Far-reaching = likely to have lots far-reaching

of influence or many consequences/

effects changes
shed = to get rid of The factory is shedding
something that is no a large number of jobs
longer wanted
Recent research has
Cast/shed/throw light shed new light on the
on something = to cause of the disease.
make a problem, etc.
easier to understand
mutation = a change in the In humans, mutations
form or structure of of this gene are
something associated with
increased risk of heart
disease.
undergo = to experience Some children undergo
something, especially a complete
a change or transformation when
something they become
unpleasant teenagers.
Throughout = during the whole The museum is open
period of time of sth daily throughout the
year.
Cub = a young lion, bear,
wolf
Fast (v) = to eat little or no During Ramadan they
food for a period of fast from dawn to
time, especially for sunset.
religious or medical
reasons
deplete = to reduce Supplies are depleting
something by a large fast.
amount so that there Our cash reserves are
is not enough left; to being depleted at an
be reduced by a large alarming rate.
amount
paradox = a person, thing or It is a curious paradox
situation that has two that professional
opposite features and comedians often have
therefore seems unhappy personal lives.
strange
Capacity = the ability to She has an enormous
understand or to do capacity for hard work.
something Limited resources are
restricting our capacity
for developing new
products.
resort Resort to sth = the There are hopes that
act of using the conflict can be
something, especially resolved without resort
something bad or to violence.
unpleasant, because
nothing else is
possible
mechanism = a method or a Mechanism for dealing
system for achieving with complaints from
something the general public

The college has

established an
effective student
support mechanism.
Anecdotal (of an account or Anecdotal evidence
/ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/ evidence) possibly suggests
not true or accurate
because it is based
on personal accounts
rather than facts or
research
Manipulate = to control, use or Computers are very
change something efficient at
with skill manipulating
information.
dislodge = to remove The earthquake
something or dislodged stones from
someone, especially the walls and the roof.
by force, from a fixed
position
Deliberate = done on purpose The speech was a
rather than by deliberate attempt to
accident embarrass the
government.
As for sth/sb = used to start As for food for the
 talking about sb/sth party, that’s all being
taken care of.
Out of = used to show the I asked out of curiosity.
something reason why As for emotions, while
something is done the evidence is once
again anecdotal, many
bears have been seen
to hit out at ice and
snow – seemingly out
of frustration.
Seemingly = in a way that a seemingly endless
appears to be true journey
but many in fact not a seemingly stupid
be question
Majestic Beautiful, powerful or If climate change were
causing great to lead to their
admiration or respect existence, this would
mean not only the loss
of potential
breakthroughs in
human medicine, but
more importantly, the
disappearance of an
intelligent, majestic
animals
Alongside = together with or at Traditional beliefs still
the same time as flourish alongside a
sth/sb modern urban lifestyle
Peripheral = not as important as Peripheral information
the main aim, part, Fund-raising is
etc of something peripheral to their main
activities
Novice = a person who is I’m a complete novice
new and has little at skiing
experience in a skill,
job or situation
Creep into = to begin to happen As she became more
or affect something tired, errors began to
creep into her work
Discourage = to try to prevent I leave a light on when
something or prevent I’m out to discourage
sb from doing burglars
 something
Transparent = allowing you to see A campaign to make
through it official documents
= easy to understand more transparent
(of language,
information)
Meantime = until something Your computer won’t
expected happens, or arrive until Thursday. In
while something else the meantime, you can
is happening use Jude’s.
Regarding = relating to sb/sth; She has nothing
about sb/sth regarding your request.
Call me if you have any
problems regarding
your work.
Legitimate = allowed by law The army must give
/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/ = reasonable and power back to the
acceptable legitimate government.

He claimed that the

restaurant bill was a
legitimate business
expense.
Envisage = to imagine what It is very difficult to
will happen in the envisage how people
future will react.
Fallacy = a false idea that It is a fallacy to say
many people believe that the camera never
is true lies.
Apocalyptic = describing very Apocalyptic warnings of
serious damage and the end of society
destruction in past or
future events
Misguided = unreasonable or He was shot as he
unsuitable because of made a misguided
being based on bad attempt to stop robbers
judgment or wrong single-handed.(=
information of beliefs without any help from
anyone else)
The advent = the advent of The advent of new
sth/sb the coming of technology
an important event, The advent of the child
 person, invention, etc had caused problems
in their relationship.
Call to arms = a strong request to A leading
fight in the army, a environmentalist has
strong request to issued a call to arms to
defend something or companies and the
get ready for a fight public to do more
about something about plastic waste
Pre-empt = to prevent A good training course
something from will pre-empt many
happening by taking problems.
action to stop it
Subsistence = the state of having Many families are living
just enough money or below the level of
food to stay alive subsistence.
Monument Monument to sb/sth A monument to him
= a building, column, was erected (= build)
statue, etc built to in St Paul’s Cathedral
remind people of a
famous person or
event
Tribute = tribute to sb/sth His recovery is a
showing the good tribute to the doctors’
effects or influence of skill.
something/sb
As far as sth If we are discussing As far as
is concerned or thinking about a unemployment’s
particular thing concerned, a change of
policy on job creation
would be a good idea.
Reign = to be a king or a
queen
Deceased = dead
Conceive = to imagine I think my uncle still
conceives of me as
four-year-old boy
Progressively = steadily and The situation was
continuously becoming more
progressively difficult
Go through
Owing to = because of Owing to his illness, he
could not continue with
 his studies
Known = known about, The disease has no
especially by a lot of known cure.
people
Ring = surround The village is ringed
with beautiful forests.
Incorporate = to include We have incorporated
something so that it all the latest safety
forms a part of features into the
something design.
Accomplishm = achievement, a Her technical
ent skill or ability, accomplishment on the
piano is startling.
Precaution = something is done A precaution against
in advance in order to customers who try to
prevent problems or leave without paying
avoid danger
Intricate = having a lot of
different parts and
small details that fit
together
Overlook = to fail to see or In my hurry to finish
notice something the exam I had
overlooked part of one
of the questions.
Exaggeration = to make something He tends to exaggerate
Exaggerate seem larger, better, the difficulities.
worse or more
important than it
really is
Revolutionar = involving a great or The effects of
y complete change techonogical
development are
revolutionary.

Reflex = an action or a The training is

movement of your designed to sharpen
body that happens the fighter’s reflexes.
naturally in response
to something and
that you cannot
control; something
 that you do without
thinking
course = the way something This was an event that
develops or should changed the course of
develop history.
(development) She repeatedly raised
the issue during the
course of the
campaign.
condition
Byproduct = a substance that is When burnt, plastic
produced during the produces dangerous
process of making or by-products.
destroying something
else
Metabolism = the chemical The body’s metabolism
processes in living is slowed down by
things that change extreme cold.
food, etc into energy
and materials for
growth
shrub
olatile = (of a situation) Exporting the product
likely to change was difficult due to a
suddenly; easily volatile exchange rate.
becoming dangerous

Monumentall = (used to describe Monumentally stupid

y negative qualities)
extremely
Call for = need something I’ve been promoted.
This calls for a
celebration

legibly = in a way that is Please write legibly

clear enough to read
Remedy = to correct or This situation is easily
improve something remedied.

Sluggishly = more slowly than

normal and in a way
that seems lazy
Jam = push something He jammed his fingers
somewhere with a lot in his ears.
of force
Thereby = as a result of this Regular exercise
action strengthens the heart,
thereby reducing the
risk of heart attack
Seemingly = appearing to be He remains confident
sth, especially when and seemingly
this is not true untroubled by his
recent problems.
Deposit = a layer of The region has many
substance that has deposits of valuable oil.
formed naturally
underground
Livestock
Brittleness = the fact of being The hardness and
hard but easily brittleness of coal
broken