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Salt Analysis

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New Addition: Chemical principles involved in
Qualitative salt analysis:
Cations - Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+
Anions- CO32-, S2-, SO42-, NO3- , NO2-, CI-, Br-. I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).

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 Chemical Analysis

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 Chemical Analysis

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 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Salts

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 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Salts

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 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Salts

CuSO4

−
Cu2+ SO4

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 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Salts

• Action of heat
• Does it change color?
• Does it decompose?
• Does it cause evolution of some sort of gas?
• Does it cause condensation to occur on the test
tube?

• Appearance of a compound
YouTube • What is its color?
Session
Link • Is it crystalline or amorphous?
 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Salts
• Flame Test
• Identification of some cations
• Remember: cations give out color due to electron
transition

• Solubility in water
• Some could be figured out JUST with this

YouTube • Analysis of Anions

Session • Analysis of Cations
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 Let’s see the steps involved
in the qualitative analysis of
inorganic salts

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 Steps in Salt Analysis

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 Steps in Salt Analysis

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 Preliminary Tests

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 Physical Appearance

A blue salt is likely to be Copper

A green salt is likely to be Chromium, Nickel or Iron

Some salts change colour on heating.

YouTube This pinpoints some compounds!

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 Physical Appearance
Salt Formula Color
𝑴𝒏𝑶, 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 , 𝑭𝒆𝑶, 𝑪𝒖𝑶, 𝑪𝒐𝟑 𝑶𝟒 , 𝑵𝒊𝟐 𝑶𝟑 ;
1. Black
𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒈+, 𝑪𝒖+, 𝑪𝒖𝟐+, 𝑭𝒆𝟐+, 𝑪𝒐𝟐+ , 𝑷𝒃𝟐+ , 𝑯𝒈𝟐+
2. 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝟐+ 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒔 Blue

3. 𝑯𝒈𝑶, 𝑯𝒈𝑰𝟐 , 𝑷𝒃𝟑 𝑶𝟒 Red

4. 𝑪𝒓𝟑+, 𝑪𝒓𝟔+ , 𝑵𝒊𝟐+ , 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒔 Green

5. 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒔 Light Pink

6. 𝟑+ Orange
𝑲𝑶𝟐 , 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 , 𝑺𝒃𝟐 𝑺𝟑 , 𝑭𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝑵 𝟔

YouTube 7. Hydrated 𝑪𝒐𝟐+ 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒔 Reddish pink

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Link 8. 𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔, 𝑨𝒈𝑩𝒓, 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑺𝟑 , 𝑨𝒈𝑰, 𝑷𝒃𝑰𝟐 Yellow

9. 𝑪𝒅𝑶, 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 , 𝑷𝒃𝑶𝟐 , 𝑪𝒖𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒 Dark brown

 Colour Change - Heating

Salt Cold Hot

1. 𝑃𝑏3 𝑂4 Red Chocolate/brown

2. 𝐶𝑜𝐵𝑟2 ∙ 6𝐻2 𝑂 Red Green

3. 𝑍𝑛𝑂 White Yellow

4. 𝑆𝑛𝑂2 White/yellow Yellowish brown

5. 𝐵𝑖2 𝑂3 Yellow Yellowish brown

6. 𝐻𝑔𝑂 Red Black

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8. 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 Blue White
 Flame Test

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 Flame Test

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 Flame Test

1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠1

Electrons jump!

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 Flame Test

1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠1

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 Flame Test

Element Color
1. 𝑵𝒂 Golden Yellow or orange
2. 𝑳𝒊 Red
3. 𝑲 Violet
4. 𝑪𝒔 Bluish violet
5. 𝑹𝒃 Reddish violet
6. 𝑪𝒂 Brick red
7. 𝑩𝒂 Pale/Apple green
Pale Greenish or Blue
9. 𝑷𝒃
white
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10. 𝑪𝒖 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕 Blue & Green
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 Flame Test

𝑁𝑎

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 Flame Test

Element Flame color Flame color through 𝑪𝒐 glass

𝑵𝒂 Golden yellow No color

𝑲 Violet Crimson

𝑪𝒂 Brick red Light green

𝑺𝒓 Crimson red Purple

YouTube 𝑩𝒂 Apple green Bluish green

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The flame test allows us to distinguish metals based on the
color emitted by the flame.
The color of the flame is observed because:
a) The electrons jump to higher orbitals
b) The electrons return to their original orbitals

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The flame test allows us to distinguish metals based on the
color emitted by the flame.
The color of the flame is observed because:
a) The electrons jump to higher orbitals
b) The electrons return to their original orbitals

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 Action of Heating

∆
𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
∆
𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

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 Action of Heating

∆
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

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 Action of Heating

∆
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

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 Action of Heating

∆ 1
2𝐿𝑖𝑁𝑂3 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 2𝑁𝑂2 ↑ + 𝑂
2 2
∆
2𝑀𝑔 𝑁𝑂3 2 2𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 4𝑁𝑂2 ↑ + 𝑂2
∆
2𝐶𝑢 𝑁𝑂3 2 2𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 4𝑁𝑂2 ↑ + 𝑂2
∆
𝐻𝑔 𝑁𝑂3 2 𝐻𝑔 + 2𝑁𝑂2 ↑ +𝑂2
∆
𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 𝑁2 𝑂 ↑ + 2𝐻2 𝑂
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Session 𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑠
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 Steps in Salt Analysis

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 Reactions

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 Analysis of Anions

H2SO4/HCl
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H2SO4/HCl
ppt with AgNO3
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2− − − −
2−
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(CO3 ), (S2 ) (NO3 ), (Cl ), (SO4 )
− −
(Br ),(l )
 Analysis of Anions

−
(NO3 )
−
(CO3 )

−
− (Cl )
S2 )

−
(Br )
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(SO42- ) (l )
 Analysis of Anions

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 Water Extract

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 Sodium Carbonate Extract

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 Test for CO32-

CO32-

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 Test for CO32-

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 Test for CO32-

−
CO3

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

Confirmatory

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

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Link CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
 Test for CO32-

Confirmatory

2𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑨𝒈𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 ↓ + 𝐶𝑎 𝑁𝑂3 2

𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒑𝒕

The Ag 2 CO3 ppt is soluble in nitric acid & in ammonia

Ag 2 CO3 when boiled gives yellow or brown ppt

of Ag 2 O with evolution of CO2 gas
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Session 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 ↓ → 𝑨𝒈2 𝑶 ↓ + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑
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𝒚𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏
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 Test of S2
−

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 Test of S2
−

H2SO4

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 Test of S2
−

Na2 S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S

Confirmatory

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2S PbS + 2CH3COOH

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 Confirmatory Test of S2
−

NH4OH
Na2CO3

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 Confirmatory Test of S2
−

Confirmatory

Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]

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 Test of NO2- (nitrite ions)

2𝐾𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂2 𝑁𝑂

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠

2𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂2 2𝑵𝑶2 ↑
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 Confirmatory Test of NO2- (nitrite ions) -

2𝐾𝐼 + 2𝑁𝑂2 2𝐾𝑁𝑂3 + 𝐼2

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ + 𝐼2 𝒃𝒍𝒖𝒆

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 Confirmatory Test of NO2- (nitrite ions) -

5𝑁𝑂2− + 2𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 6𝐻 + → 5𝑁𝑂3− + 2𝑀𝑛2+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂

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 Confirmatory Test of NO2- (nitrite ions) -

NO− 2 in acetic acid +

𝑁𝐻2 2 𝐶𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂2 → 𝑁2 + 𝐻+ + 𝑆𝐶𝑁 − + 2𝐻2 𝑂
thiourea NH2 2 CS
: SCN − + FeCl3 HCl
: 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 + 𝑆𝐶𝑁 − → 𝑭𝒆 𝑺𝑪𝑵 𝑪𝒍2 + 𝐶𝑙 −
𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒅

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