Basic Modern Physics

1. Introduction

Basic Modern Physics

Class Overview
Lecturer: 안종현 AHN, Jong-Hyun
– Office: C310
– E-mail: [email protected]
– Web page: http://graphene.yonsei.ac.kr/

TA: 강민표, 김제중

– E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
– Tel: 2123-8286

Text
– Lecture notes
– Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser & Kok Wai Cheah
– Many definitions/images from Wikipedia

Webpage class board

– YSCEC

Basic Modern Physics

 Grading
Mid term exam (35 %), Final exam (35 %), Home works (10%),
Quiz & Attendance (20%)
– Home works: solution will be provided by TA , 0 if not submitted in
time. F for two delinquencies
– F for four or more absences without reason
– Two late show-ups is equal to one absence (after 15min).

Grading: Based on score distribution

– A 30~40 %, B 30~40 %, C+D 20~30%, F 0~10% (Flexible)
– +, 0, - will be given entirely depending on the lecturer's
subjective decision
– Credits will be given to the active participants during class
– Practice hour by TA

Basic Modern Physics

Week Period Weekly Topic &Contents Course Material Range &Assignments Reference

2017.03.02 (3.2.) Spring semester classes begin

1 introduction and relativity
2017.03.08 (3.6. - 3.8.) Course add and drop period

2017.03.09
2 special relativity
2017.03.15
2017.03.16
3 Particle properties of waves
2017.03.22

2017.03.23
4 Particle properties of waves, Wave properties of particles 3/28, 3/30 휴강
2017.03.29
2017.03.30
5 Wave properties of particles (4.3. - 4.5.) Course withdrawal period
2017.04.05
2017.04.06
6 Atomic structure 4/11 휴강 (4.7.) First third of the semester ends
2017.04.12
2017.04.13
7 Atomic structure 4/13 중간고사 (4.17. - 4.22.) Midterm Examinations
2017.04.19
2017.04.20
8 midterm (4.17. - 4.22.) Midterm Examinations
2017.04.26
2017.04.27
9 Quantum mechanics (5.3.) Buddha`s Birthday
2017.05.03
2017.05.04
10 Quantum mechanics & Quantum theory (5.5.) Children`s Day
2017.05.10
2017.05.11
11 Quantum theory 5/16 휴강 (5.15.) Second third of the semester ends
2017.05.17
2017.05.18
12 Quantum theory & Statistical mechanics
2017.05.24
2017.05.25
13 Statistical mechanics
2017.05.31
2017.06.01
14 Solid states (6.6.) Memorial Day
2017.06.07
2017.06.08 (6.8. - 6.21.) Self-study and Final Examina
15 Solid states
tions
2017.06.14
2017.06.15 (6.8. - 6.21.) Self-study and Final Examina
16 final exam 6/15 기말고사
tions
2017.06.21

Basic Modern Physics

 Topics to be covered
Topics

– 1. Introduction and Relativity

– 2. Particle properties of waves: nature of light (wave, particle)
(electromagnetic wave), Compton effect, photoelectric effect,
blackbody radiation
– 3. Wave properties of Particles: de Broglie wave, particle in a
box, uncertainty principle
– 4. Atomic structure
atom(nuclear, electron)→atomic spectra, energy level, (atomic
excitation), nuclear motion
– 5. Quantum Mechanics
wave equation, Schrödinger equation, potential well, tunneling,
harmonic oscillator
– 6-8. Quantum Theory
Hydrogen atom, Many electron atom, Molecules
– 9. Statistical Mechanics
MB, Plank radiation law, free electron in a metal, electron-energy
distribution
– 10. Solid states
Bond (covalent, ionic, metallic), Band theory Introduction
Basic Modern Physics

Importance of this course

Modern Physics

Electromagnetism

Physical Electronics

Semiconductor Physics

Semi/display experiments

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

 What is modern physics?

Wikipedia: The term modern physics refers to the post-Newtonian

conception of physics. The term implies that classical descriptions of
phenomena are lacking, and that an accurate, "modern", description of
reality requires theories to incorporate elements of quantum mechanics
or Einsteinian relativity, or both. In general, the term is used to refer to
any branch of physics either developed in the early 20th century and
onwards, or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics.

In a literal sense, the term modern physics, means up-to-date physics. In

this sense, a significant portion of so-called classical physics are modern.
However since roughly 1890, new discoveries have caused significant
paradigm shifts; the advent of quantum mechanics (QM), and of
Einsteinian relativity (ER). Physics that incorporates elements of either
quantum mechanics or relativity (or both) are said to be modern physics.
In it in this latter sense that the term is generally used.

Basic Modern Physics

Relativity
Special relativity: Mass-energy equivalence E=mc2

General relativity: Space-time curvature

See BBS documentary on relativity. (such as Cosmos by Carl Sagan) or

read “E=mc2” by David Bodanis
EBS 빛의 물리학 (EBS)
Movie. Interstellar

Basic Modern Physics

 Special Relativity

Lack of ‘absolute standard frame’ → Start of Special Relativity

Postulate of Special Relativity (1905, Albert Einstein)

1. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference.
2. The speed of light in free space has the same value in all inertial frame of
reference.

frame 2 :
moving rocket

frame 1 :
scientist

observed ‘speed of light’ in frame 1 and frame 2 : 3.0108m/s(same!)

Basic Modern Physics

Time Dilation
Measurement of time intervals
case 1 case 2

υ
observer and object observer and object
are in the same frame are in the different frame
(one frame has relative speed)
* Information carrier to our eyes : Light

Basic Modern Physics

 Time Dilation
Measurement of time intervals
case 1 case 2
observer and object
observer and object are in the different frame
are in the same frame (one frame has relative speed)

(actually each process occurs

at same position)

Basic Modern Physics

Time Dilation
Measurement of time intervals
case 1 case 2
observer and object
observer and object are in the different frame
are in the same frame (one frame has relative speed)

(actually each process occurs

at same position)
2 L0
t0  (time to travel back and forth)
c

Basic Modern Physics

 Time Dilation
Measurement of time intervals
case 1 case 2
observer and object
observer and object are in the different frame
are in the same frame (one frame has relative speed)

(actually each process occurs

at same position) ct t t2 4L
2
( ) 2  L0  ( ) 2  (c 2   2 )  L0  t 2  2 0 2
2 2

2 2 4 c 
2 L0 2 L0 / c t0
t0  (time to travel back and forth) t t 
c 1  / c
2 2
1 2 / c2
Effect of time stretching : Time dilation

Basic Modern Physics

Relativistic Momentum
Redefining an Important Quantity : Momentum
Collision between two objects which are located in different frames
z
z’
: A (in frame S) (in frame S’)
y
S y’
S’ υ Collide!
x : B(in frame S’) (in frame S)
x’
Result of Collision relative speed of frame : υ
Collision as seen from Collision as seen from
frame S frame S’

relative speed of frame : υ

Basic Modern Physics

 Relativistic Momentum
Analysis of Relativistic Momentum(1)

Collision as seen from Collision as seen from

frame S frame S’

The round-trip time for A in frame S The round-trip time for B in frame S’
Y Y
T0  T0 
VA VB '
(frame S’)
The speed of B in frame S The speed of B in frame S
Y Y 1 2 / c2 Y Y 1  2 / c2
VB   VA '  
T T0 (frame S) T T0

Basic Modern Physics

Relativistic Momentum
Analysis of Relativistic Momentum(2)

Momentum of PA and PB in frame S

Y
p A  m AVA  m A ( )
frame S T0
Y
pB  mBVB  mB 1   2 / c 2 ( )
T0

mA (mass of mA and mB
* Because of momentum conservation : mB 
1  / c
2 2 measured different)

m
Redefining of momentum(Relativistic momentum) : p   m
1  2 / c2
1
Relativistic Factor : 
1  2 / c2

Basic Modern Physics

 Redefined Concept of Energy
Redefining an Important Quantity : Energy
mc 2
Total Energy : E  mc 2 
1 2 / c2

Rest Energy :E  mc 2 / Kinetic Energy :E  (  1)mc 2

(Derived in Sec. 1.8)

The relationship between energy and momentum of general particle

E 2  (mc 2 ) 2  p 2 c 2

The relationship between energy and momentum of massless particle

E  pc

(Derived in Sec. 1.9)

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

General Relativity

Basic Modern Physics

Basic Modern Physics

Gravity and Right

Basic Modern Physics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHPqhTY6dh0

Basic Modern Physics

 Vulcan (hypothetical planet)

Einstein cross: four images of the Newtonian (red) vs. Einsteinian orbit (blue)
same astronomical object, produced of a lone planet orbiting a star
by a gravitational lens
Basic Modern Physics