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DNA and RNA 9th Gradeeee

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10 views11 pages

DNA and RNA 9th Gradeeee

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butterplays796
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DNA AND RNA

BIOLOGY 9TH GRADE


JULIÁN ANDRÉS GONZÁLEZ VEGA
DNA
 The DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all
other organisms.
 Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus, but a small amount of DNA can also be found
in the mitochondria.
 The DNA is in charge of storing the life information of each organism.
DNA
 DNA bases pair up with each other, A (Adenine) with T (Thymine) and C (Cytosine) with
G (Guanine) , to form units called base pairs.
 Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together
they are called a nucleotide.
 Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix.
STRUCTURE OF THE DNA
 The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming
the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical
sidepieces of the ladder.
 This shape gives DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great
precision.
IMPORTANCE OF THE DNA
 First of all, DNA makes each species unique. Even though all creatures share some genes,
there are some unique and specific genes for each one of the living organisms of the world.
 DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
 To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be
used to produce proteins.
RNA
 Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a
messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in
some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
STRUCTURE OF RNA
 The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, which
replaces thymine in DNA.
 Why is Uracil found in RNA and not in DNA? Because of structural differences, uracil
is less stable than thymine and more susceptible to mutations. DNA, which holds the
genetic information passed down from generation to generation, must be stable
and resistant to alterations. As a result, uracil is exclusively found in RNA and not in
DNA.
 This means that with the uracil present in the RNA, the chance that the DNA will
succeed is bigger, that´s why the thymine is reserved exclusively for DNA.
 Also, RNA in single stranded, unlike DNA with is double-stranded.
STRUCTURE OF RNA
IMPORTANCE OF RNA
 It is in charge of constructing cells or responding to immune challenges, and of
carrying amino acids from one part of the cell to the other.
 At the same time, the RNA helps in the formation and in the processing of the
proteins.
 This proteins are created and formed in the cytoplasm of the cell, thanks to the RNA.
Differences between DNA and RNA
Comparison DNA RNA

Full Name
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
RNA converts the genetic information contained within DNA to a
Function DNA replicates and stores genetic information. It is a blueprint for all
format used to build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal protein
genetic information contained within an organism.
factories.
DNA consists of two strands, arranged in a double helix. These strands RNA only has one strand, but like DNA, is made up of nucleotides. RNA
Structure
are made up of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains strands are shorter than DNA strands. RNA sometimes forms a
a phosphate, a carbon sugar molecule and a nitrogenous base. secondary double helix structure, but only intermittently.
DNA is a much longer polymer than RNA. A chromosome, for
RNA molecules are variable in length, but much shorter than long
Length example, is a single, long DNA molecule, which would be several
DNA polymers. A large RNA molecule might only be a few thousand
centimetres in length when unravelled.
base pairs long.
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, which contains one less hydroxyl RNA contains ribose sugar molecules, without the hydroxyl
Sugar group than RNA’s ribose. modifications of deoxyribose.

The bases in DNA are Adenine (‘A’), Thymine (‘T’), Guanine (‘G’) and RNA shares Adenine (‘A’), Guanine (‘G’) and Cytosine (‘C’) with DNA,
Bases
Cytosine (‘C’). but contains Uracil (‘U’) rather than Thymine.

Base Pairs Adenine and Thymine pair (A-T) Adenine and Uracil pair (A-U)
Cytosine and Guanine pair (C-G) Cytosine and Guanine pair (C-G)
RNA forms in the nucleolus, and then moves to specialised regions of
DNA is found in the nucleus, with a small amount of DNA also present
Location the cytoplasm depending on the type of RNA formed.
in mitochondria.
Dextrocardia

Babies with simple dextrocardia have a


normal life expectancy and should have no
problems related to the location of the heart.
Doctor Ashish Nikhil Doshi. Johns Hopkins
Medicine Health Center, 2023.

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