FINAL

Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course No.: ARC 150 (2 Credits) Full marks: 100

Course title: Building Technology (2-0-2) Pass marks: 45
Nature of the course: Theory & Practical Total lectures: 30 hrs
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
This course is designed to equip students with the fundamental knowledge and skills required
to design, construct, and manage building projects. Students will learn about various
construction materials, techniques, and technologies. Through hands-on projects, case
studies, and field trips, students will gain practical experience and develop critical thinking
and problem-solving skills.

2. General Objectives
The general objectives of this course are:
 To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of building technology and
construction practices.
 To develop students' ability to analyze, design, and manage building technology.
 To enable students to evaluate and select appropriate construction materials,
techniques, and technologies.

3. Methods of Instruction
The course will consist of lectures, tutorials, discussions, and hands-on project works.

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

Describe the concept of Unit I: Foundations and Basements (4 hrs)
Building sub-structures
and technology 1.1 Introduction to building components, Function of Foundation and
Essential requirements a Foundation
1.2 Types of Foundation, Site investigation and methods of site
exploration.
1.3 Some common problem with existing foundations and their
remedies.
1.4 Retaining properties and methods of water proofing of basement
1.5 Damp proof Course.
1.6 Earthquake effects on foundation
Define the basic Unit II: Masonry (3 hrs)
understanding of 2.1 Types of Masonry
masonry and its function 2.2 Brick masonry and Block masonry ( Types and Specification)
2.3 Bonds in Brick.
2.4 Types of Brick wall
2.5 Stone masonry ( Types and Specification )
2.6 Composite masonry
FINAL
Define the Vertical Unit III: Floors, Vertical Transportation and Roof (4 hrs)
transportation ,Floors and 3.1 Floors and its types.
Roof 3.2 Different types of vertical transportation ( ladder, ramps, Lift and
escalators )
3.3 Stair and its elements.
3.4 Essential requirements and Types of staircase.
3.5 Roof and types of roof
3.6 Timber roofs ( Single roof, Double roof and triple roof )
3.7 Steel trusses and their components.
3.8 Roof coverings. ( Types and construction detail)

Distinguish between Unit IV: Openings (2 hrs)

different types of Doors 4.1 Doors: Types of door and details
and Windows 4.2 Windows: Types of windows and details
4.3 Ventilators: Types of ventilators and details
4.4 Hardwares for doors, windows and ventilators.
4.5 Lintels and Arches ( Types and details )
Describe the Types of Unit V: Joints (3 hrs)
joints and construction 5.1 Types of joints: expansion joint, Contraction joints, Construction
detail in Load bearing joints, Sliding joins and Isolation joints
structure and Framed 5.2 Treatment and detailing of joints at the roof level
structure 5.3 Treatment and detailing of joints at the floor level
5.4 Treatment and joints in external walls
5.5 Treatment and joints in Shear wall

Describe Types of Unit VI: Temporary Construction (3 hrs)

Temporary structures and 6.1 Scaffolding: Types of scaffolds and details
their details 6.2 Timbering for excavations and trenches
6.3 Formworks for reinforced concrete construction
6.4 Shoring: horizontal, slant and vertical shores.

Explain External Unit VII: Cladding and External finishing (3 hrs)

finishing and cladding 7.1 Cladding for load bearing and framed structures
details 7.2 Brick and stone facing
7.3 Cladding in concrete panels and their construction details
7.4 Plastering, punning and pointing
7.5 Properties and application of paints

Define Types of Unit VIII: Internal Finishing ( 2 hrs)

suspended ceilings and 8.1 Partitions: types, functions and methods of construction
partitions 8. 2 Mobile partitions ( Details )
8.3 Suspended and false ceilings: types, functions and methods of construction

Describe the Internal Unit IX: Water Supply and Drainage (4 hrs)
water supply system in 9.1 Mains of water supply: storage and distribution system
building structure 9.2 Hot water supply
9.3 Drainage of sewage and waste
Explain the Electrical 9.4 Rainwater pipes and gutters
services required in 9.5 Septic tanks and Soak pit
9.6 Rainwater harvesting
buildings
FINAL
Unit IX: Electrical Services (2 hrs)
10.1Residential and commercial requirements
10.2General principles
10.3Wiring system
10.4Trunkings, busbars and ducts for electrical distribution
10.5Safety precautions
10.6Intake structures and provisions

Note: The figures in the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for the respective units.

5. Tutorials
Tutorials will provide basic calculations relevant to the content covered in lectures.

6. Hands on Project Work (15 hours for a group of maximum 24 students)

The students will be required to conduct a project work that involves observing building
technology in real buildings, drawing technical details, and providing comments on the
functioning principles. That may include but not limited to following contents
 Plans, elevations, and sections of the building
 Trench plan and footing detail, Doors and window detail
 Details of basement waterproofing, Construction details of the roof
 Water supply and drainage system, including septic tank and soak pit
 Staircase plan and section, Treatment of expansion joints

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, term-exams, lab
reports and projects etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows:

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30 Semester End 50

Attendance & Class Participation 10%

Assignments 20%

Presentations/Quizzes 10%

Internal Assessment 60%

Practical 20

Attendance & Class Participation 10%

Lab Report/Project Report 20%

Practical Exam/Project Work 40%

FINAL
Viva 30%

Total Internal 50

Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student’s Responsibilities
To be eligible for the Semester End Examination, students must obtain a minimum of 45%
marks in internal assessment and practical evaluation, with 80% attendance in class. Failure
to meet this requirement will result in a NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) status. It is recommended
that students attend all classes, exams, and complete assignments on time to fulfill the course
requirements.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books

1. Chudley, R. (1987). Construction Technology, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, England
2. Punmia, B.C., Jain, Ashok K. & Jain, ArunK. (2008), Building Construction,Laxmi Publications
(P) Ltd., New Delhi.

References

1. Reid, E. Understanding Buildings, MIT Press.

2. Olin, H.B. Construction Principles, Methods and Materials
3. Ching, F.D.K. Building Construction Illustrated.
4. Kumar, S. (2010). Building Construction, Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi.
5. Singh G. (2010). Building Construction, Standard Book House, New Delhi.
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: MTH 210 Full Marks: 100

Course title: Calculus II (3-2-0) Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
The Calculus II is designed to develop the competency of the students in the applications of
various mathematical concepts they learned in previous semesters. It is mainly equipped with
Vector Calculus, Laplace transform, Multiple integrals, Differential Equations, Fourier Series
and with introduction of Partial differential equations. The pre-requisite for this course is
Calculus I and Algebra & Geometry. The course will be delivered through lecture method,
assignments on practically based engineering problems and class tests.

2. General Objectives
The course is designed to acquaint the students with applications of mathematics in
engineering.

3. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, tutorials, discussions and assignments

4. Contents in Detail

Specific objectives Contents

Evaluate multiple integrals Unit I: Multiple Integrals (6 Hours)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Double integrals in Cartesian and polar form, Fubini's
theorem (statement only), change of order of integration,
change of variable from in double integral Jacobian
matrix and reduction into Polar.
1.3 Triple integrals in Cartesian form and Dirichlet’s
Integral, use of cylindrical and spherical coordinates to
evaluate triple integral.
1.4 Application of double and triple integrals to find Area
and volume.
Analyze the concept of solution of Unit II: Series Solution of Differential Equations and
differential equations in terms of Special Functions (6 Hours)
infinite series as power series. 2.1 Power series method of solution of differential equations.
2.2 Legendre's Equation, Legendre's polynomials Pn (x ) of .
Graph of P1 ( x), P2 (x) , P3 (x ) .
2.3 Frobenius method. Bessel's equation, Bessel's function
J ν ( x ) and its properties. Graph of J ν ( x ) for ν=1∧2
Apply the integral transform in Unit III: Laplace Transform and Its Application (8
solving practical problems Hours)
3.1 Laplace Transform (LT), Inverse LT, Linearity of LT,
LT of elementary functions, inverses and first shifting (s-
shifting) theorem. Existence theorem of Laplace
transform (without proof) and uniqueness.
3.2 Transform of Derivative and Integrals of a function.
 3.3 Differentiation and Integration of Laplace transform.
3.4 Unit step function, periodic function and LT, second
shifting (t-shifting) theorem.
3.5 Convolution theorem and its application to find inverse.
3.6 Application of Laplace transform to find the solutions of
ordinary differential equations (IVP).
Solve higher dimensional Unit IV: Advanced Vector Calculus (15 Hours)
(multivariable) calculus problems 4.1 Differentiation of vector function of scalar variable.
4.2 Point functions, Gradient, directional derivative,
divergence and curl with properties (without proof)
4.3 Line integral with physical interpretation and evaluation
of line integrals on various path
4.4 Line integral, potential function and independence of
path
4.5 Green's theorem in plane (without proof) and its various
applications
4.6 Surface integral and evaluation of surface integrals
4.7 Stoke's theorem (without proof) and its applications
4.8 Gauss Divergence theorem (without proof) and its
applications.
Illustrate periodic functions of Unit V: Fourier Series (5 Hours)
practical importance by infinite 5.1 Periodic Functions, odd and even functions
trigonometric series 5.2 Fourier series of 2 π periodic functions in the interval
(α , α +2 π).
5.3 Fourier series of 2 l periodic functions.
5.4 Fourier series of odd and even functions, sine and cosine
series
Interpret physical phenomenon by Unit VII: Partial Differential Equations (5 Hours)
partial differential equations 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Linear constant coefficient equation
7.3 Applications in conservation laws, the breaking time,
shock waves, nonlinear advection equations, and traffic
flow.

Note: The figures in the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for the respective units.

5. List of Tutorials (30 hours)

Tutorial work covers the work to be done in tutorial. This will enable the students to compute
the mathematical problems under the supervision of the course leader. The major tutorial
works are as follows:

Unit Unit name List of Tutorials Tutorial

hours
1 Unit I: Multiple 1.1 Problems on double integral by changing order 2 hrs
Integrals of integration and reduction into polar.
1.2 Triple integral with examples on Dirichlet’s 1 hr
integrals, use Cylindrical and Spherical
coordinates. 1 hr
1.3 Problems on area and volume by double and triple
integral
2 Unit II: Series 2.1 Solve Legendre's polynomials Pn (x ) of different 2 hrs
 Solution of order.
Differential 2.2 Solve Bessel's function J ν ( x ) and their 2 hrs
Equations and properties.
Special Functions
3 Unit III: Laplace 3.1Problems on Laplace and Inverse Laplace 2 hrs
Transform and Its transform of different functions.
Application 3.2 Solution of IVP using Laplace transform. 2 hrs

4 Unit IV: Advanced 4.1 Problems on gradient, Normal vector to a surface, 2 hrs
Vector Calculus Directional derivative, angle between two surfaces.
4.2 Problems on divergence and curl. 2 hrs
4.3Problems on line integrals, Exactness and path 3 hrs
independence.
4.4 Problems based on Green’s theorem, Stoke’s 3 hrs
theorem and Gauss divergence theorem.
5 Unit V: Fourier 5.1 Problems on Fourier series in 2 hrs
Series π 3π
(
(−π , π ) , ( 0,2 π )∧ - ,
2 2 ).
5.2 Problems on Fourier series of odd and even 2 hrs
functions, Fourier series in general interval (−l ,l ) .
6 Unit VII: Partial 6.1 Solve partial differential equations and their 4 hrs
Differential equation applications.

6. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes,
assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the
internal evaluation is as follows.

Internal Evaluation Marks External Evaluation Weigh Marks

t
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Assignments 20% Semester End Board
Presentations/Quizzes 10% Examination 50% 50
Term exam 60%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Students’ Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks in internal evaluation with 80% attendance in
the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such score will
be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear the Semester-
End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and
complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to
complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

7. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books
1. Kreyszig, E. Advance Engineering Mathematics, New Delhi: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2. Stewart, J. Calculus, Early Transcendental. India; Cengage Learning.

References
1. Dass, H. K. & Verma R. Higher Engineering Mathematics. New Delhi: S Chand
Publishing.
2. Mishra, P., Mishra, R., Mishra, V. P., & Mishra, M. Advance Engineering Mathematics.
New Delhi: V. P. Mishra Publication.
3. Thomas, G. & Finney, R. Calculus and Analytical Geometry. New Delhi: Narosa
Publishing House.
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: WRE 212 Full Marks: 100

Course title: Fluid Mechanics (3-2-1) Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory & Practical Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
The course aims to acquaint the students with concepts of Fluid Mechanics. It covers the fluid
behaviors and principles of fluid mechanics for applications in Civil Engineering. It covers
statics, kinematics, and dynamics of fluid. It equips students’ ability to analyze momentum
equation, use of boundary layer theorem and dimensional analysis.

2. General Objectives
The objective of this course is to provide concept and knowledge of Fluid Mechanics for the
application in |Civil Engineering and Water Resources in particular.

3. Methods of Instruction
Lectures, discussions, tutorials, laboratory works and assignments

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

State the properties of fluids, pressure laws Unit 1: Fundamentals of Fluids (6 hrs.)
and its measurement 1.1 Definition, scope and application in
civil engineering
1.2 Control volume and continuum concept
1.3 Fluid Properties: mass density,
specific weight, specific gravity,
cavitation, vapor pressure, surface
tension, capillarity and viscosity
1.4 Types of fluid pressure, pressure
head and laws of pressure
1.5 Measurement of Pressure: manometers
(piezometer, U-tube manometer and micro
manometers)
Determine the hydrostatic force on Unit 2: Hydrostatic Forces on
submerged objects, calculate equilibrium Submerged Surfaces (7 hrs.)
stability of floating objects, determine 2.1 Concept of hydrostatics on plane and
metacentric height, compute pressure force curved surfaces
on dams and gates, determine the position 2.2 Total pressure and center of pressure
of liquid in moving vessel (horizontal, vertical, inclined plane and
curve surfaces)
2.3 Pressure diagram (horizontal, vertical and
inclined plane and curve surfaces)
2.4 Computation of pressure forces on gates,
1
 dams, head water tank and other hydraulic
structures (plane and curve)

State buoyancy and floatation concept, Unit 3: Equilibrium Stability (5 hrs.)

apply Archimedes principle, visualize 3.1 Buoyancy and Archimedes principle,
equilibrium stability of submerged and floatation concept
floating bodies, determine metacentric 3.2 Condition of equilibrium: stability of
height by analytical and experimental submerged and floating bodies
methods 3.3 Metacenter and determination of
metacentric height (analytical and
experimental method)
3.4 Liquid in relative equilibrium: liquid in a
container subjected to uniform
acceleration in horizontal, vertical and
inclined directions; uniform radial
acceleration about vertical axis
State Lagrangian and Eulerian concept in Unit 4: Fluid Kinematics (5hrs.)
fluid flow, interpret flow patterns and types 4.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian concept in fluid
of fluid flow, Solve continuity equation flow
through its application in measuring devices 4.2 Description of flow patterns: streamlines,
streak lines, path lines, stream tube,
stream functions and velocity potentials
functions, basis of flow nets
4.3 Types of fluid flow: uniform and non-
uniform; steady and unsteady; one-,
two-, and three dimensional; laminar and
turbulent; rotational and irrotational;
compressible and incompressible
4.4 Conservation principle of mass; continuity
equation in cartesian and polar co-
ordinates
4.5 Flow through stream tube, discharges and
mean velocity of flow
Identify forces acting on fluid in motion, Unit 5: Fluid Dynamics (4 hrs.)
Visualize Navier-Stokes' equation of 5.1 Various forces acting on fluid in
motion, interpretation and use of Euler's motion (gravitational, pressure,
equation, Apply Bernoulli's equation, viscous, turbulent, surface tension and
Recall Momentum Principle and apply it compression)
5.2 Introduction to Navier-Stokes' equation of
motion
5.3 Development of Euler's equation of
motion and its application
5.4 Bernoulli's equation: derivation,
assumptions, application examples
5.5 Momentum principle and equations (one
and two-dimensional)
Identify Flow measurement devices; Unit 6: Application of Energy and
compute Flow through orifices, notches and Momentum Equations (8hrs.)
2
weirs; determine hydraulic coefficients; 6.1 Flow measurement devices:
solve problems related to Force exerted by Venturi-meter (horizontal, inclined &
jets and Force exerted on pipe bends and vertical), Orifice meter, Nozzle meter
closed conduits and Pitot tube
6.2 Flow through orifices: small, large,
partially and totally submerged
6.3 Hydraulic coefficients (Cv, Cc and C d )
and their determination
6.4 Flow over notches and weirs: Discharge
equations, concept of end contraction and
approach velocity
6.5 Force exerted by jets striking a flat plate,
moving plane and curve vanes
6.6 Force exerted on pipe bends and
closed conduits
Describe dimensional analysis and Unit 7: Dimensional Analysis and
distinguish its methods, illustrate Physical Modelling (5 hrs.)
applications of dimensional analysis; apply 7.1 Introduction to dimensional analysis
Reynold’s and Froude Model law in Civil (physical quantity and their dimensions)
Engineering 7.2 Methods of dimensional analysis:
Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham’s π-
theorem
7.3 Application of dimensional analysis
7.4 Concept of physical modelling and its
relation to dimensional analysis
7.5 Laws of similarity
7.6 Model laws: Application of
Reynold’s and Froude Model law in
Civil Engineering
Explain concept of boundary layer, describe Unit 8: Flow Through Submerged Body
laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a and Boundary Layer Theory (5 hrs.)
flat plate with zero pressure gradient; 8.1 Description of boundary layer and its
interpret drag and lift and its types, describe thickness
effect of pressure gradient and flow 8.2 Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on
separation a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
8.3 Friction drags for laminar and turbulent
boundary layer
8.4 Effect of pressure gradient and flow
separation
8.5 Concept of drag and lift, types and
formulas
8.6 Drag on cylinder and flat plate
8.7 Application of boundary layer principle in
Civil Engineering

5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities of 30 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be
conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.

3
 S.N. Tutorials Hours
1 Determination of capillary rise/fall; surface tension; viscosity; shear stress 4 hrs
and pressure measurement using piezometer and manometer
2 Calculation of total pressure force and Centre of pressure (horizontal, 5 hrs
vertical, inclined,
plane and curve surfaces) using formulas and pressure diagram
Computation of pressure forces on gates, dams, head water tank and other
hydraulic
structures (plane and curve)
3 Determination of metacentric height, condition of stability of floating 3 hrs
object, position of liquid in moving container, amount of spill
4 Verification of continuity equation, determination of components of 3 hrs
velocities
5 Flow calculation using Bernoulli’s equation in pipes 3 hrs
6 Determination of flow by using venturi-meter, orifice meter, calculation of 5 hrs
hydraulic coefficient, determination of force using impulse-momentum
equation, forces on pipe bends
7 Solving the problems related to dimensional analysis (Rayleigh’s and 4 hrs
Buckingham’s π)
Calculation of model/prototype dimensions using Reynold’s and Froude
Model law
8 Calculation of drag and lift forces 3 hrs

6. Practical Works

S.N Practical works

.
1 Newton's law of viscosity
2 Hydrostatic force on a submerged body
3 Stability of a floating body
4 Verification of Bernoulli's theorem
5 Impact of flow jet
6 Flow through edged orifice
7 Flow over broad-crested weir

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes,
assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the
internal evaluation is as follows.

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30
Attendance & Class 10%
Participation
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%

4
 Internal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
Attendance & Class 10% Semester-End examination 50
Participation
Lab Report/Project Report 20%
Practical Exam/Project Work 40%
Viva 30%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the
Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test,
etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required
to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books:
1. Modi, P.N. and Seth, S. M. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
2. Rajput, R. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
3. Pritchard, Fox and McDonalds. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

References:
1. John F. Douglas, Gasiorek, Swaffield, Jack., Fluid Mechanics
2. Bansal, R. K., A Text book of Fluid Mechanics
3. Jain, A.K., Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
4. Webster., Fluid Mechanics
5. Sangraula D.P., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

5
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: MTH 252 Full Marks: 100

Course title: Numerical methods (2-1-2) Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Total Lectures: 30 hours
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
This course explains how to utilize a computer to solve issues that calculus and algebra might not
be able to. It fosters the development of mathematical relationships that can be utilized to model
real-world situations and the problem-solving skills necessary to study other engineering courses.

2. General Objectives
The general objectives of this course is to equip students with knowledge and tools required to
solve different equations that are applicable in the fields of engineering.

3. Methods of Instructions:
Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

Solve non-linear equations by different Unit 1: Solution of Non-linear equations (5 hrs)
numerical methods. 1.1. Introduction, Importance of Numerical
Methods
1.2. Approximation and Errors in computation
1.3. Bisection Method
1.4. Secant method
1.5. Newton Raphson method
1.6. Fixed point iterative method
Visualize and solve mathematical Unit 2: Interpolation and approximation (5hrs)
relationships of practical observations. 2.1. Lagrange interpolation
2.2. Finite differences (forward, backward, and
divided difference)
2.3. Newton’s Interpolation (forward, backward)
2.4. Least square method of fitting linear and
nonlinear curve for discrete data and continuous
function
2.5. Cubic Spline Interpolation
Calculate definite integration and Unit 3: Numerical Differentiation and
differentiation numerically. Integration (4 hours)
3.1. Numerical Differentiation formulae
3.2. Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3, 3/8 rule
3.3. Romberg integration

1
 3.4. Gaussian integration (2- point and 3- point
formula)
Solve the system of linear equations by Unit 4: Solution of system of linear algebraic
different techniques. equations (6 hours)
4.1. Gauss elimination method and concept of
pivoting
4.2. Ill-conditioned system of linear equations
4. 3. LU Factorization method (Dolittle, Crout’s,
Cholesky’s)
4.4. Iterative methods (Jacobi method, Gauss‐
Seidel method)
4.5. Eigen value and Eigen vector using Power
method
Solve the ordinary differential equations Unit 5: Solution of ordinary differential
which may exist in the field of equations (6 hours)
engineering. 5.1. Review of ordinary differential equations
5.2. Runge-Kutta methods (first, second and
fourth) for first and second order differential
equations
5.3. Solution of boundary value problem by
shooting method
Solve numerically the partial differential Unit 6: Numerical solution of Partial
equations which exist in the field of differential Equation (4 hours)
engineering. 6.1. Classification of partial differential equation
(elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic)
6.2. Solution of Laplace equation (standard 5-point
formula with iterative methods)
6.3. Solution of Poisson equation (finite difference
approximation method)
6.4. Solution of one-dimensional Heat equation by
Schmidt method

Note: The figures in the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for the respective units.

5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be
conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.

S.N List of Tutorials

.
1 Determination of a root by all methods and their comparison. 3 hrs
2 Finding of different interpolating polynomials, regression curve 2 hrs
and Cubic-spline.
3 Determination of the first and second order derivatives by 2 hrs
difference method and its comparison with exact value.
Integration by Trapezoid, Simpson’s rules, Romberg method,

2
 Gaussian method and comparison with exact value.
4 Solution of system of linear equations by Gauss Elimination, 4 hrs
matrix factorization, Jacobi, Gauss-seidel method
Finding Eigen value and Eigen vector by power method.
5 Solution of first and second order differential equation by RK 2 hrs
methods, and Shooting method.
6 Solution of Laplace, and Poisson’s equations by five-point 2 hrs
formula.

6. List of Practical

SN List of Practicals
1. Solution of nonlinear equations.
2. Interpolation and regression.
3. Differentiation and Integration.
4. Linear system of equations and power method.
5. Ordinary differential equations.

By using MATLAB/C/C++ or any other relevant high level programming languages.

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, term-exams, lab
reports and projects etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows:

Internal Evaluation Weight Mark External Evaluation Marks

s
Theory 30 Semester End 50
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%
Internal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Lab Report/Project Report 20%
Practical Exam/Project Work 40%
Viva 30%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Students’ Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the

3
 Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test,
etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to
complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books
1. C.F. Gerald and P.O. Wheatley Applied Numerical Analysis (7th edition), New york.
2. B. S. Grewal, Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science Khanna Publication, (10th
edition)
3. S.S. Sastry Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (4th edition), Prentice-Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2008.

References:
1. Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas Faires, “Numerical Analysis 7th edition”, Thomson /
Brooks/Cole
2. E. Balagurusamy Numerical methods. New Delhi; Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
3. Dr. V. N. Vedamurthy & Dr. N. Ch. S. N. Iyengar Numerical Methods, Noida, Vikash
Publication House 2009.
4. Rudra Pratap Getting Started with MATLAB, Oxford University Press 2010

4
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: STR 210 Full Marks: 100

Course title: Strength of Materials (3-2-1) Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
This course is designed to develop the competency of the students in the material behavior,
stress and strain in structural elements due to external loads and temperature changes.

2. General Objectives
The course is designed to provide fundamental concept on the geometrical properties of
different figures, material behavior and strength required to design simple structural
members.

3. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, tutorials, discussions and assignments

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

Identify the concept of Unit 1: Axial Forces, Shear Forces and Bending
statically determinate Moment (6 hrs)
and indeterminate 1.1 Introduction to strength of materials
structure. 1.2 Determinate and indeterminate structure
1.3 The concept of superposition of internal forces due to
various combination of loads
1.4 Define axial force, shear force and bending moments
and their relationships.
1.5 Draw axial forces, shear forces and bending moments in
diagrams for statically determinate beam and frames.
Deduce principle Unit 2: Geometrical Properties of Section (6 hrs)
moment of inertia and 2.1 Review of center of gravity and Centroid, Radius of
locate the principle gyration and Moment of Inertia of built-up plane figures,
axes of various Parallel axis Theorem
geometry and their 2.2 Polar Moment of Inertia
application in civil 2.3 Product Moment of Inertia
engineering. 2.4 Principle Moment and Principle axes of inertia for
built-up plane figures and standard steel sections
2.5 Mohr’s Circle for Principle Moment of Inertia
Discuss properties of Unit 3: Direct Stresses and Strains (8 hrs)
elastic constant of a 3.1 Introduction of internal forces, stresses and strains
materials and its 3.2 Stress strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials
importance in Civil 3.3 Normal stress-strain, shear stress-strain, Hooke's law,
Engineering design. Poisson’s ratio, modulus of elasticity, modulus of
Calculate elongation rigidity, volumetric strain, bulk modulus and their
and stresses developed relationship. Multi-axial loading and generalized
in structural element Hooke’s Law
due to different forces.
 3.4 Factor of safety and permissible stresses.
3.5 Saint-Venant’s principle and stress concentration
3.5 Elongation of bars: Uniform/varying cross-sections,
tapered section(circular and trapezoidal) due to
external axial force
3.6 Compound bars subjected to axial force
3.7 Thermal stresses: single bar, compound / composite
bars
3.8 Solving technique for axial indeterminate structure by
using compatibility equations

Discuss the concept of Unit 4: Principal Stresses (5 hrs)

principle stresses 4.1 Introduction
developed in inclined 4.3 Stresses on an inclined plane subjected to two mutually
plane due to normal and perpendicular normal and shear stresses
shear stress 4.4 Principal stresses and their positions
4.5 Mohr's circle diagram for principle Stresses
Explain the effect of Unit 5: Theory of Flexure (8 hrs)
bending stress, 5.1 Introduction to flexure
horizontal shear stress 5.2 General case of bending and pure bending,
at any position of x- assumptions, elastic curve, radius of curvature, derivation
section and also to of bending equation.
determine slope and 5.3 Bending stress variation, position of neutral axis,
deflection of beam sectional modulus, flexural stiffness
5.4 Analysis of beams of symmetric cross-section
5.4 Analysis of composite beams
5.5 Shear stress variation in rectangular and symmetrical I
- and T- sections
5.6 Concept of slope and deflection in beams, differential
equations of deflected shapes, determination of maximum
slope and deflection for beams subjected to point load and
uniformly distributed load: simply supported beam and
cantilever beam
State the strength of Unit 6: Torsion of Circular Shafts (3 hrs)
circular shaft and list 6.1 Introduction
the different types of 6.2 Assumptions and derivation of torsional equation
composite shaft 6.3 Shear stress variation and torsiosnal rigidity
6.4 Power transmitted by shaft
6.5 Shafts in series and parallel
Explain about the Unit 7: Thin- Walled Pressure Vessels (3 hrs)
application of thin 7.1 Introduction of thin walled Vessels
walled vessel in daily 7.2 Types of stresses and strains in thin-walled cylindrical
uses, able to calculate and spherical vessels
stresses developed due 7.3. Calculation of stresses and strains in thin-walled
to pressure vessels
Describe the concept of Unit 8: Column Theory (3 hrs)
failure mechanism in 8.1 Introduction to column and strut
different types of 8.2 Classification of column based on slenderness ratio
column and measure its 8.3 Assumption and derivation of Euler’s Formula
strength 8.4 Limitation of Euler’s Formula
8.5 Intermediate columns; derivation of column-bucklings
8.6 Introduction to slender column
 Explain the bending Unit 9: Compound Stresses Failure Theories (3 hrs)
effect in structural 9.1 Introduction to different failure theories
member due to axial 9.2. Load acting eccentrically to one and both axes
and bending moments 9.3. Condition for no tension in the section
also locate the position
of axial load for no
tension

5. Laboratories
1. Tensile test and stress-stress curve for steel, aluminum, timber and compressive test in
concrete
2. Axial and compressive stress determination
3. Center of gravity and Moment of Inertia of simple plane lamina
4. Simple bending test on beams
5. Torsion test on simple shaft
6. Test on column behavior and buckling

6. Tutorials (30 hrs.)

1. Determination of stability, determinacy and indeterminacy of structures
2. Derivation and numerical based problems on axial force, shear force and Bending moment
for beams and frames
3. Derivation and numerical based problems on geometrical properties of 2-D and 3-D figures
4. Determination of stresses and strains on regular and irregular structural members due to
external forces, self-weight and temperature change
5. Derivation and numerical based problems on principal stresses and strains
6. Derivation and numerical based problems on flexure and deformation of beams
7. Derivation and numerical based problems on circular shafts due to torsion
8. Derivation and numerical based problems on thin walled vessels
9. Derivation and numerical based problems on columns
10. Derivation and numerical based problems on compound stresses and failure theories

7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes,
assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the
internal evaluation is as follows.

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30
Attendance & Class 10%
Participation
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%
Internal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
Semester-End examination 50
Attendance & Class 10%
Participation
Lab Report/Project Report 20%
Practical Exam/Project Work 40%
 Viva 30%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the
Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test,
etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required
to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books
R. K. Rajput. Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids), S. Chand, New Delhi

References
1. G.B. Motra. A text book of strength of materials, Heritage Publishers & Distributors Pvt.
Ltd
2. Timoshenko and Gere ‘Mechanics of Materials”,
3. Beer F.P. and E.R. Johnston “Mechanics of Materials and Structures
4. E. P. Popov. Mechanics of Materials, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi,1989
5. S. S. Vavikatti. Strength of Materials, Vikas Publication, New Delhi
6. G. H. Ryder. Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition, Macmilliam, ELBS, 1985
7. R. K Bansal. A text book of strength of materials, Laxmi publication, New Delhi
8. S. P. Timoshenko & D. H. Young. Elements of Strength of Materials, 5th Edition, East-
West Press Pvt. Ltd., 1987
 Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: CVL 216 Full Marks: 100

Course Title: Surveying I (3-1-3) Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory & Practical Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description
This course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive grounding in the principles,
tools, and applications of surveying. Major content areas covered include the fundamentals of
surveying, compass survey techniques, leveling methods, and understanding of advanced
surveying instruments such as EDM, Theodolite, and Total Station, as well as intricate topics
like tacheometry, contouring, trilateration, and triangulation. The curriculum is structured in
distinct units, each diving deep into specific surveying facets, allowing students to
sequentially build their expertise. Additionally, the "Instruction on Field Works" sections in
multiple units signify the course's emphasis on practical application, ensuring students not
only understand theoretical concepts but can also implement them in real-world scenarios.

2. General Objectives
The course is designed to apply civil engineering students with comprehensive knowledge
and practical skills in surveying methodologies, instruments, and applications essential for
accurate land and terrain assessments.

3. Methods of Instruction
Lectures, Tutorials, Discussion, Readings and Practical works

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives Contents

State and interpret the Unit I: Introduction to Surveying (4 hrs)
fundamentals of surveying 1.1 Definition of Surveying
principles, tools, and practices. 1.2 Plane and Geodetic Surveying
1.3 Classification of Surveying- Based on the nature of
survey, objective of survey, and the instrument used
1.4 Instruments and Tools Used in Surveying- Their
Purposes
1.5 Principles of Surveying
1.6 Scales, Maps, and Plans
1.7 Units of Measurement (Length, Area, and Volume)
and Conversions
1.8 Accuracy and Error
Apply and analyze compass Unit II: Compass Survey (5 hrs)
usage and its significance in the 2.1 Introduction, Uses and Importance
surveying field. 2.2 Meridians, Bearings and Angles
2.3 Designation of Bearings, Whole circle and
Quadrantal system and Conversions
2.4 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing
2.5 Types of Compass
1
 2.6 Magnetic Declination
2.7 Local Attraction
2.8 Closing Error and Adjustments (Graphical and
Analytical)
2.9 Instruction on Field Works
Apply and analyze the principles Unit III: Levelling (10 hrs)
and techniques of levelling. 3.1 Levelling- Basic Definitions and Importance
3.2 Types of Levelling- Spirit, Trigonometrical and
Barometric
3.3 Spirit Levelling- Basic Definitions and Types
3.4 Methods of Reducing Levels and their Booking –
HI and Rise & Fall Method, Arithmetic Checks
3.5 Two peg test
3.6 Effect of Curvature and Refraction
3.7 Reciprocal Levelling
3.8 Permissible Error in Levelling
3.9 Sources of Error in Levelling
3.10 Trigonometrical Levelling- Problems of Height
and Distances
3.11 Practical Cases in Levelling
3.12 Instruction on Field Works
Visualize with advanced Unit IV: Introduction to EDM, Theodolite and Total
surveying instruments and their Station (4 hrs)
applications. 4.1 Principle of Electronic Distance Measurement and
Use of EDM
4.2 Types of Theodolite and its components
4.3 Principle of Theodolite
4.4 Uses of Theodolite- Measurement of Horizontal &
Vertical Angles and Bearings
4.5 Components of Total Station
4.6 Electronic Data Recording
4.7 Uses of Total Station
Apply and analyze traverse Unit V: Theodolite Traversing (10 hrs)
techniques, compute 5.1 Traverse- Definition, Types and Uses
coordinates, rectify errors, 5.2 Checks in Closed and Open Traverse
address omitted measurements, 5.3 Consecutive and Independent Co-ordinates; and its
and plot traverses. Computation
5.4 Closing Error in Closed Traverse, its Computation
and Balancing
5.5 Degree of Accuracy in Traversing
5.6 Plotting of Theodolite Traverse
5.7 Omitted Measurements
5.8 Instruction on Field Works
Apply and analyze various Unit VI: Tacheometry (5 hrs)
tacheometric systems 6.1 Introduction, Uses and Importance
6.2 Principles of Optical Distance Measurement
6.3 Systems of Tacheometry-Stadia System and
Tangential System
6.4 Distance Measurement using Vertical Staff
2
 6.5 Instruction on Field Works
Interpret how terrain variations Unit VII: Contouring (4 hrs)
are represented through contours 7.1 Basic Definitions in Contouring
7.2 Contour Interval
7.3 Characteristics of Contours
7.4 Methods of Contouring
7.5 Interpolation of Contours
7.6 Uses of Contour Maps
7.7 Instruction on Field Works
Apply and analyze trilateration Unit VIII: Trilateration and Triangulation (3 hrs)
and triangulation systems. 8.1 Principles of Trilateration
8.2 Principles and Classification of Triangulation
Systems
8.3 Strength of Figure
8.4 Satellite Stations and Inter-Visibility of
Triangulation Stations
8.5 Instruction on Field Works

5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities should be conducted to cover all the required contents of this
course.

S.N. Tutorials
1 Solving the problems related to the units of measurement and their conversions.
2 Determination of bearings, bearings conversions, Local attraction and closing error
computation and adjustments in compass surveying.
3 Determination of the reduced level of any station using different methods of
levelling.
4 Computation of consecutive and independent coordinates in closed and open
traverse, balancing of closing error and determining omitted measurements.
5 Solving the problems related to the tacheometery.
6 Determination of Index contour and contour plotting.

6. Practical Works

S.N. Practical works

1 Horizontal, Vertical, and Sloping Distance Measurement – use of tapes, Abney
level, and ranging rods.
2 Two Peg Test and Transfer of RL from BM to a point by Fly Levelling or
Differential Levelling.
3 Preparation of L-section and X-section of a road alignment.
4 Demonstration of Theodolite and Total Station and traverse survey using theodolite
or Total Station.
5 Preparation of detailed topographic map by traversing using theodolite or Total
station, with distances and elevations computed by tacheometry and contours drawn
after arithmetic interpolation.
6 Determination of elevation of accessible and inaccessible points by Trigonometrical
Levelling.
7 EDM Demo

3
 8 Measurement of a plot of Land by trilateration and computation of area in various
systems (Ropani, Bigha, Hectare etc.)

7. Evaluation system and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes,
assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the
internal evaluation is as follows.

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%
Internal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
Attendance & Class Participation 10% Semester-End examination 50
Lab Report/Project Report 20%
Practical Exam/Project Work 40%
Viva 30%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such a score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the
Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test,
etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required
to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

8. Prescribed Textbooks and References

Text Books
1. Punima, B.C., Jain Ahok K. & Jain, Arun K. Surveying Vol I, II, III. New Delhi:
Laxmi Publications. 2005.
2. Agor, R. A text book of Surveying and levelling. Khanna Publishers

References
1. Clark, D. Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers Vol. I, II. Michigan: Constable
Limited. 1923.
2. Bannister, A., Raymod, S. & Baker, Raymond. Surveying (7the edition). New Delhi:
Pearson education.
3. Kanetkar, T.P. Surveying.
4. Basak, N.N. Surveying and Levelling. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.