12.10.

2023

Wind Energy (WIN1LE)

Sustainable Energy Systems (SES)
WS 2023/24

Dipl.-Ing. Mark Suer (slides by Dr. Robert Höller)

Contents

1. Short history of wind energy

2. Meteorology and wind measurement

3. Physics of wind energy

4. Wind turbine technology

5. Wind park projects

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Literature

 Gasch, R, und J. Twele, Wind Power Plants, 2nd Edition,

Springer, 2012.

 Hau, E., Wind Turbines, Springer, 2005.

 Manwell J.F.,McGowan, J.G., and A.L. Rogers, Wind Energy

Explained, Wiley, 2009.

 Burton, T., Wind Energy Handbook, Wiley, 2011.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Energy and Mobility

 First sail ships already 5000 B.C. in Egypt

 Further developments by Romans and others
1000 B.C.
 First sailing around Africa about
600 B.C.
 Vikings (up to 20 knots)
 Medieval age (Magellan, Columbus, Vasco da
Gama)
 Modern Age (trading ships, war ships)
 End of sail ships through the usage of the
steam engine and later diesel engines (19th
century)

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Wind Energy and Mobility

Principle
• Sailing against the wind using an airfoil
• Even faster than the wind

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Energy and Mobility

Flettner Rotor
 1920ies
 Rotating rotors
 Magnus-Effekt
 Auxiliary drive
 Fuel saving concept

E-Ship 1 (Enercon), completed 2010, rotors: 27 x 4 m

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Wind Energy and Mobility

Sky-Sails
 Tractive power support for cargo ships by
automated kite
 Exploitation of wind at heights
> 100 m
 Kite is steered in an 8-shape

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Mechanical Usage of Wind Energy

Chinese windmill to drain the rice fields

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Mechanical Usage of Wind Energy

European Bock wind mill (12th century) Tower wind mill – widespread in the Mediterranean

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Mechanical Usage of Wind Energy

Persian windmill – first time 644 historically documented

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Mechanical Usage of Wind Energy

A windcatcher, wind tower, or wind

scoop is a traditional architectural
element used to create cross ventilation
and passive cooling in buildings.
Windcatchers come in various designs:
unidirectional, bidirectional, and
multidirectional. Windcatchers are widely
used in North Africa and West Asia.
Iran, especially in the south of Fars
province and Hormozgan province, and
other countries around the Persian Gulf
have used windcatchers for the past
three thousand years.

Left: Ab anbar (water reservoir) with windcatchers

(openings near the top of the towers) in the central
desert city of Yazd, Iran.
Right: Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd, Iran

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher

Mechanical Usage of Wind Energy

Halladay windmill – invented around 1850 by D. Halladay Dutch windmill (16th century)

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Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Jacobs Windcharger (USA 1920 - 1960)

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Gedser System– Denmark 1957 - 1966

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Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Tvind System (1 MW) – Denmark 1978

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Test Turbines Nibe A und B – Denmark 1979

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Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Windpark in Palm Springs - California

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Electrical Usage of Wind Energy

Eole (Darrieus-Rotor) – Canada 1987

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Modern Wind Energy

Siemens SWT3.0 101

Enercon E-126

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Development of Wind Turbines

‘20

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Development of Offshore Wind Turbines

‘20

Source: Nadia Weekes (windpower monthly)

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Power in Austria

Status 2022: Source: IG Windkraft

• 1,371 wind turbines in operation (2021: 1,305)
• 3,573 MW installed power (2021: 3,293 MW)
• 8.5 TWh p.a. production
• More than 10% of the Austrian electrical energy

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Wind power installed in Europe by end of 2022

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Global Wind Power Capacity

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Global Wind Power Capacity

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind through heating of the Earth

 Wind is the movement of air that provides thermodynamic balance of air

masses in the atmosphere
 Solar irradiation depends on latitude
 The equator receives more irradiation than the poles
 Air masses are heated locally different
 Exchange of energy via kinetic energy of the air

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Influence of the Earth‘s Rotation

 On a large scale wind systems are influenced by the Earth‘ rotation.

 The Coriolis force deflects air masses.
 In the northern hemisphere toward right, in the southern hemisphere
towards left.
 Groud friction reduces the wind speed and also the Coriolis force.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Global Wind Systems

Single cell model 3 cell model

(Hadley)

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Local Influences on Wind

 Locally different heating of the environment:

 Lakes
 Sea
 Forests

 Influence of topographic conditions:

 mountains
 valleys
 Cities

 Orography
 Roughness of the ground

 Local conditions are very important for a wind farm site!

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Local Influences on Wind

• Temperature
• Roughness
• Obstacles
• Orography

Up wind

Land wind
Sea wind
Sea Beach Grass Trees Hills Forests Houses Cities Valleys Mountains

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Characteristic Properties

 The occurring wind speeds at a certain site are very variable

 The average wind speed at a site is not sufficient for the calculation
of energy yields
 Relevant characteristic properties to be determined are:

 Average wind speed

 Frequency distribution of wind speeds
 Distribution of wind directions
 Wind shear (change of wind speed with height)
 Wind turbulence

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Statistics

Average wind speed of a measurement sample

1
𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑁

Standard deviation

1
𝜎= 𝑣 −𝑣 )²
𝑁−1

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Frequency Distribution of Wind Speeds

 Frequency classes from wind speed measurements

 Distribution function from a mathematical approximation

frequency (%)

wind speed (m/s)

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Influence of the Frequency Distribution

on the Power Density

= ∑ 𝑣 𝑓 𝑣 average wind speed of the class

𝑓 relative frequency of the class

12 5000 40
Beitrag zur
contribution Leistungsdichte
to power = xHäufigkeit
density = frequency power density * Leistungsdichte
Häufigkeit
frequency Leistungsdichte
power density 4500 35
10
4000
power densityin(W/m²)
power densityin(W/m²)
W/m²

W/m²

30
3500
8
in %
Häufigkeit(%)

3000 25
Leistungsdichte

Leistungsdichte
frequency

6 2500 20
2000 15
4 1500
10
1000
2
500 5
0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
>19

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
>19

Windgeschwindigkeitsklasse
wind speed class Windgeschwindigkeitsklasse
wind speed class

𝑣 = 6,05 m/s  power density = 135,5 W/m²

Calculation from frequency distribution: power density = 345,47 W/m² !!!

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Frequency Distribution Function

Weibull distribution
𝑘 𝑣
𝑓 𝑣 = 𝑒
𝐴 𝐴

𝐴 scale parameter [m/s]

𝑘 shape or form parameter k

The wind site is described with

only two parameters.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Calculating the CDF and Pxx Values

If the wind speed 𝑣 is Weibull-distributed, the cumulative distribution

function (CDF) of 𝑣 is:
𝐹 𝑣 = 1−𝑒

The probability that a certain windspeed is reached can be calculated by

the above formula.

Example P90: 𝐹 𝑣 = 0.1

𝑣 = 𝐴 (−𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝐹 𝑣 )

Source: Montgomery and Runger, Applied Statistics for Engineers, 2003

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Calculating the average Windspeed and Variance

of a Weibull Distribution

The average wind speed 𝑣̅ and the variance 𝜎 can be calculated from the
Weibull distribution by:

1
𝑣̅ = A Γ 1 +
𝑘

𝜎 =𝐴 Γ 1+ -𝐴 Γ 1+

Source: Montgomery and Runger, Applied Statistics for Engineers, 2003

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Rose

 Description of the wind situation in 12 sectors

 The wind direction distribution is important for the planning of
windfarms.
 It is also required information for the placement of wind turbines
within a wind farm.

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Wind Rose

https://www.weather.gov/ama/dalhartwindroseinformation

Vertical Wind Profile (Wind Shear)

Geostrophic
wind

 Air masses are slowed

down though friction from
Low turbulence the Earth‘s surface to
zero.

Boundary layer  Logarithmic increase of

the stationary average
with height
High turbulence

Surface

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Vertical Wind Profile (Wind Shear)

200
ℎ D v = 3.2m/s
𝑣 𝑙𝑛
𝑧
= 150
𝑣 ℎ
𝑙𝑛
𝑧

Height (m)
100

50
h1 height 1 [m] z0 = 0,40 z0 = 0,20 z0 = 0,05
h2 height 2 [m]
v1 wind speed in h1 [m/s] 0 D v = 0.6m/s
v2 wind speed in h2 [m/s]
0 2 4 6 8 10
z0 roughness length [m]
Average wind speed (m/s)

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Typical Surface Roughness Lengths z0

Source: Burton et al., Wind Energy Handbook (2001)

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Stratification of the Lower Atmosphere

Height
free atmosphere
1000 m

Ekman layer
turbulent boundary layer
4,500
kW
2,500

100 m kW
1,500
kW
h1 Höhe 1 [m]
600
h2 Höhe 2 [m] 500 kW
Prandtl
v1 layer
Windgeschwindigkeit 300
in kW
h1 [m/s]
kW
v2 Windgeschwindigkeit
50 in h2 [m/s]
z0 5 mm kW
Rauhigkeitslänge [m]
laminar boundary layer

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Turbulence and Gusts

Turbulence Intensity Iv

𝜎
𝐼 =
𝑣̅

Turbulences influence the loads on wind

turbines and therefore also the lifetime

Iv ∶ 5 % flat land, sea

Iv ∶ 20 % and more complex terrain

Gusts:
Deviation of the average wind speed in
a range of about 10 sec

 Load assumptions for wind turbines

(turbine classes after IEC)

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Wind Measurement Systems

cup anemometer

Greek amemos = wind

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Measurement Systems

propeller anemometer

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Wind Measurement Systems

ultrasound anemometer

2D 3D

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Wind Measurement Mast

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Wind Data

 European Windatlas
 Austrian Wind Potential Analysis
AuWiPot
www.windatlas.at
 Weather stations

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Specific Wind Power in Austria

(wind energy potential map)

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Energy Content of Wind

An area A is flown though by a medium

of density ρ and a speed v. 𝐴

Assumption:
𝑣(𝐴) = const.
𝜌 = const.
𝑣

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Energy Content of Wind

• Kinetic Energy:
1
𝐸 = m𝑣
2

• Power:
d𝐸
P=
𝑑𝑡

• v = const.
1 d(m𝑣 ) 1 𝑑𝑚 1
P= = v² = 𝑚̇v²
2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2

• Mass flow 𝑚̇
𝑚̇ = ϱ 𝑉̇ = ϱ A v

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Energy Content of Wind

Power Specific Power:

𝑃 = 𝜚𝐴𝑣³ = 𝜚𝑣³

Influences on wind power:

• density of air (linear)
• area (linear)
• wind speed (3rd power!)

Double wind speed = eightfold power

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Specific Energy Density

Theoretical specific annual energy density (assuming 8760 h/a):

v [m/s] E [kWh/m²·a]
4 343
5 671
6 1.159
7 1.840
8 2.747

Compare: solar irradiation is about 900 – 1.300 kWh/m²a (Austria)

How much of this energy can be really „harvested“ by wind turbines?

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Air Density

Gas law: 𝑝=𝜌𝑅 𝑇

Specific gas constant: 𝑅 = 287.1

Air density at sea level: 𝜌 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

Height Temperature Pressure Density Power Loss

[m] [°C] [hPa] [kg/m³] [%]
0 15,0 1013,25 1,225 0
500 11,8 954,61 1,167 -4,7
1000 8,5 898,76 1,112 -9,3
2000 2,0 795,01 1,007 -17,8
3000 -4,5 701,21 0,909 -25,8
5000 -17,5 540,48 0,736 -39,9

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Fluid Mechanics

Bernoulli law:

Bernoulli's law describes the behavior of a fluid under varying

conditions of flow and height. It can be summarized as "total pressure is
constant along a streamline“, where

total pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure

1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣² = const
2

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Fluid Mechanics

Incompressible Fluid
𝐴 ,𝑣 𝐴 ,𝑣

(𝜌)𝐴 𝑣 = (𝜌)𝐴 𝑣 mass balance

(volume balance)

𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣 ² = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣 ² Bernoulli (from energy conservation)

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

How much Power can be Extracted from the Wind?

Air flow through an ideal Betz wind turbine

1 1 1
𝑃 = 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝜚𝐴 𝑣 − 𝜚𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜚 𝐴 𝑣 − 𝐴 𝑣
2 2 2

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How much Power can be Extracted from the Wind?

Conservation of mass flow:

𝐴
𝜌𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 → 𝑣 = 𝑣
𝐴
1 1
→𝑃 = 𝜚𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 − 𝑣
2 2

→𝑃 → maximum

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

How much Power can be Extracted from the Wind?

𝐹 = 𝑚̇ ∆𝑣 = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 − 𝑣

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑣

1
𝑚̇ 𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑚̇ 𝑣 − 𝑣
2

1
𝑣 = 𝑣 +𝑣 (Froude-Rankine Theorem)
2

1
→ 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 + 𝑣
2

1
→𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣
4
For the derivation of the Froude-Rankine Theorem see e.g. Gasch/Twele.

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How much Power can be Extracted from the Wind?

Definition of Coefficient of Power 𝑐

1
𝑃 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣 1 𝑣 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣
𝑐 = =4 =
𝑃 1 2 𝑣
𝜚𝐴𝑣
2
1 𝑣 𝑣
= 1+ 1−
2 𝑣 𝑣

Ratio →𝜉
1
𝑐 = 1−𝜉 1+𝜉
2

Betz coefficient
16
𝑐 , = = 0.593
27

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Specific Power

1000 1

Ideal
900 0,9
Betz
800 0,8
Pitch
Coefficient of power

700 0,7
densityin(W/m²)

Stall
W/m²

600 cp (Pitch) 0,6

Leistungsbeiwert
Leistungsdichte

500 0,5

400 0,4
Power

300 0,3

200 0,2

100 0,1

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Windgeschwindigkeit in m/s
Wind speed (m/s)

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How much Power can be Extracted from the Wind?

Coefficient of power cP

16
𝑐 , = = 0.59
27

ratio

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Development of velocity and static pressure

along the stream tube

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How can we harvest Energy from the Wind?

Two Principles:

1) Using the drag force

2) Using the aerodynamic lift force

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Aerodynamic Drag

Drag Force 𝐹 : A
cw = 1.11
vw
1
𝐹 =𝑐 𝜌𝐴𝑣
2

1 cw = 1.33
vw
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑣
2

𝑐 coefficient of drag cw = 0.34

𝑣 wind speed vw
𝐹 drag force
𝐴 area approached by
incident flow a:b = 1 cw = 1.11
a a:b = 4 cw = 1.19
∆𝑝 dynamic pressure A a:b = 10 cw = 1.29
vw a:b =  cw = 2.01
b

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Drag Driven Rotors

Force in the direction of the incident flow:

1
𝐹 =𝑐 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑢 ²
2

1
𝑃=𝐹 𝑢=𝑐 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑢 ² 𝑢
2

𝑐 coefficient of drag
𝑣 wind speed
𝑢 speed of the object
𝐹 drag force
𝐴 area approached by incident flow

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Drag Driven Rotors

Example: cup anemometer for the measurement of wind speeds

circumferential speed 𝑢 < wind speed 𝑣

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Drag Driven Rotors

Tip speed ratio* 𝜆

𝑢
𝜆= <1
𝑣

𝑢 circumferential speed
𝑣 wind speed

Coefficient of power 𝑐

4
𝑐 , = 𝑐
27

*dt. Schnelllaufzahl

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Drag Driven Rotors

Coefficient of power of an anemometer

Coefficient of power 𝑐

Tip speed ratio 𝜆

 Power output of a drag driven rotor is small !

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Aerodynamic Lift

Incoming flow on an airfoil profile

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Lift force FL and drag force FD at a blade element

of the width b and chord length c

𝒗𝒘

Local pressure differences from

- lift force
- drag force

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Lift Driven Rotor

Lift force: 𝐹 𝐹
1
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣 ²𝑐 𝐴
2

Drag force:
1
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑣 ²𝑐 𝐴
2

𝐹
Resulting force: 𝑣
𝐹 = 𝐹 ²+𝐹 ²

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Diagram of speeds and 𝜃

forces on a blade element

(Blatteinstellwinkel)
(aerodynamischer Anstellwinkel)

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Lift Driven Rotor

Goal of a lift driven rotor: max. lift force at lowest possible drag force!

Lift/drag ratio* 𝜀:
𝐹 𝑐 (𝛼 )
𝜀(𝛼 ) = =
𝐹 𝑐 (𝛼 )

𝑐 lift coefficient
𝑐 drag coefficient
𝛼 angle of attack

Modern wind turbine profiles have lift/drag ratios up to 400.

*dt. Gleitzahl

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack: 𝛼 > 0 𝐹 𝐹

𝜶
𝐹
𝑣

Lift force ⊥ incoming flow

Drag force ∥ incoming flow

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Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack 𝛼 > 0

𝐹 𝐹

𝜶
𝑣
𝐹

Lift and drag force get smaller with increasing angle of attack.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack 𝛼 = 0

𝑣
𝐹

No lift force with a symmetric profile at angle of attack 0.

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Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack 𝛼 >>

𝐹 𝐹

𝑣 𝐹

At too high angle of attack 𝛼 the flow stalls at the trailing edge.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack 𝛼 < 0

𝐹
𝑣

𝐹 𝐹

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Lift Driven Rotor

Angle of attack 𝛼

𝑐 = 𝑐 (𝛼)
𝑐 = 𝑐 (𝛼)

Angle of attack 𝜶

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Lift Driven Rotor

Tip speed ratio 𝜆

𝑢
𝜆= >1
𝑣

𝑢 circumferential speed
𝑣 wind speed

𝜆≤3 low-speed ratio wind turbines*

𝜆>3 high-speed ratio wind turbines**

* dt. Langsamläufer
** dt. Schnellläufer

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Lift Driven Rotor

For a high efficiency the lift/drag ratio 𝜀 should be as high as possible.

 Angle of attack should be constant

Depends on:
 wind speed
 circumferential speed

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Rotor Blade

Rotor blade twist

Construction for a ratio of

circumferential speed to wind speed.

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Rotor Blade Designs

Theoretical optimum

near optimum

trapez

rectangular

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Rotor Blade

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Rotor Blade

ideal

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Rotor Blade

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Lift Driven Rotor - Losses

 Blade profile losses

The profile losses are caused by the drag of the profile. These can be
ignored when determining the ideal optimum blade geometry. However,
they must be taken into account when calculating the power balance.

 Blade tip-losses
Another source of losses is the flow around the tip of the blade from the
pressure side (lower side of the profile) to the suction side (upper side).
This causes the blade lift to decreases toward the tip.

 Losses due to wake rotation:

These losses result from the extraction of torque at the active plane of
rotation. The principle of action equals reaction means that the
tangential force creates a counteracting torque on the downstream air
flow via the lever.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Influencing the Rotor Environment

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Power Control for a Lift Driven Rotor

Stall Active Stall Pitch

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Power Control for a Lift Driven Rotor

Stall Control
 Rotor blade is fixed
 Pitch angle fixed
 Angle of attack depends on the rotor revolution speed and wind speed
 Power < 1 MW

Power coefficient Torque Coefficient Thrust coefficient

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Power Control for a Lift Driven Rotor

Active Stall

 Rotor blade is rotatable around its axis

(profile nose towards incoming flow, pitch angle can be smaller than 0)
 Angle of attack depends on the rotor revolution speed and wind speed
 Up to nominal power no control of blade pitching
 Above nominal power stall is intentionally achieved
 Advantage: wind gusts can be easier absorbed

This concept is not anymore used.

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Pitch Controlled Turbine

Ratio of the Forces for a Lift Device E-66, gearless drive train (ENERCON)

Source: Gasch and Twele, 2012; Quasching, 2005

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Power Control for a Lift Driven Rotor

Pitch Control

• Rotor blade is rotatable around its axis (profile nose towards incoming flow)
 Angle of attack depends on the rotor revolution speed and wind speed
• Power > 500 kW

Power coefficient cP as a function of tip-speed-ratio l

and pitch angle b
WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Power curve of a pitch controlled wind turbine

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Power curve, pitch angle, and number of

rotations of a pitch controlled wind turbine

Source: Madsen and Thomsen, Analysis of wind turbine losses

Operational Data of a Wind Farm

Source: Deutsche WindGuard Dynamics, 2005

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Power Curves

Pitch - control Stall - control

Active - stall

Power
Power

P rated P rated

v cut in v rated Wind speed v cut in v rated Wind speed

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Rotor
The rotor area determines the energy yield of
the wind turbine.
The largest wind turbines (e.g. Enercon E-
127) has a rotor diameter of 127 m and a
swept area of 12.700 m²

Rotor speed:
 5 – 20 rpm (> 1,5 MW)
 15 – 50 rpm (< 1,5 MW)

Rotor diameter Power

~ 40 m 500 kW

50 – 60 m 1 MW

70 – 90 m 2 MW

90 – 115 m 3 MW

115 – 130 m 5 MW

125 – 170 m > 5 MW

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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Types of Turbine Types and Tip Speed Ratios

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

Coefficient of Power for Different Turbine Types

Source: Gasch and Twele, 2012

WIN1LE Dr. Robert Höller

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