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Lab Report 2 Group 3

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Lab Report 2 Group 3

Uploaded by

mugheesabbas564
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Physics Lab Report Number 2 (Group 3)

Serial Number Name Registration Number

1 Faras Ayub Awan 522089

2 Mughees Abbas 502728

3 Muhammad 524734
Rukhshan Butt

4 Ahmed Faheem 524864


5 Muhammad Ali 506225
Azfar
Task:
Abstract:
In this experiment, we calculate the moment of inertia (about the centre of mass) of a rigid
body and the gravitational acceleration using the rigid body as a "compound pendulum." We
utilise graphical representation and analysis, supported by equations derived from a
theoretical and practical model, to achieve the suitable results.

Apparatus Used:
● Metre Rule
● Compound pendulum (bar with holes)
● Support
● Stop watch
● Screws

Procedure:

● We inserted a screw through the first hole of the metal bar and secured it with a nut.
● We then suspended the metal bar on the support using the screw.
● We measured and recorded the distance between the point of suspension and the
centre of mass.
● Next, we displaced the metal bar through a small angle and released it
(approximately 5 degrees).
● We recorded the time for 5 complete oscillations.
● We repeated steps 1 to 5 for each of the holes on side A, and then repeated the same
process for each of the holes on side B.
● Finally, we plotted a graph of the time period against the corresponding
measurements.
● Then we found the value of g (gravitational acceleration) using the formula,

4𝜋 2 𝐿
𝑔=
𝑇2

● And calculated its percentage of error.


● We then calculated the inertia of the compound pendulum using the formula,

𝐼 = 𝑀𝐾 2

● We then created a table for the values of Length, Time and Time squared.
● Finally we represented those values as a straight line on a graph of Time squared (y-
axis) against Length (x-axis) and calculated their gradients.

Data Analysis: Side A Side B

Sr# L T1 T2 Tavg T= Sr# L T1 T2 Tavg T=


No. (cm) Tavg Tavg
No. (cm)
5 5

1 1.5 20.07 20.43 20.25 4.05 1 3.5 16.81 16.92 16.86 3.37

2 6.5 11.60 11.35 11.47 2.29 2 8.5 10.59 10.72 10.65 2.13

3 11.6 9.32 9.35 9.33 1.86 3 13.5 9.05 9.22 9.13 1.82

4 16.5 8.31 8.26 8.28 1.65 4 18.6 7.91 8.03 7.97 1.59

5 21.5 7.79 7.63 7.71 1.54 5 23.5 7.77 7.83 7.80 1.56

6 26.7 7.72 7.86 7.79 1.56 6 28.9 7.70 7.86 7.78 1.55

7 31.4 7.77 7.74 7.75 1.55 7 33.2 7.67 7.97 7.82 1.56

8 36.5 7.70 7.57 7.63 1.52 8 38.5 7.85 7.97 7.91 1.58

9 41.5 7.92 7.93 7.92 1.58 9 43.5 7.76 7.85 7.80 1.56

10 46.5 8.09 8.09 8.09 1.62 10 48.5 7.65 7.78 7.71 1.54

All values of T are recorded in seconds (s).


Mass of compound pendulum is 1.16 kg.
4𝜋 2 𝐿
𝑔=
𝑇2
L1 = AC + CD
L1 = 52.2 + 16.0
L1 = 68.2 cm
L2 = BC + CE
L2 = 13.5 + 52.0
L2 = 65.5 cm
L= (L1+ L2)/2
L= 66.8cm
g1 = (4𝜋 2 (66.8))/ 1.82
g1 = 814 cm𝑠 −2

L1= QF+FE
L1= 45+ 19
L1= 64 cm
L2 = RF+FK
L2= 47.5+17.5
L2= 65 cm
Lavg= 64.5 cm
g2 = (4𝜋 2 (64.5))/ 1.62
g2 = 994.67 cm𝑠 −2
g avg = (814+994.67)/2
g avg= 904.3 cm𝑠 −2
conversion to m𝑠 −2 = 9.04 m𝑠 −2
g= gbest + Δg
9.81−9.04
percentage error of g = ∗ 100
9.81
= 7.85%

𝐼 = 𝑀𝐾 2

√𝐴𝐶∗𝐶𝐷+ √𝐵𝐶∗𝐶𝐸
K= 2
√52.2∗16.0+ √13.5∗52.0
K= 2
K= 27.7
I1 = 1.16*(27.72 )
I1 = 890 kg cm2

√𝑄𝐹∗𝐹𝐸+ √𝑅𝐹∗𝐹𝐾
K= 2
√45∗19+ √47.5∗17.5
K= 2
K= 29.03
I2 = 1.16*(29.032 )
I2 = 977.5 kg cm2

Iavg = (890+ 977.5)/2


Iavg = 933.75 kg cm2

Serial Number Length (e.g; AD+DE) T(s) 𝑇 2 (𝑠 2 )


(cm)
1 104.4 1.8 3.24
2 92.5 1.6 2.56

Gradient of line 1 =
Gradient of Line 2 =

Result and Conclusion:


• Gravitational acceleration g = 9.04 m𝑠 −2
• Percentage error of g = 7.85%
• Inertia = 933.75 kg cm2
In this experiment, we calculated the local gravitational field strength with a 7.85% error,
which is quite inaccurate for most purposes. The graph showing the relationship between the
time period and the suspension point supported our theory. Additionally, the almost
symmetrical graph on each side confirmed that the time period doesn't depend on the
orientation of the rigid body for a given suspension point. The errors and inconsistencies in
the data were likely due to reaction time, air resistance, and not having a clear marker for
completing an oscillation. Also due to damaged or apparatus shipped at its corners, this error
might have been generated.

Discussion
The 7.4% error indicates some deviation in our measurements and calculations. Discuss
potential improvements to reduce this error.
The symmetry in the graph reinforces the theoretical prediction that the time period is
independent of the body's orientation.
Considering the impact of reaction time, air resistance, and the absence of a fiducial point. It
is better to conduct this experiment in a closed environment where air flow isn’t greatly
fluctuating. A light gate should be used rather than a stopwatch and a clear displacement
should be used for the oscillation not an approximate degree.

Q: What does the 7.4% error tell us about our experiment?


A: It indicates that there is room for improvement in our measurements and calculations.
Q: How did the graph support our theoretical model?
A: The graph showed symmetry, confirming that the time period is independent of the rigid
body's orientation for a given suspension point.
Q: What were the main sources of error in the experiment?
A: Reaction time, air resistance, and the lack of a clear marker for oscillation completion
were primary sources.
Q: How can we reduce the impact of air resistance in future experiments?
A: Conducting the experiment in a vacuum or using streamlined shapes can help minimize air
resistance.
Q: How could reaction time errors be minimized?
A: Using automated timing systems or sensors can reduce human error in measuring time.

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