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com/

CLASS-XII
COMPUTER SCIENCE-PYTHON (083)
UNIT-II COMPUTER NETWORKS

By: Vikash Kumar Yadav

PGT-Computer Science
K.V. No.-IV ONGC Vadodara

S. No. Topic Page No.

8.1 Evolution of Networking 2
8.2 Switching Techniques 2
8.3 Data Communication Terminologies 3
8.4 Networking Concepts 4
8.5 Transmission Medium 5
8.6 Network Devices 6
8.7 Network Topology 10
8.8 Network Protocol 14
8.9 Mobile Telecommunication Technologies 16
8.10 E-Mail (Electronic Mail) 19
8.11 Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing 20
8.12 Network threats (Malware) 20
8.13 Prevention from threats 21
8.14 Firewall 21
8.15 HTTPS 22
8.16 Information Technology Act, 2000 22
8.17 Cyber Law 23
8.18 Cyber Crime 23
8.19 Hacking 23
8.20 IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) Issues 23
8.21 Introduction to web services 24
8.22 E-Commerce 27

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 CHAPTER-8 COMPUTER NETWORKS

8.1 Evolution of Networking:

ARPANET: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early
packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both
technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.

Internet: A network of networks.

WWW: World Wide Web started on 6th August 1991, started by ‘ Berners Lee’ .

Interspace: Interspace is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to

communicate online with real-time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments.
Interspace provides the most advanced form of communication available on the Internet
today.

8.2 Switching Techniques:

It is a way to send a message from sender to receiver. Information may be switched as it

travels through various communication channels. There are three typical switching
techniques available for digital traffic.

• Circuit Switching
• Packet Switching
• Message Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Sends data in small blocks, called packets.

Requires point to point connections during
Packets reassembled in proper sequence at
calls.
the receiver end.

Required dedicated connection Not required dedicated connection

Circuit-switched networks were used for

packet-switched networks handled data
phone calls

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 Packet Switching

8.3 Data Communication Terminologies:

Channel: A channel is a separate path through which signals can flow. A channel has a
certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or
its data rate in bits per second.

Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a
network in a given amount of time, usually expressed in bits per second or bps.

Data Transfer Rate: The data transfer rate of a computer network connection is normally
measured in units of bits per second (bps).

Larger units are Kbps, Mbps and Gbps, KBps, MBps,GBps

bps means bit per second.

Bps means Byte per second

1 kilobit per second (Kbps) = 1000 bits per second (bps).

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1 megabit per second (Mbps) = 1000 Kbps or 10002 bps.

1 gigabit per second (Gbps) = 1000 Mbps

1 Terabit per second (Tbps) = 1000 Gbps

8.4 Networking Concepts:

Network:- To connect the more than one devices via a medium, is called network.

Why do we need network?

1. Communication
2. Resource sharing
3. Reduce Cost

Types of Network:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. Personal Area Network (PAN)

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 1. LAN:

*Use in small local area, like in an institute or an organization.

* Devices are connected via physical medium.
* Limited distance, up to 150 Meter.
* Example – Intranet
2. MAN:

* Larger than LAN.

* Used in Metropolitan cities.
*Range up to 50 KM.
3. WAN:

* Large network
* Public
* Example – Internet
4. PAN:

* For very small distance

* Private Communication
* Example: Bluetooth

8.5 Transmission Medium:

A medium which is used to connect the devices and transfers the data from one device to
another device.

Medium

Wired Wireless
(Guided) (Unguided)

Twisted Co-axial Optical Radio Micro Satellite Wi-Fi, infrared,

Pair Cable Cable Fiber wave wave Comm. Bluetooth
Cable
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8.6 Network Devices:

1. Modem
2. Hub
3. Switch
4. Gateway
5. Bridge
6. Router
7. Repeater
8. NIC (Network Interface Card)
9. RJ45 Connector

1. Modem:
 The full form of modem is Modulator and demodulator.
 A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over
telephone or cable lines.
 A modem converts analog signal to digital signal and vice- versa.
 Modem connects computer to internet.
 There are two types of modem:
a. Internal Modem

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 b. External Modem

Telephone pole

Modem

Fig. : Working of Modem

2. Hub:
 A network device that contains multiple ports.
 Provides multiple connections.
 When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets.
 Two types of hub :
a. Active Hub
b. Passive Hub

Fig: Hub Fig. : Active and Passive Hub

3. Switch:
 A switch is called smart hub.
 Provides multiple connections
 A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
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 Fig: Switch

HUB SWITCH

Passes the frame to a specific port,

Hub passes the frame to every port.
because it keeps a record of MAC address.

Creates lot of traffic on network Less traffic

Hub shares its bandwidth with each and
Switch allocates full bandwidth to each of
every port, so bandwidth divided among
its port. So user always access maximum
all the nodes, which will degrade
amount of bandwidth.
performance.
Slow speed Fast speed

4. Gateway:
 A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
 Used to connect two dissimilar networks.

WAN LAN

5. Bridge:
A device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same
LAN that use the same protocol, such as Ethernet.
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 LAN-1

LAN-2

6. Router:
A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected
to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs. Routers are located
at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.
A router acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best path for information to travel so it’s
received quickly.

7. Repeater:
Network repeaters regenerate and amplify the weak signals to transmit the information
for long distance.

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8. NIC (Network Interface Card): NIC card has a physical address of a system; this
physical address known as MAC address.

A MAC address is a 6- byte address with each byte separated by a colon. First 3-bytes have
Manufacturer id and last 3-bytes represent Card id.

10:BE:05:56:3F:CB
Manufacturer id Card id

9. RJ45 Connector: It is used for connecting computers onto Ethernet-based local area
networks (LAN). RJ stands for Registered Jack. It is a standardize networking interface. 45
is the number of the interface standard. It has 8-pins.

8.7 Network Topology:

The term Topology refers to the way/layout in which the various nodes or computers of a
network are linked together.
The following factors are considered while selecting a topology:
1. Cost
2. Reliability
3. Scalability
4. Bandwidth capacity
5. Ease of installation
6. Ease of troubleshooting
7. Delay involved in routing information from one node to another.
Types of Topologies

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 1. Bus Topology
It consists of one continuous length of cable (trunk) that is shared by all the nodes in the
network and a terminating resistor (terminator) at each end that absorbs the signal when it
reaches the end of line. Without a terminator the electrical signal would reach the end of
copper wire and bounce back, causing errors on the network.
Data communication message travels along the bus in both directions until it is picked up by
a workstation or server NIC. If the message is missed or not recognized, it reaches the end of
the cabling and dissipates at the terminator. Bus Network Topology requires a multipoint
connection.

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Easy to install and the use for small 1. If the main cable fails the entire network
networks. collapses.
2. Requires less cable 2. Difficult to reconfigure, due to more
connections.

3. Failure of one node does not affect the 3. Difficult to troubleshoot

network functioning.
4. Cost is less 4. Slow, due to traffic on single cable
5. New node can be easily added 5. Only one device transmits at a time, other
devices wait for their turn.

2. Ring Topology
The physical ring Topology is a circular loop of point-to-
point links. Message travel around the ring from node to node
in a very organized manner. Each workstation checks the
message for a matching destination address. If the address
doesn’t match the node simply regenerates the message and
sends it on its way. If the address matches, the node accepts
the message and sends a reply to the originating sender.

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Easy to troubleshoot 1. Requires more cable

2. There is no master computer on controller. 2. More Expensive
3. There are no collisions. 3. A break in cable ring brings down entire
1. 4. Fast speed network

2. 5. Easy fault detection and isolation 4. Data flows in single direction

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 3. Star Topology
The physical star Topology uses a central controlling hub with dedicated legs pointing in all
directions – like points of a star. Each network
device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the
central hub. There is no direct link between these
computers and the computers can communicate via
central controller only.

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Easier to add new node or modify any 1. Central node dependency. If the central
existing node without disturbing network. controller or hub fails, entire system
2. Fast Speed collapses.

3. If any local computer or link fails, the entire 2. Cabling cost is more
system does not collapse 3. Difficult to install
4. Easy fault detection and isolation
5. Central node control

4. Mesh Topology
In mesh topology, each node is connected to every other
node in the network i.e. each node has a dedicated point
to point link to every other node as shown. Dedicated
means that the link carries the traffic only between two
devices it connects.
In this way there exist multiple paths between two nodes
of the network. In case of failure of one path, the other
one can be used.

Advantages Disadvantages

1. It is robust. Failure of one node does not 1. Network installation and reconfiguration
collapse the entire system. difficult.
2. No traffic congestion 2. High cabling cost. If there are n nodes in
3. Dedicated links ensure faster transmission the network then each node has (n-1)
connections.
4. Point to point links makes fault
identification and isolation easier.

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 5. Tree Topology
This topology has Hierarchical structure. This topology connects the node via hubs. Hub,
which is present at top level, is called root hub or active hub. Another hub is called
secondary hub or passive hub.

Advantages Disadvantages
 1. New node can be added easily.  1. If the backbone line breaks, the entire
 2. Signal can travel for long distance. segment goes down.
 3. Isolate and prioritize communication.  2. More difficult to configure
 3. Higher cabling cost

6. Hybrid Topology:
It is a composition of more than one topology.

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8.8 Network Protocol:

1. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol – 4 layers

Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet
Network Interface

2. IP: Internet Protocol

Each computer has unique address over internet, is called IP address. An IP address is an
identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network.

Two types:

I. IPv4 (32-bits or 4-bytes) : IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-

decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0
to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 192.168.1.1.
II. IPv6 (128-bits or 16-bytes)

3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): use to transfer files from one computer to another computer.

4. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

5. HTTP( HyperText Transfer Protocol): To transfer the hypertext pages over internet.

6. Telnet (TELecommunication NETwork) : A network protocol that allows a user on one

computer to log into another computer(remote) that is part of the same network or on the
internet.
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7. GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony
system that digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot.

8. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital air interface standard,
claiming eight to fifteen times the capacity of traditional analog cellular systems.

Each user is separated by a unique code; all users can share the same frequency band.
CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, which means that it spreads the information
contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original
signal.

9. GPRS: General Packet Radio Service is a packet-switching technology that enables data
transfers through cellular networks (wireless). It is used for mobile internet, MMS and other
data communications. In theory the speed limit of GPRS is 115 kbps, but in most networks it
is around 35 kbps.

10. WLL: Wireless Local Loop is a system that connects subscribers to the local telephone
station wirelessly.

Fig. : Architecture of WLL

FSU : Fixed Subscriber Unit BSC : Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station

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8.9 Mobile Telecommunication Technologies:

Firstly, when wireless generation started, it was analog communication. That generation is
1G. They used various analog modulation for data transfer. Now when the communication
migrated from analog to digital, the foundation of latest communication were led. Hence
came 2G.
1G Technology:
 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s.
 It’s Speed was upto 2.4kbps, allowed the voice calls in one country.
 It used Analog Signal and AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems

Drawbacks:
 Poor Voice Quality
 Poor Battery Life
 Large Phone Size
 No Security
 Limited Capacity
 Poor Handoff Reliability

2G Technology:
 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991 and used digital signals.
 It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.

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Features include:

 It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media
message).
 It provides better quality and capacity.

Drawbacks:
 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network
coverage in any specific area, digital signals would weak.
 These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

3G Technology:
 3G technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year 2000s.
 Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.
 Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer
rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files.

Features Include:
 Providing Faster Communication
 Send/Receive Large Email Messages
 High Speed Web / More Security
 Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
 Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

Drawbacks:
 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
 It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
 High Bandwidth Requirement
 Expensive 3G Phones.
 Large Cell Phones
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 4G Technology:
 4G technology refer to or short name of fourth Generation which was started from late
2000s.
 Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
 One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.

Features Include:
 Mobile Multimedia
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Services
 Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere
 The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and
expanded multimedia services.
 Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
 High QOS and High Security
 Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements, anywhere.
 More Security
 High Speed
 High Capacity
 Low Cost Per-bit

Drawbacks:
 Battery uses is more
 Hard to implement
 Need complicated hardware
 Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

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The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal quality.

Technology 3G 4G

Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile – TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz

Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps

8.10 E-Mail (Electronic Mail):

E-Mail is a method to send the messages in digital form. E-mail is a message that may
contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified
individual or group of individuals.
gmail server yahoo server

SMTP

POP3/IMAP

[email protected] (Sender) [email protected] (Receiver)

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol which is used to transfer the e-mail
from sender side. This protocol is known as push protocol.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3): This protocol is used to access e-mail from the
server to receiver. This protocol is known as pull protocol.

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IMAP(Internet Mail Access Protocol) : Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an
Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail
server over a TCP/IP connection.

8.11 Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing:

VoIP : VoIP (voice over IP) is the transmission of voice and multimedia content over Internet
Protocol (IP) networks. This protocol is used for chat and video conferencing over internet.

Wi-Fi : Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is the name of a popular wireless

networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and
network connections.

WiMax : WiMAX technology is a broadband wireless data communications technology

based around the IEE 802.16 standard providing high speed data over a wide area. The letters
of WiMAX stand for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (AXess), and it is
a technology for point to multipoint wireless networking.

8.12 Network threats (Malware):

Malware is an abbreviated term meaning “malicious software.” This is software that is

specifically designed to gain access or damage a computer without the knowledge of the
owner.

1. Virus
2. Worms
3. Trojan Horse
4. Cookies
5. Spams
6. Spyware
7. Adware

1. Virus: A virus is a piece of program code that attaches itself to legitimate program code,
and runs when the legitimate program runs. It can then infect other programs in that computer
or network.

A virus can be repaired, and its damage can be controlled by using good backup procedure.

2. Worms: A worm does not perform any destructive actions, and instead, only consumes
system resources to bring it down. A virus modifies a program; a worm however does not
modify a program. Instead it replicates itself again and again.

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3. Trojan horse: A Trojan horse is a hidden piece of code, like a virus. A virus modifies
information whereas A Trojan horse attempts to reveal confidential information to an
attacker.

4. Cookies: A cookie is just one or more pieces of information stored as text strings in a text
file on the disk of the client computer (i.e. the web browser).

5. Spam: irrelevant or unsolicited messages sent over the Internet, typically to large numbers
of users, for the purposes of advertising, phishing, spreading malware, etc.

6. Spyware - Software that may be installed as part of another program. It may also be
installed when a user visits a website with malicious code or when an already running process
loads and installs it. This program is designed to report on what the user does to the program
creator.

7. Adware: software that automatically displays or downloads advertising material such as

banners or pop-ups when a user is online.

8.13 Prevention from threats:

 Use Genuine and licensed softwares. Avoid pirated softwares.

 Visit authentic and official websites.
 Never download the contents or files from suspicious websites.
 Never share your password or account number over email or message.
 Do not follow links from e-mails when performing financial transaction.
 Be aware of callers, pop-ups, websites or emails asking for personal information.
 Use firewall and reliable anti-virus software.
 Never share your personal information in public domain.
 Regularly change the passwords of your account.

8.14 Firewall:
A firewall is a device (or software feature) designed to control the flow of traffic into and
out-of a network. In general, firewalls are installed to prevent attacks.

Hardware Firewall vs Software Firewall:

Hardware Firewall:

 Protect an entire network

 Implemented on router level
 Usually more expensive, harder to configure

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Software Firewall:

 Protect a single computer

 Usually less expensive, easier to configure

How does a software firewall works:

 Inspects each individual “packet” of data as it arrives at either side of the firewall.
 Determines whether it should be allowed to pass through or if it should be blocked.

Types of Firewall:

1. Packet filtering firewall

2. Application level gateway
3. Circuit level gateway

8.15 HTTPS:

HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is the protocol where encrypted
HTTP data is transferred over a secure connection. HTTPS does encryption of data between
a client and a server, which protects against eavesdropping, forging of information and
tampering of data.

8.16 Information Technology Act, 2000

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of
the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing
with cybercrime and electronic commerce.

The original Act contained 94 sections, divided in 19 chapters and 4 schedules. The laws
apply to the whole of India. Persons of other nationalities can also be indicted under the law,
if the crime involves a computer or network located in India.

The Act provides legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition
to electronic records and digital signatures.

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Commission of cybercrime may be divided into three basic groups:

 Individual
 Organisation
 Society at Large
Against Individual
 Harassment via Emails
 Cyber Stalking
 Dissemination of obscene material
 Defamation
 Hacking/Cracking Indecent Exposure
 Computer Vandalism
 Transmitting a Virus
 Network Trespassing
 Unauthorized Control over Computer System
 Hacking/Cracking

Against Organisation
 Hacking & Cracking
 Possession of unauthorized Information
 Cyber- Terrorism against Government Organization
 Distribution of Pirated Software Etc

Against Society at Large

 Pornography
 Polluting the youth through indecent exposure
 Trafficking

8.17 Cyber Law: Cyber law or Internet law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues
related to use of the Internet. It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or
contract law, as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation.

8.18 Cyber Crime: Criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet.

8.19 Hacking: gain unauthorized access to data in a system or computer.

8.20 IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) Issues:

Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual property rights (IPR) is the term applied to the
legal protection afforded to innovative and creative materials. It allows owner of IPR to
gain from the use of the material and thereby to encourage innovation and creativity.

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IPR Issues:

o Copyright law
o The law of confidence
o Patent law
o Design law
o Trademarks
o Copyright and computer programs
o Database copyright and the database right
o Criminal offences

8.21 Introduction to web services:

8.21.1 WWW: World Wide Web is an information system where websites and webpages
are interconnected and accessible through URL. It is also known as Web.

8.21.2 HTML: HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML describes the structure and design of Web pages using markup
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the
page
 The current version of HTML is HTML 5.0

A simple HTML Code: OUTPUT

<html>
<head>
<title>My first web page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph </p>
</body>
</html>

8.21.3 XML :

 XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language

 XML is a markup language much like HTML
 XML was designed to store and transport data
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  XML was designed to be self-descriptive
 XML is a W3C Recommendation

S.
HTML XML
No.
1 HyperText Markup Language. eXtensible Markup Language.

XML was designed to be a software and hardware

designed to display data with focus on how
2 independent tool used to transport and store data,
data looks.
with focus on what data is.
3 HTML is case insensitive. XML is case sensitive.
HTML is used for designing a web-page to be XML is used basically to transport data between
4
rendered on the client side. the application and the database.

5 HTML has its own predefined tags. Uses custom tags defined by the user.
HTML is not strict if the user does not use the XML makes it mandatory for the user the close
6
closing tags. each tag that has been used.
7 HTML does not preserve white space. XML preserves white space.
XML is about carrying information hence
8 HTML is about displaying data, hence static.
dynamic.

8.21.4 Domain Name:

Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. Domain names are used in
URLs to identify particular web page.

For example, http://www.kvongcbrd.com/english-results.htm

URL http://www.kvongcbrd.com/english-results.htm
Domain Name kvongcbrd.com
Web Page english-results.htm
Protocol http

Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to.
There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:
 gov - Government agencies
 edu - Educational institutions
 org - Organizations (nonprofit)
 mil - Military
 com - commercial business
 net - Network organizations
 in - India
 th – Thailand
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Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names, every Web server require
a Domain Name System (DNS) server to translate domain names into IP addresses.

8.21.5 URL: Uniform Resource Locator. It is the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web.

8.21.6 Website: Collection of web pages which are interlinked to one another. These pages
are hypertext pages and link between pages is known as hyperlink.

8.21.7 Web browser: It is application software though which user can access internet.
Example: internet explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, opera, UC browser

8.21.8 Web Server: A web server is a system that uses HTTP to accept request and serve the
web pages as response to users. Every web server has IP address.

Example: Apache web server, Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS)

and nginx (pronounced engine X) from NGNIX.

8.21.9 Web Hosting: Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to
post a website on to the Internet.
A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and
services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted,
or stored, on special computers called servers.
8.21.10 Web Scripting: Programming languages which are used to design dynamic web
pages, are known as web scripting languages. There are two types of web scripting languages:

1. Client Side Scripting

2. Server Side Scripting

1. Client Side Scripting: The programming language which executes on client side is
known as client side scripting.

There are many client-side scripting languages:

 JavaScript
 VBScript
 HTML (Structure)
 AJAX
 jQuery etc.

2. Server Side Scripting: program that runs directly on the server.

There are several languages that can be used for server-side programming:
 PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor )
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  ASP (Active Server Pages)
 Java and JSP( Java Server Pages)
 Python

8.21.11 Cloud Computing: Sharing the resources over internet. A user can access
hardware and software remotely on a network or internet by paying some money or free.
Example: Google drive, One drive etc.

8.21.12 Web 2.0 : The second stage of development of the Internet, characterized
especially by the change from static web pages to dynamic web pages and the growth of
social media.

8.21.13 VoLTE: Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) is a standard for high-speed
wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals.

8.22 E-Commerce:
E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. E-commerce means buying and selling of
goods, products and services over the internet. Transactions through internet or electronic
media is also a part of e-commerce.
There are four types of transactions in e-commerce:
i. Business to Business (B2B)
ii. Business to Customer(B2C)
iii. Customer to Business(C2B)
iv. Customer to Customer(C2C)

The money/payment can be transferred using different ways, which are:

A. Online Banking
B. Mobile Banking
C. Payment Apps and services (e-Wallet, UPI)

A. Online Banking: Online Banking used different types of methods to make the payment.
It includes Internet Banking and payment using Debit/Credit Cards.

Internet Banking: It is a simple way of paying for online purchases directly from the
customer’s bank. Net banking does not require the user to have a card for payment purposes
but the user needs to register with his/her bank for the net banking facility. While completing
the purchase the customer just needs to put in their net banking userid and password.

Payment using Debit/Credit Card: It is similar to internet banking. To make the transaction
using debit/credit card, a user should know the card number, name on the card, CVV/CVN
number, Valid through etc.

CVV: Card Verification Value

CVN: Card Verification Number
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B. Mobile Banking: Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial
institution that allows its customers to conduct financial transactions remotely using a mobile
device such as a smartphone or tablet.

C. Payment Apps and Services: A user has to create an account with these apps. It is a
prepaid account that allows a customer to store multiple credit cards, debit card and bank
account numbers in a secure environment. This eliminates the need to key in account
information every time while making payments. Once the customer has registered and created
E-Wallet profile, he/she can make payments faster.

Example: BHIM, Paytm, PhonePe etc.

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