Internship Experience at UPPCL 33/11 KV Substation:

Electrical Projects Department

Project Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Dr. A.P.J ABDUL
KALAM UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
Submitted by:

Ashish Kumar (2100910200021)

Internship Organization:
UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED
(UPPCL) 33/11 kv ,Electrical Projects Department
Submitted to:
Mr. Subhash Yadav
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
C-20/1, SECTOR – 62, NOIDA- 201301
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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report entitled "Internship Experience at UPPCL

33/11KV Substation: Electrical Projects Department" is a record of work
carried out by me during my internship at Uttar Pradesh Power
Corporation Limited (UPPCL). This report is a genuine and original piece of
work, and it has not been submitted to any other institution or
organization for any purpose. All the information presented in this report is
accurate to the best of my knowledge.
I understand that any breach of this declaration may lead to disciplinary actions by
my academic institution or UPPCL.

Signature:
Name: Ashish Kumar
Roll No: 2100910200021
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Uttar Pradesh Power

Corporation Limited (UPPCL) for providing me with the opportunity to undertake an
internship in the 33/11 KV Substation, Electrical Projects Department. This
internship has been an invaluable learning experience, and I am grateful for the
knowledge and insights I have gained.
I express my profound thanks to Dr. S. K. Sharma, HOD EE and seminar guide
Mr. Subhash Yadav, Assistant Professor EE, and all those who have
indirectly guided and helped me in preparation of this seminar.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to my mentor at UPPCL, Mr. Ram Janam, for their
guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the internship. Their expertise
and feedback have been instrumental in enhancing my understanding of electrical
engineering principles and practices.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their constant support and
encouragement throughout this internship.
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CERTIFICATE
 Page | 4

ABSTRACT

This report documents my internship experience at the Uttar Pradesh Power

Corporation Limited (UPPCL) 33/11KV Substation, specifically within the
Electrical Projects Department. The purpose of this internship was to deepen
my understanding of the electrical design basis for distribution systems
through theoretical studies and presentations. Key activities included
Transformer, Insulators,Circuit Breaker, Relay, Capacitor Bank, Fuse, Bus
Coupler. These studies provided valuable insights into the integration of
electrical components and adherence to industry standards, contributing to
my technical expertise in electrical engineering.
 Table of contents

1. Introduction 1-2

1.1 About 33/11 KV substation Indiranagar,Lucknow 1

Transformers 3-5
2.
3-5
2.1 Types of Transformers
4
2.1.1 Power transformer 4
2.1.2 Instrument transformer 5
2.1.3 Autotransformer 5
2.1.4 On the basis of working 5
2.1.5 On the basis of structure

3. Specification of C.T. used in 33/11 KV substation Sector-25,Indranagar 6

4. Substation 7-13

4.1 Types of substation 8

4.1.1 According to the service requirement 8

4.1.2 According to the constructional features 8

4.2 Substation characteristics 10

4.3 Steps in designing substation 10

4.3.1 Earthing and bonding 10

4.3.2 Substation earthing calculation methodology 11
4.3.3 Earthing material 11
4.3.4 Switch yard fence earthing 12

4.4 Conductors used in substation designing 12

5. Chronological training diary 14-17

5.1 Power line carrier communication(PLCC) 14

5.1.1 Applications 14
 5.2 Principle of PLCC 15

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap 15

5.2.2 Coupling capacitor 16
5.2.3 Protective device of coarse voltage arrester 16
5.2.4 Coupling of filter 16
5.2.5 H.F. cable 16

6. Bus bars 18-

7. Insulators 19

7.1 Circuit breakers 21 20-

7.2 Oil circuit breaker 22 25
7.3 Air blast circuit breaker 22
7.4 Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) circuit breaker 23
7.5 Vacuum circuit breaker 24

8. Metering and Indication equipment 26-29

8.1 Relay 26

8.2 Relays used in control panel of substation 27

8.2.1 Differential relay 27

8.2.2 Over current relay 27
8.2.3 Directional relay 28
 8.2.4 Tripping relay 28
8.2.5 Auxiliary relay 29

9. Miscellaneous Equipments 30-31

9.1 Capacitor bank 30 9.2 Fuse 31 9.3 Bus coupler 31

10. Protection of substation 32-33

10.1 Transformer protection 32

10.2 Conservation and breather 32
10.3 Marshalling box 32
10.4 Transformer cooling 33

11. Conclusion 34

References 35
 List of figures

Figure no. Name of figure Page no.

Figure 1.1 33/11 KV Substation Indiranagar 13

Figure 2.1 Transformer 44
Figure 2.2 Power transformer 55
Figure 2.3 Instrument transformer 56
Figure 2.4 Auto transformer 78
Figure 2.5 Core type 14
Figure 2.6 Shell type 18
Figure 3.1 Current transformer 20
Figure 4.1 View of substation 21
Figure 4.2 Transformer substation 22
Figure 5.1 Power line carrier communication (PLCC) 23
Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars 23
Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substation 24
Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements 26
Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker 27
Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker 27
Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker 28
Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker 28
Figure 8.1 Typical view of Relay 29
Figure 8.2 30
Differential Relay
Figure 8.3 31
Over current Relay
Figure 8.4 31
Directional Relay
Figure 8.5
Tripping Relay
Figure 8.6
Auxiliary Relay
Figure 9.1
Capacitor bank
Figure 9.2
Substation fuse
Figure 9.3
Bus coupler
 1. INTRODUCTION

The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14,
2000 is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of
the Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity.
UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run,
providing uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation

1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION

Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation

The main bus 33KV is connected to grid located at Naka Durgapuri, Ayodhya. Now the transmission
line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by CVT connected
parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps down at 110V. A.C. for control panel, at the location a
wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer is
connected in series with line which measure current and step down current at ratio 800:1 for control
panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an isolator
at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. The main bus has total
capability of 160 MVA for 33 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer capacity of 80 MVA
(40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two transformer capacity of 80KV
(40KV+40KV) are parallel connected for substation.
At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear
equipment provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 220KV to 33KV. The main bus is
provided with switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to six feeders
transmitting power to Naka Durgapuri. The main bus is connected to jack bus or transfer bus
through a bus coupler & 11KV is provided with switchgear equipment. This gives way to feeders
transmitting power to Devkali, Lucknow Road and Saketpuri

A step down transformer of 11KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply to the
equipments of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 11KV. It is provided to
improve power factor & voltage profile.
 2. TRANSFORMERS

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage
to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

2.1.1 Power transformer
2.1.2 Instrument transformer
2.1.3 Auto transformer
2.1.4 On the basis of working
2.1.5 On the basis of structure
 2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers

Types of power transformer:
2.1.1.1 Single phase transformer
2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

a) Current transformer
b) Potential transformer
 2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

a) Single phase transformer

b) Three phase transformer

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

2.1.4.1 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.
2.1.4.2 Step up : Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type

 3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 33/11 KV SUB STATION,
NAKA DURGAPURI,AYODHYA

Figure 3.1 Current transformer

3.1 Standard: IS-2785

3.2 Highest System Voltage: 145 KV
3.3 Frequency: 50Hz
3.4 C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec.
3.5 Rated primary current: 800 Ampere
 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1 View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant
stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is
delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or
33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is
called substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are:-
4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION

4.1.1 According to the service requirement:

4.1.1.1 Transformer substation
4.1.1.2 Switch substation
4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation
4.1.1.4 Frequency change substation
4.1.1.5 Converting substation
4.1.1.6 Industrial substation

4.1.2 According to the constructional features:

4.1.2.1 Indoor substation
4.1.2.3 Outdoor substation
4.1.2.4 Underground substation
4.1.2.5 Pole mounted substation

4.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 4.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purpose
surved.
transformer substations may be classified into:

4.1.1.1.1 STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of
electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to
11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV
lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of
outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V,
3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases
is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

4.2.1 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.

4.2.2 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
 4.2.3 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4.2.4 Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
4.2.5 Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit
breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.

4.3.1 Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system

connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to
pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation
and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that
there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:

4.3.1.1 Touch Voltage:

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at
earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

4.3.1.2 Step Voltage:

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his
feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

4.3.1.3 Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
4.3.2 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site measurements of
ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then analyzed to
determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation purposes.
Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the system is
catered for.

To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are
best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

4.3.3 Earthing Materials

4.3.3.4 Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.

4.3.3.4 Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

4.3.3.5 Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault
currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made
of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

4.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities. These are:

4.3.4.1 Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence
is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
4.3.4.2 Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main
substation earthing grid.

4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:

4.4.1 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
4.4.2 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self
weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and
atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
4S. h4 o. 3u l d be corona free at rated voltage.
4.4.4 Should have the minimum number of joints.
4.4.5 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
4.4.6 Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may
be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and
these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors
4.5 Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

4.5.1 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

4.5.2 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The
following clearances should be observed:

LEVEL

less than 11kV 6.1m

11kV - 20kV 6.4m

20kV - 30kV 6.7m

7.0m
 5. CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY
( based on study & observation at different Departments and
sections)

5.1 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economical power supply. To reduce
the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum working
condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit communication network is
indispensable for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a far
distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in neither
reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which interconnected, hence
power line carrier communication is found to be most economical and reliable for electricity boards.
5.1.1 APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
5.1.1.1 Telephony
5.1.1.2 Teleprotection
5.1.1.3 Remote control or indication
5.1.1.4 Telemetry
5.1.1.5 Teleprinting

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:

The principle of PLCC is the simple one:
All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated
HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the
respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more common
but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the high
voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to
high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which
will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute
protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap:

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling
capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands
electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the
basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
5.2.1.1 ALL WAVE
5.2.1.2 SINGAL FREQUENCY
5.2.1.3 DOUBLE FREQUENCY
5.2.1.4 BROAD BAND
5.2.2 Coupling capacitor:
The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially designed to with
stand line voltage under all weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected
directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier frequency chock
coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power
line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal atmospheric
phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load, nominal
wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a
source of line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

5.2.3 Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the bottom of
the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the coupling filter
against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to 2KV as observed
across due to lighting etc. on line.

5.2.4 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor and the
carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Some time an earth switch is also provided with
this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of equipment
from the power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the power line to that
of the H.F. cable to connection equipments.

5.2.5 H.F. Cable:

H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The cable is
insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to match
with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling filter.
5.2.5.1 TYPES OF COUPLING:
The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the
requirement:
5.2.5.1.1 Phase to ground coupling
5.2.5.1.2 Phase to phase coupling
5.2.5.1.3 Internal coupling

5.2.5.2 COUPLING LOSSES:

5.2.5.2.1 Composite loss
5.2.5.2.2 Tapping loss
5.2.5.2.3 H.F. cable loss
5.2.5.2.4 Additional loss
 6. BUSBARS

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made
up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
6.1 Single bus bar system
6.2 Single bus bar system with section alisation.
6.3 Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little
as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In
some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the
isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit
breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any
section is required.
 7. INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.)
and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator
is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast
iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.

Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break a
circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short circuit
condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the
system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some
 mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able
to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

7.1. Circuit breakers

They can be classified into:
7.1.1 Oil circuit breaker
7.1.2 Air-blast circuit breaker
7.1.3 Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers

Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.
7.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish
the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure
produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a
restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

7.3 Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The
air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker
operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and
 important lines where rapid operation is desired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken
from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with
valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow
insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers to each
other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage
between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly is
mounted on insulators.

7.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker

In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage
service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating
10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the
contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow
towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through
these holes.

7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage
circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit
breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby
preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been
utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.
7.2.1 Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:
7.2.1.1 Breaking current: 50A
7.2.1.2 Making capacity: 80KA
7.2.1.3 Total break time < 60msec
7.2.1.4 Rated short circuit breaking current:
7.2.1.4.1 Symmetrical: 31.5 KA
7.2.1.4.2 Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA
7.2.1.5 Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec
7.2.1.6 Rated nominal current: 1250 A
7.2.1.7 Rated voltage: 145 KV
7.2.1.8 Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 KG
 8. METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT

8.1 RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in
the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage
circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays
detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current,
phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing in
the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil,
causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker
making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the
rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the
following two main operating principles:
8.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay
8.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay
8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation;

8.1.3 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure 8.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the
pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

8.1.4 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.
 8.1.5 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure8.4 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The
direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

8.1.6 TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in
the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section
8.1.7 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.
 9. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT

9.1 CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging
currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of
load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

9.1.1 Supply reactive power

9.1.2 Increases terminal voltage
9.1.3 Improve power factor
 9.2 FUSE:

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it for
sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the fuse
element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption functions.

9.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.
 10. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION:

10.1 Transformer protection:

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances
of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may
be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides
adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.

10.2 Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up
or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value
in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank.

Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils
the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in
or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

10.3 Marshalling box:

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If
there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer.

10.4 Transformer cooling:

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of
heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling method,sthey are as follows:

10.4.1 Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used
for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

10.4.2 Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous blast of
filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces the
blast.

10.4.3 Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling
medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil
becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling
tank.

10.4.4 Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers
immersed in oil.

10.4.5 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant.
Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

10.4.6 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.
 11. CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are
made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various
parts of the Substation system.
The Uttar Pradesh Cooperation Limited has got radio communication in microwave range in order
to transmit and receive data with various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable
transmission and distribution of electricity.
References

1. www.yahooanswers.com
2. www.britannica.com

3. www.webopedia.com

4. www.encyclopedia.com

5. www.worldbook.com

6. www.encyclopediadramatica.com/