X-ray and
*since he vaariau s processes in ddifion to maain pak (ptipedk
leakingto tthefoatiug of
statsteaplitude peak/tow
aesatistid ee get buo ene
the dele cdes siqnal pulsea coe<pording
in natue and sbje to gtstl satteaing indeations
futuatonsy he spetug the Comptv
witin te deletre the sateel
sprendsa atoa Gau$Si an peak
pak gamma says esapes foono the
wida a Hinte wifeededos
to velunge and hene dondt
*he widtth of the peak at Contibute to tthe enery deposite
half matimu() is aepeseatohine tn the detetshis loe ampltde
of He solutioy of the delees pulses lid outoibate tomptoy
and is eged to as e distilautoy.
Half Maziug ( Cfor highes eneogy Xays ngme
full width at pealk.
ays in ddsion to the wmin difibatra
+the FWHM is vey inmrstant Hhere is add fionaf. fonhousaniug
tn situations he of loeanpde palses iukruti
in the specing pom Hhese comgpon suttering
closelyi% peaks win the delects in wlich dhe scattere
ie, whehe indentatioys
gemna ys erape Bon de deteta
ast ho m
n g i i tolume and henee do not oubibte fo
Couteins cdose lyinga
* Ho ell e peaks cay be Hhe energy deposited la the deketa
diisqis bed depesds urdes tte photo patk
resoluton. he narsoes tye s tlco asas a yeasue of e
peaky 4he bettes is tte sdutis. numbers of autsotna andiatiors
salution
FWHM , qet betee
*The oesoluion is expaes sed as paks
as a pescontage of the peak
asbs, Pulse heiht spectun of Co ga
using HP Che dee
 etoonics
used il| be deid cd hy dte
j type of he paaide londiato *he output sigal of te
o be teteded deledos wmay not be of te
Qike ight atudç dshte
fo daoged paotcles
bhotamsalpha paotiles and oe wic hs t be done usia trsut
ions , silioh Suofaco baonicx eleebonics se Pe Aunpli Ae,
Deteto aae bet surtcd. Main AvoiHes, Pulse disci minat,
*Fm Xys, litiu difted iliov alidanel nalyses ek. fos dles e,ese
tthese
detedrs (si2J useRl
e o e a oumdteV.
Popses"

Cort dose tothe detetos using

oays,'eithes Sodiuy lolide
a Sall length ofP the cable (t wil
detector CHhe oy hea]ae sat.voltaqe sersike Aype kill hae
use sokiuyiodide hgh input iwoptdenie and loo auat
detectes os Gesmaihiug dekekens impedance so tat te sial cn
ho
depends on'aetetr eePruorgalest be tiven though long output
Athe mais awaplifier
4The detetin ePRriesyc)(E propseis
is Ahe fation of all ioGdet Hhe siqval foono e detetes to
plotons which are acaly the ai angplieo)
dedected by the detecs.
* When delecic e dey is f sgnal ts pavided the ais
impss tance, NaT(T) detectoar ane ampl HerCMA)also eReoed to
cused, whee as os high esalaticg as a Lineas anopli Prer (LA).
the aesnoanim deters have *The main awpli fes also pooides
to be used pulse shapinq esatking inpulke wdH
Ghaussian output pul se stlo Msee
* Then yu hae a wulh chanel. The
avmpied outpt ui be qiven to
the Muli chanel Analysex (McA)
W anayses the sigals andtina
provides adiital outPe
 A pilse height spet tn te e elasieally scttered
feomy af Conts e MA. channel nmbed paicles t restais orale
isotainedstte chaunel numbe ae deteted and hers oeray
bonq po pynal t 4he
ampfeda geasured.

*These can be elated oepechid

mass te
of he atoic
*(S the eletks onsist
will ohmect elensent in te sagle
pre ampAeid Satteziyq1
detects output to thend He amont of he
+o tte
mais ampifies widdoye ampliRes elewot
pulse shapig is and exaople ct a technique
and send * he
he output of tis is based on elaste scatteing
anelyers
to the mult danel toe PuthesPosd Baksaltin
teseby weqet"ulse height specmg is
of auts aud chaunel
in He teng lnelastie sattening
numbes) And oratiyis
Send to ous pesoval Gmpuer*t
sent this pLess, thê at is a
sutalble inteeco cad. loss o htal kE
by a into intene
Detetos * he lost kF qoês
exGtation of the cclliding
MA partnes-
Gectonics setp used fos * The excitation Ceud Le atoie
detectes signal poeesing And oun tirng visible
os vucleas:electere fxdatico
pltos

Main uclears Pocesses Osetl * tos atomie eeahen, mdiak

o Materialt Anaysis is emitted. Fos nuleas exak
paricle is seleased.
)Elasic Scattering
* Due to t e inevitaLle decay
no tntemal excitetiog of A. he ex cited Syrten, the ereihes
ct
colliding parztnes ie kinetic enes asenesqy will be eitted
a quantung of rsdition
is ons eoved.
aS a paote.
*k The paatile emission is pssibld
pssible de euitaion/ejechion radiatios
ouly Ak ecplace igyedialely)
e the paticle eissi oy*ee he deteto ad bas to
Hhold be plaed neas the irsadiation
+The type and enegy of he set up
Hhe clemet and tbeiz nunbea invcved ase larger aid eanting
measurs the quantit bas to be done sowse tige aftey
KAn eAnople of an inelastic he isadi ation is ove.
satteing tecique is the * Also, when camying out te
Proby Tnduced Xay Enission(etn) neutoy echvaion anayis using
meactos, it beomeipssible to
Nucleas Reactions
Keep the detectos neas te
( intesnchon blw Hhe inuidet prgech eat. bez op the lage net
dnission ofa tird
Gnission procle ozos adkted backgoound.
*he saple aftes tthe iradiatiem
trdi_uc is bascd on Hhe hype ef energy
aill be talcen away
auau frw the
imediaton set to the Gountig
pazhetelraialion
* The uclears echniguer depecls witlmombe and the outgoig radiation
Cunted hee. Such
oy the pazduction of indued
radioachirity ntthe sanaple anayris anayis
bewberdig with the pogjectiles nedhematical Basis of the
on tthe balfe
+ Depondig Puanitatine Fstiate
of the indued achivity , the tdhig eak imvcued in he
Mahemahes qunitate
Ceun be casited ioto : esliaien using nuclear tecwnesf
Do, line analysis elcwental onalyis
Pline analysishi
deegitd ve g Rel.*Caoss section Coi-
fastly, is tthe
ezote naelexs
When he bch fe is probabity of ocugTence of
Smal, typially less th an mllisent paxtula nudear intaction
albiphensaling
radiahicns
Hhe outgong deteto,et the * ttsexpssd in teya
Gounted in he deexiteg nit, f area, and the it uis
Same iye as the iradi aioy is
proeeding.
*The elevant Css secion in
nulkar anaytical tehu'que is theN,. Hhe tolal af taroqet
angle subkndel by the
cestin oging paakcde at a delec
ptulag angle gt the etos due to
inident dioecio n pes inu dest T''a accsechon
T

paxile pes ta get nucleus.

ae going to caleulale the beam
*(We gicles) - detetion e PPicieny of the
dedetr
By mea $ui ng N and anin
funchos f oie, the agle at al othe quan tihes, Ny a
whch eu obse aved deemined. Ne Mields the
witteyas
So CoSS Sectioy is intomaten on Hhe no
-(o)e doco. e Hhe atsin the teoget and
CDSS section peo herey the asount of the
unit sdid nale at o elemet
* The total coo$S sechioy is *1 Np2. is He no.
presétin he sampte
eutel
y intgoating
gies he enie r udei at a cetain tinme
ver all Solid angles and 'R' is the te of prduchs
GPut due to prejectik
bonbardent,
* e of outgeing partiles
detected at as ange o by d
detectos, eost the inident Whee N Tote of deg
beam, is given g of eated muclei.
Here tthe ade o prcduties
N,= TN doco) n, nT
R-IN Statathe
*IP the imadiati on
Where N; is prepertienal te
t*o,the
T : intensih of the inideat dNe
pRotdes pes anit areR of e
 dN,ct)
ogping parkeles
*ln Ouine anayis, the hal2f
adt
is ve shozt ie, the Caited
nuclei de Cay as st as they e
R-Np paoduced, and he mte o
-2dt amission of the otgoing
paroticles is gieny R IN
s*n oPPne anaysis, the
hall ife is omgpariirey lezgo
the tacited uclei decay ather
L (aN -R)- nl-R) -at Slay Ssuppose he iaoliatiog
is stapped at tige t=t and
b(R)--at the ountig fs done at tge t-t
take exponetial

-R
AN -R =-Re-At
AN = R-ReAt of counting
AN= R(l-et) * The ate o emi'ssiog op
N escited nulei peseu| cuyolng pagtles R'= ANpt)
poticles
and heae tAe nof
Np4) (-e2t enited /n¢p2les deted
adag
is.
is gieo
he achvid of saople
of uelei N=RÜ-eat)e-Acte-tan
i s e no
poeset in a sampk
instznt to the decay Goustat
R'Npt)A
R(t-eat
R'= INo-(-e-t)