Software Architecture Fundamentals: Technical, Business, and Social Influences

Rob Wojcik Software Engineering Institute Webinar July 8th, 2010

2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Todays Speaker
Rob Wojcik is a member of the technical staff in the Research, Technology, and System Solutions Program at the SEI, a position he has held since 2004. In his current position, he performs training and consulting in software architecture technology and software architecture evaluations. Prior to his position at the SEI, over twenty five years of his career were dedicated to developing software systems that utilize traditional as well as artificial intelligence and object oriented technologies.

2010 Carnegie Mellon University

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Polling Question #1
How did you hear about this webinar?
1.Email 2.SEI

invitation from the SEI

Website with webinar calendar (i.e., www.webinar-directory.com)

3.Website 4.Social 5.SEI

Media (i.e., LinkedIn, Twitter)

Member Bulletin

7/8/2010

Twitter hashtag #seiwebinar

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Software Engineering Institute (SEI)

Department of Defense R&D Laboratory (FFRDC) Created in 1984 Under contract to Carnegie Mellon University Offices in Pittsburgh, PA; Washington, DC; and Frankfurt, Germany SEI Mission: advance software and related disciplines to ensure the development and operation of systems with predictable and improved cost, schedule, and quality.

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Research, Technology, and System Solutions (RTSS)Program

Vision

Enable assured and flexible system capabilities at all scales.

Mission

Focus on the structure and behavior of software-reliant systems

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Portfolio of RTSS Program Work

Initiatives

Architecture-Centric Engineering System of Systems Practice System of Systems Software Assurance Product Line Practice

Cross-Cutting Efforts

Concept Lab Integrating Solutions Ultra-Large-Scale Systems

Independent Research and Development

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Todays Topics

What is Software Architecture? Why is Software Architecture Important? Which Requirements Are Most Important To Architectural Design? What Else Influences Software Architecture?

Ill take questions at the end of the presentation.

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How Much Do You Know?

a) b) c) d)

I know a whole lot about software architecture I know enough about software architecture to get by I know very little about software architecture What the heck is software architecture?

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Todays Topics

What is Software Architecture? Why is Software Architecture Important? Which Requirements Are Most Important To Architectural Design? What Else Influences Software Architecture?

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Many Definitions for Software Architecture

Alfred: Software architecture consists of the rules and principles for how a system is decomposed into its component parts, the rationale for how responsibilities are allocated among those parts, and the policies and mechanisms that coordinate the interactions between those parts as they collaborate to fulfill the purpose of the system. Software architecture is at once the partitioning of a system into its significant elements, and the organization and integration of those elements into a cohesive whole. RUP: the set of significant decisions about the organization of a software system, the selection of the structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is composed, together with their behavior as specified in the collaborations among those elements, the composition of these structural and behavioral elements into progressively larger subsystems, and the architectural style that guides this organization--these elements and their interfaces, their collaborations, and their composition Pandey: the blueprint of the various framework components that coordinate together to satisfy the design guidelines of a specific domain Adabala: a style that is proven scientifically and adopted by the engineering discipline, with which a software is developed so as to sustain and adopt to the growing needs of the industry from time to time...

Ramanujam: an iterative framework between software components required to meet the stated objectives of the business, in terms of cost to develop/maintain the software components, time to market, and life expectancy of the components

Software Engineering Institute: the structure or structures of the system, which comprise the software elements, the externally visible properties of those elements, and the relationships among them

Riemenschneider: the mapping from the problem space to the solution space, where the problem space is devoid of implementation concerns and the solution space is the sum total of all implementation concerns

Mulvaney: a set of implementation elements together with the mechanisms through which they collaborate to provide the system's required functionality

ANSI/IEEE: the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution

Ahmed: a coherent set of abstract patterns, or principles, guiding the design of each aspect of a large software system

Matthaeus: A configurable skeleton of any kind of software beast on which you hang implementation specific muscle to make it live

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Some Things Remain Certain - 1

Software architecture

is an abstraction that describes software elements addresses the roles, responsibilities, behaviors and properties of software elements addresses the relationships between software elements

shows what software elements provide to and require from each other
shows the relationship to non-software elements is described from many different perspectives

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Some Things Remain Certain - 2

Every software system has an architecture.

A software architecture is not inherently good or bad.

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Todays Topics

What is Software Architecture? Why is Software Architecture Important? Which Requirements Are Most Important To Architectural Design? What Else Influences Software Architecture?

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Why Is Software Architecture Important?

Its a vehicle for communication. Its a manifestation of earliest design decisions that

defines implementation constraints

relates to organizational structure provides the basis for project artifacts and activities permits/precludes achieving requirements

allows us to predict system qualities

allows us to control complexity allows us to reason about and manage change allows us to develop a skeletal system

provides a sound basis for cost and schedule estimates

Its a transferable, reusable abstraction.

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Todays Topics

What is Software Architecture? Why is Software Architecture Important? Which Requirements Are Most Important To Architectural Design? What Else Influences Software Architecture?

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Which Requirements Are Most Important to Architectural Design?

Functional requirements Design constraints Quality attribute requirements Architectural Design Software Architecture

What determines whether these requirements are met?

Which requirements are the most important when it comes to structuring an architecture?

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Something to Consider
Whats wrong with designing a system that has one big source module, one big object module, and one big executable as long as it functions properly?
buildability
modifiability testability complexity maintainability Others?

portability

Module
1 2 3 : : : . . . 1,999,999 : 2,000,000 :

reliability distributability availability reusability

Which requirements do you think would be negatively impacted by this design?

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Heres the Point!

If functionality is the only thing that matters, any software architecture will do! Its the requirements that are above and beyond functionality that require us to structure an architecture. They include:

design constraints quality attributes

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Requirements Elicitation
Yet these are critical to architectural design! Eliciting Eliciting functional requirements quality attribute and design constraints requirements

Good Job

Bad Job

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Difficulties in Eliciting Quality Attribute Requirements

Non-Operational requirements

The system must be easy to use. The system must have high performance. The system must be portable.

Debating the quality attribute to which a system behavior belongs

The system must process 10,000 messages per second.

Vocabulary variations

Everyone knows what high performance means, right?

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Todays Topics

What is Software Architecture? Why is Software Architecture Important? Which Requirements Are Most Important To Architectural Design? What Else Influences Software Architecture?

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Other Influences on the Architecture

Requirements Architectural Design

Technical Business Social

Software Architecture

Software architecture is influenced by the technical, business, and social environment.

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Examples of Other Influences

Stakeholders

customers, users, managers, marketing, developers, maintainers, etc.

Development organization

immediate and long term business goals organizational structure

Technical environment

object oriented, WWW, intelligent agents, EJB, service oriented, J2EE, thin client, .NET, etc.

Background and experience

architect and organizational experience

education and training

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What Architecture Influences

Requirements Architectural Design

Technical Business Social

Software Architecture

influences

An architecture can influence the technical, business, and social environment.

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Examples of What Architecture Can Influence

Development organization

structure, goals, artifacts, etc.

Stakeholder requirements

demand for similar features, existing components and system

Technical environment

relational databases, WWW, service oriented architectures, etc.

Background and experience

promote approaches that have been successful reject approaches that have failed

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Understanding These Influences

Requirements Architectural Design

Technical Business Social

Software Architecture

influences

Understanding this cycle of influences helps us to plan for and manage change throughout the lifetime of a system.

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Conclusion
Software architecture is important!

Every software system has an architecture!

Quality attribute requirements are critical! Requirements arent the only things that influence software architectures!

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For More Information

Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd edition written by Len Bass, Paul Clements, & Rick Kazman and published by Addison-Wesley as part of the SEI Series in Software Engineering

Other information is provided at http://www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/.

Contact Rob Wojcik Software Engineering Institute [email protected]

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CERT's Podcast Series: Security for Business Leaders www.cert.org/podcast/

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work was created in the performance of Federal Government Contract Number FA8721-05C-0003 with Carnegie Mellon University for the operation of the Software Engineering Institute, a federally funded research and development center. The Government of the United States has a royalty-free government-purpose license to use, duplicate, or disclose the work, in whole or in part and in any manner, and to have or permit others to do so, for government purposes pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at 252.227-7013.

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