MINIMUM LEARNING MATERIAL – 2024

HSC – FIRST YEAR – PHYSICS

PART – 1 – CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER (ONE MARK QUESTIONS – BOOK BACK)

UNIT - 1. UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

1. One of the combinations from the fundamental physical constants is ℎ𝑐/𝐺. The
unit of this expression is
A) 𝒌𝒈𝟐 B) 𝑚3 C) 𝑠 −1 D) 𝑚
2. If the error in the measurement of radius is 2%, then the error in the
determination of volume of the sphere will be
A) 8% B) 2% C) 4% D) 6%
3. If the length and time period of an oscillating pendulum have errors of 1% and
3% respectively, then the error in measurement of acceleration due to gravity
is
A) 4% B) 5% C) 6% D) 7%
4. The length of a body is measured as 3.51 𝑚, if the accuracy is 0.01 𝑚, then the
percentage error in the measurement is
A) 351 % B) 1 % C) 0.28 % D) 0.035 %
5. Which of the following has the highest number of significant figures?
A) 0.007𝑚 2 B) 2.64 × 1024 𝑘𝑔 C) 0.0006032 𝑚 2
D) 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐽
6. If 𝜋 = 3.14, then the value of 𝜋 2 is
A) 9.8596 B) 9.860 C) 9.86 D) 9.9
7. Round of the following number 19.95 into three significant figures.
A) 19.9 B) 20.0 C) 20.1 D) 19.5
8. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities have same dimension?
A) Force and power B) Torque and energy
C) Torque and power D) Force and torque
9. The dimensional formula of Planck’s constant h is
A) [𝑴𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟏 ] B)[𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3 ] C) [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1 ] D) [𝑀𝐿3 𝑇 −3 ]
0. The velocity of a particle v at an instant ‘t’ is given by 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 2. The
dimensions of b is
A) [L] B) [𝐿𝑇 −1 ] C) [𝐿𝑇 −2 ] D) [𝑳𝑻−𝟑 ]
11. The dimensional formula for gravitational constant G is
A) [𝑀𝐿3 𝑇 −2 ] B) [𝑴−𝟏 𝑳𝟑 𝑻−𝟐 ] C) [𝑀−1 𝐿−3 𝑇 −2 ] D) [𝑀𝐿−3 𝑇 2 ]
12. The density of a material in CGS system of units is 4 g cm-3. In a system of
units in which unit of length is 10 cm and unit of mass is 100 g, then the
value of density of material will be
A) 0.04 B) 0.4 C) 40 D) 400
13. If the force is proportional to square of velocity, then dimension of proportionality
constant is
A) [𝑀𝐿𝑇 𝑜 ] B) [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1 ] C) [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇] D) [𝑴𝑳−𝟏 𝑻𝟎 ]
14. The dimension of (𝜇0 𝜀0 )−1/2 is
A) Length B) Time C) Velocity D) Force
15. Planck’s constant (h), speed of light in vacuum (c) and Newton’s gravitational
constant (G) are taken as three fundamental constants. Which of the following
combinations of these has the dimension of length?
 √𝒉𝑮 √ℎ𝐺 ℎ𝑐 𝐺𝑐
A) 𝟑 B) 5 C) √ D) √ 1
𝒄 ⁄𝟐 𝑐 ⁄2 𝐺 ℎ ⁄2

Unit – 2. Kinematics

1. Which one of the following Cartesian coordinate systems is not followed in physics?

2. Identify the unit vector in the following.

̂𝐼 𝑗̂ ̂
𝒊 +𝒋̂
A) ̂𝑖 + 𝑗̂ B) C) ̂
𝑘− D)
√2 √2 √𝟐
3. Which one of the following physical quantities cannot be represented by a scalar?
A) Mass B) Length
C) Momentum D) Magnitude of acceleration
4. Two objects of masses m1 and m2 fall from the heights h1 and h2 respectively.
The ratio of the magnitude of their momenta when they hit the ground is
ℎ1 𝑚1 ℎ1 𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟏 𝑚1
A) √ B) √ C) √ D)
ℎ2 𝑚2 ℎ2 𝒎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝑚2

5. If a particle has negative velocity and negative acceleration, its speed

A) Increases B) Decreases C) Remains same D) Zero
6. If the velocity is ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝑣 = 2 ̂𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑗̂ − 9𝑘 then the magnitude of acceleration at 𝑡 =
2

0.5 𝑠 is
A) 1 m 𝒔−𝟐 B) 2m 𝑠 −2 C) zero D) -1m 𝑠 −2
7. If an object is dropped from the top of a building and it reaches the ground at
𝑡 = 4 𝑠, then the height of the building is (ignoring air resistance) (g = 9.8
m𝑠 −2 )
A) 77.3 m B) 78.4 m C) 80.5 m D) 79.2 m
8. A ball is projected vertically upwards with a velocity v. It comes back to ground
in time t. Which v – t graph shows the motion correctly?

9. If one object is dropped vertically downward and another object is thrown

horizontally from the same height, then the ratio of vertical distance covered by
both objects at any instant ‘t’ is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 0.5
10. A ball is dropped from some height towards the ground. Which one of the
following represents the correct motion of the ball?
11. If a particle executes uniform circular motion in the xy plane in clock wise
direction, then the angular velocity is in
A) +y direction B) +z direction C) –z direction D) –x direction
12. If a particle executes uniform circular motion, choose the correct statement.
A) The velocity and speed are constant
B) The acceleration and speed are constant
C) The velocity and acceleration are constant
D) The speed and magnitude of acceleration are constant.
13. If an object is thrown vertically up with initial speed u from the ground, then
the time taken by the object to return back to ground is
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢 𝟐𝒖
A) B) C) D)
2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 𝒈

14. Two objects are projected at angles 300 and 600 respectively with respect to the
horizontal direction. The range of two objects are denoted as 𝑅30𝑜 and 𝑅60𝑜 .
Choose the correct relation from the following
𝑅60𝑜
A) 𝑹𝟑𝟎𝒐 = 𝑹𝟔𝟎𝒐 B) 𝑅30𝑜 = 4𝑅60𝑜 C) 𝑅30𝑜 = D) 𝑅30𝑜 = 2𝑅60𝑜
2
15. An object is dropped in an unknown planet from height 50 m, it reaches the
ground in 2s. The acceleration due to gravity in this unknown planet is
A) g = 20 m 𝑠 −2 B) g = 25 m𝒔−𝟐 C) g = 15 m𝑠 −2 D) g = 30 m 𝑠 −2

Unit 3. Laws of Motion

1. When a car takes a sudden left turn in the curved road, passengers are pushed
towards the right due to
A) Inertia of direction B) Inertia of motion
C) Inertia of rest D) Absence of inertia
2. An object of mass m held against a vertical wall by applying horizontal force F
as shown in the figure. The minimum value of the force F is
A) Less than mg B) Equal to mg
C) Greater than mg D) Cannot determine
3. A vehicle is moving along the positive x direction, if sudden brake is applied,
then
A) Frictional force acting on the vehicle is along negative x direction
B) Frictional force acting on the vehicle is along positive x direction
C) No frictional force acts on the vehicle
D) Frictional force acts in downward direction.
4. A book is at rest on the table which exerts a normal force on the book. If this
force is considered as reaction force, what is the action force according to
Newton’s third law?
A) Gravitational force exerted by Earth on the book
B) Gravitational force exerted by the book on Earth
C) Normal force exerted by the book on the table
 D) None of the above
5. Two masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are experiencing the same force where 𝑚1 < 𝑚2 . The
ratio of their acceleration 𝑎1 ⁄𝑎2 is
A) 1 B) Less than 1 C) Greater than 1 D) All the three cases
6. Choose appropriate free body diagram for the particle experiencing net
acceleration along negative Y direction. (Each arrow mark represents the force
acting on the system).

7. A particle of mass m sliding on the smooth double inclined

plane (shown in figure) will experience
A) Greater acceleration along the path AB
B) Greater acceleration along the path AC
C) Same acceleration in both the paths
D) No acceleration in both the paths
8. Two blocks of masses m and 2m are placed on a
smooth horizontal surface as shown. In the first case
only a force 𝐹1 is applied from the left. Later only a
force 𝐹2 is applied from the right. If the force acting
at the interface of the two blocks in the two cases is same, then 𝐹1 ∶ 𝐹2 is
A) 1:1 B) 1:2 C) 2:1 D) 1:3

9. Force acting on the particle moving with constant speed is

A) Always zero B) Need not be zero
C) Always non-zero D) Cannot be concluded
10. An object of mass m begins to move on the plane inclined at an angle θ. The
coefficient of static friction of inclined surface is μs. The maximum static friction
experienced by the mass is
A) mg B) 𝜇𝑠 mg C) 𝜇𝑠 mg sin 𝜃 D) 𝝁𝒔 mg cos θ
11. When the object is moving at constant velocity on the rough surface,
A) Net force on the object is zero B) No force acts on the object
C) Only external force acts on the object D) Only kinetic friction acts on the
object
12. When an object is at rest on the inclined rough surface
A) Static and kinetic frictions acting on the objects is zero
B) Static friction is zero but kinetic friction is not zero
C) Static friction is not zero and kinetic friction is zero
D) Static and kinetic frictions are not zero
13. The centrifugal force appears to exist
A) Only in inertial frames B) Only in rotating frames
C) In any accelerated frame D) Both in inertial and non-inertial frames
14. Choose the correct statement from the following.
A) Centrifugal and centripetal forces are action reaction pairs
B) Centrifugal force is a natural force
C) Centrifugal force arises from gravitational force
 D) Centripetal force acts towards the center and centrifugal force
appears to act away from the center in a circular motion
15. If a person moving from pole to equator, the centrifugal force acting on him
A) Increases B) Decreases
C) Remains the same D) Increases and then decreases

Unit 4. Work, Energy and power

1. A Uniform force of (2 ̂𝑖 + 𝑗) N acts on a particle of mass 1kg. The particle displaces from
position (3𝑗 + 𝑘)𝑚 to (5 ̂𝑖 + 3𝑗)𝑚. The work done by the force on the particle is
A) 9J B) 6J C) 10J D) 12J
2. A ball of mass 1 kg and another of mass 2 kg are dropped from a tall building whose
height is 80 m. After, a fall of 40 m each towards Earth, their respective kinetic
energies will be in the ratio of
A) √2 ∶ 1 B) 1 ∶ √2 C) 2 : 1 D) 1 : 2
3. A body of mass 1 kg is thrown upwards with a velocity 20 m𝑠 −1 . It momentarily
comes to rest after attaining a height of 18 m. How much energy is lost due to
air friction? (Take g = 10 m𝑠 −2 )
A) 20J B) 30J C) 40J D) 10J
4. An engine pumps water continuously through a hose. Water leaves the hose
with a velocity v and m is the mass per unit length of the water of the jet.
What is the rate at which kinetic energy is imparted to water?
𝟏 3 1
A) 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟑 B) 𝑚𝑣 3 C) 2 𝑚𝑣 2 D) 2 𝑚𝑣 2
5. A body of mass 4 m is lying in xy-plane at rest. It suddenly explodes into three
pieces. Two pieces each of mass m move perpendicular to each other with equal
speed v. The total kinetic energy generated due to explosion is
𝟑
A) 𝑚𝑣 2 B) 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐 C) 2 𝑚𝑣 2 D) 4 𝑚𝑣 2
6. The potential energy of a system increases, if work is done
A) by the system against a conservative force
B) by the system against a non-conservative force
C) upon the system by a conservative force
D) upon the system by a non-conservative force
7. What is the minimum velocity with which a body of mass m must enter a vertical
loop of radius R so that it can complete the loop?
A) √2𝑔𝑅 B) √3𝑔𝑅 C) √𝟓𝒈𝑹 D) √𝑔𝑅
8. The work done by the conservation force for a closed path is
A) Always negative B) Zero C) Always positive D) Not defined
9. If the linear momentum of the object is increased by 0.1%, then the kinetic
energy is increased by
A) 0.1% B) 0.2% C) 0.4% D) 0.01%
𝛽𝑥 2
10. If the potential energy of the particle is − , then force experienced by the particles
2
is________
𝛽 𝛽
A) 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 B) 𝑭 = 𝜷𝒙 C) 𝐹 = −𝛽𝑥 D) 𝐹 = − 𝑥2
2 2
11. A wind – powered generator converts wind energy into electric energy. Assume
that the generator converts a fixed fraction of the wind energy intercepted by its
blades into electrical energy. For wind speed v, the electrical power output will by
 proportional to
A) 𝑣 B) 𝑣 2 C) 𝒗𝟑 D) 𝑣 4
12. Two equal masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are moving along the same straight line with
velocities 5 m𝑠 −1 and -9 m𝑠 −1 respectively. If the collision is elastic, then
calculate the velocities after the collision of 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively
A) -4m𝑠 −1 and 10 m𝑠 −1 B) 10m𝑠 −1 and 0 m𝑠 −1
C) -9 m 𝒔−𝟏 and 5 m 𝒔−𝟏 D) 5 m𝑠 −1 and 1 m𝑠 −1
13. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is acting on it (where k is a
positive constant). If U (0) = 0, the graph of U (x) versus x will be (where U is
the potential energy function)

14. A particle which is constrained to move along x-axis, is subjected to a force in

the same direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the
origin as F(x) = −𝑘𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥3. Here, k and a are positive constants. For x  0, the
functional form of the potential energy U(x) of the particle is

15. A spring of force constant k is into two pieces such that one piece is double the
length of the other. Then, the long piece will have a force constant of
2 𝟑
A) 3 𝑘 B) 𝟐 𝒌 C) 3𝑘 D) 6𝑘

Unit 5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

1. The center of mass of a system of particles does not depend upon,

A) Position of particles B) relative distance between particles
C) masses of particles D) force acting on particle
2. A couple produces,
A) pure rotation B) pure translation
C) rotation and translation D) no motion
3. A particle is moving with a constant velocity along a line parallel to positive X-
axis. The magnitude of its angular momentum with respect to the origin is,
A) zero B) increasing with x
C) decreasing with x D) remaining constant
4. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What
is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force 30
N?
A) 0.25𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −2 B) 𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟐 C) 5 𝑚 𝑠 −2 D) 25 𝑚 𝑠 −2
5. A closed cylindrical container is partially filled with water. As the container
rotates in a horizontal plane about a perpendicular bisector, its moment of
 inertia
A) increases B) decreases
C) remains constant D) depends on direction of rotation
6. A rigid body rotates with an angular momentum L. If its kinetic energy is
halved, the angular momentum becomes,
A) L B) L/2 C) 2 L D) 𝑳⁄√𝟐
7. A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. The angular momentum of the
particle remain conserved about,
A) the center point of the circle
B) the point on the circumference of the circle
C) any point inside the circle
D) any point outside the circle
8. When a mass is rotating in a plane about a fixed point, its angular momentum
is directed along
A) a line perpendicular to the plane of rotation
B) the line making an angle of 450 to the plane of rotation
C) the radius D) tangent to the path
9. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating about their regular axis passing
through center and perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular velocities
𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2 .They are brought into contact face to face coinciding the axis of
rotation. The expression for loss of energy during this process is,
𝟏
A) 𝑰(𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐 )𝟐 B) 𝐼(𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2
𝟒
1 1
C) 8
𝐼(𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 D) 2
𝐼(𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2
10. A disc of moment of inertia la is rotating in a horizontal plane about is
symmetry axis with a constant angular speed . Another disc initially at rest of
moment of inertia lb is dropped coaxially on to the rotating disc. Then, both
the discs rotate with same constant angular speed. The loss of kinetic energy
due to friction in this process is
1 𝐼𝑏2 𝐼𝑏2 (𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑎 )2 𝟏 𝑰 𝑰
A) 2 (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 )
𝜔2 B) (𝐼 𝜔2 C) 𝜔2 D) 𝟐 (𝑰 𝒂+ 𝑰𝒃 ) 𝝎𝟐
𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) 𝒂 𝒃
11. The ratio of the acceleration for a solid sphere (mass m and radius R) rolling
down an incline of angle 𝜃 without slipping and slipping down the incline
without rolling is
A) 5:7 B) 2:3 C) 2:5 D) 7:5
12. From a disc of radius R a mass M, a circular hole of diameter R, whose rim
passes through the center is cut. What is the moment of inertia of the
remaining part of the disc about the perpendicular axis passing through it
15𝑀𝑅2 𝟏𝟑 𝑴𝑹𝟐 11 𝑀𝑅2 9 𝑀𝑅2
A) 32
B) 𝟑𝟐
C) 32
D) 32
13. The speed of a solid sphere after rolling down from rest without sliding on an
inclined plane of vertical height h is
4 𝟏𝟎 1
A) √ 𝑔ℎ B) √ 𝒈𝒉 C) √2𝑔ℎ D) √ 𝑔ℎ
3 𝟕 2

14. The speed of the center of a wheel rolling on a horizontal surface is vo . A

point on the rim in level with center will be moving at a speed of
A) zero B) vo C) √𝟐 𝒗𝒐 D) 2𝑣𝑜
15. A round object of mass M and radius R rolls down without slipping along an
inclined plane. The frictional force
 A) dissipates kinetic energy as heat
B) decreases the rotational motion
C) decreases the rotational and translational motion
D) converts translational energy into rotational energy

Unit 6. Gravitation

1. The linear momentum and position vector of the planet is perpendicular to each
other at
A) perihelion and aphelion B) at all points
C) only at perihelion D) no point
2. If the masses of the Earth and Sun suddenly double, the gravitational force
between them will
A) remain the same B) increase 2 times
C) increase 4 times D) decrease 2 times
3. A planet moving along an elliptical orbit is closest to the Sun at distance r 1 and
farthest away at a distance of r 2 . If v1 and v2 are linear speeds at these points
𝑣
respectively. Then the ratio 𝑣1 is
2
𝒓𝟐 𝑟 2 𝑟1 𝑟 2
A) B) ( 2 ) C) D) ( 1 )
𝒓𝟏 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2
4. The time period of a satellite orbiting Earth in a circular orbit is independent of
A) Radius of the orbit
B) The mass of the satellite
C) Both the mass and radius of the orbit
D) Neither the mass nor the radius of its orbit
5. If the distance between the Earth and Sun were to be double from its present
value, the number of days in a year would be
A) 64.5 B) 1032 C) 182.5 D) 730

6. According to Kepler’s second law, the radial vector to a planet from the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This law is a consequence of
A) conservation of linear momentum
B)conservatio of angular momentum
C) conservation of energy D) conservation of kinetic energy
7. The gravitational potential energy of the Moon with respect to Earth is
A) always positive B) always negative
C) can be positive or negative D) always zero
8. The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical orbit about
the Sun, at positions A, B and C are KA, KB and Kc
respectively. AC is the major axis and SB is perpendicular to
AC at the position of the Sun S as shown in the figure. Then
A) KA > KB > KC B) KB <KA <KC
C) KA < KB < KC D) KB > KA > KC
9. The work done by the Sun’s gravitational force on the Earth is
A) always zero B) always positive
C) can be positive or negative D) always negative
10. If the mass and radius of the Earth are both doubled, then the acceleration due
to gravity g’
 𝒈
A) remains same B) 𝟐 C) 2𝑔 D) 4𝑔
11. The magnitude of the Sun’s gravitational field as experienced by Earth is
A) same over the year
B) decrease in the month of January and increases in the month of July
C) decreases in the month of July and increases in the month of
January
D) increases during day time and decreases during night time
12. If a person moves from Chennai to Trichy, his weight
A) increases B) decreases
C) remains same D) increases and then decreases
13. An object of mass 10 kg is hanging on a spring scale which is attached to the
roof of a lift. If the lift is in free fall, the reading in the spring scale is
A) 98 N B) zero C) 49 N D) 9.8 N
14. If the acceleration due to gravity becomes 4 times its original value, then escape
speed
A) remains same B) 2 times of original value
C) becomes halved D) 4 times of original value
15. The kinetic energy of the satellite orbiting around the Earth is
A) equal to potential energy B) less than potential energy
C) greater than kinetic energy D) zero

Unit - 7 Properties of matter

1. Consider tow wires X and Y. The radius of wire X is 3 times the radius of Y. If
they are stretched by the same load then the stress on Y is
A) equal to that on X B) thrice that on X
C) nine times that on X D) Half that on X
2. If a wire is stretched to double of its original length, then the strain in the wire
is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
3. The load – elongation graph of three wires of the same material are
shown in figure. Which of the following wire is the thickest?
A) wire 1 B) wire 2
C) wire 3 D) all of them have same thickness
1 𝑟𝑑
4. For a given material, the rigidity modulus is ratio is (3) of Young’s
modulus. Its Poisson’s ratio is
A) 0 B) 0.25 C) 0.3 D) 0.5
5. A small sphere of radius 2 cm falls from rest in a viscous liquid. Heat is
produced due to viscous force. The rate of production of heat when the sphere
attains its terminal velocity is proportional to
2 3 4 5
A) 2 B) 2 C) 2 D) 2
6. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. The area
of cross sections of the first and the second wires are A and 2 A respectively. If
the length of the first wire is increased by ∆l on applying a force F, how much
force is needed to stretch the second wire by the same amount?
A) 2F B) 4F C) 8F D) 16F
7. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of liquid and gas, respectively
will
A) increases and increase B) increases and decrease
C) decrease and increase D) decrease and decrease
8. The Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body is
A) 0 B) 1 C) 0.5 D) infinity
9. Which of the following is not a scalar?
A) viscosity B) surface tension C) pressure D) stress
10. If the temperature of the wire is increased, then the Young’s modulus will
A) remain the same B) decrease
C) increase rapidly D) increase by the very a small amount
11. Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into a wire of length 1. When this wire is
subjected to a constant force F, the extension produced in the wire is ∆l. If Y
represents the Young’s modulus, then which of the following graphs is a straight
line?
1
A) ∆l verses V B) ∆l verses Y C) ∆l verses F D) ∆l verses 𝑙
12. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius R coalesce to form a
single drop of radius R and volume V. If T is the surface tension of the liquid,
then
1 1 1 1
A) energy = 4 V T (𝑟 − 𝑅
) is released B) energy = 3 V T (𝑟 + 𝑅
) is absorbed
𝟏 𝟏
C) energy = 3 V T ( − ) is released D) energy is neither released nor absorbed
𝒓 𝑹
13. The following four wires are made of the same material. Which of these will have
the largest extension when the same tension is applied?
A) length = 200 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
B) length = 200 cm, diameter = 1 mm
C) length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm
D) length = 200 cm, diameter = 3 m
14. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends primarily on
A) viscosity B) surface tension
C) density D) angle of contact between the surface and the liquid
15. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross section, water flows with a velocity of
-1
1ms at a point where the diameter of the pipe is 20 cm. The velocity of water
-1
(1.5 ms ) at a point where the diameter of the pipe is
A) 8 cm B) 16 cm C) 24 cm D) 32 cm

Unit - 8 Heat and thermodynamics

1. In hot summer after a bath, the body’s

A) internal energy decreases B) internal energy increases
C) heat decreases D) no changes in internal energy and heat
2. The graph between volume and temperature in Charles’ law is
A) an ellipse B) a circle C) a straight line D) a parabola
3. When a cycle tyre suddenly bursts, the air inside the tyre expands. This process
is
A) isothermal B) adiabatic C) isobaric D) isochoric
4. An ideal gas passes from one equilibrium state (P1, V1, T1, N) to another
equilibrium state (2p1, 3V1, T2, N). Then
 𝑻𝟐
A) T1 = T2 B) 𝑻𝟏 = C) T1 = 6T2 D) T1 = 3T2
𝟔
5. When a uniform rod is heated, which of the following quantity of the rod will
increase
A) mass B) weight C) center of mass D) moment of inertia
6. When food is cooked in a vessel by keeping the lid closed, after some time the
steam pushes the lid outward. By considering the steam as a thermodynamic
system, then in the cooking process
A) Q > 0, W > 0 B) Q < 0, W > 0
C) Q > 0, W < 0 D) Q < 0, W < 0
7. When you exercise in the morning, by considering your body as thermodynamic
system, which of the following is true?
A) ∆U > 0, W > 0 B) ∆U < 0, W > 0
C) ∆U < 0, W < 0 D) ∆U = 0, W > 0
8. A hot cup of coffee is kept on the table. After some time it attains a thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings. By considering the air molecules in the
room as a thermodynamic system, which of the following is true
A) ∆U > 0, Q = 0 B) ∆U > 0, W < 0
C) ∆U > 0, Q > 0 D) ∆U = 0, Q > 0
9. An ideal gas is taken from (Pi, Vi) to (Pf, Vf) in three different ways. Identify the
process in which the work done on the gas the most.

A)Process A B) Process B
C) Process C D) Equal work is done in process A, B& C
10. The V - T diagram of a ideal gas which goes through a reversible cycle
A→B→C→D is shown below. (Processes D→A and B→C are
adiabatic)
The corresponding PV diagram for the process is (all figures are
schematic )

11. A distant star emits radiation with maximum intensity at 350 nm. The
temperature of the star is
A) 8280 K B) 5000 K C) 7260 k D) 9044 K
12. Identify the state variables given here?
A) Q, T, W B) P, T, U C) Q, W D) P, T, Q
13. In an isochoric process, we have
A) W = 0 B) Q = 0 C) ∆U = 0 D) ∆T = 0

14. The efficiency of a heat engine working between the freezing point and boiling point
of water is
A) 6.25% B) 20% C) 26.8% D) 12.5%
15. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at temperature -120C. The coefficient of
performance of the engine is 5. The temperature of the air (to which the heat
ejected) is
A) 50o C B) 45.2o C C) 40.2o C D) 37.5o C

Unit - 9 Kinetic theory of gases

1. A particle of mass m is moving with speed u in a direction

which makes 600 with respect to x axis. It undergoes elastic
collision with the wall. What is the change in momentum in x
and y direction?
A) ∆𝒑𝒙 = −𝒎𝒖, ∆𝒑𝒚 = 𝑶
B) ∆𝑝𝑥 = −2𝑚𝑢, ∆𝑝𝑦 = 𝑂
C) ∆𝑝𝑥 = −𝑂, ∆𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚𝑢
D) ∆𝑝𝑥 = 𝑚𝑢, ∆𝑝𝑦 = 𝑂
2. A sample of ideal gas is at equilibrium. Which of the following quantity is zero?
A) rms speed B) average speed
C) average velocity D) most probable speed
3. An ideal gas is maintained at constant pressure. If the temperature of an ideal
gas increases from 100K to 1000K then the rms speed of the gas molecules
A) increases by 5 times B) increases by 10 times
C) remains same D) increases by 7 times
4. Two identically sized rooms A and B are connected by an open door. If the room
A is air conditioned such that its temperature is 40 C lesser than room B, which
room has more air in it?
A) Room A B) Room B
C) Both room has same air D) Cannot be determined
5. The average translational kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on
A) number of moles and T B) only on T C) P and T D) P only
6. If the internal energy of an ideal gas U and volume V are doubled then the
pressure
A) doubles B) remains same C) halves D) quadruples
𝐶𝑃
7. The ratio γ = 𝐶𝑣
for a gas mixture consisting of 8g of helium and 16 g of oxygen
is
A) 23/15 B) 15/23 C) 27/17 D) 17/27
8. A container has one mole of monoatomic ideal gas. Each molecule has f degrees
𝐶𝑃
of freedom. What is the ratio of γ =
𝐶𝑣
𝑓 𝑓 𝒇+𝟐
A) f B) 2 C) 𝑓+2 D) 𝒇
9. If the temperature and pressure of a gas is doubled the mean free path of the
gas molecules
A) remains same B) doubled C) tripled D) quadrapoled
10. Which of the following shows the correct relationship between the pressure and
density of an ideal gas at constant temperature?
 11. A sample of gas consists of μ1 moles of monoatomic molecules ,μ2 moles of
diatomic molecules and μ3 moles of linear triatomic molecules. The gas is kept
at high temperature. What is the total number of degrees of freedom?
A) [3μ1 + 7(μ2 + μ3)] NA B) [3μ1 + 7μ2 + 6μ3)] NA
C) [7μ1 + 3(μ2 + μ3)] NA D) [3μ1 +6(μ2 + μ3)] NA
12. If Sp and SV denote the specific heats of nitrogen gas per unit mass at constant
pressure and constant volume respectively, then
A) SP – SV = 28 R B) SP – SV = R/28
C) Sp – SV = R/14 D) Sp – SV = R
13. Which of the following gases will have least rms speed at a given temperature?
A) Hydrogen B) Nitrogen C) Oxygen D) Carbon dioxide
14. For a given gas molecule at a fixed temperature, the area under the Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution curve is equal to
𝑷𝑽 𝑘𝑇 𝑃
A) 𝒌𝑻
B) 𝑃𝑉
C) 𝑁𝑘𝑇 D) PV
15. The following graph represents the pressure versus number density for ideal gas at
two different temperatures T1 and T2. The graph implies
A) T1 = T2 B) T1 > T2 C) T1< T2 D) Cannot be determined

Unit - 10 Oscillations

1. In a simple harmonic oscillation, the acceleration against displacement for one complete
oscillation will be
A) an ellipse B) a circle C) a parabola D) a straight line
2. A particle executing SHM crosses points A and B with the same velocity.Having
taken 3s in passing from A to B,it returns to B after another 3 s.The time period is
A) 15 s B) 6 s C) 12 s D) 9 s
3. The length of a second’s pendulum on the surface of the Earth is 0.9 m. The length
of the same pendulum on surface of planet X such that the acceleration of the planet
X is n times greater than the Earth is
0.9 0.9
A) 0.9 n B) 𝑛
m C) 0.9 𝑛2 𝑚 D) 𝑛2
4. A simple pendulum is suspended from the roof of a school bus which
moves in a horizontal direction with an acceleration a, then the time
period is
1 𝟏
A) 𝑇 𝛼 𝑔2 + 𝑎 2
B) 𝑻 ∝ √
√𝒈𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐

C) 𝑇 𝛼 √𝑔2 + 𝑎2 D) 𝑇 𝛼(𝑔2 + 𝑎2 )
5. Two bodies A and B whose masses are in the ratio 1:2 are suspended from two
separate massless springs of force constants k A and kB respectively. If the two bodies
oscillate vertically such that their maximum velocities are in the ratio 1:2, the ratio
of the amplitude A to that of B is
 𝑘 𝒌 2𝑘 8𝑘
A) √2𝑘𝐵 B) √𝟖𝒌𝑩 C) √ 𝑘 𝐵 D) √ 𝑘 𝐵
𝐴 𝑨 𝐴 𝐴

6. A spring is connected to a mass m suspended from it and its time period for vertical
oscillation is T. The spring is now cut into two equal halves and the same mass is
suspended from one of the halves. The period of vertical oscillation is
𝑻 𝑇
A) 𝑇 ′ = √2𝑇 B) 𝑻′ = C) 𝑇 ′ = √2𝑇 D) 𝑇 ′ = √2
√𝟐
7. The displacement of a simple harmonic motion is given by y(t) = A sin (ωt + ϕ) where A is
amplitude of the oscillation, ω is the angular frequency and ϕ is the phase. Let the amplitude of
the oscillation be 8cm and the time period of the oscillation is 24s. If the displacement at initial
time (t = 0 s) is 4cm, then the displacement at t = 6s is
(a) 8cm (b) 4cm (c) 4√3 cm (d) 8 √𝟑 cm
8. A simple pendulum has a time period T 1. When its point of suspension is moved
2
vertically upwards according as y = k t , where y is vertical distance covered and
k = 1 ms-2, its time period becomes T2. Then 𝑇1 is (g = 10 ms-2)
𝑇 2
5 11 𝟔 5
A) 6
B) 10
C) 𝟓
D) 4

9. An ideal spring of spring constant k, is suspended from the ceiling of room and a
block of mass M is fastened to its lower end. If the block is released when the spring
is un-stretched, then the maximum extension in the spring is
𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔 𝑴𝒈 𝑀𝑔
A) 4 B) C) 𝟐 D)
𝑘 𝑘 𝒌 2𝑘
10. A pendulum is hung in a very high building oscillates to and fro motion freely like a
simple harmonic oscillator. If the acceleration of the bob is 16 ms-2 at a distance of
4m from the mean position, then the time period is
A) 2 s B) 1 s C) 2 𝜋𝑠 D) 𝝅s
11. A hollow sphere is filled with water. It is hung by a long thread. As the water flows
out of a hole at the bottom, the period of oscillation will
A) first increase and then decrease B) first decrease and then increase
C) increase continuously D) decrease continuously
12. The damping force on an oscillator is directly proportional to the velocity. The units
of the constant of proportionality are
A) kg m s-1 B) kg ms-2 C) kg s-1 D) kg s
13. Let the total energy of a particle executing simple harmonic motion with angular frequency is 1
rad s–1 is 0.256J. If the displacement of the particle at time 𝑡 = 𝜋⁄2 s is 8 √2 cm then the
amplitude of motion is
(A) 8 cm B) 16 cm C) 32 cm D) 64 cm
14. A particle executes simple harmonic motion and displacement y at time t0 , 2t0 and 3t0 are A, B
𝐴+𝐶
and C, respectively. Then the value of ( 2𝐵
) is
(A) cos ωt0 (B) cos 2ωt0 (C) cos 3ωt0 (D) 1
15. A mass of 3 kg is attached at the end of a spring moves with simple harmonic motion on a
horizontal frictionless table with time period 2π and with amplitude of 2m, then the maximum
fore exerted on the spring is
(A) 1.5 N (B) 3 N (C) 6 N (D) 12 N
 Unit - 11 Waves
1. A student tunes his guitar by striking a 120 Hertz with a tuning fork, and
simultaneously plays the 4th string on his guitar. By keen observation, he hears the
amplitude of the combined sound oscillating thrice per second. Which of the following
frequencies is the most likely the frequency of the 4 th string on his guitar?
A) 130 B) 117 C) 110 D) 120
2. A transverse wave moves from a medium A to a medium B. In medium A, the velocity
of the transverse wave is 500ms-1 and the wavelength is 5 m. The frequency and
the wavelength of the wave in medium B when its velocity is 600 ms-1
respectively are
A) 120 Hz and 5 m B) 100 Hz and 5 m
C) 120 Hz and 6 m D) 100 Hz and 6 m
3. For a particular tube, among six harmonic frequencies below 1000 Hz, only four
harmonic frequencies are given: 300Hz, 600Hz, 750 Hz and 900 Hz. What are the
two other frequencies missing from this list?
A) 100Hz, 150 Hz B) 150Hz, 450 Hz
C) 450 Hz, 700 Hz, D) 700Hz, 800Hz
4. Which of the following options is correct? Options for (1), (2) and (3), respectively are
A B
1) Quality A) Intensity
2) Pitch B) Waveform
3) Loudness C) Frequency

A) (B), (C) and (A)

B) (C) , (A) and (C)
C) (A), (B) and (C)
D) (B), (A) and (C)
5. Equation of travelling wave on a stretched string of linear density 5 g/m is
y = 0.03 sin (450t–9x), where distance and time are measured in SI units. The tension in the
string is
a) 5 N b) 12.5 N c) 7.5 N d) 10 N
6. A sound wave whose frequency is 5000Hz travels in air and then hits the water
surface. The ratio of its wavelengths in water and air is
A) 4.30 B) 0.23 C) 5.30 D) 1.23
7. A person standing between two parallel hills fires a gun and hears the first echo
after t1 sec and the second echo after t2 sec. The distance between the two hills is
𝑣(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) 𝑣(𝑡1 𝑡2 ) 𝒗(𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 )
A) 2
B) 2(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )
C) 𝑣(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) D) 𝟐
8. An air column in a pipe which is closed at one end, will be in resonance with the
vibrating body of frequency 83Hz. Then the length of the air column is
A) 1.5 m B) 0.5 m C) 1.0 m D) 2.0 m
9. The displacement y of a wave travelling in the x direction is given by
y = (2 x 10-3) sin (300t – 2x + ), Where x and y are measured in metres and t in
𝜋
4
second. The speed of the wave is
A) 150 ms-1 B) 300 ms-1
C) 450 ms-1 D) 600 ms-1
10. Consider two uniform wires vibrating simultaneously in their fundamental notes.
The tensions, densities, lengths and diameter of the two wires are in the ratio 8:1,
1 : 2, x : y and 4 : 1 respectively. If the note of the higher pitch has a frequency of
 360 Hz and the number of beats produced per second is 10, then the value of x : y
is
A) 36 : 35 B) 35 : 36
C) 1 : 1 D) 1 : 2
11. Which of the following represents a wave
1
A) (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)3 B) 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡) C) D) sin (x + vt)
(𝑥+𝑣𝑡)

12. A man sitting on a swing which is moving to an angle of 600 from the vertical is
blowing a whistle which has a frequency of 2.0 k Hz. The whistle is 2.0 m from the
fixed support point of the swing. A sound detector which detects the whistle sound
is kept in front of the swing. The maximum frequency the sound detector detected
is
A) 2.027 kHz B) 1.974 kHz
C) 9.74 kHz D) 1.011kHz
1
13. Let y = 1+ 𝑥2 at t = 0s be the amplitude of the wave propagating in the positive x-
1
direction. At t = 2s, the amplitude of the wave propagating becomes y = 1+ (𝑥−2)2
.
Assume that the shape of the wave does not change during propagation. The velocity
of the wave is
A) 0.5 m s-1 B) 1.0 m s-1
C) 1.5 m s-1 D) 2.0 m s-1

14. A uniform rope having mass m hangs vertically from a rigid support. A transverse
wave pulse is produced at the lower end. Which of the following plots shows the
correct variation of speed v with height h from the lower end?

15. An organ pipe A closed at one end is allowed to vibrate in its first harmonic and
another pipe B open at both ends is allowed to vibrate in its third harmonic. Both A
and B are in resonance with a given turning fork. The ratio of the length of A and B
is
8 3 1 1
A) B) C) D)
3 8 6 3

Part – II, III & IV Important Unitwise Questions and Answers

UNIT – 1 - NATURE OF PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT

PART – II – 2 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What are fundamental and derived quantities? Or Explain different types of physical
quantities.
o Quantities that cannot be expressed in terms of any other physical quantities
o Examples: length, mass, time.
2. Quantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities
o Examples: area, volume, velocity, acceleration, force, etc.
 3. What is principle of homogeneity of dimensions?
o The dimensions of all the terms in a physical expression should be the same.
4. What are the applications of dimensional analysis method?
o Convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.
o Check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation.
o Establish relations among various physical quantities.
5. Define one light year.
o It is the distance travelled by the light in vacuum in one year.
o 1 Light Year = 9.467 x 1015 m
6. Define one astronomical unit (AU).
o It is the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.
o 1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 m
7. What is relative error (or) fractional error?
o The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean value is called relative error (or) fractional
error.
8. What is percentage error?
o The relative error expressed as a percentage is called percentage error.
9. Define Chandrasekar Limit (CSL).
The Largest practical unit of mass is called Chandrasekar limit.
1 CSL = 1.4 times the mass of the Sun
10. Define 1 Shake.
The smallest practical unit of time is Shake.
1 Shake = 10-8 s
11. What is the difference between Accuracy and Precision?
Accuracy is the closeness of a measured value to the true value.
Precision is the closeness of two or more measurements to each other
12. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon using Parallax method?
Diameter of Moon AB = D
Parallax angle ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃
Distance of Moon from Earth AC = BC = X
𝐴𝐵 𝐷
Diameter of Moon D = θ . x ( ∵ 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑋 )

If you know θ and x ,we can find the diameter of the moon.

PART – III – 3 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Check the correctness of the equation 𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒄𝟐 using dimensional analysis .
o E = m c 2 − − − − (1)
o Dimension of [E] = [ F × s] = [M L2 T −2 ] ; [m] = [M] ; [c 2 ] = [LT −1 ]2 = [ L2 T −2 ]
o Rewrite the equation (1) using dimension, [ M L2 T-2 ] = [ M ] [ L2T-2 ]
o [ M L2 T-2 ] = [ M L2 T-2 ] .
o The dimension of both sides are same. Hence the given equation
is dimensionally correct.
2. Check the correctness of the equation v = u + at using dimensional
analysis .
Symbol Dimension
v [LT-1]
u [LT-1]
a [LT-2]
 o v = u + at t [T]
o [LT ] = [ LT ]+ [LT ] [T ]
-1 -1 -2

o [LT-1] = [LT-1] + [LT-1]

o The dimension of both sides are same.
o Hence the equation is dimensionally correct.
𝟏
3 Check the correctness of the equation 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 using dimensional analysis .
𝟐
1
o 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 Symbol Dimension
o [L] = [LT-1 ] [T]+ [LT-2 ] [T2 ] s [L]
o [L]= [L] + [L] u [LT-1]
o The dimension of both sides are same. v [LT-1]
o Hence the given equation is dimensionally correct. a [LT-2]
4. Explain the Triangulation method to find the height of the t [T]
tree or the tower.
o The height of the tree AB = h
o From the point of observation C, distance BC = x
o angle of elevation, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃
𝐴𝐵 ℎ
o 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 ⊿𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 ( 𝑜𝑟) ℎ = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
o Knowing x and  , the height h can be determined.
5. Explain the RADAR method to find the distance of a nearby Planet.
Let the time interval between the radio waves are sent and received is t
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 (2𝑑)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑣) = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 (𝑡)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑑 = 𝑣 × 𝑡
𝑣×𝑡
 Hence the distance 𝑑 = 2
, where, v is the s𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 (3 X

108 m s−1) .
6. Explain the Parallax method to find the distance of the Moon from Earth.
 AB is the diameter of Earth . S1 and S2 are stars and M is Moon.
 MC - distance of the Moon from the Earth.
 𝜃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 are Parallax angles between Stars and the Moon.
 Total Parallax of the Moon subtended on Earth ∠𝐴𝑀𝐵 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 𝜃
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑀 = 𝑀𝐶 [∴ 𝐴𝑀 ≈ 𝑀𝐶]
𝐴𝐵
 Hence the distance 𝑀𝐶 =
𝜃
𝟏
7. Check the correctness of the equation 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 using dimensional analysis
1
o 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
o [M] [LT-1]2 = [M ] [LT-2 ] [L] Symbol Dimension
o [M L T ] = [M L T ]
2 -2 2 -2 m [M]
o The dimension of both sides are same. v [LT-1]
o Hence the given equation is dimensionally correct. g [LT-2]
o h [L]
8. Explain the propagation of errors in (i) addition, (ii) subtraction.
Error in A and B is ∆𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐵. Error in Z is ∆𝑍
Measured value of A, B and Z is 𝐴 ± ∆𝐴, 𝐵 ± ∆𝐵 and 𝑍 ± ∆𝑍
ADDITION SUBTRACTION
Addition 𝑍 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 Difference 𝑍 = 𝐴 – 𝐵
𝑍 ± ∆𝑍 = (A ± ΔA) + (B ± ΔB) 𝑍 ± ∆𝑍 = (A ± ΔA) - (B ± ΔB)
After simplification 𝚫𝐙 = 𝚫𝐀 + 𝚫𝐁 After simplification 𝚫𝐙 = 𝚫𝐀 + 𝚫𝐁
The maximum possible error in the sum of two The maximum possible error in the difference of
quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute two quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
errors in the individual quantities. errors in the individual quantities.
 9. Explain the propagation of errors in Multiplication and Division.
 Absolute error in A and B is ∆𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐵. Error in Z is ∆𝑍
 Measured value of A,B and Z is 𝐴 ± ∆𝐴, 𝐵 ± ∆𝐵 and 𝑍 ± ∆𝑍
𝐴
Product of A and B is 𝑍 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 Division of A and B is 𝑍 = 𝐵
Maximum fractional error in Z Maximum fractional error in Z
∆𝑍 ∆𝐴 ∆𝐵
= 𝐴 + 𝐵 ∆𝑍 ∆𝐴 ∆𝐵
𝑍 = +
𝑍 𝐴 𝐵
The maximum fractional error in the product of The maximum fractional error in the quotient of
two quantities is equal to the sum of the two quantities is equal to the sum of their
fractional errors in the individual quantities. individual fractional errors.

10. What are the limitations of dimensional analysis method?

1. It gives no information about the dimensionless constants like numbers, π, e, etc., in the
formula.
2. It cannot decide whether the given quantity is a scalar or vector.
3. It is not suitable to derive relations involving trigonometry, exponential and logarithmic
functions.
4. It cannot be applied to an equation involving more than three physical quantities.
5. It can only check dimensional correctness of an equation but not the correctness of the equation
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 4 𝑎𝑡 2 is dimensionally correct . But correct relation is 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2

PART – III – 5 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Explain the rules framed to count significant figures with the examples.
Significant
S.No. Rule Example
figure
1. All non-zero digits are significant. 1234 4
2 All zeros between two non-zero digits are
1004 4
significant.
3 The trailing zero(s) in the number without decimal
1200 2
point are not significant.
4 The trailing zero(s) in the number with decimal 123.0
4
point are significant. 12.00
5 All zeros right to non-zero digit but left to decimal
1200. 4
point are significant.
6 If a number is less than1, the zero(s) between
decimal point and first non-zero digit are not 0.00123 3
significant.
7 The number of significant figures doesn’t depend on 150 cm
the system of units used 2
1.5 m

2. Explain in detail the various types of errors.

Errors: The uncertainty in a measurement is called an error.
i) Systematic errors :
Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. It
classified into 5 types.
1)Instrumental errors: It is happened when an instrument is not calibrated properly
at the time of manufacture.
2)Imperfections in experimental technique: These errors arise due to the
limitations in the experimental arrangements.
3)Personal errors: These errors occur due to individual performing experiment
4)Errors due to external causes: These errors are due to external conditions like
change in temperature, humidity or pressure.
5)Least count error: The error due to the measurement in least count
ii) Random errors :
 o The errors arise due to random and unpredictable variations in experimental conditions
like pressure, temperature, voltage supply etc. is called Random errors. Random errors
are sometimes called “chance error”.
o This error can be reduced by taking arithmetic mean of all measurement,
iii) Gross Error :
It is caused due to the shear carelessness of an observer.
o Reading an instrument without setting it properly.
o Taking observations in a wrong manner.
o Recording wrong observations and using that in calculations.
o These errors can be minimized only when an observer is careful and mentally alert.
3. What are the rules for rounding off the number?
o The result of calculation with numbers containing more than one uncertain digit should be
rounded off.
Rule Example
If the digit to be dropped is smaller than 5, then 7.42 is rounded off to 7.4
the preceding digit should be left unchanged. ii
If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, then the 7.36 is rounded off to 7.4
preceding digit should be increased by 1 ii) 1
If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other 7.352 is rounded off to 7.4
than zero, then the preceding digit should be raised ii)
by 1
If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, 7.35 or 7.350 is rounded off to 7.4
then the preceding digit is raised by 1 if it is odd

If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, 7.45or 7.450 is rounded off to 7.4
then the preceding digit is not changed if it is even

4) Obtain an expression for the time period T of a simple pendulum. The time period T
depends on (i) mass ‘m’ of the bob (ii) length ‘l’ of the pendulum and (iii) acceleration due to
gravity g at the place where the pendulum is suspended. (Constant k = 2π).
𝑇 ∝ 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 𝑔𝑐 (or) 𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 𝑔𝑐 - - - - (1) ( k - constant )
Rewriting the above equation with dimension
[𝑇] 1 = [𝑀] 𝑎 [𝐿] 𝑏 [𝐿𝑇 −2 ] 𝑐
[𝑀]0 [𝐿]0 [𝑇] 1 = [𝑀] 𝑎 [𝐿] 𝑏+𝑐 [𝑇] −2𝑐 - - - - (2)
Comparing the powers of M, L and T on both sides,
1 1
a = 0 ; b + c = 0 ; -2c = 1 By solving, a =0 ; b = 2 ; c = − 2 - - - - (3)

Substitute the values of a, b, and c in equation (1)

𝑙
𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑚0 𝑙 1/2 𝑔−1/2 (or) 𝑇 = 𝑘 √𝑔

𝑙
Since k = 2 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑔

5.Assuming that the frequency γ of a vibrating string may depend upon i) applied force (F)
𝟏 𝑭
ii) length (𝑙) iii) mass per unit length (m), prove that 𝜸 𝜶 𝒍 √𝒎 using dimensional analysis.

𝜈 𝛼 𝑙 𝑎 𝐹 𝑏 𝑚𝑐 − − − − − − − (1)
Dimension of v = [ T-1] ; Dimension of 𝑙 = [ L ]
Dimension of = [M L T-2] ; Dimension of 𝑚 = [ML-1]
o Rewriting the equation (1) with dimension
 o [𝑇 −1] ∝ [𝐿]a [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇−2]𝑏 [𝑀 𝐿−1 ]𝑐
o [𝑀0 ] [ L0 ] [T −1] ∝ [𝑀 𝑏 + c ] [ 𝐿𝑎 + 𝑏−𝑐 ] [ 𝑇 − 2𝑏]
o Comparing the powers of M, L and T on both sides,
o b + c = 0 - - - - - (2 ) ; a + b - c = 0 - - - - (3) ; - 2 b = -1 - - - - (4)
1 1
o Solving equation (2) ,(3), (4), 𝑎 = −1 ; 𝑏 = 2
; 𝑐= − 2

o Substitute the values of a, b, and c in equation (1)

1
1 −1
1 𝐹2 1 𝐹
o 𝜈𝛼𝑙 −1
𝐹 2 𝑚 2 (or) 𝜈 𝛼 𝑙 1 (or) 𝜈 𝛼 𝑙
√
𝑚
𝑚2

6.If the value of universal gravitational constant in SI is 6.6x10−11 Nm2 kg−2, then find its value
in CGS System?
 SI system, GSI = 6.6 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
CGS system, Gcgs = ?
 The dimensional formula for gravitational constant G is [M-1 L3 T-2]
So a = -1 ; b=3 ; c = -2
 𝐺𝑆𝐼 [𝑀1𝑎 𝐿𝑏1 𝑇1𝑐 ] = 𝐺𝑐𝑔𝑠 [𝑀2𝑎 𝐿𝑏2 𝑇2𝑐 ] (or)
𝑀 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏 𝑇 𝑐
𝐺𝑐𝑔𝑠 = 𝐺𝑆𝐼 [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ]
𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 2 2 2

GSI - system M1 = 1 kg = 103 g L1= 1 m = 102 cm T1 = 1 s

Gcgs - system M2 = 1 g L2 = 1 cm T2 = 1 s

−1 3
103 𝑔 102 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑠 −2
 𝐺𝑐𝑔𝑠 = 6.6 × 10−11 [ 1𝑔
] [ 1 𝑐𝑚
] [1 𝑠]

𝐺𝑐𝑔𝑠 = 6.6 × 10−11 × 10−3 × 106 × 1

𝐺𝑐𝑔𝑠 = 6.6 × 10−8 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚2 𝑔−2

7.Convert 76 cm of mercury pressure into Nm−2 using the method of dimensions.

o In cgs system , Pcgs = 76 × 13.6 × 980 dyne cm−2 then SI system, PSI = ?
o The dimensional formula of pressure P is [M L-1 T-2]
So a = 1 ; b = -1 ; c = -2 .
𝑀 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏 𝑇 𝑐
o 𝑃𝑐𝑔𝑠 [𝑀1𝑎 𝐿𝑏1 𝑇1𝑐 ] = 𝑃𝑆𝐼 [𝑀2𝑎 𝐿𝑏2 𝑇2𝑐 ] (or) 𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 𝑃𝑐𝑔𝑠 [𝑀1 ] [𝐿1 ] [𝑇1 ]
2 2 2
Pcgs - system o M1 = 1 g L1 = 1 cm T1 = 1 s
PSI -system M2 = 1 kg = 103 g L2 = 1 m = 102 cm T2 = 1 s

1 𝑔 1 1 𝑐𝑚 −1 1 𝑠 −2
o 𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 76 × 13.6 × 980 [103 𝑔] [102 𝑐𝑚] [1 𝑠]

𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 76 × 13.6 × 980 × 10−3 × 102 × 1

𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 1.01 × 105 𝑁𝑚−2

8.Drive an expression for the force ( F ) ,acting on a body moving in a circular path depending
on the mass of the body(m) ,velocity (v) and radius (r) of the circular path. Obtain the
expression for the force by the dimensional analysis method .( take the value 𝒌 = 𝟏 )
 o F ∝ ma vb rc
o F = k ma vb rc - - - - -(1)
o Dimension of force [ F] = [ M LT-2 ] ; Dimension of mass [ m ] = [ M ]
o Dimension of velocity [ v ] = [ LT-1 ] ; Dimension of radius [ r ] = [L]
o [MLT-2] = [M]a [LT-1]b [L]c ---- (2)
o [MLT-2] = [M]a [L] b+c [T] –b ---- (3)
o From equation (3) , a = 1 ; b + c = 1 ; - b = -2
o a=1 ; b=2 ; c = -1 ----(4)
o Sub the value a, b and c in (1) F = k m1 v2 r -1
𝑚𝑣 2
o Since the value of k = 1 , Force 𝐹= 𝑟

9.Assuming that the frequency 𝝂 of a vibrating string may depend upon i) applied force (F)
𝟏 𝑭
ii) length (l) iii) mass per unit length (m), prove that 𝝂 𝜶 𝒍
√
𝒎
using dimensional analysis.
 𝜈 𝛼 𝑙 𝑎 𝐹 𝑏 𝑚𝑐 − − − − − − − (1)
 Dimension of frequency ( 𝜈) = [ T-1] ; Dimension of length ( 𝑙 ) = [ L ]
𝑚
Dimension of force ( 𝐹 ) = [M L T-2] ; Dimension of mass per unit legth ( ) = [ML - 1]
𝑙
 Rewrite the equation (1) in terms of dimension
[𝑇 −1] ∝ [𝐿]a [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇−2]𝑏 ]𝑀L-1]𝑐
[𝑀0 ] [L 0 ] [ T −1] ∝ [𝑀 𝑏+ c ] [ 𝐿𝑎+ 𝑏 − 𝑐 ] [ 𝑇 − 2𝑏]
 Compare the powers of M , L and T on both sides of the equation
b + c = 0 - - - - - (2 ) ; a + b - c = 0 - - - - (3) ; - 2 b = -1 - - - - (4)
1 1
Solving equation (2),(3) and (4), 𝑎 = −1 ; 𝑏 = 2
; 𝑐= − 2
1 −1
 Sub the values of a , b and C in equation (1) 𝜈 𝛼 𝑙 −1 𝐹 2 𝑚 2
1
1 𝐹2 1 𝐹
𝜈𝛼 1 (or) 𝜈𝛼 √
𝑙 𝑙 𝑚
𝑚2

Unit – 2 – KINEMATICS

PART – II – 2 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1) What is meant by Frame of reference?

Frame of reference is a coordinate system with respect to which position of an object
is described.
2) What is meant by Cartesian coordinate system?
Cartesian coordinate system is the frame of reference with respect to which the
position of the object is described in terms of position coordinates(x,y,z).
3) What is the point mass? Give the examples.
The mass of an object, which is concentrated at a point is called “point mass”. It has
no internal structures like shape and size.
Example: (i) In the event of motion of Earth around the Sun, Earth can be treated as point
mass.
(ii) When stone is thrown in space, stone is considered as point mass.
4) What are the types of motion?
Linear motion
Circular motion
 Rotational motion
Vibratory (or) Oscillatory motion.
5) What is Scalar? Give examples
A physical quantity which can be described only by magnitude is called Scalar.
Ex: Distance, mass, temperature, speed, energy, etc.,
6) What is Vector? Give examples
A physical quantity which can be described by both magnitude and direction is
called Vector. Ex: Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, etc.,
7) What is unit vector?
A vector with unit magnitude is called unit vector. It is equal to the ratio of a vector
and its magnitude.
8) What is orthogonal unit vector?
If unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other, then they are called
orthogonal unit vectors.
9) State triangle law of addition of two inclined vectors.
It is stated that if two vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of a triangle
in same order, then the resultant is given by the third side of the triangle in opposite order.
10) Define Scalar or Dot product of two vectors.
The scalar or dot product of two vectors is defined as the product of the magnitude of
the both vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
11) Define Vector or Cross product of two vectors.
The Vector or Cross product of two vectors is defined as the product of the
magnitude of the both vectors and the sine of the angle between them.
12) Define average velocity.
The average velocity is defined as the ratio of change in displacement vector to the
corresponding time interval.
13) Define average speed.
The average speed is defined as the ratio of total path length travelled by the
particle to a given interval of time.
14) What is meant by a projectile? Give the examples.
An object is thrown in the air with some initial velocity and allowed to move under
gravity is called a projectile.
Ex: An object dropped from window of a moving train
A bullet fired from a rifle.
A ball thrown in any direction.
15) . What are the types of projectile motion?
Projectile given initial velocity in the horizontal direction.
Projectile given initial velocity at an angle to the horizontal.
16) What is trajectory?
The path followed by the projectile is called trajectory.
17) What is time of flight?
The time interval between the instant of projection and the instant when the
projectile hits the ground.
18) What is horizontal range?
The maximum horizontal distance between the point of projection and the point
where the projectile hits the ground.
19) What is maximum height?
The maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile during its journey is
called maximum height.
20) What is uniform circular motion?
 When an object is moving on a circular path with constant speed, it is called uniform
circular motion.
21) What is non-uniform circular motion?
When an object is moving on a circular path with change in speed and direction, it is
called non-uniform circular motion.
22) What is centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration or normal acceleration?
The acceleration which is acting towards the center along the radial direction and
perpendicular to linear velocity of circular motion is called centripetal acceleration.

3 marks

1. What are the differences between velocity and average velocity?

Sl. No Velocity (or) Instantaneous velo city Average velocity
1 Velocity at an instant of time (or)Rate Ratio of change in displacement
of change of displacement vector vector to the time interval.
2 It is measured at particular instant of It is measured for a given interval of
time in motion time in motion.
3

2. What are the differences between distance and displacement?

Distance Displacement
1 It is total length of path travelled. It is shortest distance between initial and
final position of an object.
2 It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity
3 It has many values between two positions It has only one value between two positions
of an object. of an object.

3.Deduce that the path followed by a projectile in horizontal projection is a parabola.

Consider a projectile thrown horizontally with initial velocity 𝒖 , from the top of a tower of
height 𝒉
1) Horizontal component of velocity 𝒖𝒙 remains constant throughout the motion (𝒂𝒙=𝟎)
2) Vertical component 𝒖𝒚 vary due to gravitational force
Motion along horizontal direction
1
`Horizontal Distance travelled by the projectile at any time 𝒕, 𝑺𝒙=𝒖𝒙𝒕+ 2 𝒂𝒙𝒕𝟐
𝑥
Here, 𝑺𝒙= ; 𝒖𝒙=𝒖 ; 𝒂𝒙=𝟎 substituting we get, 𝒙 = 𝒖𝒕 Or 𝒕 = 𝑢------------------------(1)
Motion along vertical direction
1
Vertical Distance travelled by the projectile at any time 𝒕, 𝑺𝒚=𝒖𝒚𝒕+ 2 𝒂𝒚𝒕𝟐
1
Here, 𝑺𝒚= ; 𝒖𝒚=𝟎 ; 𝒂𝒙=𝒈 substituting we get, 𝒚= 𝒈𝒕𝟐 ------------------(2)
2
Substituting equation (1) in (2),

Hence, the path of the projectile is a parabola.

4. Obtain the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.

5 marks

1. Describe triangle law of vector addition in detail.

2. Write down the properties of scalar product

3.Write down the properties of Vector product.

4. Derive kinetic equations of motion for constant acceleration.

Consider an object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration ’a’.
Let ‘u’ be the initial velocity at time t=0.
Let ‘v’ be the velocity at later time t

1.Velocity -time relation 2.displacement -time relation

3.velocity- displacement relation 4.average velocity- displacement relation

 4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Explain how the definition of work in physics different from general
perception.
 In general, work - physical or mental work.
 In physics, work - when the force applied on a body displaces it.
2. Write the mathematical formula for work. Mention the condition for work
done on an object become zero?
 Work done 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃.
 1) If the force F = 0 then W = 0
 2) If the displacement dr = 0 then W = 0
 3) (θ = 90°) then W = 0
3. Define potential energy (U).
 The energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position P.E = mgh.
4. Define kinetic energy (KE).
𝟏
 It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
5. State law of conservation of energy.
 It states that energy neither be created nor destroyed. It may trans-formed from
one form to another but the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
6. Define work - energy theorem.
 work done = change in kinetic energy
7. Define power. Give its unit.
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = . Its SI unit is watt (W). It is a scalar quantity.
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
8. Define elastic collision.
 Total kinetic energy before collision = Total kinetic energy after collision
9. Define Inelastic collision.
 Total kinetic energy before collision ≠ Total kinetic energy after collision
10. Define coefficient of restitution.
𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝒗 −𝒗
 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐞) = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝒖𝟐 −𝒖𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
11. Mention the example for conservative force
 Electrostatic force, gravitational force, elastic force, magnetic force, elastic spring
force.
12. Mention the example for Non conservative force
 Frictional force, viscous force, air resistive force

THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the characteristics of elastic and inelastic collision.

S.No Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

1 Total momentum is conserved Total momentum is conserved
2 Total kinetic energy is conserved Total kinetic energy is not conserved
3 Forces involved are conservative forces Forces involved are non conservative forces
4 Mechanical energy is not dissipated. It is dissipated into heat, light, sound etc.
 2. Give the relation between momentum and kinetic energy.
 Let mass = m and velocity = v, then momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝟏
 Let the kinetic energy 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟏 𝒎 𝒑𝟐
 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟐𝒎
 𝒑 = |𝒑⃗ | = √𝟐𝒎𝑲𝑬
3. Write the differences between conservative and Non-conservative forces. Give
2 examples each.
S Conservative forces Non-Conservative forces
No
1 Work done is independent of the path Work done depends upon the path
2 Work done in a round trip is zero Work done in a round trip is not zero

3 Total energy remains constant Energy is dissipated as heat energy

4 Work done is completely recoverable Work done is not completely recoverable.
5 𝑑𝑈 No such relation exists.
𝐹=−
𝑑𝑥
4. Write the various types of potential energy. Explain the formulae.
 Gravitational potential energy
 The energy possessed by the body due to gravitational force 𝑼 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝒉
 Elastic potential energy:
𝟏
 The energy due to spring force 𝑼 = 𝟐 𝒌𝒙𝟐
 Electrostatic potential energy
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
 The energy due to electrostatic force on charges 𝑼 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓
5. What is inelastic collision? In which way it is different from elastic collision.
Mention few examples in day-to-day life for inelastic collision.
 Total kinetic energy before collision ≠ Total kinetic energy after collision
 Loss of kinetic energy is dissipated into heat, light, sound etc
 Example: when a clay putty is thrown on a moving vehicle,

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. State and explain work energy principle.
 Work - Kinetic energy theorem:
o Work done by the force on body changes the kinetic energy of the body.
 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑢2
 𝑎= 2𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑢2
 𝐹 = 𝑚[ ]
2𝑠
𝟏 𝟏
 𝑊 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒖𝟐 𝟐

 𝑾 = ∆𝑲𝑬
 W - positive, KE – increases
 W – negative, KE – decreases
 W = 0, KE – no change
 2. Explain elastic collision in one dimension?
 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
1 1 1 1
 2 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22
 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑢2
𝑚 −𝑚 2𝑚2
 𝑣1 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) 𝑢1 + (𝑚 ) 𝑢2
1 2 1 +𝑚2
𝑚 −𝑚 2𝑚1
 𝑣2 = (𝑚2 +𝑚1 ) 𝑢2 + (𝑚 ) 𝑢1
1 2 1 +𝑚2
3. Derive the expressions for relation between power and velocity.
 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑊
 ∫ [ 𝑑𝑡 − (𝐹 . 𝑣 )] 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑊
 − (𝐹 . 𝑣 ) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊
 = (𝐹 . 𝑣 ) = 𝑃
𝑑𝑡
4. Explain inelastic collision
 The objects stick together permanently after collision such that they move with common velocity.
 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣
𝑚1 𝑢1 +𝑚2 𝑢2
 𝒗 = (𝑚 +𝑚 ) 1 2
1 1 1
 ∆𝑄 = 2 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢22 − 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2
1 𝑚 𝑚
 ∆𝑄 = 2 ((𝑚 1+𝑚2 )) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
1 2
5. Derive the expression for elastic potential energy of a spring
 𝐹𝑎 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑥
 𝑈 = ∫0 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫𝑥 𝐹𝑎 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝐹𝑎 . 𝑑𝑟 0
 Here 𝐹𝑎 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥
 𝜃 = 0 → cos 0 = 1
𝑥 𝑥2 1
 𝑈 = ∫0 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ( 2 − 0) = 2 𝑘𝑥 2

UNIT - 9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

PART – II - TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Why moon has no atmosphere?

 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉𝑒
 Due to this all the gases escape from the surface of the Moon.
2. Define the term degrees of freedom.
 The minimum number of independent coordinates to specify the position and
configuration of a thermodynamic system in space
3. State the law of equipartition of energy.
 According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of system of molecules in
thermal equilibrium at temperature ‘T’ is uniformly distributed by to all degrees of
freedom.
4. Define Brownian motion.
 The random (zigzag path) motion of pollen suspended in a liquid is called Brownian
motion.
 5. What are the factors affecting the Brownian motion?
 Brownian motion increases with increasing temperature.
 Brownian motion decreases with bigger particle size, high viscosity and density of
the liquid or gas.
6. Define mean free path and write down its expression.
 The average distance travelled by the molecule between two successive collisions.
7. List the factors affecting the mean free path.
 Mean free path increases with increasing temperature.
 Mean free path increases with decreasing pressure and diameter of the gas
molecule.
PART -III - THREE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Write the expression for rms speed, average speed and most probable speed of
a gas molecule.
𝟑𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻
 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑√ 𝒎
𝒎

𝟖𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻
 ̅=√
𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎√ 𝒎
𝒎

𝟐𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻
 𝒗𝒎𝒑 = √ = 𝟏. 𝟒√ 𝒎
𝒎

2. Why there is no hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere?

 As the root mean square speed of hydrogen is much less than that of nitrogen,
 It easily escapes from the earth’s atmosphere.
 The presence of highly combustible hydrogen deters many disastrous consequences.
PART – IV - FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Write down the postulates of kinetic theory of gases?
 All the molecules of a gas are identical, elastic spheres.
 The number of molecules in a gas is very large
 In a state of continuous random motion.
 The molecules collide with one another and also with the walls of the container.
 These collisions are perfectly elastic,
 Between two successive collisions, a molecule moves with uniform velocity
 The molecules do not exert any force of attraction or repulsion on each other except
during collision.
 The energy is wholly kinetic.
 Collisions are instantaneous.
 These molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion.
2. Derive the expression of pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the
container?
 Explanation : No of molecule – N, Mass – m, Side of the container – l
Velocity – v.
 Change in momentum of molecule 𝑝𝑥 = −𝑚𝑣𝑥 − 𝑚𝑣𝑥 = −2𝑚𝑣𝑥
 Change in momentum of wall = +2𝑚𝑣𝑥
 Number of molecules hitting the wall = 𝑛𝐴v𝑥Δ𝑡
𝑁
 A – area of the Wall, 𝑛 = 𝑉
𝑛
 𝑁𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2 𝐴𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡
 𝑛
 Total momentum ∆𝑝 = 2 𝐴𝑉𝑥 ∆𝑡 × 2𝑚𝑣𝑥
 ∆𝑝 = 𝐴𝑣𝑥2 𝑚𝑛∆𝑡
∆𝑝
 𝐹= = 𝐴𝑣𝑥2 𝑚𝑛
∆𝑡
𝐹
 𝑃 = 𝐴 = 𝑚𝑛𝑣𝑥2
 Neglecting gravity on the molecules, they have same average speed in all directions.
 𝑣̅ = ̅̅̅
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 ̅̅̅
𝑦 = 𝑣̅𝑧
 ̅̅̅
𝑣 2 = ̅̅̅
𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅2 ̅̅̅2
𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 = 3𝑣𝑥
̅̅̅ 1 ̅̅̅
 𝑣𝑥2 = 3 𝑣 2

1 ̅̅̅2
 𝑃 = 3 𝑚𝑛𝑣
3. State and explain the law of equipartition of energy
 According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of system of molecules in
thermal equilibrium at temperature ‘T’ is uniformly distributed by to all degrees of
freedom.
1 ̅̅̅2 = 3 𝑘𝑇
 Average kinetic energy per molecule 𝑚𝑣 2 2
1
̅̅̅̅ 1 1 ̅̅̅̅̅ 1 1 ̅̅̅̅ 1
 Along x-axis 2 𝑚𝑣𝑥 = 2 𝑘𝑇 ; Along y-axis 2 𝑚𝑣𝑦 = 2 𝑘𝑇;
2 2 Along z-axis 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑧 = 2 𝑘𝑇
1
 each degree of freedom will get 2 𝑘𝑇 of energy.
4. Derive the expression for mean free path of the gas.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑡 1
 Mean free path 𝜆 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ; ∴ 𝜆 = 𝑛𝜋𝑑2 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋𝑑2
1
 𝜆=
√2𝑛𝜋𝑑2
𝑚
 𝜆= 𝑚𝑛 = 𝜌
√2𝜋𝑑2 𝑚𝑛
𝑚
 𝜆=
√2𝜋𝑑2 𝜌
 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑁 𝑃
 𝑃= 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑛𝑘𝑇 ∴ 𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇
𝑉
𝑘𝑇
 𝜆=
√2𝜋𝑑2 𝑃

UNIT - 11. WAVES

PART-II -TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write down the factors affecting velocity of sound in gases.

*Effect of Pressure *Effect of Density *Effect of Temperature
*Effect of Moisture (Humidity) *Effect of Wind
2. Define sound power. Give its unit.
 The average sound energy emitted or transmitted per second is called sound power.
 Its unit is Js-2.
3. Define intensity of sound.
 The intensity of sound is defined as the sound power transmitted per unit area
taken normal to the propagation of the sound wave.
 Its S.I unit is W m-2
 4. Define inverse square law of sound intensity.
 For a particular source, the sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square
1
of the distance from the source. 𝐼 ∝ 𝑟 2
5. Write a short note on loudness of sound.
 The loudness of sound is defined as the degree of sensation of sound produced in the
ear or the perception of sound by the listener.
 Two sounds with same intensities need not have the same loudness.
 loudness depends on both Intensity of sound wave and sensitivity of the ear.
6. What are called stationary waves?
 When two waves of same amplitude, same frequency and same velocity superimpose
in opposite direction, a pattern of wave is formed known as standing waves or
stationary waves.
7. Explain Doppler Effect.
 Whenever there is a relative motion between the source of sound and the listener,
the frequency of the sound observed by the listener is different from the frequency
produced by the source. This is known as Doppler effect.
8. Explain red shift and blue shift in Doppler Effect.
 If the spectral lines of the star are found to shift towards the red end of the
spectrum (red shift) then the star is receding away from the Earth.
 If the spectral lines of the star are found to shift blue end of the spectrum (blue
shift) then the star is approaching Earth.
9. Define wavelength.
 For transverse waves, the distance between two neighbouring crests or troughs is
known as the
wavelength (λ).
 For longitudinal waves, the distance between two neighbouring compressions or
rarefactions is known as the wavelength (λ).
 The S.I. unit of wavelength is metre (m)
10. Define time period.
 Time period (T) is defined as the time taken by one wave to cross a point.
 The S.I. unit of time period is second (s)
11. Define frequency.
 Frequency (v) is defined as number of waves crossing a point per second.
 The S.I unit of frequency is hertz (Hz)

PART – III - THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are the properties of wave motion?

 For the propagation of wave, the medium must possess both inertia and elasticity.
 In the given medium, the velocity of a wave is a constant.
 Velocity is maximum at their mean position and zero at extreme positions.
 Waves undergo reflections, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization.
2. Differentiate transverse and longitudinal wave
S Transverse wave Longitudinal wave
No
1 The direction of vibration of particles The direction of vibration of particles of the
of the medium is perpendicular to the medium is parallel to the direction of
direction of propagation propagation
2 Crests and Troughs are produced compressions and rarefactions are produced

3 Possible in elastic medium. E.g light Possible in all types of media. E.g: sound
 3. Give the properties of stationary waves.
 Stationary waves are formed between two rigid boundaries.
 Certain points in the wave have maximum amplitude called as anti-nodes and at
certain points the amplitude is minimum or zero called as nodes.
𝜆
 The distance between two consecutive nodes or antinodes is 2
𝜆
 The distance between a node and its neighbouring anti-node is 4
 The transfer of energy along the standing wave is zero.
4. Explain the beat phenomenon.
 When two or more waves superimpose each other with slightly different frequencies,
then a sound of periodically varying amplitude (waxing and waning) at a point is
observed. This phenomenon is known as beats.
 The number amplitude maxima per second are called beat frequency (n) and it is
equal to difference of frequencies of superimposing waves. (i.e.) 𝑛= |𝑓1 − 𝑓2|
5. Give the applications of Doppler Effect.
 Doppler Effect is very much useful in astronomy.
 By determining the Doppler shift of light coming from distant star or galaxies, it is
possible to
determine the velocities at which distant object move towards or away from Earth.
 If the spectral lines of the star are found to shift towards the red end of the
spectrum (red shift) then the star is receding away from the Earth and if shifted
towards blue end of the spectrum (blue shift) then the star is approaching Earth.

PART – IV - FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Describe Newton’s formula for velocity of sound waves in air and also discuss
Laplace correction?

Newton’s formula Laplace correction

Isothermal process Adiabatic process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
𝑃 = −𝑉 = 𝐾𝐼 𝛾𝑃 = −𝑉 = 𝐾𝐴
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉

𝐾𝐼 𝑃 𝐾𝐴 𝛾𝑃 𝑃
𝑣=√ =√ 𝑣 = √ = √ = √𝛾√
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌

v = 280 ms-1 𝑣 = √1.4 × 280 = 331.3 𝑚𝑠 −1

16% less than the experimental value This value is very much closer to the
experimental value.
 2. Explain how overtones are produced in a closed organ pipe?

 It is a pipe with one end closed and the other end open.

Fundamental frequency First overtone or third Second overtone or fifth

or first harmonic harmonic harmonic
𝜆1 = 4𝐿 4𝐿 4𝐿
𝜆2 = 𝜆3 =
3 5
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 3 = 3𝑓1 𝑓3 = 5 = 5𝑓1
4𝐿 4𝐿 4𝐿

 Frequency; 𝑓𝑛=(2𝑛+1) 𝑓1
 Thus the frequencies of harmonics are in the ratio 𝑓1∶ 𝑓2 ∶ 𝑓3 ∶ 𝑓4………. =
1∶3∶5∶7∶…………..

2. Explain how overtones are produced in a open organ pipe?

 It is a pipe with both ends open

Fundamental frequency First overtone or third Second overtone or fifth

or first harmonic harmonic harmonic
𝜆1 = 2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝜆2 = =𝐿 𝜆3 =
2 3
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 2 = 2𝑓1 𝑓3 = 3 = 3𝑓1
2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿

 Frequency; 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓𝑛
 Thus the frequencies of harmonics are in the ratio 𝑓1∶ 𝑓2 ∶ 𝑓3 ∶ 𝑓4 = 1∶2∶3∶4∶…………..
3. How will you determine the velocity of sound using Resonance column
apparatus?
 It consists of a cylindrical glass tube of one metre length whose end “A” is open and “B”
is connected to the water reservoir “R” through a rubber tube.
 It behaves like a closed organ pipe.
1
 Let the first resonance occur at L1 …. 𝜆 = 𝐿1 + 𝑒 ----(1)
4
3
 Let the first resonance occur at L2 … 𝜆 = 𝐿2 + 𝑒 ---(2)
4
3 1
 Eqn (2) – (1) ⟹ 𝜆 − 4 𝜆 = (𝐿2 + 𝑒) − (𝐿1 + 𝑒)
4

1
𝜆 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 = ∆𝐿 ∴ 𝜆 = 2∆𝐿
2

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 2𝑓∆𝐿

𝐿2 −3𝐿1
 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒 = 2

4. What is a sonometer? Give its construction and working. Explain how to

determine the frequency of tuning fork using sonometer.

 It is a device for demonstrating the relationship between the frequency of the sound
produced in the transverse standing wave in a string, and the tension, length and
mass per unit length of the string.
 l – vibrating length, f – frequency, T – tension, µ - mass per unit length
𝜆
 𝑙 = 2 ⇒ 𝜆 = 2𝑙
𝑣 1 𝑇
 𝑓 = 𝜆 = 2𝑙 √𝜇
𝜋𝜌𝑑2
 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌 = 4
1 𝑇
 𝑓 = 𝑙𝑑 √𝜋𝜌

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$