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org/wiki/World_Wide_Web

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the
World Wide Web
Web) is an information system that enables
content sharing over the Internet through user- Abbreviation WWW
friendly ways meant to appeal to users beyond IT Year started 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee
specialists and hobbyists.[1] It allows documents
Organization CERN (1989–1994)
and other web resources to be accessed over the
Internet according to specific rules of the W3C (1994–current)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).[2]

The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim

Berners-Lee while at CERN in 1989 and opened to the
public in 1991. It was conceived as a "universal linked
information system".[3][4] Documents and other media
content are made available to the network through web
servers and can be accessed by programs such as web A web page from Wikipedia displayed
browsers. Servers and resources on the World Wide Web in Google Chrome
are identified and located through character strings called
uniform resource locators (URLs).

The original and still very common document type is a web page formatted in Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML). This markup language supports plain text, images, embedded video
and audio contents, and scripts (short programs) that implement complex user interaction. The
HTML language also supports hyperlinks (embedded URLs) which provide immediate access to
other web resources. Web navigation, or web surfing, is the common practice of following such
hyperlinks across multiple websites. Web applications are web pages that function as
application software. The information in the Web is transferred across the Internet using HTTP.
Multiple web resources with a common theme and usually a common domain name make up a
website. A single web server may provide multiple websites, while some websites, especially the
most popular ones, may be provided by multiple servers. Website content is provided by a
myriad of companies, organizations, government agencies, and individual users; and comprises
an enormous amount of educational, entertainment, commercial, and government information.

The Web has become the world's dominant information systems platform.[5][6][7][8] It is the
primary tool that billions of people worldwide use to interact with the Internet.[2]

History
The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN.
[9][10] He was motivated by the problem of storing, updating, and finding documents and data

files in that large and constantly changing organization, as well as distributing them to

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collaborators outside CERN. In his design, Berners-Lee

dismissed the common tree structure approach, used for
instance in the existing CERNDOC documentation system
and in the Unix filesystem, as well as approaches that relied
in tagging files with keywords, as in the VAX/NOTES
system. Instead he adopted concepts he had put into
practice with his private ENQUIRE system (1980) built at
CERN. When he became aware of Ted Nelson's hypertext
model (1965), in which documents can be linked in
This NeXT Computer was used by
unconstrained ways through hyperlinks associated with "hot Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and
spots" embedded in the text, it helped to confirm the validity became the world's first Web server.
of his concept.[11][12]

The model was later popularized by Apple's HyperCard

system. Unlike Hypercard, Berners-Lee's new system from
the outset was meant to support links between multiple
databases on independent computers, and to allow
simultaneous access by many users from any computer on
the Internet. He also specified that the system should
eventually handle other media besides text, such as
graphics, speech, and video. Links could refer to mutable
data files, or even fire up programs on their server
computer. He also conceived "gateways" that would allow The historic World Wide Web logo,
access through the new system to documents organized in designed by Robert Cailliau.
other ways (such as traditional computer file systems or the Currently, there is no widely
Usenet). Finally, he insisted that the system should be accepted logo in use for the WWW.
decentralized, without any central control or coordination
over the creation of links.[3][13][9][10]

Berners-Lee submitted a proposal to CERN in May 1989, without giving the system a name.[3]
He got a working system implemented by the end of 1990, including a browser called
WorldWideWeb (which became the name of the project and of the network) and an HTTP
server running at CERN. As part of that development he defined the first version of the HTTP
protocol, the basic URL syntax, and implicitly made HTML the primary document format.[14]
The technology was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January
1991, and then to the whole Internet on 23 August 1991. The Web was a success at CERN, and
began to spread to other scientific and academic institutions. Within the next two years, there
were 50 websites created.[15][16]

CERN made the Web protocol and code available royalty free in 1993, enabling its widespread
use.[17][18] After the NCSA released the Mosaic web browser later that year, the Web's popularity
grew rapidly as thousands of websites sprang up in less than a year.[19][20] Mosaic was a
graphical browser that could display inline images and submit forms that were processed by the
HTTPd server.[21][22] Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark founded Netscape the following year and
released the Navigator browser, which introduced Java and JavaScript to the Web. It quickly
became the dominant browser. Netscape became a public company in 1995 which triggered a
frenzy for the Web and started the dot-com bubble.[23] Microsoft responded by developing its
own browser, Internet Explorer, starting the browser wars. By bundling it with Windows, it

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became the dominant browser for 14 years.[24]

Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) which created XML in 1996 and
recommended replacing HTML with stricter XHTML.[25] In the meantime, developers began
exploiting an IE feature called XMLHttpRequest to make Ajax applications and launched the
Web 2.0 revolution. Mozilla, Opera, and Apple rejected XHTML and created the WHATWG
which developed HTML5.[26] In 2009, the W3C conceded and abandoned XHTML.[27] In 2019,
it ceded control of the HTML specification to the WHATWG.[28]

The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the
primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet.[29][30][31][8]

Nomenclature
Tim Berners-Lee states that World Wide Web is officially spelled as three separate words, each
capitalised, with no intervening hyphens.[32] Nonetheless, it is often called simply the Web, and
also often the web; see Capitalization of Internet for details. In Mandarin Chinese, World Wide
Web is commonly translated via a phono-semantic matching to wàn wéi wǎng (万维网), which
satisfies www and literally means "10,000-dimensional net", a translation that reflects the
design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web.

Use of the www prefix has been declining, especially when web applications sought to brand
their domain names and make them easily pronounceable. As the mobile Web grew in
popularity, services like Gmail.com, Outlook.com, Myspace.com, Facebook.com and
Twitter.com are most often mentioned without adding "www." (or, indeed, ".com") to the
domain.[33]

In English, www is usually read as double-u double-u double-u.[34] Some users pronounce it
dub-dub-dub, particularly in New Zealand.[35] Stephen Fry, in his "Podgrams" series of
podcasts, pronounces it wuh wuh wuh.[36] The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped in
The Independent on Sunday (1999): "The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose
shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it's short for".[37]

Function
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction. However,
the two terms do not mean the same thing. The Internet is a global system of computer
networks interconnected through telecommunications and optical networking. In contrast, the
World Wide Web is a global collection of documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks
and URIs. Web resources are accessed using HTTP or HTTPS, which are application-level
Internet protocols that use the Internet transport protocols.[2]

Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the
page into a web browser or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser
then initiates a series of background communication messages to fetch and display the
requested page. In the 1990s, using a browser to view web pages—and to move from one web
page to another through hyperlinks—came to be known as 'browsing,' 'web surfing' (after

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channel surfing), or 'navigating the Web'. Early studies of

this new behaviour investigated user patterns in using web
browsers. One study, for example, found five user patterns:
exploratory surfing, window surfing, evolved surfing,
bounded navigation and targeted navigation.[38]

The following example demonstrates the functioning of a

web browser when accessing a page at the URL http://
example.org/home.html . The browser resolves the server The World Wide Web functions as
name of the URL ( example.org ) into an Internet Protocol an application layer protocol that is
address using the globally distributed Domain Name System run "on top of" (figuratively) the
(DNS). This lookup returns an IP address such as Internet, helping to make it more
functional. The advent of the Mosaic
203.0.113.4 or 2001:db8:2e::7334. The browser then
web browser helped to make the
requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across web much more usable, to include
the Internet to the computer at that address. It requests the display of images and moving
service from a specific TCP port number that is well known images (GIFs).
for the HTTP service so that the receiving host can
distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols
it may be servicing. HTTP normally uses port number 80 and for HTTPS it normally uses port
number 443. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text:

GET /home.html HTTP/1.1

Host: example.org

The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for
requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfil the request it sends an HTTP response back to
the browser indicating success:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

followed by the content of the requested page. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for a basic
web page might look like this:

<html>
<head>
<title>Example.org – The World Wide Web</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known ...</p>
</body>
</html>

The web browser parses the HTML and interprets the markup (<title>, <p> for paragraph,
and such) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen. Many web pages use
HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, scripts
that affect page behaviour, and Cascading Style Sheets that affect page layout. The browser
makes additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other Internet media types. As it
receives their content from the web server, the browser progressively renders the page onto the
screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources.

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HTML
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages
and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript, it forms a triad of
cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web.[39]

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the
documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page
semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and
other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML
provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such
as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by
tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce
content into the page. Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information about
document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML
tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which affects
the behaviour and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards,
has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[40]

Linking
Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files,
source documents, definitions and other web resources. In the underlying HTML, a hyperlink
looks like this: <a href="http://example.org/home.html">Example.org Homepage</a>.

Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected

via hypertext links is dubbed a web of information.
Publication on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee
first called the WorldWideWeb (in its original CamelCase,
which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.[41]

The hyperlink structure of the web is described by the

webgraph: the nodes of the web graph correspond to the
web pages (or URLs) the directed edges between them to the Graphic representation of a minute
hyperlinks. Over time, many web resources pointed to by fraction of the WWW, demonstrating
hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different hyperlinks
content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon
referred to in some circles as link rot, and the hyperlinks
affected by it are often called "dead" links. The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted
many efforts to archive websites. The Internet Archive, active since 1996, is the best known of
such efforts.

WWW prefix
Many hostnames used for the World Wide Web begin with www because of the long-standing

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practice of naming Internet hosts according to the services they provide. The hostname of a web
server is often www, in the same way that it may be ftp for an FTP server, and news or nntp for
a Usenet news server. These hostnames appear as Domain Name System (DNS) or subdomain
names, as in www.example.com. The use of www is not required by any technical or policy
standard and many websites do not use it; the first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch.[42]
According to Paolo Palazzi, who worked at CERN along with Tim Berners-Lee, the popular use
of www as subdomain was accidental; the World Wide Web project page was intended to be
published at www.cern.ch while info.cern.ch was intended to be the CERN home page; however
the DNS records were never switched, and the practice of prepending www to an institution's
website domain name was subsequently copied.[43] Many established websites still use the
prefix, or they employ other subdomain names such as www2, secure or en for special
purposes. Many such web servers are set up so that both the main domain name (e.g.,
example.com) and the www subdomain (e.g., www.example.com) refer to the same site; others
require one form or the other, or they may map to different web sites. The use of a subdomain
name is useful for load balancing incoming web traffic by creating a CNAME record that points
to a cluster of web servers. Since, currently, only a subdomain can be used in a CNAME, the
same result cannot be achieved by using the bare domain root.[44]

When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input
field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix "www" to the beginning of it and
possibly ".com", ".org" and ".net" at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example,
entering "microsoft" may be transformed to http://www.microsoft.com/ and "openoffice" to
http://www.openoffice.org. This feature started appearing in early versions of Firefox, when it
still had the working title 'Firebird' in early 2003, from an earlier practice in browsers such as
Lynx.[45] It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but
only for mobile devices.[46]

Scheme specifiers
The scheme specifiers http:// and https:// at the start of a web URI refer to Hypertext
Transfer Protocol or HTTP Secure, respectively. They specify the communication protocol to use
for the request and response. The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World
Wide Web, and the added encryption layer in HTTPS is essential when browsers send or
retrieve confidential data, such as passwords or banking information. Web browsers usually
automatically prepend http:// to user-entered URIs, if omitted.

Pages
A web page (also written as webpage) is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web
and web browsers. A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device.

The term web page usually refers to what is visible, but may also refer to the contents of the
computer file itself, which is usually a text file containing hypertext written in HTML or a
comparable markup language. Typical web pages provide hypertext for browsing to other web
pages via hyperlinks, often referred to as links. Web browsers will frequently have to access
multiple web resource elements, such as reading style sheets, scripts, and images, while
presenting each web page.

On a network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server. The web server

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may restrict access to a private network such as a corporate

intranet. The web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) to make such requests to the web server.

A static web page is delivered exactly as stored, as web

content in the web server's file system. In contrast, a
dynamic web page is generated by a web application,
usually driven by server-side software. Dynamic web pages
are used when each user may require completely different
information, for example, bank websites, web email etc.

Static page
A static web page (sometimes called a flat page/stationary
page) is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as
stored, in contrast to dynamic web pages which are
generated by a web application.

Consequently, a static web page displays the same

information for all users, from all contexts, subject to
modern capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-
type or language of the document where such versions are
available and the server is configured to do so. A screenshot of the home page of
Wikimedia Commons

Dynamic pages

Dynamic web page: example of server-side scripting (PHP and MySQL)

A server-side dynamic web page is a web page whose construction is controlled by an

application server processing server-side scripts. In server-side scripting, parameters determine
how the assembly of every new web page proceeds, including the setting up of more client-side
processing.

A client-side dynamic web page processes the web page using JavaScript running in the
browser. JavaScript programs can interact with the document via Document Object Model, or
DOM, to query page state and alter it. The same client-side techniques can then dynamically
update or change the DOM in the same way.

A dynamic web page is then reloaded by the user or by a computer program to change some
variable content. The updating information could come from the server, or from changes made
to that page's DOM. This may or may not truncate the browsing history or create a saved

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version to go back to, but a dynamic web page update using Ajax technologies will neither
create a page to go back to nor truncate the web browsing history forward of the displayed page.
Using Ajax technologies the end user gets one dynamic page managed as a single page in the
web browser while the actual web content rendered on that page can vary. The Ajax engine sits
only on the browser requesting parts of its DOM, the DOM, for its client, from an application
server.

Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is the umbrella term for technologies and methods used to create
web pages that are not static web pages, though it has fallen out of common use since the
popularization of AJAX, a term which is now itself rarely used. Client-side-scripting, server-side
scripting, or a combination of these make for the dynamic web experience in a browser.

JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, then of
Netscape, for use within web pages.[47] The standardised version is ECMAScript.[47] To make
web pages more interactive, some web applications also use JavaScript techniques such as Ajax
(asynchronous JavaScript and XML). Client-side script is delivered with the page that can make
additional HTTP requests to the server, either in response to user actions such as mouse
movements or clicks, or based on elapsed time. The server's responses are used to modify the
current page rather than creating a new page with each response, so the server needs only to
provide limited, incremental information. Multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same
time, and users can interact with the page while data is retrieved. Web pages may also regularly
poll the server to check whether new information is available.[48]

Website
A website[49] is a collection of related web resources including web pages, multimedia content,
typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.
Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.

A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or
a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that
identifies the site.

Websites can have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a
personal website, a corporate website for a company, a government website, an organization
website, etc. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, ranging from
entertainment and social networking to providing news and education. All publicly accessible
websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, such as a
company's website for its employees, are typically a part of an intranet.

Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in
plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML,
XHTML). They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.
Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which
may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for
the user. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its
HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.

Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the

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navigation of the site, which often starts with a home

page containing a directory of the site web content. Some
websites require user registration or subscription to
access content. Examples of subscription websites
include many business sites, news websites, academic
journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites,
message boards, web-based email, social networking
websites, websites providing real-time price quotations
for different types of markets, as well as sites providing
various other services. End users can access websites on a
range of devices, including desktop and laptop
computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart
TVs.

Browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a
software user agent for accessing information on the
World Wide Web. To connect to a website's server and
display its pages, a user needs to have a web browser
program. This is the program that the user runs to
download, format, and display a web page on the user's
computer.
The usap.gov website
In addition to allowing users to find, display, and move
between web pages, a web browser will usually have
features like keeping bookmarks, recording history, managing cookies (see below), and home
pages and may have facilities for recording passwords for logging into websites.

The most popular browsers are Chrome, Safari, Edge, and Firefox.

Server
A Web server is server software, or hardware dedicated to
running said software, that can satisfy World Wide Web
client requests. A web server can, in general, contain one or
more websites. A web server processes incoming network
requests over HTTP and several other related protocols.

The primary function of a web server is to store, process and

deliver web pages to clients.[50] The communication
The inside and front of a Dell
between client and server takes place using the Hypertext
PowerEdge web server, a computer
Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most designed for rack mounting
frequently HTML documents, which may include images,
style sheets and scripts in addition to the text content.

A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a
request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that
resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the

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server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily

the case and depends on how the webserver is
implemented.

While the primary function is to serve content, full

implementation of HTTP also includes ways of
receiving content from clients. This feature is used
for submitting web forms, including uploading of
files.

Many generic web servers also support server-side Multiple web servers may be used for a high
traffic website; here, Dell servers are installed
scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP
together to be used for the Wikimedia
(Hypertext Preprocessor), or other scripting
Foundation.
languages. This means that the behaviour of the
webserver can be scripted in separate files, while the
actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to generate HTML
documents dynamically ("on-the-fly") as opposed to returning static documents. The former is
primarily used for retrieving or modifying information from databases. The latter is typically
much faster and more easily cached but cannot deliver dynamic content.

Web servers can also frequently be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers,
webcams and serving only a local network. The web server may then be used as a part of a
system for monitoring or administering the device in question. This usually means that no
additional software has to be installed on the client computer since only a web browser is
required (which now is included with most operating systems).

Cookie
An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a
small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web
browser while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for
websites to remember stateful information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an
online store) or to record the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons,
logging in, or recording which pages were visited in the past). They can also be used to
remember arbitrary pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such
as names, addresses, passwords, and credit card numbers.

Cookies perform essential functions in the modern web. Perhaps most importantly,
authentication cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the
user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with. Without such a mechanism,
the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information or require the
user to authenticate themselves by logging in. The security of an authentication cookie generally
depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and on whether the
cookie data is encrypted. Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie's data to be read by a
hacker, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to
the website to which the cookie belongs (see cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery
for examples).[51]

Tracking cookies, and especially third-party tracking cookies, are commonly used as ways to

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compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories – a potential privacy concern that
prompted European[52] and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011.[53][54] European law
requires that all websites targeting European Union member states gain "informed consent"
from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device.

Google Project Zero researcher Jann Horn describes ways cookies can be read by
intermediaries, like Wi-Fi hotspot providers. When in such circumstances, he recommends
using the browser in private browsing mode (widely known as Incognito mode in Google
Chrome).[55]

Search engine
A web search engine or Internet search engine is
a software system that is designed to carry out
web search (Internet search), which means to
search the World Wide Web in a systematic way
for particular information specified in a web
search query. The search results are generally
presented in a line of results, often referred to as
search engine results pages (SERPs). The
information may be a mix of web pages, images,
videos, infographics, articles, research papers,
and other types of files. Some search engines also The results of a search for the term "lunar eclipse"
mine data available in databases or open in a web-based image search engine

directories. Unlike web directories, which are

maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by
running an algorithm on a web crawler. Internet content that is not capable of being searched
by a web search engine is generally described as the deep web.

Deep web
The deep web,[56] invisible web,[57] or hidden web[58] are parts of the World Wide Web whose
contents are not indexed by standard web search engines. The opposite term to the deep web is
the surface web, which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.[59] Computer scientist
Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2001 as a search indexing
term.[60]

The content of the deep web is hidden behind HTTP forms,[61][62] and includes many very
common uses such as web mail, online banking, and services that users must pay for, and which
is protected by a paywall, such as video on demand, some online magazines and newspapers,
among others.

The content of the deep web can be located and accessed by a direct URL or IP address and may
require a password or other security access past the public website page.

Caching
A web cache is a server computer located either on the public Internet or within an enterprise
that stores recently accessed web pages to improve response time for users when the same

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content is requested within a certain time after the original

request. Most web browsers also implement a browser
cache by writing recently obtained data to a local data
storage device. HTTP requests by a browser may ask only
for data that has changed since the last access. Web pages
and resources may contain expiration information to
control caching to secure sensitive data, such as in online
Deep web diagram
banking, or to facilitate frequently updated sites, such as
news media. Even sites with highly dynamic content may
permit basic resources to be refreshed only occasionally.
Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources
such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so
that they can be cached efficiently. Enterprise firewalls
often cache Web resources requested by one user for the
benefit of many users. Some search engines store cached
content of frequently accessed websites. Deep web vs surface web

Security
For criminals, the Web has become a venue to spread
malware and engage in a range of cybercrimes, including
(but not limited to) identity theft, fraud, espionage and
intelligence gathering.[63] Web-based vulnerabilities now
outnumber traditional computer security concerns,[64][65]
and as measured by Google, about one in ten web pages
may contain malicious code.[66] Most web-based attacks Surface Web & Deep Web
take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by
Sophos, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia.
[67] The most common of all malware threats is SQL injection attacks against websites.[68]

Through HTML and URIs, the Web was vulnerable to attacks like cross-site scripting (XSS) that
came with the introduction of JavaScript[69] and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2.0
and Ajax web design that favours the use of scripts.[70] In one 2007 estimate, 70% of all
websites are open to XSS attacks on their users.[71] Phishing is another common threat to the
Web. In February 2013, RSA (the security division of EMC) estimated the global losses from
phishing at $1.5 billion in 2012.[72] Two of the well-known phishing methods are Covert
Redirect and Open Redirect.

Proposed solutions vary. Large security companies like McAfee already design governance and
compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,[73] and some, like Finjan Holdings have
recommended active real-time inspection of programming code and all content regardless of its
source.[63] Some have argued that for enterprises to see Web security as a business opportunity
rather than a cost centre,[74] while others call for "ubiquitous, always-on digital rights
management" enforced in the infrastructure to replace the hundreds of companies that secure
data and networks.[75] Jonathan Zittrain has said users sharing responsibility for computing
safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet.[76]

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Privacy
Every time a client requests a web page, the server can identify the request's IP address. Web
servers usually log IP addresses in a log file. Also, unless set not to do so, most web browsers
record requested web pages in a viewable history feature, and usually cache much of the content
locally. Unless the server-browser communication uses HTTPS encryption, web requests and
responses travel in plain text across the Internet and can be viewed, recorded, and cached by
intermediate systems. Another way to hide personally identifiable information is by using a
virtual private network. A VPN encrypts traffic between the client and VPN server, and masks
the original IP address, lowering the chance of user identification.

When a web page asks for, and the user supplies, personally identifiable information—such as
their real name, address, e-mail address, etc. web-based entities can associate current web
traffic with that individual. If the website uses HTTP cookies, username, and password
authentication, or other tracking techniques, it can relate other web visits, before and after, to
the identifiable information provided. In this way, a web-based organization can develop and
build a profile of the individual people who use its site or sites. It may be able to build a record
for an individual that includes information about their leisure activities, their shopping
interests, their profession, and other aspects of their demographic profile. These profiles are of
potential interest to marketers, advertisers, and others. Depending on the website's terms and
conditions and the local laws that apply information from these profiles may be sold, shared, or
passed to other organizations without the user being informed. For many ordinary people, this
means little more than some unexpected emails in their inbox or some uncannily relevant
advertising on a future web page. For others, it can mean that time spent indulging an unusual
interest can result in a deluge of further targeted marketing that may be unwelcome. Law
enforcement, counterterrorism, and espionage agencies can also identify, target, and track
individuals based on their interests or proclivities on the Web.

Social networking sites usually try to get users to use their real names, interests, and locations,
rather than pseudonyms, as their executives believe that this makes the social networking
experience more engaging for users. On the other hand, uploaded photographs or unguarded
statements can be identified to an individual, who may regret this exposure. Employers, schools,
parents, and other relatives may be influenced by aspects of social networking profiles, such as
text posts or digital photos, that the posting individual did not intend for these audiences.
Online bullies may make use of personal information to harass or stalk users. Modern social
networking websites allow fine-grained control of the privacy settings for each posting, but
these can be complex and not easy to find or use, especially for beginners.[77] Photographs and
videos posted onto websites have caused particular problems, as they can add a person's face to
an online profile. With modern and potential facial recognition technology, it may then be
possible to relate that face with other, previously anonymous, images, events, and scenarios that
have been imaged elsewhere. Due to image caching, mirroring, and copying, it is difficult to
remove an image from the World Wide Web.

Standards
Web standards include many interdependent standards and specifications, some of which

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govern aspects of the Internet, not just the World Wide Web. Even when not web-focused, such
standards directly or indirectly affect the development and administration of websites and web
services. Considerations include the interoperability, accessibility and usability of web pages
and web sites.

Web standards, in the broader sense, consist of the following:

▪ Recommendations published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)[78]

▪ "Living Standard" made by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG)
▪ Request for Comments (RFC) documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)[79]
▪ Standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)[80]
▪ Standards published by Ecma International (formerly ECMA)[81]
▪ The Unicode Standard and various Unicode Technical Reports (UTRs) published by the
Unicode Consortium[82]
▪ Name and number registries maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
[83]

Web standards are not fixed sets of rules but are constantly evolving sets of finalized technical
specifications of web technologies.[84] Web standards are developed by standards organizations
—groups of interested and often competing parties chartered with the task of standardization—
not technologies developed and declared to be a standard by a single individual or company. It
is crucial to distinguish those specifications that are under development from the ones that
already reached the final development status (in the case of W3C specifications, the highest
maturity level).

Accessibility
There are methods for accessing the Web in alternative mediums and formats to facilitate use by
individuals with disabilities. These disabilities may be visual, auditory, physical, speech-related,
cognitive, neurological, or some combination. Accessibility features also help people with
temporary disabilities, like a broken arm, or ageing users as their abilities change.[85] The Web
is receiving information as well as providing information and interacting with society. The
World Wide Web Consortium claims that it is essential that the Web be accessible, so it can
provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities.[86] Tim Berners-Lee once
noted, "The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is
an essential aspect."[85] Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for websites.
[87] International co-operation in the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative led to simple guidelines

that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to
persons who may or may not be using assistive technology.[85][88]

Internationalisation
The W3C Internationalisation Activity assures that web technology works in all languages,
scripts, and cultures.[89] Beginning in 2004 or 2005, Unicode gained ground and eventually in
December 2007 surpassed both ASCII and Western European as the Web's most frequently

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used character map.[90] Originally RFC 3986 (https://data

tracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986) allowed resources to be
identified by URI in a subset of US-ASCII. RFC 3987 (http
s://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3987) allows more
characters—any character in the Universal Character Set—
and now a resource can be identified by IRI in any
language.[91] A global map of the Web Index for
countries in 2014

See also

Engineering portal

Internet portal

World portal

▪ Decentralized web
▪ Electronic publishing
▪ Gopher (protocol), an early alternative to the WWW
▪ Internet metaphors
▪ Internet security
▪ Lists of websites
▪ Minitel, a predecessor of the WWW
▪ Streaming media
▪ Web 1.0
▪ Web 2.0
▪ Web 3.0
▪ Web3
▪ Web3D
▪ Web development tools
▪ Web literacy

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Further reading
▪ Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario;
Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (15
December 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (http://www.w3.org/T
R/webarch/). W3C. Version 20041215.
▪ Berners-Lee, Tim (August 1996). "The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future" (http://w
ww.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html). W3C.
▪ Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web (Peter
Lang, 2017).
▪ Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June
1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1". Request For Comments 2616. Information
Sciences Institute.
▪ Niels Brügger, ed. Web History (2010) 362 pages; Historical perspective on the World Wide
Web, including issues of culture, content, and preservation.
▪ Polo, Luciano (2003). "World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis" (h
ttp://www.newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/index.html). New Devices.
▪ Skau, H.O. (March 1990). "The World Wide Web and Health Information". New Devices.

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External links
▪ The first website (http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html)
▪ Early archive of the first Web site (http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/
WWW/)
▪ Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet (https://www.mit.edu/peop
le/mkgray/net/)
▪ Living Internet (http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm) A comprehensive history of the
Internet, including the World Wide Web
▪ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (http://www.w3.org/)
▪ W3C Recommendations Reduce "World Wide Wait" (http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfN
ote.html)
▪ World Wide Web Size (http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/) Daily estimated size of the
World Wide Web
▪ Antonio A. Casilli, Some Elements for a Sociology of Online Interactions (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20110501162838/http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/40528325/0/fiche___pagelibre/)
▪ The Erdős Webgraph Server (http://web-graph.org/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0210301013100/http://web-graph.org/) 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine offers weekly
updated graph representation of a constantly increasing fraction of the WWW
▪ The 25th Anniversary of the World Wide Web (http://techchange.org/work/u-s-global-develo
pment-lab-25th-anniversary-of-the-world-wide-web/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0210711202508/https://www.techchange.org/work/u-s-global-development-lab-25th-anniver
sary-of-the-world-wide-web/) 11 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine is an animated video
produced by USAID and TechChange which explores the role of the WWW in addressing
extreme poverty

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