A computer network is a collection of interconnected Transmission media is a communication channel that

computers and other devices which are able to carries the information from the sender to the receiver.
communicate with each other. It is of 2 types:
• Wired media
Advantages: Twisted Pair Cable Co-axial Cable Fibre-Optical Cable
1. Resource Sharing
2. Cost Saving
3. Collaborative user interaction
4. Time savings
5. Increased storage

Evolution of Network:
1969 - First network came into existence
ARPANET – Advanced Research Project • Wireless Media
Agency Network Radio waves
MID 80’S - NSFNET (National Science Microwaves
Foundation Network) Infrared
Satellite
• INTERNET IS THE NETWORK OF NETWORKS.
• Intranet is a local or restricted communication
network, especially a private network
• Interspace is a client/server software program
that allows multiple users to communicate
online with real time audio, video and text chat
in dynamic 3D environment.

Switching techniques are used for transferring

data across network.

Circuit Switching: First the complete physical

connection between two computers is established and Network Devices:
then the data are transmitted from the source Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator.“
computer to the destination It is a hardware component that allows a computer or
another device, such as a router or switch, to connect to
Packet Switching: Packet switching introduces the idea the Internet.
of cutting data i.e. at the source entire message is
broken in smaller pieces called packets which are Ethernet Card: It is also known as NIC (Network
transmitted over a network without any resource being Interface Card), Also known as Network Interface Unit.
allocated. It contains RJ-45 slot to connect Ethernet cable with
RJ45 connector.
Data transfer rates that can be supported by a network
is called its bandwidth. The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered jack,“ Registered
BANDWIDTH IN HERTZ: is the range of frequencies Jack 45 (RJ45)is a standard type of physical connector
contained in a composite signal or the range of for network cables.
frequencies a channel can pass. It is measured as Hz
(Hertz), KHz(Kilo), MHz(Mega) Repeaters amplifies the attenuated signal and then
BANDWITDH IN BITS PER SECOND: number of bits retransmits it. Repeaters are simple to install and can
per second that a channel, link, or network can transmit. easily extend the length or the coverage area of
It is measures as bps, Kbps, Mbps, etc networks.

Date Transfer Rate: It defines the number of data Hub is an electronic device that connect several nodes
elements (bits) sent in 1 second. The unit is bps (bits per to form a network and redirect the received information
second) to all the connected nodes in a broadcast mode.
Kbps (Kilo bits per second) Hub is basically used in network to increase the number
Mbps (Mega bits per second) computer allows them to communicate with each other.
Gbps (Giga bits per second) It is a dumb device i.e. it forward the message to every
Tbps (Tera bits per second) node connected and create huge network traffic.
Switch is an intelligent device that connect several IP(INTERNET PROTOCOL): responsible for providing
nodes to form a network and redirect the received address of each computer and performing routing. Each
information only to the intended node(s) packet is assigned with destination IP address.

Router: It is responsible for forwarding data from one FTP: Stands for File Transfer Protocol. It allows
network to different network. The main purpose of transferring of files from one system to another like
router is to sorting and distribution of the data packets uploading of file from local machine to web server using
to their destination based on their IP Address. FTP Client like FileZilla etc.

Gateway is a device used to connect different type of PPP: Stands for Point-to-Point Protocol Point - to - Point
networks and perform the necessary translation so that Protocol (PPP) is a communication protocol of the data
the connected networks can communicate properly. link layer that is used to transmit multiprotocol data
Gateway helps to connect different type of network i.e. between two directly connected (point-to-point)
following different protocols. computers.

Wifi Card: It may be internal or external with built-in HTTP: Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Used to
wireless radio and antenna. The most common Wi-Fi transfer all files and other data(resources) from one
card used in desktop computer are PCI-Express Wi-Fi computer to another on the world wide web.
card made it fit the PCI-Express card slots on the Client(Browser) send request to Web Server using HTTP
motherboard protocol and Server respond back to Client using HTTP.

Types of Network HTTPS: Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is

the secure version of HTTP, which is the primary
protocol used to send data between a web browser and
a website. HTTPS is encrypted in order to increase
security of data transfer. HTTPS uses an encryption
protocol to encrypt communications.

SMTP: Stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP

is a set of communication guidelines that allow software
to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is called
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

POP3: Stands for Post Office Protocol (Version-3.0)

POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is
received and held for you by your Internet server.
Network Topologies Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check
your mail-box on the server and download any mail,
probably using POP3.

VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol is a protocol that

enables voice communication over the Internet through
the compression of voice into data packets that can be
efficiently transmitted over data network and then
convert back into voice at receiving end. It uses packet
switching (store and forward)

Telnet is one of the earliest remote login protocols on the

Internet. Telnet is underlying a user command and an TCP/IP
protocol for accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an
administrator or another user can access someone else's
Network Protocols: Refers to SET OF RULES computer remotely.
TCP/IP: Stands for Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol WWW: Stands for World Wide Web also known as Web. It is
TCP is connection-oriented protocol i.e. first the a collection of website or web pages stored in web server and
connection between sender and receiver is established connected to devices through the Internet. These websites
through process called handshake (RTS,CTS, ACK etc.) may contain text, images, audio, sound, animation etc. The
TCP divides the large packets to transmit into smaller WWW, with Internet allows retrieval and display of website
data packets called datagrams. to your device.
 Important:
Server location can be decided by seeing the number of
computers/nodes required in each block of network.
Server must be installed at the wing/block with
Maximum number of Computers

Hub/Switches can be used in every block wherever we

have more than one computers.

Repeaters can be used wherever the distance between

Domain Name: Communicating with computer on two blocks exceeds more than 100 mtrs.
internet using IP address is practically impossible as it is
very difficult to remember IP address of every computer It is advisable to plan a Star topology-based cable layout,
or website. System has been developed to assign names where server location (block) to be kept in centre.
to IP Address and maintains a database of these names
corresponding to IP address. Modem can be used only in Server block for internet
These names are referred as Domain Name. facility, economic way is broadband, fast is fibre optics.
Example – cbse.nic.in, gmail.com
Farther distance communication can be done using VoIP
URL Stands for Uniform Resource Locator. & it is WAN
Each web site has a unique address called URL,
for e.g. http://www.cbse.nic.in/index.htm
The basic format of URL is : type://address/path

Website is a collection of web pages and related

content that is identified by a common domain name
and published on at least one web server.
For example: google.com, youtube.com
All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute
the world wide web. Website is broadly of two types:
STATIC WEBSITE: static web site is used to display
information without any interaction with user or web
server.
DYNAMIC WEBSITE: allows user interaction with web
site and can communicate with web server again and
again.

Web browser is a software application for accessing

information on the World Wide Web.
Web Browser act as a client to send request to server,
once web server processes the request and returns the
response the same will be displayed on web browser.
Popular web browsers are: Google Chrome, Firefox, UC
Browser, Opera.

Web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a

computer program that distributes web pages as they
are requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server
is to store, process and deliver web pages to the users.

Web Hosting: Is a service which allows individual or

organization to make their web site accessible through
world wide web.
Web site is hosted on special computer called Web
servers. If the site is hosted users can access the website
from website from anywhere in the world. To Host a
website, we require DOMAIN NAME, WEBSPACE.