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ˆÑ˛Óúõye ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy!°Ïì˛ Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ xò%îyò≤ÃyÆ
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ !Óì˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ–

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

 ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2015
!mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2016
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2017
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2018
˛ôM˛Èõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2019
°Ï¤˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2020
˛ô!Ó˚õy!ã≈ì˛ ¢Æõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2021
xT˛õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2022
òÓõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2023

@˘ÃrÌfl˛∫c ı ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ı
¢%Óì˛ ˆáy°Ï
¢!â˛Óñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î
77/2ñ ˛ôyÑ≈˛ !fi›˛Δ›˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ700 016

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çöìëûÞÝþ öîA†œ öÝþ:Ýþ î%„þ „þöìþ™ÅyöìîûŸ˜ !œ!›öìÝþvþ
S˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜV
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ700 056

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 ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò
≤Ãhfl˛yÓòy
xyõÓ˚yñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòÜíñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛› ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛
Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛s˛f Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ܈Ïv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ!ò¤˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ü˛ôÌ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ı ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ òƒyÎ˚!Óâ˛yÓ˚Óó !â˛hs˛yñ
õì˛≤ÃÑ˛yüñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ïõ≈ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôy¢òyÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yó ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y xã≈ò Á ¢%ˆÎÏ yˆÏÜÓ˚
¢õì˛yy ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óƒ!È=˛ÈÙÈ¢æõ Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ
~ÓÇ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ôºyì,˛c ܈Ïv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ó xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîñ xyãñ
1949 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 26 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ñ ~ì˛jμyÓ˚y ~£z ¢Ç!Óïyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈñ !Ó!ïÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ
~ÓÇ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ–

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute

India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens : JUSTICE, social, economic
and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and
worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote
among them all – FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual
and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

iii
 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÈ
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 14ÈÙÈ35 òÇ ïyÓ˚yV x ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò ïõ≈#Î˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy ~ÓÇ
1. ¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ £zFäÈyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï
x xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ î,!T˛ˆÏì˛ ¢Óy£z ¢õyò ~ÓÇ xy£zò ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓó 5. ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Á !ü«˛y!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xãy!ì˛ñ ïõ≈ñ Óí≈ñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó°%˚ ñÏ ãß√fiÌyò ≤ö˛, !ì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ x ¢Ó ˆ◊!íÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛y°Ïyñ !ú!˛ô Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ òyó ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓó
x ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎy܃ì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚
x Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ˛ ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Óy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢y£y΃≤ÃyÆ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò
¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓó
!ü«˛yúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈ñ ãyì˛ Óy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xã%£yˆÏì˛
x xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏúy˛ô¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
Ó!M˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó
xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yÈÙÈxyâ˛Ó˚í !ò!°ÏÂï Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó ~ÓÇ
x v˛z˛ôy!ï @˘Ã£í Á ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Óyïy!òˆÏ°Ïï xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô x ïõ≈ xÌÓy ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚Ü%!ú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôäÈ®õˆÏì˛y !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò fiÌy˛ôò Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
2. fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 6. üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
x Óyщ˛fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó x ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ÓúÓÍ Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
x üy!hs˛˛ô)í≈ Á !òÓ˚fl˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚y ¢%!≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛y›≈˛ Á £y£zˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏ›˛≈ Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ –
x¢Çá Á ¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ
x ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛úyˆÏö˛Ó˚y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó
S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 51~ òÇ ïyÓ˚yV
x¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fiÌyˆÏò fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó 1– ¢Ç!Óïyò õyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ xyîü≈ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò¢õ)£ñ
x ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ Óy ÓƒyÓ¢yÓy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆhfl˛yˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊Âïy ≤Ãîü≈òó
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó 2– ˆÎ¢Ó õ£yò xyîü≈ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íy
x xy£zò xõyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ x!¶˛Î%=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ã%!܈ÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÎˆÏb ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á xò%¢Ó˚íó
xy£zò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓó
3– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõcñ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Á ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íó
x ~Ñ˛£z x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ÓyÓ˚
üy!hfl˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó 4– ˆîüÓ˚«˛y Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ xy£πyˆÏò ¢yv˛¸y ˆîÁÎ˚yó
x ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!¶˛Î%=˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ¢y«˛ƒ 5– ïõ≈Üì˛ñ ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ Á xyM˛!úÑ˛ Óy ˆ◊!íÜì˛ !¶˛ß¨ì˛yÓ˚ |ˆÏïπ≈
!îˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãò܈ÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ºyì,˛cˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚
xã#Óò Á Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó !ÓÑ˛yü¢yïò ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy£y!òÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ Óã≈òó
x Î%!=˛¢ÇÜì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y 6– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !õ◊ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÜÔÓ˚ÓõÎ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ õ)úƒîyò Á
ÎyˆÏÓ òyó ~ÓÇ xy›˛Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛ xyd˛ô«˛ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íó
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– 7– Óò¶)˛!õñ £…îñ òîòî# ~ÓÇ Óòƒ≤Ãyí#¢£ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚
3. ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á v˛zߨÎ˚ò¢yïò ~ÓÇ ã#Óhs˛ ≤Ãyí#¢õ)ˆÏÈ£Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õõc
x ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Î˚!ÓÑ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy ˆÓÜyÓ˚ Öy›˛yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏÓ òyó ˆ˛ôy°Ïíó
x ˆâ˛yˆÏjy ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õÓÎ˚fl˛Ò !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ö!òñ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy Óy 8– ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yñ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yñ xò%¢!rïÍ¢y Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õÖ% #
xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚ ≤âyÓ˚¢yïòó
4. ïõ≈#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 9– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á !£Ç¢y Óã≈òó
x ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ~ÓÇ ïõ≈˛ôyúò Á
10– ¢Ó≈≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Á ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛õ≈≤ÈÏâ˛T˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zߨì˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏäÈó
v˛zß#¨ ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏüƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛zÍÑ˛°Ï¢≈ yïòó
x≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ïõ≈≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ¢ÇfiÌy fiÌy˛ôò
~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!_ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓó ~ÓÇ
x ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïõ≈ ≤âyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ 11– 6ÈÙÈ14 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚fl˛Ò ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !üü%ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y
Ñ˛Ó˚îyˆÏò Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y Óy x!¶˛¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ–

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iV ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
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iiiiV v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ӈϟ’°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢õyïyò–
ivvV ˛ô)íÓ≈ Ü≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆí Ï Ó˚ ¢õyïyò–
vV ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ ¢)ˆe Ï Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy–
viiiV Ó#ãmÎ˚ ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viiiV Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏò ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆí Ï Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü–
2. ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
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S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆò£zV
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ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ≤Ãõyí–
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viV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–
4. xyÎ˚ì˛áò
iV Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á áòÑ˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ì˛ú¢ÇÖƒyñ ïyÓ˚¢ÇÖƒyñ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV Ñ˛ˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
5. xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
iV Ó#ãÜ!íˆÏì˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïõ≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
6. â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î S3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛V Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
iV ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ñ °Ïy^˘È¬y!¢Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ˜eõy!¢Ñ˛ £ˆÏú ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–

ix
 iv
vV ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
7. Ó,_ Ï fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
iV ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !mÜ%í ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iiiiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢Ñ˛ú ¢õyò ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
ivvV xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
vV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !Ó®%
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆò£zV
vi) v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–
8. ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
iV Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ú Á ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)e ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)ˆe Ï Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
9. !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
iV xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ü%Âïñ !õ◊ñ ¢î,ü Á x¢î,ü !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜñ Ü%í Á ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viiiV !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
10 . Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
iV Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iiiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛ £ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚
˛≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆò£zV
iiiiV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–
11 . ¢¡ôyîƒ ı !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò
iV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãî_ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò–
iiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛≤Ãî_ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò–
iiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãî_ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈_
, xAÑ˛ò– Sõ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎ˚V
12 . ˆÜyúÑ˛
iV Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy ˆÜyúÑ˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV xï≈ˆÜ Ï yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ú Á ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV ˆÜyúÑ˛ Á xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–

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13 . ˆ¶˛î
iV ¢Ó˚ú ˆ¶˛îñ Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛î Á ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒy Á Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
14 . xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
iV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆrÏ ï ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ¢Ó˚ú Á !õ◊ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV õ)úïò ¢¡∫ˆrÏ ï ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü–
15 . Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
iV ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜÑ˛yÓ˚#
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇümÎ˚ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iv
vV ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wmÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– ÈÙÈ ≤Ãõyí
viV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–
16 . ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
iV Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ú¡∫ Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ú Á ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚–
17 . ¢¡ôyîƒ ı Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò
iV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
18 . ¢î,üì˛y
iV ¢î,ü ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò ˆò£zV
iiiiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £Î˚– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò ˆò£zV
iv
vV î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£%Ü!% ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆò£zV
vV î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü!% ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò xÌ≈yÍ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆò£zV
viV î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy£%Ü!% ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
£ˆÏú !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü– S≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò ˆò£zV
viiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ˆÎ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y õ)ú !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢î,ü ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
viiiV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–

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19. !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
iV ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ SxyÎ˚ì˛áòñ áòÑ˛ñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàñ ˆÜyúÑ˛ñ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛V
¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò–
20 . !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
iV !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zqÓñ !ÓÑ˛yü Á Óyhfl˛Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy–
iiiV ïòydÑ˛ Á }íydÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Á Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
21 . ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚
iV ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yLjÏüÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Ζ˚
iiiV xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò ÓÜ≈ˆ« Ï ˛e xAÑ˛ò–
iiiiV !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ« Ï ˛e xAÑ˛ò–
22 . !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
iV !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iiiV !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãõyí–
iiiiV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ–
23 . !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú
iV ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xyîü≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ S0º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 90ºV !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iv
vV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí SˆÎõòñ T V x˛ôòÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
24 . ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
iV ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
25 . !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
iV v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Á xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãñ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy –
26 . Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó%̊õyò
iV õïƒõÜy!õì˛y õy˛ôÑ˛¢õ)ˆ£Ï Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiV Üv˛¸ Óy ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ܈Ïv˛¸Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
iiiiV ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı SaV ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ SbV ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ScV Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ˛%ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
ivvV õïƒõy !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
vV õïƒõy !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢)ˆe Ï Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viV Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ÓÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy Óy Áãy£z¶˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viiiV Áãy£z¶˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõy !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
viiiV ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y–
ixxV ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ %˚ yò !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢)ˆeÏ Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
xV ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõy ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy–

xii
 ≤ÃÌõ˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò¡∫Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãò
(Summative-I)

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó£% ˛ôäÈ®!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ î#á≈ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ** ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚
˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 5 (5×1) 9
Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 10 (3+4+3) 14
ãƒy!õ!ì˛ 2 (1×2) 4 (2×2) 5 (5×1) 11
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ - 2 (2×1) 4 (4×1) 6
6 10 24 40
ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ 6 + 10 = 16
xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ÈÙÈ 10 ò¡∫Ó˚
** î#á≈ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿
˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛
SiV ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SiiV â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î
SiiiV ¢õ£yÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Á £…y¢
} 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚

Ó#ãÜ!íì˛
SiV ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚
SiiV Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏò !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 4×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 4 ò¡∫Ó˚
l¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Á ¢õyïyòn
SiiiV xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
SivV !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# } 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚

ãƒy!õ!ì˛

}
SiV Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
SiiV Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
SiiiV Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛
SiV xyÎ˚ì˛áò
SiiV ú¡∫Ó_ , yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà } 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 4×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 4 ò¡∫Ó˚

xiii
 !mì˛#Î˚˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò¡∫Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãò
(Summative-II )

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó£% ˛ôäÈ®!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ î#á≈ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ** ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚
˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ 1 (1×1) - 5 (5×1) 6
Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 3 (3×1) 7
ãƒy!õ!ì˛ 2 (1×2) 2 (2×1) 13 (5+5+3) 17
ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ 2 (1×2) 4 (2×2) 4 (4×1) 10
7 8 25 40
ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ 7 + 8 = 15

** î#á≈ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ÈÙÈ 10 ò¡∫Ó˚

˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛
SiV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
Ó#ãÜ!íì˛
SiV ˆ¶˛î
SiiV ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò
} 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚

ãƒy!õ!ì˛
SiV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
SiiV ¢î,üì˛y ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ } v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚

SiiiV !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ¢¡ôyîƒ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
SivV v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü 1!›˛ ≤ß¿ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛
SiV ˆÜyúÑ˛
SiiV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
} 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 4×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 4 ò¡∫Ó˚

xiv
 ì,˛ì˛#Î˚˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò/!òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ò¡∫Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãò
(Summative-III )
x!ì˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó£% ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Óí˚ ¢ì˛ƒ xÌÓy !õ̃y ≤Ãß¿ î#á≈
˛ôäÈ®!¶˛!_Ñ˛ 6!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 6!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 122!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 100!›˛ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛
≤ß¿ (1×6) (1×5) (1×5) (2×10) ≤ß¿ **
˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 5 (5×1)
Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 9 (3+3+3)
ãƒy!õ!ì˛ 1 1 1 6 (2×3) 13 (5+3+5)
!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 11 (3+3+5)
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ 1 1 1 4 (2×2) 8 (4+4)
Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò 1 1 1 2 (2×1) 8 (4+4)
ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ 6 5 5 20 54 90
6 + 5 + 5 + 20 = 36
xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Èı 10 ò¡∫Ó˚
** î#á≈ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿
˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛

}
SiV ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SiiV â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
SiiiV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
Ó#ãÜ!íì˛
SiV ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚
SiiV ˆ¶˛î/!máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
SiiiV !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# } 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚

SivV xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚
ãƒy!õ!ì˛ 2 !›˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 1 !›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò 2 !›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1 !›˛ ı 3×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 3 ò¡∫Ó˚
2 !›˛ ¢¡ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 1 !›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛
SiV ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
SiiV !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú
SiiiV ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
} 3 !›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2 !›˛ ı 3×2 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 6 ò¡∫Ó˚

SivV ˛!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á î)Óc˚ 2!›˛ ≤ÈŸÏ ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 1!›˛ ı 5×1 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛

}
SiV xyÎ˚ì˛áò
SiiV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
SiiiV ˆÜyúÑ˛ 3!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2 !›˛ ı 4×2 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 8 ò¡∫Ó˚
SivV ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
SvV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒy
Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò
Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 3 !›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2 !›˛ ı 4×2 ò¡∫Ó˚ = 8 ò¡∫Ó˚

xv
 ¢) !Ⲡ˛ô e
xïƒyÎ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ô,¤˛y

1 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í (Quadratic Equations with one variable) .............. 1

2 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy (Simple Interest) ......................................................................... 31

3 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (Theorems related to circle) ........................................... È 49

4 xyÎ˚ì˛áò (Rectangular Parallelopiped or Cuboid) ........................................... È 67

5 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ (Ratio and Proportion) ..................................................... 77

6 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢

(Compound Interest and Uniform Rate of Increase or Decrease) .............. 100

7 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (Theorems related to Angles in a Circle) ............ È 120

8 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà (Right Circular Cylinder). ..................................................... 140

9 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# (Quadratic Surd) ......................................................................... 149

10 Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (Theorems related to Cyclic Quadrilateral) ........ 163

11 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò

(Construction : Construction of circumcircle and incircle of a triangle) ....... 172

12 ˆÜyúÑ˛ (Sphere) ............................................................................................. 179

13 ˆ¶˛î (Variation) .............................................................................................. 186

14 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ (Partnership Business) ......................................................... 198

15 Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (Theorems related to Tangent to a Circle) ............ 206

16 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ (Right Circular Cone) ........................................................... 221

17 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò˛

(Construction : Construction of Tangent to a circle) .................................... 229

xvii
xïƒyÎ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ô,¤˛y
18 ¢î,üì˛y˛ (Similarity) ......................................................................................... 233

19 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl˛% ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy

(Real life Problems related to different Solid Objects).. .............................. 261

20 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy

(Trigonometry : Concept of Measurement of Angle) ................................... 268

21 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈β˚

(Construction : Determination of Mean Proportional ) .................................. 278

22 !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (Pythagoras Theorem) .................................................. 284

23 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú

(Trigonometric Ratios and T
Trigonometric Identities) .................................... 291

24 ˛ôÓ) Ñ˚ ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛

(Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary angle) ......................................... 313

25 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á î)Ó˚c

(Application of Trigonometric Ratios : Heights & Distances) .................... 318

26 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò

(Statistics : Mean , Median , Ogive , Mode) ................................................. 329

xviii
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛

1 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH
H ONE VARIABLE
!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛
fl˛Òƒyòò Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ –

xyã Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚– xyõÓ˚y xyãˆÏÑ˛ ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò ˆÖúy

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó òy– xyã ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ˆ˛ôˆÏv˛¸˚
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ–

1 ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò Îì˛Ü%!ú òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ !äÈú ≤Ã!ì˛ ÜyäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ!ü òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ˛ôyv˛¸˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ 132 !›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ˛ôyv˛¸y £ˆÏúy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ
!äÈú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ï!Ó˚ñ ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò x !›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ !äÈú–
.
. . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ÜyäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ˛ôyv˛¸˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ (x+1) !›˛–
.
. . ˆõy›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = x(x+1) !›˛
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x(x+1) = 132
Óyñ x2 + x = 132
Óyñ x2 + x – 132 = 0 (i)

ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ (i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
(i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢£Ü Î%=˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í –
ˆÎ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2 +bx+c = 0 xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í Óúy £Î˚–
2 ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ~ÓÇ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 204 ÓÜ≈
!õ›˛yÓ˚– ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyˆÏÓy ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ x !õ›˛yÓ˚–
.
. . ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ (x+5) !õ›˛yÓ˚–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = x(x+5) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x(x+5) = 204
Óyñ x2+5x–204 = 0 (ii)
ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ (ii) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ (ii) òÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ l~Ñ˛áyì˛/!máyì˛n ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í–
l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

1
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
3 ïÓ% ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò Îì˛ãò ÓyÜyò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ì˛Ü%í 30 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– Î!î ˆõy›˛ 1080
›˛yÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ãò ÓyÜyò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú ˆ¢!›˛ ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyò x ãò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú–
.
. . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ = x×30 ›˛yÑ˛y = 30x ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . ˆõy›˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ = 30x × x ›˛yÑ˛y = 30x2 ›˛yÑ˛y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 30x2 = 1080
Óyñ x2 = 36
Óyñ x2 – 36 = 0 (iii)
Îì˛ãò ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÖƒy (iii) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ (iii) òÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛
l~Ñ˛áyì˛/!máyì˛n ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ax2 +bx+c = 0 ñˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0 ñ
xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖy ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
1
(i) (x+1) (x+3) – x(x+2) = 15 (ii) x2 – 3x = 5(2–x) (iii) x – 1 + x = 6 (x z 0)
(iv) (x–2)2 = x3–4x+4 (v) (x–3)3 = 2x(x2–1)
(i) (x+1) (x+3) – x(x+2) = 15
Óyñ x2 + x + 3x + 3 – x2 – 2x = 15
Óyñ 2x + 3 – 15 = 0
Óyñ 2x – 12 = 0
Óyñ x – 6 = 0 (i)
(i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ax2 +bx+ c = 0 lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒyñ a z 0nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y òΖ
Î
.
. . ≤Ãî_ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚–
.
. . ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í xy˛ôyì˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í õˆÏò £ˆÏúÁ ¢Ó≈îy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
(ii) x2 – 3x = 5 (2–x)
Óyñ x2 – 3x = 10 – 5x
Óyñ x2 – 3x + 5x – 10 = 0
Óyñ x2 + 2x – 10 = 0 (ii)
(ii) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ax2 +bx+ c = 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y–
.
. . ≤Ãî_ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í–
1
(iii) x–1+ x=6
Óyñ x²–x+1+1
x =6
Óyñ x2 – x + 1 = 6x
Óyñ x2 – 7x + 1 = 0 (iii)
(iii) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–

2
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

(iv) (x–2)2 = x3 – 4x + 4
Óyñ x2 – 4x + 4 = x3 – 4x + 4
Óyñ – x3 + x2 = 0 (iv)
(iv) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !Ñ˛òy !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö Á Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆîÖy£zñ l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
(v) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !Ñ˛òy !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. xyõÓ˚y òÓõ Á îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y õ%Öƒõs˛f#Ó˚ eyí ì˛£!ÓˆÏú 1824 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– ⧲yîy
!£¢yˆÏÓ îüõ Á òÓõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢õyò 50 ˛ôÎ˚¢y
~ÓÇ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– òÓõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Î!î îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ˆÓ!ü £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛â˛ú !Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = x ãò
.
. . òÓõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ (x+8) ãò
òÓõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ (x+8)×1×(x+8) ›˛yÑ˛y = (x+8)² ›˛yÑ˛y
îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ (x × 50× x) ˛ôÎ˚¢y = x × 12 × x ›˛yÑ˛y = x²
2 ›˛yÑ˛y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x² + (x+8)² = 1824
2
x²+2(x+8)²
(x+8))
Óyñ = 1824
2
Óyñ x2 + 2(x2 + 16x + 64) = 3648
Óyñ x2 + 2x2 + 32x + 128 – 3648 = 0
Óyñ 3x2 + 32x – 3520 = 0 (i)
.
. . (i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ £ˆÏúy !òˆÏí≈Î˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 36 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü– ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 460 ÓÜ≈
!õ›˛yÓ˚– !ÓÓ,!ì˛!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á x2, x Á x0 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃfiÌ = x !õ›˛yÓ˚
.
. . ˜îá≈ƒ = (x+36) !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = x(x+36) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x (x+36) = 460
Óyñ x2 + 36x = 460
Óyñ x2 + 36x – 460 = 0 (i)
(i) òÇ £ˆÏúy !òˆÏíÎ≈ ˚ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ~ÖyˆÏò x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü 1ñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü 36 ~ÓÇ x0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü – 460
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
.
ï!Ó˚ñ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = x !õ›˛yÓ˚– . . ≤ÃfiÌ = (x–36) !õ›˛yÓ˚
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = x(x–36) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
≤ß¿yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x (x–36) = 460
Óyñ x2–36x–460 = 0 (i)
.
. . (i) òÇ £ˆÏúy !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– ~ÖyˆÏò x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü ñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü ~ÓÇ
x0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü – l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

3
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 24 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚– ~Ñ˛â˛ú
!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xy!õ x3–4x2–x+1 = (x+2)3 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x2, x Á x0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü !ú!Ö–
x3–4x2–x+1 = (x+2)3
Óyñ x3–4x2–x+1 = x3+6x2+12x+8
Óyñ – 10x2 – 13x–7 = 0
Óyñ 10x2 +13x+7 = 0
.
. . x2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü 10ñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü ~ÓÇ x0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü S!òˆÏã !ú!ÖV

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 1.1

1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛/ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú !máyì˛ Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúy Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
(i) x2–7x+2 (ii) 7x5–x(x+2) (iii) 2x (x+5)+1 (iv) 2x–1
2. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛˛ ax2 +bx+c = 0 ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0ñ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆúÖy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(i) x–1+ 1x = 6, (x z 0) (ii) x+ x3 = x2, (x z 0) (iii) x2 – 6 x +2=0 (iv) (x–2)2 = x2–4x+4
3. x6–x3–2 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò áyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. (i) (a–2)x2+3x+5 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í £ˆÏÓ òy ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x = 1 , (x z 0, x z 4)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
(ii) 4–x 3x
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) 3x2+7x+23 = (x+4) (x+3)+2ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) (x+2)3 = x(x2–1) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ x2, x Á x0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü !ú!Ö–
5. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 42ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ~õò î%!›˛ xLjÏü !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ xÇü x˛ôÓ˚ xLjÏüÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢õyò £Î˚–
(ii) î%!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ïòydÑ˛ xÎ%@¬ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú 143
(iii) î%!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ 313
6. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ≤ÃfiÌ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü–
(ii) ~Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛ 80 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. !â˛!ò Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– Î!î Á£z ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚Á 4 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. !â˛!ò
ˆÓ!ü ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. ≤Ã!ì˛ !â˛!òÓ˚ îyõ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ £ˆÏì˛y–
(iii) î%!›˛ ˆfi›˛üˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Óc˚ 300 !Ñ˛!õ.– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛Δò ≤ÃÌõ ˆfi›˛üò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÓˆÏÜ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ˆÜú–
ˆ›˛Δò!›˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 5 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏú ˆ›˛Δò!›˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ˆÎˆÏì˛ 2 á^˘›˛y Ñ˛õ ¢õÎ˚ úyÜì˛–

4
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

(iv) ~Ñ˛ãò á!v˛¸ !ÓˆÏÑ˛ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ á!v˛¸ Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 336 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò Îì˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ á!v˛¸!›˛ Ñ˛Î˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ì˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy–
(v) ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓÜ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 2 !Ñ˛!õ. £ˆÏúñ Ó˚ì˛òõy!G˛Ó˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xò%Ñ)˛ˆÏú 21 !Ñ˛!õ. !܈ÏÎ˚ Á£z î)Ó˚c !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢ˆÏì˛ 10 á^˘›˛y ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ–
(vi) xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ÓyÜyò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ õ!£õ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ 3 á^˘›˛y ˆÓ!ü ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ– ì˛yÓ˚y
v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛yã!›˛ 2 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
(vii) î%£z xAÑ˛!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛!›˛ îüÑ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 6 ˆÓ!ü ~ÓÇ
xAÑ˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 12 Ñ˛õ–
(viii) 45 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î#á≈ Á 40 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãühfl˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚˛ôyˆÏü ¢õyò
â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yhfl˛y xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 450 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚–
4 ïÓ% ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ òyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy x2+x–132 = 0 (i) ~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
x2+x–132 = 0 ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyõ˛ô«˛ x2+x–132 ÈÙÙÙÈÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúy–
xy!õ x2+x–132 ÈÙÙÙÈ!máyì˛ Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ӈϟ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x2+x–132 = x2+12x–11x–132
= x(x+12) – 11(x+12)
= (x+12) (x–11)
.
. . x2+x–132 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ (x+12) (x–11) = 0
. .
. . (x+12) (x–11) = 0 £ˆÏú ˛ôy£zñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ pq = 0 . . p = 0 xÌÓy
. q = 0ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò p, q Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy
£Î˚ñ x+12 = 0 . . x = – 12
.
xÌÓyñ x–11 = 0 . . x = 11
.
. . x = 11, xÌÓy x = – 12 .
.
!Ñ˛hs$˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– . . x z –12
.
. . ï%ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ xyˆÏäÈ 11 !›˛–
5 xy!õ (i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí x = 11 Á x = –12 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
x2+x–132 = 0 (i)
(i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyõ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x = 11 Á x = –12 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ (11)2+11–132 = 0 ~ÓÇ
(–12)2+(–12)–132 = 0
xÌ≈yÍ x = 11 Á x = –12 õyòÜ%!ú (i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
11 Á –12 ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ (i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
11 ~ÓÇ –12 (i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã (roots)– ~£z x = 11 Á x = –12 (i) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
¢õyïyò (Solution)–
~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy D, ax2+bx+c = 0 [ a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã
£ˆÏÓ Î!î aD2+bD+c = 0 £Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x = D, ax2+bx+c = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

5
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
.
. . ax2+bx+c la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0n !máyì˛ Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ ü)òƒÜ%ˆÏúy£z (Zeroes)
ax2+bx+c = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã (Roots) £ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ !máyì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ ü)òƒ l1/2n !›˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã l1/2n !›˛–
6 xy!õ x2+5x–204 = 0 (ii) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïÓ% ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ !ú!Ö–
x2+5x–204 = 0 (ii)
Óyñ x2+17x–12x–204 = 0
Óyñ x(x+17) –12 (x+17) = 0
Óyñ (x+17) (x–12) = 0
.
£Î˚ñ x+17 = 0 . . x = –17
.
xÌÓyñ x–12 = 0 . . x = 12
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ x = –17 Á x = 12 (ii) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)ñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ (ii) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ –17 Á 12
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ x z –17
.
. . x = 12 ó
.
. . ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = (x+5) !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 17 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú 2x2–5x–3 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– (i) 5 (ii) 3 (iii) – 1
2
2x2–5x–3 = 0 (I)
(i) (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyõ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x = 5 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
2.(5)2 – 5.5 – 3 = 50 – 25 – 3 = 22 z 0
. .
. . x = 5, ( I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– . . 5, (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã òÎ˚–
(ii) (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyõ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x = 3 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
2×32 – 5.3 –3 = 0
. .
. . x = 3, (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– . . 3, (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã–
(iii) (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ x = – 1 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ – 1 ñ (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
2 2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. k ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú kx2+2x–3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2 £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ kx2+2x–3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ k×22+2.2–3 = 0
Óyñ 4k + 1 = 0
Óyñ k = – 14
. . k = – 14 £ˆÏú kx2+2x–3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2 £ˆÏÓ–
.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. k ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú x2+kx+3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 1 £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

6
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!ú v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ӈϟ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 6x2 – x – 2 = 0 (ii) 25x2 –20x+4 = 0 (iii) x2+5x = 0 (iv) 4x2 –9 = 0
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (I) (v) x²+(3– 5 )x–3 5 = 0
Óyñ 6x – 4x +3x–2 = 0
2

Óyñ 2x(3x–2)+1(3x–2) = 0
Óyñ (3x–2) (2x+1) = 0
£Î˚ñ 3x–2 = 0 Óyñ 3x = 2 . . x = 23 xÌÓyñ 2x+1 = 0 Óyñ 2x = – 1 . . x = – 12
. .

xÌ≈yÍñ x = 23 Á x = – 12 (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò– . . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ 23 ñ – 12

.
ax2+bx+c = 0 lˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b Á c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0n !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ
ax2+bx+c !máyì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛ [Linear factors] !ӈϟ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
ü)òƒ (0) ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
(ii) 25x2 –20x+4 = 0 (II)
Óyñ 25x –10x–10x+4 = 0
2

Óyñ 5x(5x–2) –2(5x–2) = 0

Óyñ (5x–2) (5x–2) = 0
£Î˚ñ 5x–2 = 0 . . x = 25 xÌÓyñ 5x–2 = 0 . . x = 25
. .
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ î%!›˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ ¢õyòñ . . (II) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò x = 25 Á x = 25
.

. . Ó#ãî%!›˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ 25 Á 25 xÌ≈yÍ Ó#ãî%!›˛Á ¢õyò– . . (II) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 25 Á 25

. .
(iii) x2 +5x = 0 (III)
Óyñ x(x+5) = 0
.
£Î˚ñ x = 0 xÌÓyñ x+5 = 0 . . x = –5
xÌ≈yÍñ x = 0 Á x = –5 , x2 +5x = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò–
.
. . x2 +5x = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 0 ~ÓÇ –5
ax2 +bx+c = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ c = 0 £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã ¢Ó≈îy 0 £ˆÏÓ–
(iv) 4x2 –9 = 0 (IV)
Óyñ (2x+3) (2x–3) = 0
£Î˚ñ 2x+3 = 0 . . x = – 32 xÌÓyñ 2x–3 = 0 . . x = 32
. .

(IV) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò x = – 3 Á x = 3 ; (IV) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ – 3 ~ÓÇ 3

2 2 2 2
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ (IV) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4x2 –9 = 0
Óyñ 4x2 = 9 Óyñ x2 = 94 . . x = ± 32 lx = ± 32 xÌ≈yÍ x = + 32 Á x = – 32 n
.

. . (IV) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢õyïyò ˆ˛ôúyõñ x = 32 ~ÓÇ x = – 32 ; . .(IV) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ – 32 Á 32

. .

7
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
(v) x²+(3– 5 )x–3 5 = 0
Óyñ x2+3x – 5 x – 3 5 = 0
Óyñ x(x+3) – 55(x+3) = 0
Óyñ (x+3) (x– 5 ) = 0
£Î˚ñ x+3 = 0 ... x = –3 xÌÓyñ x– 5 = 0 ... x = 5
... Ó#ãmÎ˚Î –3 Á 5
... Óyhfl˛Ó ¢£ÜÎ%=˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú !Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢Ó≈îy õ)úî Óy ¢Ó≈îy xõ)úî òÎ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (x+4) (2x–3) = 6
(x+4) (2x–3) = 6
Óyñ 2x2+8x–3x–12–6 = 0
Óyñ 2x2+5x–18 = 0
Óyñ 2x2+9x–4x–18 = 0
Óyñ x(2x+9) –2(2x+9) = 0
Óyñ (2x+9) (x–2) = 0
£Î˚ñ 2x+9 = 0, . . x = – 92
.
.
xÌÓyñ x–2 = 0, . . x = 2
. . x = – 92 xÌÓy x = 2.
.

xÌ≈yÍñ x = – 92 Á x = 2, (x+4) (2x–3) = 6 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. x3 + 3x = 4 14 , (x z 0) ÈÙÙÙÈ!máyì˛ xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ x + 3 = 4 1 , (x z 0) ÈÙÙÙÈ!máyì˛
3 x 4
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x + 3 = 41
3 x 4 ï!Ó˚ñ x3 = a
. . ≤Ãî_ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ £ˆÏÓñ a+ 1a = 4 14
.
x2 + 9 17
Óyñ 3x = 4
Óyñ a+ 1a = 4 + 14
Óyñ 4x2+36 = 51x
Óyñ 4x2 –51x+36 = 0 Óyñ (a–4) + 1a – 14 = 0
Óyñ 4x2 –48x–3x+36 = 0 1 (a–4) = 0
Óyñ (a–4) – 4a
Óyñ 4x(x–12) –3(x–12) = 0 1 )=0
Óyñ (a–4) (1– 4a
Óyñ (x–12) (4x–3) = 0 1 =0
. £Î˚ñ a – 4 = 0 xÌÓy 1– 4a
£Î˚ñ x – 12 = 0, . . x = 12
a–4 = 0 £ˆÏú a = 4, . . x = 4 . . x = 12
. .
xÌÓyñ 4x–3 = 0, . . x = 34
. 3
. 1 = 0 £ˆÏú 1 = 1
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 1– 4a
. . ≤Ãî_ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚Ïí!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution), 4a
x = 3 Á x = 12 Óyñ 4a = 1 Óyñ a = 14 . . x3 = 14 . . x = 34
. .
4
. . x = 34 Á x = 12 £ˆÏúy ≤Ãî_ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚Ïí!›˛Ó˚
.
¢õyïyò (Solution)–

8
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

a + b = 2 (x z b, a) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ó#ãmÎ˚ !ú!Ö–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. xy!õ x–b x–a
a b
x–b + x–a = 2
a –1+ b –1=0
Óyñ x–b x–a
a–x+b
x b
Óyñ x–b + x–a b–x+a
x a=0
a
1
Óyñ (a+b–x) [x–b + x–a 1 ]=0

x a x b ]=0
x–a+x–b
Óyñ (a+b–x) [ (x–a) (x–b)
((2x–a–b)) ] = 0
Óyñ (a+b–x) [(x–a) (x–b)
£Î˚ñ a+b–x = 0 xÌÓyñ (x–a) 2x–a–b = 0
(x–b)
.
£Î˚ñ a+b–x = 0, . . x = a+b
xÌÓyñ (x–a)2x–a–b = 0, Óyñ 2x–a–b = 0, ... x = a+b
(x–b) 2
. a+b
. . x = a+b Á x = 2 ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)–
~ÓÇ Ó#ãmÎ˚Î (a+b) ~ÓÇ ( a+b2 )
a + b = a+b, [x z 1 , 1 ] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ó#ãmÎ˚ !ú!Ö–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ax–1 bx–1 a b
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. xy!õ x–3 x+3 6
x+3 – x–3 + 6 7 = 0 (x z –3, 3) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x–3 – x+3 + 6 6 = 0
x+3 x–3 7
Óyñ 1 6
a– + 6 = 0 x–3 = a n
(i) lï!Ó˚ñ x+3
a 7
Óyñ a² –1 + 488 = 0
a 7
Óyñ a² –1 = – 48
a 7
Óyñ 7a –7 = – 48a
2

Óyñ 7a2 +48a–7 = 0

Óyñ 7a2 +49a–a–7 = 0
Óyñ 7a(a+7) –1(a+7) = 0
Óyñ (a+7) (7a–1) = 0
.
. . (a+7) Á (7a–1) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÓüƒ£z ü)òƒ £ˆÏÓ–
£Î˚ñ a+7 = 0 , . . a = –7, xÌÓyñ 7a–1 = 0 , . . a = 17
. .
~ÓyÓ˚ a = –7 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ x–3
x+3 = –7

9
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
Óyñ x–3 = –7x–21
Óyñ 8x = –18
Óyñ x = – 18 . x = – 94
.
. ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
8
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
xyÓyÓ˚ñ a = 17 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ x–3 = 1
x+3 7
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

Óyñ 7x–21 = x+3

.
Óyñ 6x = 24 ..x=4
. . x = – 49 Á x = 4 ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)–
.

. . ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚Î – 94 ~ÓÇ 4.

.

xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ (i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z a – 1a + 48

8=0
7
Óyñ a – 1a + 7 – 71 = 0
Óyñ a + 7 – 1a – 71 = 0
1 (a+7) = 0
Óyñ (a+7) – 7aa
1 )=0
Óyñ (a+7) (1 – 7a
. 1 ) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÓüƒ£z ü)òƒ £ˆÏÓ–
. . (a+7) ~ÓÇ (1 – 7a a
.
£Î˚ñ a+7 = 0, . . a = –7, xÌÓyñ 1 – 7a 1 = 0, ... a = 1
a 7
~ÓyÓ˚ ñ a = –7 £ˆÏúñ x–3
x+3 = –7 Óyñ x–3 = –7x–21
Óyñ 8x = 3–21
Óyñ 8x = –18
. . x = – 94
.

xyÓyÓñ˚ a = 17 £ˆÏúñ x–3 1

x+3 = 7 Óyñ 7x–21 = x+3
.
Óyñ 6x = 24 . . x = 4
xÌ≈yÍ x = – 94 Á x = 4 ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ – 94
~ÓÇ 4
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. xy!õ x+3 x–3 1
x–3 + x+3 = 2 2 (x z –3, 3) !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 1.2
1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãî_ õyòÜ%!ú ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã !Ñ˛òy Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Öı
(i) x2+x+1 = 0, 1 Á –1 (ii) 8x2+7x = 0, 0 Á –2 (iii) x+ 1 = 13 , 5 Á 4
x 6 6 3
(iv) x2 – 3 x – 6 = 0, – 3 Á 2 3
2
2. (i) kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 7x2+kx–3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã –3 £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ x2+3ax+k = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã – a £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

10
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE
2
3. Î!î ax2+7x+b = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã –3 ~ÓÇ – 3 £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ a Á bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 3y2 –20 = 160 – 2y2 (ii) (2x+1)2 + (x+1)2 = 6x+47 (iii) (x–7) (x–9) = 195
(iv) 3x – 24 = x , x z 0 (v) x + 3 = 15 , x z 0 (vi) 10x – 1 = 3, x z 0
x 3 3 x x x
2 5 ((x–2)
x 2) x–2
(vii) – +2 = 0, x z 0 (viii) (x+2) + 6 (x–6) = 1, x z –2, 6
x² x
1 1 1 x x+1 1
(ix) x–3 – x+5 = 6 , x z 3, –5 (x) x+1 + x = 2 12 , x z 0, –1
ax b cx+d
ax+b cx d a –c 3
(xi) a+bx = c+dx [azb, czd], x z – b , d (xii) (2x+1) +2x+1 = 4, x z – 1
2
x+1 + 2 x+1 3 –5 12x+177 2x+15
2x 1 1 1
(xiii) 2 x+1 = 3 + x+1 6 , x z –1 (xiv) 3x+1 – x+7 = 35 , x z – 3 , –7
xx+33 xx–33 1 1 1 1
(xv) x–3 + 6 ( x+3) = 5, x z 3, –3 (xvi)) a+b+x = a + b + x , x z 0, – (a+b)
x+aa 2 x+aa 1 1 1 1
(xvii) (x–a) – 5(x–a) +6 = 0, x z a (xviii) x – x+b = a – a+b , x z 0, –b
1 1 1 1
(xix) (x–1)(x–2) + (x–2)(x–3) + (x–3)(x–4) = 6 , x z 1,2,3,4
a b 2c
(xx) x–a + x–b = x–c , x z a, b, c (xxi) x²– ( 3 +2)x+2 3 =0

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. xyõyÓ˚ õyõy ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú 84 !Ñ˛!õ. ˛ôÌ ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏúò ˆÎ !ì˛!ò Î!î á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 5 !Ñ˛!õ. x!ïÑ˛
ˆÓˆÏÜ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú â˛yúyˆÏì˛ò ì˛y£ˆÏú ºõí ˆü°Ï £ˆÏì˛ 5 á^˘›˛y ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛õ úyÜì˛– õyõy á^˘›˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓˆÏÜ ºõí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ õyõy á^˘›˛yÎ˚ x !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓˆÏÜ ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò–
84 84
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x – x+5 = 5
84(x+5)
( ) – 84x
Óyñ x(x+5) =5
84x + 4200 – 84x
Óyñ x2 +5x =5
Óyñ 5(x2+5x) = 420
Óyñ x2+5x = 84
Óyñ x2+5x–84 = 0
Óyñ x2+12x–7x–84 = 0
Óyñ x(x+12) –7(x+12) = 0
Óyñ (x+12) (x–7) = 0
.
£Î˚ñ x+12 = 0, . . x = – 12
.
xÌÓyñ x – 7 = 0, . . x = 7
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖyˆÏò x = – 12 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ õyò }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
.
..x=7
.
. . õyõy á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 7 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓˆÏÜ ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò–

11
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 17. xyõyÓ˚ Órï% xãÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 4 Ñ˛õ– ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xAÑ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Üö˛ú ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ xAÑ˛
î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚– xãÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛# ¢ÇÖƒy !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ xãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖy î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛ x ó . . îüÑ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛ (x – 4)
.
. . ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ = 10(x–4) + x = 11x–40 îüÑ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ (11x – 40)–x ×(x–4) = {x– (x–4)}2
x–4 x
Óyñ 11x–40–x2 +4x = 16
Óyñ – x2+15x–56 = 0
Óyñ x2–15x+56 = 0
Óyñ x2–7x–8x+56 = 0
Óyñ x(x–7) –8(x–7) = 0
Óyñ (x–7) (x–8) = 0
. .
£Î˚ñ x–7 = 0, . . x = 7 xÌÓyñ x – 8 = 0, . . x = 8
.
. . x = 7 xÌÓyñ x = 8
x = 7 £ˆÏúñ î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ £ˆÏÓ = 11×7–40 = 37
x = 8 £ˆÏúñ î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ £ˆÏÓ = 11×8–40 = 48
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 37 xÌÓy 48
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. î%£z xÏAÑ˛!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛!›˛ îüÑ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 6 ˆÓ!ü ~ÓÇ
xAÑ˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 12 Ñ˛õ– î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. xy®%ú fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y 6 ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ü)òƒÜ¶≈˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
î§yv˛¸yú– ~Ó˚ö˛ˆÏú ¢¡ø%Ö ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Îì˛ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# î§yv˛¸yúñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Î!î !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛
24 ãò Ñ˛õ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÌyÑ˛ì˛– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ ü)òƒÜ¶≈˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏú ¢¡ø%Ö ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = x ãò
.
. . ˆõy›˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ = x2 – (x–2×6)2 = x2 – (x–12)2
xyÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏú ˆõy›˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyy (x–24)2
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x2 – (x–12)2 = (x–24)2
Óyñ x2–(x2+144–24x) = x2–48x+576
Óyñ – x2+72x–720 = 0
Óyñ x2–72x+720 = 0
Óyñ x2–60x–12x+720 = 0
Óyñ (x–60) (x–12) = 0
.
£Î˚ñ x–60 = 0, . . x = 60
.
xÌÓyñ x – 12 = 0, . . x = 12
.
. . x = 60 ~ÓÇ x = 12
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖyˆÏò x = 12 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í 6 ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ü)òƒÜ¶≈˛ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy
.
xÓüƒ£z 12ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÓ– . . x = 60
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = (x–24)2 ãò = (60–24)2 ãòò = 362 ãòò = 1296 ãò
.
. . ˆõy›˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 1296 ãò–

12
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 1.3

1. î%!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ xÖ[˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 3 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ 117ó ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !mÜ%í xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü– !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 360 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
£ˆÏúñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÖ[˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛Ü%íñ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ !mÜ%í xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 3 Ñ˛õ £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. î%!›˛ fiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c 200 !Ñ˛!õ.ó ~Ñ˛ fiÌyÏò £ˆÏì˛ x˛ôÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏò ˆõy›˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ
!ã˛ôÜy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 2 á^˘›˛y ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛õ úyˆÏÜ– ˆõy›˛Ó˚Üy!v˛¸ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y !ã˛ôÜy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ
á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 5 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏúñ ˆõy›˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5. x!õì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2000 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy 180 !õ›˛yÓ˚– x!õì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xAÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xAÑ˛ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 3 Ñ˛õ– ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
v˛z£yÓ˚ xAÑ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú 15 £Î˚– ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xAÑ˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
1
7. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÎ˚ î%!›˛ òú xyˆÏäÈ– òú î%!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y!›˛ 119 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ô)í≈ £Î˚– Î!î òúî%!›˛
xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÖyúy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y!›˛ ¶˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òú x˛ôÓ˚ òú!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5 !õ!ò›˛ ˆÓ!ü
¢õÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ òú ˛ô,ÌÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8. ˛ôí≈y Á ˛ô#Î)°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yã ~Ñ˛ˆeÏ 4 !îˆÏò ¢¡ôߨ Ñ˛ˆÓÏ –˚ xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛y Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Óˆ˚ ú Ï ˛ôí≈yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õÎ˚ úy܈ÏÓñ
˛ô#Î)ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÎÏ ˚ 6 !îò ˆÓ!ü ¢õÎ˚ úy܈ÏÓ– ˛ôí≈y ~Ñ˛yÑ˛# Ñ˛ì˛!îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢¡ôߨ Ñ˛Óˆ˚ ìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÓÏ ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ õ)úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ v˛ãˆÏò 6 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õˆÏú 30 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á 3 !›˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛úõ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈
≤Ã!ì˛ v˛ãò Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ õ)úƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
10. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.)
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (a) ~Ñ˛!›˛ (b) î%!›˛ (c) !ì˛ò!›˛ (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(ii) ax2+bx+c=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í £ˆÏú (a) bz0 (b) cz0 (c) az0 (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏπ≈yFⲠáyì˛ (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(iv) 4(5x2–7x+2) = 5(4x2–6x+3) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ (a) ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ (b) !máyì˛ (c) !eáyì˛ (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚

(v) x²
x = 6 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã/Ó#ãmÎ˚ (a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 0 Á 6 (d) –6
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) (x–3)2 = x2–6x+9 ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– (ii) x2 =25 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó#ã 5
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ı
(i) Î!î ax2+bx+c=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ a=0 ~ÓÇ b z 0 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í –
(ii)Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã£z 1 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ £ˆÏúy
(iii)
x2 =6x ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Á
11. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) x2+ax+3=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 1 £ˆÏúñ aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) x2 –(2+b)x+6=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2 £ˆÏúñ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó#ã!›˛Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
(iii) 2x2+kx+4=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2 £ˆÏúñ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó#ã!›˛Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
9
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü Á ì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 20 ó ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !ú!Ö–
(v) ax2+bx+35=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ –5 Á –7 £ˆÏúñ a ~ÓÇ bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–

13
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
7 4x2 + 9 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛#Ó˚)˛ô Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
4x2 + 9 = 0
Óyñ 4x2 = – 9
9
Óyñ x2 = – 4
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ x2 = – 94 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
y ÓÜ≈ Ñ˛Öò£z }íydÑ˛ òÎ˚–
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ 4x2+9 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Öò Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛Öò Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ òy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyòÓ⁄
≤Ã̈Ïõ ax2+bx+c = 0 lˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0n !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ (x+p)2–q2 =0 lˆÎÖyˆÏò
p, q Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒynÈÙÈ~£z xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ÓÜ≈õˆ) ú
Ï Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ Ó#ãmˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ (Nature) ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xy!õ x2+6x+5 = 0ÈÙÈ~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ (x+p)2–q2 = 0 lˆÎÖyˆÏò p, q Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒyn xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xy!õ ≤Ã̈Ïõ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ (x2+6x)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ î%!›˛ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x 6 x+6 x 3 3

x x2 +x 6x =x x2 + 6x =x x2 + 3x +3x
+

x 3 x+3

=x – 32 3 = x+3 (x+3)2 – 32 3
3 3
3 3
3
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛# ˆ˛ôúyõ !ú!Ö–
+6x = (x2+ 6x
2 6x
2)+ 2
= x2+3x+3x = (x+3) x+3x = (x+3)x+3x+3×3–3×3 = (x+3)x+(x+3)3–3×3 = (x+3)2 – 32

.
. . x2+6x+5 = (x+3)2 – 9+5 = (x+3)2 – 22
8 x2+6x+5 = 0 ÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛ (x+3)2 –4 = 0 xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
~ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Óúy £Î˚ [Method of Completing the square].
x2+6x+5 = 0 ÈÙÙÙÈ!máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ
(x+3)2 –9+5 = 0
Óyñ (x+3)2 –4 = 0
Óyñ (x+3)2 = 4
Óyñ x+3 = ±2
.
£Î˚ñ x+3 = 2 . . x = –1
. .
xÌÓyñ x+3 = – 2 . . x = – 5 . . x2+6x+5 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ £ˆÏúy –1 ~ÓÇ – 5.

14
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

9 3x2+x–10 = 0 ÈÙÈ~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚˛ ˛ô)íÓ≈ Ü≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓÏ ˆî!Ö–
3x2+x–10 = 0 ÈÙÈ~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü 3 Îy ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ òÎ˚–
.
. . 3x2+x–10 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 3 !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
9x2+3x–30 = 0
~Öò 9x2+3x–30 = (3x)2 +2.3x. 12 + ( 12)2 – ( 12)2 – 30
= (3x+ 12)2 – 14 –30 = (3x+ 12)2 – ( 14 +30) = (3x+ 12 )2 – 121
4
. 1
. . 9x2+3x–30= 0ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ (3x+ 2 )2 – 121 =0
4
11 2
Óyñ (3x+ 12 )2 = 121
4
= ( 2)
1 11
Óyñ 3x+ 2 = ± 2

£Î˚ñ 3x+ 12 = 11
2 xÌÓyñ 3x+ 12 = – 11
2
11 – 1
Óyñ 3x = 2 2 Óyñ 3x = – 11 –1
2 2
Óyñ 3x = 10 . . x = 53 Óyñ 3x = – 12
. .
2 2 . . x = –2
. . 3x2+x–10 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ –2 ~ÓÇ 35
.

10 xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ 3x2+x–10 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 3 !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3x2+x–10 = 0
Óyñ x2 + x3 – 100
3 =0
Óyñ x2 + 2āxā 12 ā 13 + ( 12 ā 13)2 – ( 12 ā 13)2 – 10
0
3 =0
Óyñ (x+ 12 ā 13)2 – ( 12 ā 13)2 – 10
0
3 =0
Óyñ (x+ 16 )2 – ( 16 )2 – 10 0
3 =0
Óyñ (x+ 16 )2 – 36
1 – 100 = 0
3
Óyñ 1 1+120
(x+ 6 )2 – [ 36 ] = 020

Óyñ (x+ 16 )2 = 121

36
Óyñ (x+ 16 )2 = ( 1112
6)
Óyñ x+ 16 = ± 11 6
£Î˚ñ x+ 6 = 11
1
6 xÌÓyñ x+ 16 = – 11 6
Óyñ x = 11 1
6 –6 Óyñx = – 11 1
6 –6
.
. . 3x2+x–10 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
5
. . x = 53 Ó#ãmÎ˚ –2 ~ÓÇ 3
. .
. . x = –2

15
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. xy!õ 5x2+23x+12 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5x2+23x+12 = 0

Óyñ x2 + 23 12
5 x+ 5 = 0

Óyñ {x+ 12 ( 23 1 23 12
2 2
5 )} – {2 ( 5 )} + 5 = 0
23 ) – ( 23 ) + 12 = 0
Óyñ (x+ 10
2 2
10 5
23 ) – 529 + 12 = 0
Óyñ (x+ 10
2
100 5
23 ) = 529 – 12 = 529 – 240 = 289 = ( 17 )
Óyñ (x+ 10
2 2
100 5 100 100 10
23 = ± 17
Óyñ x+ 10 10
23 = 17
£Î˚ñ x+ 10 xÌÓyñ x+ 10 23 = – 17
10 10
xÌ≈yÍ £Î˚ñx = xÌÓyñ x = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
. 2
. . 5x +23x+12 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Á
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ 5x2+23x+12 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyõ˛ô«˛ Á v˛yò˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 5 !îˆÏÎ˚
Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 22. xy!õ 2x2–6x+1 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
–6x+1 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 2 !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ôy£zñ 4x2–12x+2 = 0
Óyñ (2x)2 –2ā2x .3+32 – 32 +2 = 0
Óyñ (2x–3)2 –9+2 = 0
Óyñ (2x–3)2 = 7
Óyñ 2x–3 = ± 7
Óyñ 2x = 3 ± 7

. . x= 3r 7
.
2

. . Ó#ãÜ%!ú ˆ˛ôúyõ 3  7 Á 3 – 7
.
2 2

. . x = 3 – 7 Á x = 3  7 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò (Solution)–

.
2 2

16
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. xy!õ 9x2+30x+31 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9x2+30x+31 = 0
Óyñ (3x)2 +2ā3xā5+(5)2 – (5)2 +31 = 0
Óyñ (3x+5)2 –25+31 = 0
Óyñ (3x+5)2 = –6
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ (3x+5)2 }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
.
. . 9x2–30x+31 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z–
!máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì Ó#ã !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyÏõ ˆîÖúyõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ˆò£z–
11 xy!õ ax2+bx+c = 0 [a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó#ã !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛Öò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ax2+bx+c = 0 [a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0]
v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ a !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôúyõñ
x2 + ba x + ca = 0
b )2 – ( b )2 + = 0 c
Óyñ (x + 2a 2a a
b )2 – b² + = 0 c
Óyñ (x + 2a 4a² a
b )2 – ( b² – 4ac ) = 0
Óyñ (x + 2a 4a²
Óyñ (x + 2ab )2 = b² – 4ac
4a²
Î!î b2 – 4ac > 0 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
2
x+ b = ± b – 4ac
2a 2a

Óy ñ x = – b ± b – 4ac = b r b  4ac
2 2

2a 2a 2a

? x =  b r b  4ac
2

2a
.
. . ax2+bx+c = 0 [a z 0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã £ˆÏúy
–b+ b 2 –4ac ~ÓÇ –b– b 2 –4ac ÎÖò b2–4ac > 0
2a 2a
!Ñ˛hs$˛ b2–4ac < 0 £ˆÏú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄
b2–4ac < 0 £ˆÏú ax2+bx+c = 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ~ÓÇ a z 0n !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ òy–

17
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
~£z hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆ¢£z¢Ó !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe b2–4ac > 0;
ˆ˛ôúyõñ ax2+bx+c = 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0n !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã– ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúy
–b+ b 2 –4ac ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ –b– b 2 –4ac
2a 2a
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢)e!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢)e!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)e
Óúy £Î˚–
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ü!íì˛K˛ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈Î S750 !Ö. xyò%.V
~£z ¢)e!›˛ x!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
Ó#ã î%!›˛ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢)e!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)e ÓˆÏú Ìy!Ñ˛–
!ì˛!ò ˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ Á Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyúyîy !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛
Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ôy!›˛Ü!íˆÏì˛ ÓÜ≈õú) Á áòõ)ú !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˜eÓ˚y!üÑ˛
˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !Ó!¶˛ß¨
˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛y!îˆÏì ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– î%ɈÏÖÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy õ)ú ˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ Ó£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚
xÇü!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ Ó£z!›˛ ~ÖòÁ v˛zÂïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!ò– Ó#ãÜ!íˆÏì˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó‹,Òì˛ ~£z ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy xyõÓ˚y ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Öƒyì˛òyõy Ü!íì˛K˛
!mì˛#Î˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚yâ˛yÎ≈≈ S1150 !Ö.VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó£zˆÏì˛ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ òyˆÏõ ~£z
¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. îyîy ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~õò î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3 ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ~ÓÇ
¢ÇÖƒyî%!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú 70; xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃
îyîyÓ˚ ˆúÖy ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
. . ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy x 2
. x = –b± b –4ac
. . xòƒ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ (x–3) 2a
–(–3)± (–3) 2 – 4.1×(–70)
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x(x–3) = 70 =
2.1
= 3± 9+280 = 3± 289 = 3 r 17
Óyñ x2–3x–70 = 0 (I)
2 2 2
◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
£Î˚ñ x = 3+17 200
2 = 2 = 10
(I) òÇ ˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c = 0 [az0]ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
xÌÓyñ x = 3–17 –144
2 = 2 = –7
¢ˆÏAÜÏ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
ÎÖò x = 10 ì˛Öò xòƒ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ £ˆÏÓ 10 –3= 7 ~ÓÇ
a = 1, b = –3 ~ÓÇ c = –70
ÎÖò x = –7 ì˛Öò xòƒ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ £ˆÏÓ –7 – 3 = –10
.
. . ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ £ˆÏÓ 7 ~ÓÇ 10 xÌÓy –10 ~ÓÇ – 7

18
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ õyòî%!›˛ xÌ≈yÍ x = 10 ~ÓÇ x = –7 (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛òy
Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ õyò ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ T !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ£z !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Á£z õyò
î%%!›˛£z Á£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò Óy Ó#ã–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. î%!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ïòydÑ˛ xÎ%@¬ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú 143ó ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÎ%@¬ ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ 195 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy !äÈú ~ÓÇ îˆÏú Îì˛ãò ¢î¢ƒ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ⧲yîy
ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ xÌ≈ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 28 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–
◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ Á£z îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy x ãò
.
. . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ x ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏú ˆõy›˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = x × x ›˛yÑ˛y = x2 ›˛yÑ˛y
xyˆÏÜ ãõy !äÈú 195 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . ˆõy›˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = (x2+195) ›˛yÑ˛y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x2+195 = 28×x
Óyñ x2 –28x+195 = 0 (I)
◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ (I) òÇ ˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c = 0 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=1,
b= –28 ~ÓÇ c =
.
. . ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ
2
x = –b± b –4ac
2a
–(–28)± (–28)2 –4.1×195
=
2ā1
28± – 780
= [!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ]
2
= 28 r 2
2

£Î˚ñ x = 28+2
2 = xÌÓyñ x = 28–2 2 =
.
. . ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy 15 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ 13 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
x=15 ~ÓÇ x=13, (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy !òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !ú!Ö Îy ì˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 30 Ñ˛õ–
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ï!Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ = x
.
. . üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ x2 –x = 30
◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆ˛ôúyõ x = 6 xÌÓyy –5 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ñ ì˛y£z –5 õyò!›˛ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎy܃ òÎ˚–
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 6

19
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. ≤Ã#ì˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yã Îì˛!îˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5 !îò Ñ˛ˆÏõ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ã#ì˛õ Á ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú 6 !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã#ì˛õ ~Ñ˛y Ñ˛ì˛!îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y (x–5) !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
. 1
. . ≤Ã#ì˛õ 1 !îˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ x xÇü
1
ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ 1 !îˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ x–5 xÇü
≤Ã#ì˛õ Á ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe 6 !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
. 1
. . ÁÓ˚y î%ãˆÏò ~Ñ˛ˆÏe 1 !îˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 6 xÇü Ñ˛yã
1 1 1
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x + x–5 = 6 (I)
x 5 x 1
x–5+x
Óyñ x(x–5) = 6
2x 5 1
2x–5
Óyñ x2–5x= 6
Óyñ x2–5x = 12x–30
Óyñ x2–17x+30 = 0 (II)
(I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú Ó˚)˛ô (II) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– ~£z (II) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyòñ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢)e xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ £ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ

x=
–(–17)± (–17) 2 – 4.1×30 17± 289–120 17±
= = -
2ā1 2 2
17 +13 17 –13
£Î˚ñ x = 2 = xÌÓyñ x = 2 =
.
. . x = 15 xÌÓy 2
~ÖyˆÏò x=2 £ˆÏú ≤Ã#ì˛õ 2 !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ã#ì˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5 !îò Ñ˛ˆÏõ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ Îì˛!îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛y £ˆÏÓ 2–5 = –3– !Ñ˛hs$˛ !îò ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z }íydÑ˛
£Î˚ òy– ì˛y£z ~ÖyˆÏò x=2 £ˆÏÓ òy–
.
. . x =15 xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã#ì˛õ ~Ñ˛y 15 !îˆÏò Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úÓ˚ Î!î Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃
Ó#ãÜ%!ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) x2–6x+4 = 0 (ii) 9x2+7x–2 = 0 (iii) x2–6x+9 = 0 (iv) 2x2+x+1 = 0
(v) 1–x = 2x2 (vi) 2x2–9x+7= 0 (vii) x²–( 2 +1)x+ 2 =0

(i) x2–6x+4 = 0 (I)

(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=1, b=–6
~ÓÇ c=4
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–6)2 – 4ā1ā4 = 36–16 = 20 > 0

20
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ–

2 –(–6)“ (–6) 2 – 4·1·4
Ó#ãÜ%!ú = –b“ b –4ac =
2a 2·1
= 6“ 36–16
2
2(3“ 5)
= 6“ 20 = 6“ 4î5 = 6“2 5 = = 3“ 5
2 2 2 2
.
. . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ (3+ 5 ) ~ÓÇ (3– 5 )–
(ii) 9x2+7x–2 = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=9, b=7
~ÓÇ c= –2
.
. . b2 –4ac = > 0 l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚n
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ–
2 –7“ (7) 2 – 4·9·(–2)
Ó#ãÜ%!ú = –b“ b –4ac = = –7“ 121 = –7“11
2a 2·9 18 18
–7 +11 4 2 –7 –11
£Î˚ñ x = 18 = 18 = –9 xÌÓyñ x = 18 = –1
. 2
. . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ –1 Á –9
(iii) x2–6x+9 = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=1, b = –6
~ÓÇ c = 9
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–6)2 – 4·1·9 = 36–36 = 0
.
. . (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ–
2
–(–6)“ 0
Ó#ãÜ%!ú = –b“ b –4ac = = 6“0
2a 2·1 2
6 +0 6–0
£Î˚ñ x = 2 = 3 xÌÓyñ x = 2 = 3
.
. . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 3 ~ÓÇ 3
(iv) 2x2+x+1 = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=2, b=1 ~ÓÇ c=1
.
. . b2 –4ac = (1)2 – 4·2·1 = –7 < 0
.
. . (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z–
(v)ñ (vi) Á (vii) !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó#ãÜ%!ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

21
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 1.4 ~£zv˛z!Ó°Ï ˆÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛
˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
1. (i) 4x2+(2x–1) (2x+1) = 4x(2x–1) ÈÙÈ~£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyˆÏò ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ¢Ω˛Ó
!Ñ˛òy Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
(ii) ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ ¢)ˆe
Ï Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yò ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ !ú!Ö–
(iii) 5x2+2x–7=0 ~£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x = k±12 2
10 ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏú k ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i)3x2+11x–4=0 (ii) (x–2) (x+4)+9=0 (iii) (4x–3)2 –2(x+3)=0
(iv) 3x2+2x–1=0 (v) 3x2+2x+1=0 (vi) 10x2 –x–3=0
(vii) 10x2–x+3=0 (viii) 25x
x2–30x+7=0 (ix) (4x–2)2 +6x=25
3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ%!ú ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)e
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) ¢y!Ì ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ «%˛oì˛õ Óy£%Ó˚ !mÜ%í xˆÏ˛ô«˛y
6 ˆ¢!õ. ˆÓ!ü– Î!î ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 2 ˆ¢!õ. Ñ˛õ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢y!ÌÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£% !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) Î!î î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z£yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Ü%íö˛ú 189 £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ !mÜ%í £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) ¢yúõyÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ x!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1 !õ./ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛ ˆÓ!ü– 180 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸yˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ¢yúõy
x!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 2 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛ xyˆÏÜ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyÎ˚– x!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !õ›˛yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(iv) xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ– Á£z ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü
˜îá≈ƒ !Ó!üT˛ Á Á£z ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3 !õ. Ñ˛õ ≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á£z ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !mÜ%í xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 78 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏú ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚
ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(v) xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ≤ÃúÎ˚ÓyÓ% ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ úyÜyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆõy›˛ 350 !›˛ úAÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚y !Ñ˛òˆÏúò–
¢y!Ó˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚yÜyäÈ úyÜyˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîÖˆÏúò ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 244!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü
ÜyäÈ úyÜyˆÏú xyÓ˚Á 100!›˛ ÜyäÈ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(vi) ˆãyˆÏ¢ö˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛hs˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆãyˆÏ¢ö˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ã!ò¢ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛hs˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
5 !õ!ò›˛ Ñ˛õ ¢õÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– 6 á^˘›˛y Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏ¢ö˛ñ Ñ%˛hs˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 6 !›˛ !ã!ò¢ ˆÓ!ü ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ%˛hs˛ú
Á£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ !ã!ò¢ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(vii) !fiÌÓ˚ãˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ 8 !Ñ˛!õ/á^˘›˛y– ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ 5 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xò%Ñ)˛ˆÏú 15 !Ñ˛!õ. ~ÓÇ
ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛ˆÏú 22 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÜˆÏúñ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓÜ Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(viii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%˛ôyÓ˚ö˛yfi›˛ ˆ›˛Δò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~:ˆÏ≤â ˆ›˛ΔˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 15 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÓ!ü ˆÓˆÏÜ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆfi›˛üò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäȈÏv˛¸ 180 !Ñ˛!õ. î)ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ¢%˛ôyÓ˚ö˛yfi›˛ ˆ›˛Δò!›˛ 1 á^˘›˛y xyˆÏÜ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyú–
¢%˛ôyÓ˚ö˛yfi›˛ ˆ›˛Δò!›˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ñ˛!õ. !äÈú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ix) ˆÓ˚£yòy ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîÖú ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. õyˆÏäÈÓ˚ Îy îyõñ v˛yˆÏúÓ˚ îyõ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 20 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ
~ÓÇ â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ îyõ ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 40 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ– ˆÓ˚£yòy 240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õyäÈ Á 240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛yú !Ñ˛ˆÏò ˆõy›˛ ˆÎ
ô!Ó˚õyí õyäÈ Á v˛yú ˆ˛ôú ì˛y 280 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ â˛yú ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò– ˆÓ˚£yòy ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. õyäÈ Ñ˛# îyˆÏõ
!Ñ˛ˆÏò!äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

22
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

xyã xyõÓ˚y fl˛%ÒˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúy ˆÖúÓ– xyõÓ˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛

4x2–1
–16x
6x+1
+155=
=0
fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !úÖÓ ~ÓÇ
xòƒ Órï%Ó˚y Á£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ãÜ%!ú !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyˆÏÓ–
1 2 ≤Ã̈Ïõ xy!õ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖúyõ 4x2–16x+15 = 0

4x2–16x+15 = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=4, b = –16
~ÓÇ c=15
.
. . b2 –4ac = (–16)2 – 4ā4ā15 = 16 > 0
.
. . (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ–
.
. . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ãmÎ˚ Á l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò–
13 ~ÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ!îì˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖú 4x2 +12x+9 = 0
4x2 +12x+9 = 0 (II)
(II) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=4, b = 12
~ÓÇ c=9
.
. . b2 –4ac = (12)2 – 4ā4ā9 = 144–144 = 0
.
. . (II) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ–
4x2 +12x+9 = 4x2 +6x+6x+9 = 2x(2x+3) +3(2x+3) = (2x+3) (2x+3)
4x2 +12x+9 = 0
.
. . (2x+3) (2x+3) = 0
. 3 3
. . Ó#ãmÎ˚ – 2 ~ÓÇ – 2
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ (II) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò–
14 ~ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô !úÖú 4x2 –16x+21= 0
4x2 –16x+21= 0 (III)
(III) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÑ˛ ax +bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=4,
2

b = –16 ~ÓÇ c=21

.
. . b2 –4ac = (–16)2 – 4ā4ā21 = 256 –336 = –80 < 0
.
. . (III) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ òy–
15 xy!õ ax2+bx+c= 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ az0n !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á
Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
+bx+c= 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ az0n

b 2 –4ac 2
~£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ –b+ 2a ~ÓÇ –b– b –4ac
2a

23
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
–b –b
(I) Î!î b2 –4ac = 0 £Î˚ñ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˛ôy£z 2aa ~ÓÇ 2a
xÌ≈yÍ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò ˛ôy£z–

(
(II) Î!î b2 –4ac > 0 £Î˚ñ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˛ôy£z –2ab + b²–4ac
2a ) ~ÓÇ (–2aba – b²–4ac
2a )
xÌ≈yÍ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò ˛ôy£z–
(III) Î!î b2 –4ac < 0 £Î˚ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ òy–

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ (b2 –4ac) õyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

16 (b2 –4ac)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

b2 –4ac, ax2+bx+c=0 [a, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òÓ˚)˛ôí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏúñ b2 –4acÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Á£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ (Discriminant) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆ˛ôúyõñ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãî%!›˛
(I) Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò b2 –4ac = 0 £Î˚
(II) Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò b2 –4ac > 0 £Î˚
(III) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyÓ òy ÎÖò b2 –4ac < 0 £Î˚
(I)ñ(II),(III) ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z!=˛Ü%!úÁ ¢ì˛ƒ–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÜ%!úÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 3x2+x–1 = 0 (ii) 4x2–4x+1 = 0 (iii) x2+x+1 = 0 (iv) 2x2+x–2 = 0
(i) 3x2+x–1 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
a=3, b=1 ~ÓÇ c= –1
.
. . !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = b2 –4ac = (1)2 – 4ā3ā(–1)
= 13 > 0
.
. . ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò–
(ii) 4x2–4x+1 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = b2 –4ac = (4)2 – 4ā4ā1
= 16 – 16
=0
.
. . ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò–
(iii) x2+x+1 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = (1)2 – 4ā1ā1
= –3 < 0
.
. . ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˛ôyˆÏÓy òy–
(iv) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–

24
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 9x2+3kx+4 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ !ú!Ö–
9x2+3kx+4 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
a=9, b=3k k ~ÓÇ c= 4
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyòñ
.
. . !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = 0
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ b2–4ac = 0
xÌ≈yÍñ (3k)2 –4ā9ā4 = 0
Óyñ 9k2 = 4×9×4
.
Óyñ k2 = 4×4 . . k = ±4
.
. . k = ± 4 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãî_ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 2x2 –10x+k = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ
Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ x2(a2+b2)+2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2) = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã
ˆò£zñ ÎÖò ad z bc.
x2(a2+b2)+2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2) = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = [2(ac+bd)]2 –4(a2+b2) (c2+d2)
= 4(ac+bd)2–4(a2c2+b2c2+a2d2+b2d2)
= 4[a²c² + b²d² +2acbd – a²c² – b2c2 – a2d2 – b²d²]
= 4[–(b2c2 – 2acbd + a2d2)]
= –4(bc–ad)2 < 0
lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ad z bc Ÿ bc–ad z 0n
.
. . (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£zñÎÖÏò ad z bc
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 35. (1+m2)x2+2mcx+(c2–a2) = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãî%!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚
ˆÎñ c2 = a2(1+m2)
(1+m2)x2+2mcx+(c2–a2) = 0 (I)
.
(I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò– . . !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ = 0
.
. . (2mc)2 –4(1+m2) (c2–a2) = 0
Óyñ 4m2c2 – 4(c2+c2m2–a2–a2m2) = 0
Óyñ 4m²c² – 4c2 – 4c²m² + 4a2 + 4a2m2 = 0
Óyñ 4c2 = 4a2+4a2m2
Óyñ c2 = a2 + a2m2
.
. . c2 = a2(1+m2) l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

25
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
17 xy!õ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Á Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ax2+bx+c= 0 la, b, c Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a z 0n (I)
ï!Ó˚ñ (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã D Á E
2 2
. . D = –b+ b –4ac ~ÓÇ E = –b– b –4ac
.
2a 2a
2 2
? Į+ȕ = –b+ b – 4ac + –b– b – 4ac
2a 2a
2 2
= –b+ b – 4ac – b– b – 4ac = – 2b = – b
2a 2a a

xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ = – x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
2 2
Į×ȕ = –b+ b – 4ac × –b– b – 4ac
2a 2a
(–b)2 – ( b 2 – 4ac )2 b 2 – (b 2 – 4ac) 2 2
= = = b – b 2+4ac = 4ac2 = c
4a 2
4a 2
4a 4a a

¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ï%ÓÑ˛ ˛ôî

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
xÎ˚ò ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !úÖú 6x2–19x–7 = 0
1 8 xy!õ xÎ˚ˆò Ï Ó˚ ˆúÖy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Á Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
6x2–19x–7 = 0 (IV)
(IV) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ a=6,
b=–19 ~ÓÇ c= –7
(IV) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚)˛ôÑ˛ b2–4ac = (–19)2 –4ā6ā(–7) > 0
(IV) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Á l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
. 7 1
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 2 Á – –3
. 7 1 19 – (–19)
( ) xÈÙÈ~Ó˚Ó ¢£Ü
. . Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ = 2 + (– –3 ) = 6 = 6 = – x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
7 1 –7 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛Óí!
í!›˛Ó˚
˛Ó ï%ÓÑ˛ ˛ôî
Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = 2 × (– –3 ) = 6 = x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
19 xy!õ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó#ã !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢õ!T˛ Á Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ
xÈÙÈ~Ó˚Ó ¢£Ü
Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ = – x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛Óí!í!›˛Ó˚
˛Ó ï%ÓÑ˛ ˛ôî
Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢£Ü l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

26
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 36. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ Á Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (ii) 4x2–9x = 100
(i) 6x2–x–2 = 0 (I)
–1 1
(I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ = – 6 = –6
–2 1
Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = 6 = – –3
(ii) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ Á Ü%íö˛ú !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 37. Î!î 5x2+13x+k = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÑ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5x2+13x+k = 0 (I)
1
ï!Ó˚ñ (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ D Á D–
. 1– k
. . D × D =5
k .
Óyñ 5 = 1 . . k = 5

1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 38. Î!î 3x2–10x+3 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ 1!›˛ Ó#ã –3 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó#ã!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 39. Î!î !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ax2+bx+c = 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1: r £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
(r+1)2 = b2
r ac
ax2+bx+c = 0 (I)
ï!Ó˚ñ (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ñ D Á rD
. . D+ r D = – ba
.

Óyñ D (1+r) = – ab
b2
Óyñ D2 (1+r)2 = a2 (II)

xyÓyÓ˚ñ D× r D = ca
D2r = ca (III)

b2
2 2
Į (1+r) 2
(II)ÈÙȈÏÑ˛ (III) !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ = a
Įr2
c
a
((r+1)
1))2 b2 a . ((r+1)
1))2 b2
Óyñ r = a2 × c . . r = ac l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

27
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
1 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 40. Î!î x2+px+q = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãî%!›˛ D Á E £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ D3 + E3 ~ÓÇ D– + –E ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò p Á qÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x2+px+q = 0 (I)
(I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã D Á E
.
. . D + E = – p ~ÓÇ DE = q
.
. .D3 + E3 = (D + E)3 – 3DE (D + E) = (–p)3 –3q(–p)
= – p3 + 3pq = 3pq – p3
1– 1– E+ D – p – p
D + E = DE = q = q
§ 1 1·
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 41. ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã D Á E £ˆÏúñ ¨ 3 + 3 ¸ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò a, b
©Į ȕ ¹
Á cÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ü#úy ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ˆ¢ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖúÈÙÙÙÈ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ 3 Á 4 £ˆÏú !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄
20 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ Á£z !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã D Á E £ˆÏú ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆÎ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã D Á E ˆ¢£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ £ˆÏúy
ax2+bx+c=0 [a z0] (I)
.
. . ax2+bx+c=0
Óyñ x2 + ab x + ca = 0 la !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
..
Óyñ x2 – (D+E)x + DE = 0 l . D, E (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãn
ˆÎ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ D Á E ˆ¢£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ñ
x2 – (D+E)x + DE = 0
21 ~ÓyÓ˚ xy!õ ü#úyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ˆúÖy üì≈˛yò%ÎyÎ˚# !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆÎ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 3 Á 4 ˆ¢£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
.
x2 – (3+4)x + 3×4 = 0 . . x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 42. x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ Ó#ãmÎ˚ 3 Á 4. l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
D E
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 43. Î!î ax2+bx+c=0 [az0] ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã D Á E £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó#ã E Á D ì˛yÓ˚
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ax2+bx+c=0 (I)
D Á E, (I) òÇ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãñ . . D + E = – ba ~ÓÇ DE = ac
.
2

Į+ȕ –2Įȕ
2 –b –2× c
ȕ Į 2 +ȕ 2 a a
?Į + = = =
ȕ Į Įȕ Įȕ c
a

28
 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE

b 2 – 2c
a2 a b2 –2ac u a b2 –2ac
c a2 c ac
a
E
xyÓyÓ˚ñ D
E D
×  =1 (III)
. D E
. . ˆÎ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ E Á D ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í
E E
x2 – (D + D ) x + D × D = 0
E E

Óyñ x2 – ( b² –ac2ac) x + 1 = 0
.
. . acx2–(b2–2ac)x+ac = 0

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 1.5

1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ

(i) 2x2+7x+3=0 (ii) 3x2–2 6 xx+2=0 (iii) 2x2–7x+9=0 (iv) 52 x2 – 23 x +1=0
2. kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyò/õyòÜ%!úÓ˚ ãòƒ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò Ó#ã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) 49x2+kx+1=0 (ii) 3x2–5x+2k=0 (iii) 9x2–24x+k=0 (iv) 2x2+3x+k=0
(v) x2–2(5+2k)x+3(7+10k) = 0 (vi) (3k+1)x2+2(k+1)x+k=0
3. ò#ˆÏⲠ≤Ãî_ Ó#ãmÎ˚ myÓ˚y !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) 4, 2 (ii) –4, –3 (iii) –4, 3 (iv) 5, –3
4. mÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏúñ 4x2+4(3m–1)x+(m+7)=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÑ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5. (b–c)x2+(c–a)x+(a–b)=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 2b=a+c
a c
6. (a2+b2)x2–2(ac+bd)x+(c2+d2)=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ b = d
7. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 2(aa2+b2)x2+2(a+b)x+1=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òyñ Î!î az
a b £Î˚–
8. 5x2+2x–3=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã D Á E £ˆÏúñ
1– 1– D² E²
(i) D2+E2 (ii) D3+E3 (iii) D + (iv) + D ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
E E
9. ax2+bx+c=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 2b2 =9ac.
10. ˆÎ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãÜ%!ú x2+px+1=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãÜ%!úÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÑ˛ñ ˆ¢£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. x2+x+1=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ãÜ%!úÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ ˆÎ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãñ ˆ¢£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

29
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 1
12. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛zÁÓ˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) :
(i) x2 –6x+2=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 6 (d) –6
(ii) x2 –3x+k=10 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ü%íö˛ú –2 £ˆÏúñ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) –2 (b) –8 (c) 8 (d) 12
(iii) ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ~ÓÇ x¢õyò £ˆÏúñ b2–4ac £ˆÏÓ
(a) >0 (b) = 0 (c) <0 (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(iv) ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏú
b b – b2 b2
(a) c = – 2aa (b) c = 2aa (c) c = 4aa (d) c = 4a
1– 1–
(v) 3x2+8x+2=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ D ~ÓÇ E £ˆÏúñ (D + ) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
E
3 2
(a) – 8 (b) 3 (c) –4 (d) 4

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Öı

(i) x2+x+1=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó–
(ii) x2 –x+2=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó òÎ˚–

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ı

(i) 7x2–12x+18=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ ~ÓÇ Ü%íö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(ii) ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÑ˛ £ˆÏúñ c =
(iii) ax2+bx+c=0 (az0) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £ˆÏúñ
a+c =

13. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)

(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ 14 ~ÓÇ Ü%íö˛ú 24 £ˆÏúñ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !ú!Ö–
(ii) kx2 +2x+3k=0 (kz0) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ ~ÓÇ Ü%íö˛ú ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
(iii) x2–22x+105=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ D ~ÓÇ E £ˆÏúñ (D–E)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
(iv) x2–x=k(2x–1) ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ ü)òƒ £ˆÏúñ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
(v) x2 +bx+12=0 ~ÓÇ x2+bx+q=0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ímˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó#ã 2 £ˆÏúñ qÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–

30
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛

2 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

xyã xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%Ó õãy– xyã fl˛%ÒˆÏú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñœ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú

äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ xƒyÑ˛yv˛zr›˛ Ö%úˆÏÓ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy¢ Ó£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– xyõÓ˚y £zFäÈyõˆÏì˛y
›˛yÑ˛y ãõyˆÏì˛ Á ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó–

ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 800 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú–

1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ îyîyÓ˚ ˛ôy¢È Ó£zÈÙÈ~ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ 800 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ !܈ÏÎ˚ 832 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~õò ˆÑ˛ò £ˆÏúy⁄
îyîyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ îyîyˆÏÑ˛ (832–800) ›˛yÑ˛y = 32 ›˛yÑ˛y x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1 ~£z x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Óy xÌ≈õ)úƒˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

~£z x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ xÌ≈õ)úƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢%î (Interest) Óúy £Î˚–

~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%îˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î (Simple Interest) ÓúÓ–
~ÖyˆÏò ¢%î = (832–800) ›˛yÑ˛y = 32 ›˛yÑ˛y
xy¢ú (Principal) = 800 ›˛yÑ˛yñ ¢%îy¢ú Óy ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú (Amount) = ¢%î + xy¢ú = 32 ›˛yÑ˛y + 800 ›˛yÑ˛y
= 832 ›˛yÑ˛y
~ÓÇ ¢õÎ˚ (Time) = 1 ÓäÈÓ˚–
xy¢ú Óy õ)úïòÈÙÙÙÈÈ Îì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y Óy ˆòÁÎ˚y xÌÓy Îì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Ü!FäÈì˛ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚–
¢õÎ˚È ÙÙÙÈÈ Îì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y Óy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ Óy Ü!FäÈì˛ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚–
¢%îÈÙÙÙÈ Èv˛z_õˆÏí≈Ó˚ Óy ˛ôyÁòyîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ (Creditor) xÌ≈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú üì≈˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚#
xïõí≈ Óy ˆîòyîyÓ˚ (Debtor) !Ñ˛ä%È x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ xÌ≈õ)úƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ~£z xÌ≈õ)úƒ£z ¢%î–
ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ Óy ¢Ç܇˛ò ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ ˆîò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛_
z õí≈í≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ Óy ¢Ç܇˛ò ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xïõí≈í≈ Óúy £Î˚–
ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ Óy ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò ì˛Öò !ì˛!ò v˛z_õí≈í≈ ~ÓÇ Á£z ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ Óy
ÓƒyÇÑ˛ xïõí≈≈ó ì˛y£z ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ Óy ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ãõy ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢%î ˆîÎ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Óy ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛Öò Á£z Óƒ!=˛ £ˆÏúò xïõí≈
~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Óy ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ £ˆÏúy v˛z_õí≈≈ó ì˛y£z Á£z Óƒ!=˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Óy ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%î ˆîò–
xy!õ Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 500 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢ãú ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 300 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ 500 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ !܈ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy 520 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ãˆÏúÓ˚ 300 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ !܈ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy 312 ›˛yÑ˛y–
.
. . 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xy!õ ¢%î ˆ˛ôúyõ (520 – 500) ›˛yÑ˛y = 20 ›˛yÑ˛y
!Ñ˛hs$˛ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢ãú ¢%î ˆ˛ôú (312 – 300) ›˛yÑ˛y = 12 ›˛yÑ˛y
2 ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyõÓ˚y î%ãˆÏò xyúyîy xyúyîy ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢%î ˆ˛ôúyõ ˆÑ˛ò⁄
¢õÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú– xy¢ú Óyv˛¸ˆÏú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyíÁ
Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ–

31
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
3 Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÎÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˛ôyÓ⁄ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢£ˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
≤Ã̈Ïõ Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛#⁄
¢%î ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛°Ïy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢%î ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ì˛y£z ÚÓy!°Ï≈Ñ˛
üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚Û– ˆÎõòñ ÚÓy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 10%ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ £ˆÏúyñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10
›˛yÑ˛y– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe °Ïy^˘È¬y!¢Ñ˛ñ õy!¢Ñ˛ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ˜î!òÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓÁ ¢%î Ñ˛°Ïy £Î˚–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
500 1 20
100 1 ?

500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 20 ›˛yÑ˛y

20
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 500 ›˛yÑ˛y
20
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 50 0 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 4 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 4%

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Î!î Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚y!Ö ì˛ˆÏÓ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 4
1200 1 ?

Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 4%

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 4 ›˛yÑ˛y
4
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
4 ×1200
1200 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
600 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 5%
1
1800 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 4–2 %

32
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ◊yÓí# !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ 45 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛
¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5 % £ˆÏúñ ◊yÓí# Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 5
? 1 45
ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5%
.
.. 5 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
1 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
100×45
45 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 5 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . ◊yÓí# 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Î!î ◊yÓí# Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôì˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
ãõy Ó˚yÖì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6% 90 ›˛yÑ˛y
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 3.5 % 59.50 ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 750 ›˛yÑ˛y 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢%î Á ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú ˆîˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Úˆõy›˛ ¢%îÛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚⁄
!ò!î≈T˛ xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆîÎ˚ Óy ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ¢%îˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚˆõy›˛ ¢%îÛÛ Óúy £Î˚–
¢%îy¢ú Óy ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú = xy¢ú + ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 10%
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 10
750 3 ?
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
10
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 × 750
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 × 750 × 3
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
!ì˛!ò ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ˆîˆÏÓò ›˛yÑ˛y–
.
. . ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ ¢%îÈ+Èxy¢ú = 750 ›˛yÑ˛y + 225 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y–

33
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
4 xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ xy¢ú = p ›˛yÑ˛yñ ¢õÎ˚ = t ÓäÈÓ˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = r % ~ÓÇ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î = I ›˛yÑ˛y
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î r ›˛yÑ˛y
r
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
pr
p ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
p rt . p rt . prt
p
›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ t ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y . . I = 10 0 . . ˆ˛ôúyõñ I = 100
~ÖyˆÏòñ p = 750 ›˛yÑ˛yñ t = 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ñ r = 10 ~ÓÇ I = ?
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!Ñ˛Ñ˛ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !£¢yÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ I = 10 × 100
750 × 3
= 225
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y Î!î Á£z ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 8
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ 750 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î !îˆÏì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
10
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î
10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 × 750 × 8
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
prt 750 × 10 × 8
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ¢%î (I) = 100 = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
l~ÖyˆÏòñ p = 750 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 10 ~ÓÇ t = 8 ÓäÈÓ˚n
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) xy¢ú Á Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ Á ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ¢Ó˚ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏäÈ
xÌ≈yÍ ¢õÎ˚ Óyv˛¸ˆúÏ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î SÓyv˛¸ˆÓÏ /Ñ˛õˆÏÓV ~ÓÇ ¢õÎ˚ SÓyv˛¸ˆú
Ï /Ñ˛õˆÏúV ˆõy›˛ ¢%î Ñ˛õˆÏÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ (ii) ¢õÎ˚ Á Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xy¢ú Á ˆõy›˛ ¢%î l¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛n ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
xyˆÏäÈñ xÌ≈yÍ xy¢ú Óyv˛¸ˆú Ï ˆõy›˛ ¢%î Óyv˛¸ˆÓÏ xyÓyÓ˚ xy¢ú Ñ˛õˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î – l!òˆÏã Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ !ú!Ön
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xy¢ú Á ¢õÎ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì˛≈ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. ≤Ãüyhs˛ÓyÓ% ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Á ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ˆÏì˛ 580 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏúò–
Î!î ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Á ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5 % Á 6 % £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5 %
. prt 580 × 5 × 4
. . 4 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓò = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 6 %
. 580 × 6 × 4
. . 4 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓò = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 139.20 ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (iii) xy¢ú Á ¢õÎ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
S¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛V ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Óyv˛¸ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛
üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛õˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î –

34
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 2003 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 1 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 xyÜfi›˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚
!òˆÏúñ ¢%î Á ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
¢õÎ˚ = ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 31 !îò + ˆö˛Ó%Î˚y!Ó˚ 28 !îò + õyâ≈˛ 31 !îò + ~!≤Ãú 30 !îò + ˆõ 31 !îò + ã%ò 30
219 3
!îò + ã%úy£z 31 !îò + xyÜfi›˛ 7 !îò = 219 !îò = 365 ÓäÈÓ˚ = 5 ÓäÈÓ˚ l2003 ¢yú !ú˛ô£zÎ˚yÓ˚ òÎ˚–
ì˛y£zñ ˆö˛Ó%Î˚y!Ó˚ õy¢ 28 !îòn
lˆõy›˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ 1 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 xyÜfi›˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ £Î˚ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ 1 !îò òÎ˚ˆÏì˛y
xyÜfi›˛ õyˆÏ¢ 1 !îò Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓn
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 5
3–
5000 5 ?
.
.. 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
5
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
3 5 3
5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 5– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 10 0 × 5000 × 5– ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
prt
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ¢%î (I) = 100 lˆÎÖyˆÏò p Sxy¢úV = 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r SÓy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚V = 5 ~ÓÇ
3
t S¢õÎ˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚V = 5– ÓäÈÓ˚n
3
5000 u 5 u
= 5 ›˛yÑ˛y = 150 ›˛yÑ˛y– ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = (5000+150) ›˛yÑ˛y
100
= 5150 ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú
1
500 ›˛yÑ˛y 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6 –4 %
1
146 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 !îò 2–2 %
4565 ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6 õy¢ 4%

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. xy!õ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 500 ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î
ˆ˛ôúyõ– Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 400 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yÖˆÏú ~Ñ˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢%î ˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
6 % ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 500 ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢%î ˆ˛ôúyõ = ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
500 2 6 60
400 ? 6 60

35
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
ï!Ó˚ñ 400 ›˛yÑ˛y t ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôúyõ–
. 400 × t × 6
.. 100 = 60
Óyñ 24 t = 60
60 . 1
Óyñ t = 24 . . t = 2 –2
. 1
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 400 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 –2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î £Î˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y–
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ 500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆõy›˛ ¢%î £Î˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆõy›˛ ¢%î £Î˚ 2×500 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
2 × 500 1–
400 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆõy›˛ ¢%î £Î˚ 400 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ = 2 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ (iv) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Á ˆõy›˛ ¢%î x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xy¢ú Á ¢õÎ˚
l¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛n ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍ xy¢ú Óyv˛¸ˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xy¢ú Ñ˛õˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ –
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. xyüyˆÏîÓ# Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò– Á£z
¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆõy›˛ 240 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö xyüyˆÏîÓ# ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò⁄
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 6
? 4 240
1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 6 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ ÎÖò xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ ÎÖò xy¢ú 6 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ ÎÖò xy¢ú 4×6 ›˛yÑ˛y
1000 × 240
4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 240 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ ÎÖò xy¢ú = 4 × 6 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ p ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúòñ
. p ×6×4
. . ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
p ×6×4
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 10 0 = 240
. 2400 × 100
. . p = 6 × 4 = 1000
.
. . xyüyˆÏîÓ# 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ö§˛yÑ˛y áˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
1
4 ÓäÈÓ˚ 4 –2 % 72 ›˛yÑ˛y
1 !îò 5% 1 ›˛yÑ˛y

36
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. 700 ›˛yÑ˛y !ò!î≈T˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãˆÏòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢%ˆÏîõ)ˆÏú
900 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôúyõ– Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ~Ñ˛£z £yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yÖˆÏú 1350 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
700 900
? 1350
.
.. 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 700 ›˛yÑ˛y
70 0
1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 90 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
700 ×1350
1350 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 90 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 7 –2 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 5160 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
1
100 1 7 –2
100 8 ?
1 15
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 7 –2 ›˛yÑ˛y = 2 ›˛yÑ˛y
15
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 2 × 8 ›˛yÑ˛y = 60 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢%îy¢ú = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y + 60 ›˛yÑ˛y = 160 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . òì%˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 160
? 5160
.
.. 160 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 0
1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 16 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
100 × 5160
5160 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú £ˆÏú xy¢ú 16 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. ö§˛yÑ˛y áˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú
5 ÓäÈÓ˚ 3% 966 ›˛yÑ˛y
6 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6% 13600 ›˛yÑ˛y

37
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 17. Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ 6% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôúyõ–
Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ Î!î 7% £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Á£z 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôì˛yõ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 7 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî t ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%î 900 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ–
. prt
. . ¢%î (I) = 100 l~ÖyˆÏò p = 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 7ñ I = 900 ›˛yÑ˛yn
. 5000 × 7 × t . 900 4 . 4 4
. . 900 = 10 0 . . t = 35 0 = 2–7 . . 2 –7 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˛ôyÓ ~ÓÇ 2 –7 < 3
lˆîÖ!äÈ (v) xy¢ú Á ˆõy›˛ ¢%î x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
l¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛n ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛
üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ–n l!òˆÏã xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zîy£Ó˚í !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. Ó˚yõ% ≤Ãïyò Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 –2 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 12500 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò– !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õÎ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 2750 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
1 11
100 1 5 –2 = 2
12500 ? 2750
11
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
11
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 1×100 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
1u 100 1×2 ×100
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ = 11 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
11
2
1×2×100
12500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 11×12500 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
1×2×100×2750
12500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2750 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 11×12500 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ = ÓäȈÏÓ˚
.
. . Ó˚yõ% ≤Ãïyò 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ Ó˚yõ% ≤Ãïyò t ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
. 1
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5–2 % ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 12500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ t ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 2750 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î ˛ôyò–
. prt 11
. . 2750 = 100 l~ÖyˆÏòñ p Sxy¢úV = 12500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 2 SÓy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚Vñ I = 2750 ›˛yÑ˛y Sˆõy›˛ ¢%îVn
11
12500×
00 2 ×t
Óyñ 2750 = Óyñ t = 2750×100×2
11×12500
2=4
100
.
. . Ó˚yõ% ≤Ãïyò 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. xy¢ú ¢õÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
1
6400 ›˛yÑ˛y 4 –2 % 1008 ›˛yÑ˛y
500 ›˛yÑ˛y 5% 50 ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

38
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. ¢ˆÏ£!ú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 700 ›˛yÑ˛y 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
!îúñ ˆ¢ Î!î 900 ›˛yÑ˛y ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
700 × 5×4
4 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 700 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 140 ›˛yÑ˛y
¢ˆÏ£!ú 900 ›˛yÑ˛y 5 ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î 140 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏú Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
900 5 140
100 1 ?
900 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 140 ›˛yÑ˛y
140
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 900 ×5 ›˛yÑ˛y
1400 × 100 1
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 900 × 5 ›˛yÑ˛y = 3 –9 ›˛yÑ˛y
. 1
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 3 –9 %
lˆîÖ!äÈ (vi) ¢õÎ˚ Á ˆõy›˛ ¢%î x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xy¢ú Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
l¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛n ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xÌ≈yÍ xy¢ú Óyv˛¸ˆÏú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xy¢ú Ñ˛õˆÏú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ–n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î 4800 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
5000 8 4800
100 1 ?
5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 4800 ›˛yÑ˛y
4800
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 5000 × 8 ›˛yÑ˛y
4800 × 100
10
00
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 5000 × 8 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = %
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r %
. 5000 × r × 8
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
5000 × r × 8
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 10 0 = 4800
.. prt
l . I = 100
4800 × 1000 . I = ˆõy›˛ ¢%î
Óyñ r = 5000 × 8 . . r = 12 p = xy¢ú
r = Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
. t = ¢õÎ˚ SÓäȈÏÓ˚Vn
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 12% .

39
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 22. Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Óy˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ 73000 ›˛yÑ˛y 1 !îˆÏò ¢%ˆîÏ ÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 73001 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÓÏ ˚ !ú!Ö–
ˆõy›˛ ¢%î = 73001 ›˛yÑ˛y – 73000 ›˛yÑ˛y = 1 ›˛yÑ˛y
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ S!îˆÏòV ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
73000 1 1
100 365 ?
.
. . 73000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%î 1 ›˛yÑ˛y
1
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%î 73000 ›˛yÑ˛y
1000 × 365
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 365 !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%î 730 00 ›˛yÑ˛y = 0.5 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚Ó 0. 5 %
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î (I) = 73001 ›˛yÑ˛y – 73000 ›˛yÑ˛y = 1 ›˛yÑ˛y
1
xy¢ú ( p) = 73000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ t = 1 !îò = 3 65 ÓäÈÓ˚
ï!Ó˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r %
prt 730000 × r × 1 36500 5 .
I = 100 Óyñ 1 = 100×365 Óyñ r = 73000 Óyñ r = 10 . . r = 0.5
.
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 0.5 %
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. (i) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛ £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛ £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 910 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú
955.50 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. (i) Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y 750 ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 6 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏúò–
!ì˛!ò ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) !Ñ˛hs$˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈõ)ˆÏú
1200 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) Î!î ≤ÃÌõ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚£z ÌyÑ˛ì˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîõ)ˆÏú 1170 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(i) Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 8
750 6 ?
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 8 ›˛yÑ˛y
8
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
8×750×6
×6
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 6 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
750×6×8
×8
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 6 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 360 ›˛yÑ˛y
prt
l I = 100 ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃n
.
. . Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ 750 ›˛yÑ˛y + 360 ›˛yÑ˛y = 1110 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò–

40
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

(ii) Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
750 6 (1200 – 750) = 450
100 1 ?
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 6 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 450 ›˛yÑ˛y
4
450
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 6 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 750 ›˛yÑ˛y
450
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 750 ×6 ›˛yÑ˛y
4500 × 100
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 750 × 6 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 10 %
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r %
prt
I = 100 ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ I = ˆõy›˛ ¢%îñ p = xy¢úñ r = Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ñ t = ¢õÎ˚ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V
. 750 × r × 6
. . ¢%î = 10 0
750 × r × 6 . 4500 × 100
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 450 = 10 0 . . r = 750 × 6 = 10
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 10 % .
(iii) Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 8
750 ? (1170–750) = 420
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 8 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 1×100 ÓäˆÏÈÓ˚
1×100
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 8 ÓäˆÏÈÓ˚
1×100
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ 750×8 ÓäˆÏÈÓ˚
1× 100 × 420
750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 420 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £Î˚ = 750×8 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ = 7 ÓäȈÏÓ˚

xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ñ t ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 750 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî ˆõy›˛ ¢%î 420 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚–
prt
I = 100 ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ I = ˆõy›˛ ¢%îñ p = xy¢úñ r = Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ñ t = ¢õÎ˚ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V
. 750 × t × 8
. . 420 = 10 0
. 420×100
.. t = 750×8 = 7
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢õÎ˚ 7 ÓäÈÓ˚–

41
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïò Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 560 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚
600 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãî_ ì˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
xy¢ú + 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 600 ›˛yÑ˛y
xy¢ú + 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 560 ›˛yÑ˛y
S!ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zVñ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 40 ›˛yÑ˛y

2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 40 ›˛yÑ˛y

40
1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 2 ›˛yÑ˛y
400 × 3
3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 2 ›˛yÑ˛y = 60 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . xy¢ú = 560 ›˛yÑ˛y – 60 ›˛yÑ˛y = 500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäÈÓ˚V ˆõy›˛ ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
500 3 60
100 1 ?
500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 60 ›˛yÑ˛y
60
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 50 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
600
1 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 500 × 3 ›˛yÑ˛y
600 × 100
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î 500 × 3 ›˛yÑ˛y = 4 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 4 %
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 500 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 4 %
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÓÏ ˚ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú
S¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏúV 496 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú 560 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ Á£z ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
~ÓÇ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. ¢%Ó#Ó˚ÓyÓ% â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓ¢Ó˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!¶˛ˆÏv˛r›˛ ö˛yu˛ Á @˘Ãyâ%˛£z!›˛ ÓyÓî ~Ñ˛Ñ˛yú#ò
6,00,000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y !ì˛!ò ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ Á ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ xyõyòì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yòñ
ˆÎò ≤Ã!ì˛ÓäÈÓ˚ ¢%î ÓyÓî !ì˛!ò 34,000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyò– Î!î ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ Á ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 6 % Á 5 % £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
¢%Ó#Ó˚ÓyÓ% Î!î ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ò
5
= 600000 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y
!Ñ˛hs$˛ !ì˛!ò S34000 ›˛yÑ˛yy – 30000 ›˛yÑ˛yV = 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yò–
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ¢%î ˛ôyò (6 % – 5 %) = 1 %
.
. . !ì˛!ò ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ~õò ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ›˛yÑ˛y Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyv˛¸!ì˛ 1 % ¢%î = 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚

42
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ãõy Óyv˛¸!ì˛ ¢%î

Ó˚yÖˆÏúò S›˛yÑ˛yV ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ S›˛yÑ˛yV
100 1
? 4000
.
. . 1 ›˛yÑ˛y Óyv˛¸!ì˛ ¢%î ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏú– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y Óyv˛¸!ì˛ ¢%î ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ 100
× 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y = 400000 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏú–
.
. . ¢%Ó#Ó˚ÓyÓ% ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ 400000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ (600000 – 400000) ›˛yÑ˛y
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ = 200000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
ï!Ó˚ñ ¢%Ó#Ó˚ÓyÓ% x ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ (600000 – x) ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôyT˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
. x×5×1 1
. . ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓòñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
(600000 – x) × 6 × 1
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%î ˛ôyˆÏÓò ›˛yÑ˛y
100
5x 6 (600000 – x)
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ + 34000
100 100
Óyñ 5x + 3600000 – 6x = 34000 × 100
Óyñ – x = 3400000 – 3600000
Óyñ – x = – 200000
.
. . x = 200000
.
Ï ò 200000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äȈú
. . ¢%Ó#Ó˚ÓyÓ% ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äȈú Ï ò (600000 – 200000) ›˛yÑ˛y
= 400000 ›˛yÑ˛y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. ì§˛yì˛ !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ Îs˛fâ˛y!úì˛ ì§˛yì˛ Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z üˆÏì≈˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛ î%£z ÓäÈÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 9 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢%î ~ÓÇ
1
xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ –5 xÇü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
î%£z ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓyˆÏî ≤ÃÌõ !Ñ˛!hfl˛ÓyÓî ¢!õ!ì˛ Î!î 19000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆüyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ x ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò–
. x×2×9 9x
. . 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 50 ›˛yÑ˛y
9x x
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 50 + 5 = 19000
9x + 10x
Óyñ 50 = 19000
Óyñ 19x = 19000 × 50
19000 × 50
Óyñ x = 19
.
. . x = 50000
.
. . ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ 50000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò–

43
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!Ñ˛õy ì˛yÓ˚ 13 ÓäÈÓ˚ Á 15 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ î%£z ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ òyˆÏõ 56000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
v˛z£zú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ˆÎñ ÎÖò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ
¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛z£zˆÏú ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
= x ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛y = (56000 – x)

. ­ x × (18–13) × 10 ½ 3x
. . 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú £ˆÏÓ ® x+ ¾ =›˛yÑ˛y = 2 ›˛yÑ˛y
¯ 100 ¿

Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú £ˆÏÓ = ­®(56000 – x) +

(56000 – x) × (18 – 15) × 10 ½
18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆäȈú ¾ ›˛yÑ˛y
¯ 100 ¿
13
= 10 (56000 – x) ›˛yÑ˛y
3 x 13
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 2 = 10 (56000 – x)
Óyñ 30x = 26 (56000 – x)
Óyñ 15x = 13(56000 – x)
.
Óyñ 28x = 13 × 56000 . . x =
.
. . ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛y 26000
~ÓÇ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛y (56000 – 26000) = 30000
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ï!Ó˚ñ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛y x
~ÓÇ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓÓ˚yj ›˛yÑ˛y y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x + y = 56000 (i)

. . 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú £ˆÏÓ ­® x+ x × (18–13) × 10 ½¾ =›˛yÑ˛y = 3x ›˛yÑ˛y
.
¯ 100 ¿ 2

­ y (18 – 15) × 10 ½ ­ 3y ½
18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú £ˆÏÓ = ® y+ ¾ ›˛yÑ˛y ® y+ ¾ ›˛yÑ˛y
¯ 100 ¿ ¯ 10 ¿
133y
= 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
3 x 13y . 133y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 2 = 10 Óyñ 30x = 26y . . x = 15 (ii)
(i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ x + y = 56000
133y 28y 15
Óyñ 15 + y = 56000 Óyñ 15 = 56000 Óyñ y = 56000 × 28
.
. . y = 30000
x = 56000 – 30000 = 26000
.
. . xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!Ñ˛õy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ 26000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏÈv˛¸y ˆäȈÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓÓ˚yj Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ%˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ 12 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäȈÏú ~ÓÇ 14 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ 187500
›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏúò ÎyˆÏì˛ñ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢
ÎÖò 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú ¢õyò ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓ– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆäȈÏú ~ÓÇ
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

44
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. ö˛!ì˛õy!Ó!Ó ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy!¢Ñ˛ ¢M˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“ ≤Ã!ì˛ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏò 100 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
!ì˛!ò ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yÖˆÏúò– Î!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 6 % £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ì˛!ò
¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ö˛!ì˛õy!Ó!Ó ≤ÃÌõñ !mì˛#Î˚ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ñ ..................ñ ˆü°Ï õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 12 õy¢ñ 11 õy¢ñ 10 õy¢ñ
..................ñ 1 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ãõy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%îñ
§ 12 11 10 1 ·
¨ 100 u 12 u 6 100 u 12 u 6 100 u 12 u 6 100 u u 6 ¸
12
¨    .........................  ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
¨ 100 100 100 100 ¸
© ¹
100×6 1
= 12 ×100 (12 + 11 + 10 + .................+ 1) ›˛yÑ˛y = –2 × 78 ›˛yÑ˛y = 39 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . !ì˛!ò 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú ˛ôyˆÏÓò (100×12+39) ›˛yÑ˛y = 1239 ›˛yÑ˛y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. ãÎ˚hs˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy!¢Ñ˛ ¢M˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“ ≤Ã!ì˛ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îò 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5 % £ˆÏú ãÎ˚hs˛ 6 õy¢ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% ˆõy›˛ 370000 ›˛yÑ˛y !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò– !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 4 % , 5% ~ÓÇ 6 % ; 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢õyò £Î˚–
!ì˛!ò !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌõ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ x ›˛yÑ˛yñ !mì˛#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ y ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ z ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖòñ
x×4×1 4x
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
y× 5 × 1 5y
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
z ×6 × 1 6z
1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x + y + z = 370000 .......... (i)
4x 5y 6z ............ (ii)
10 0 = 100 = 100
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 4x = 5y = 6z = k Sï!Ó˚Vñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò k > 0
. k k k
..x=4ñy= 5ñz=6
xyÓyÓ˚ñ x + y + z = 370000
k k k
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 4 + 5 + 6 = 370000
15k + 12k + 10k
Óyñ 60 = 370000
Óyñ 37k = 370000 × 60
.
. . k = 600000
6000 000 600000 600000
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = 4 = 150000 ñ y = 5 = 120000 ~ÓÇ z = 6 = 100000
.
. . !ì˛!ò !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 150000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 120000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 100000 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò–
45
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. ˆ¢yõy!˛ô!¢ 620000 ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ñ
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ãõy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÎyˆÏì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢õyò £Î˚–
ˆ¢yõy!˛ô!¢ ˆÑ˛yò ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 2
î%£z Órï% ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÓƒyÓ¢y â˛yúyÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 12 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏúò– 4 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. 2005 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 1 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 27 ˆõ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 2000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%î Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1
3. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8 3 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 960 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. v˛zͲôúÓyÓ% ì§˛yÓ˚ ã!õ â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3200 ›˛yÑ˛y
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏúò– 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
5. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5.25 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˆüy¶˛yˆÏîÓ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò– 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò
¢%î !£¢yˆÏÓ 840 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. ˆÜÔì˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%Ó˚!Ü ÖyõyÓ˚ ˆÖyúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 12 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏúò– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ õyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ 378 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3
8. õyߨyò !õ~åy !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ 6 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏúò ˆîÎ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 8 xÇü
£ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï }í ˆîÎ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 7.4 % £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Î!î ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ,˛!°Ï }í ˆòòñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î ÓyÓî Ñ˛ì˛
›˛yÑ˛y Ó§yâ˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. Î!î 292 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%î 5 ˛ôÎ˚¢y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8 % £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 600 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%î 168 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. Î!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 800 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏî xy¢ˆÏú 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˛ôy£zñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy !äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
13. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïò ~Ñ˛£z Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 7 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 7100 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 6200 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú õ)úïò Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
14. ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ xõú Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ôü%˛ô!ì˛ ˆáy°Ï ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ 2000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò– 3
ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 2360 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 2480 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˛ôyò– ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Á ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

46
 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy
SIMPLE INTEREST

15. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì§˛yì˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ Îs˛fâ˛y!úì˛ ì§˛yì˛ Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 5 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚
ˆüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢!õ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ 22125 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏúy– ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
16. xy¢úyõâ˛yâ˛y Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓ¢Ó˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ 1,00,000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– Á£z ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛
Á Óy!Ñ˛›˛y ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ¢%î ÓyÓî ˆõy›˛ 5400 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyò– ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Î!î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5 % Á 6 % £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
17. ˆÓ˚Öy!î!î ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!M˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y î%!›˛ xyúyîy ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ãõy !îˆÏúò–
~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 6 % ~ÓÇ xòƒ ÓƒyÇÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 7 % ó 2 ÓäÈÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò Î!î ¢%î ÓyÓî ˆõy›˛ 1280 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyòñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yò ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy !îˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
18. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒyÇÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î ˆîÎ˚– Á£z ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ î#˛ô%ÓyÓ% ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy
ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ 3 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ›˛yÑ˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ 3 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ì˛!ò
8000 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy !îˆÏúò– Á£z ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï î#˛ô%ÓyÓ% ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
19. Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 12 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 240000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ïyÓ˚ ˆòò– ïyÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò Óy!v˛¸!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ õyˆÏ¢ 5200 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ¶˛yv˛¸y ˆîò– ïyÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚
Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò Óy!v˛¸¶˛yv˛¸yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢% ˆüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
20. Ó˚Ì#òÓyÓ% ì§˛yÓ˚ î%£z ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy Ó˚yˆÏÖò ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÓÎ˚¢ ÎÖò 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ 120000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ– ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚
£yÓ˚ 10 % ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ÓÎ˚¢ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 13 ÓäÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 8 ÓäÈÓ˚– !ì˛!ò ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ
ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
21. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
(i) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r % £yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî p ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ t ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î I ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ
(a) I = prt (b) prtI = 100 (c) prt = 100×I (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚

(ii) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 20 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ !mÜ%í £Î˚– ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Á£z
õ)úïò !ì˛òÜ%í £ˆÏÓ
(a) 30 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (b) 35 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (c) 40 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (d) 45 ÓäȈÏÓ˚

(iii) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïò 10 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
(a) 5 % (b) 10 % (c) 15 % (d) 20 %

(iv) x % Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ x ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î x ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
100 100
(a) x ›˛yÑ˛yy (b) 100 x ›˛yÑ˛yy (c) x ›˛yÑ˛yy (d) x2 ›˛yÑ˛y
p nrr
(v) Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ r% ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ n ÓäȈÓÏ ˚ ˆõy›˛ ¢%î 25 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
p p
(a) 2p ›˛yÑ˛yy (b) 4p ›˛yÑ˛yy (c) 2 ›˛yÑ˛yy (d) 4 ›˛yÑ˛y

47
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 2
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xïõí≈ ÓˆÏú–
(ii) xy¢ú Á üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ ¢%î ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ ˆîò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú–
r
(ii) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 2 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 2p ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ t ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú (2p + ) ›˛yÑ˛y–
(iii) 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xy¢ú Á ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 8 : 9 £ˆÏú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ –
22. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
1
(i) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïò Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6 4 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
3
(ii) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 4 % ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3 4 % £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ xõúÓyÓ%Ó˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ xyÎ˚ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ £Î˚–
xõúÓyÓ%Ó˚ õ)úïò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8
(iii) üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 25 xÇü £ˆÏÓ ì˛y
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
(iv) üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 10 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 5 xÇü
£ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õy!¢Ñ˛ ¢%î 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

48
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

3 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ

THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ¶˛y£z ˆÓyˆÏòÓ˚y Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã Óƒhfl˛

Ìy!Ñ˛– ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È!îò £ˆÏúy xyõÓ˚y Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛y!ÓÜ%!ú
¢õÎ˚õˆÏì˛y Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôy!ÏFäÈ òy– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Á!îˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈ–
ì˛y£z xyã xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ÏäÈñ â˛y!ÓÜ%!ú !‡˛Ñ˛õˆÏì˛y
¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ xyúyîy xyúyîy !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~ Ó˚yÖÓ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢Ü%!ú £ˆÏúyñ

(i) òÇ (ii) òÇ (iii) òÇ (iv) òÇ

ˆîÖ!äÈñ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç!›˛ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚

äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
.
. . ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç!›˛ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ l˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_/
xhs˛Ó≈,_nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y–
~ÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆõy›˛y ü=˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ Ó,_ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÇ›˛y úy!܈ÏÎ˚
ˆîÎ˚yˆÏú ›˛y!àˆÏÎ˚ !îúyõ– ~£z !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÜ%!ú G%˛!úˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖÓ–
xyÓ˚Á !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yõyÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

xy!õ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÜ%!ú Öyì˛yÎ˚ xy§!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü
n
ˆîÖ!äÈñ Öyì˛yÎ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ó,_ Öyì˛yÓ˚ ì˛ú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ xLjÏü
n

Ó,_
¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ SiV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü SiiV Ó,_ Á SiiiV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü–
Ó,_ Á Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü !õˆÏú Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e SCircular regionV ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– n
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü
1 xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ˆfl˛Òú Á ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ÇÎ%=˛ !Ñ˛ä%È
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA. A
x
Ó,_ x¢ÇÖƒ !Ó®% myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛– O
ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ –

49
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
.
. . Ó,_ £ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õì˛ˆÏú x¢ÇÖƒ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ (collection) ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Á£z ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛
!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
Á£z !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%!›˛ £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü £ˆÏúy –

2 xy!õ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ A, B, C, D, E, F Á G !Ó®%Ü%!ú !òúyõ–
G
F
~ÓyÓ˚ A !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ B, C, D, E, F Á G !Ó®%Ü%!ú ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AB,
xO E
AC, AD, AE, AF Á AG ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆ˛ôúyõ– A
D
C
3 ~£z AB, AC, AD, AE, AF Á AG ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄ B

AB, AC, AD, AE, AF Á AG ~£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ãƒy (Chord) Óúy £Î˚–
xÌ≈yÍ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ãƒyy Óúy £Î˚–
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ !Ñ˛hs$˛ CD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ òÎ˚– C D
xO

A B
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy lÓƒy¢ SdiameterV/Óƒy¢yï≈ SradiusVn l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ Óƒy¢ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ – !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ£z òÎ˚–

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
xO
(i) Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O–

(ii) ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ O !Ó®% ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyò î%ÈÙȶ§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü x˛ôÓ˚
xLjÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏú ÎyÎ˚–
(iii) ~ÓyÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ö%ˆÏú AB Óƒy¢ ˆ˛ôúyõ Îy O !Ó®%Üyõ#–

xO o O oA O
x B

D
(iv) Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ B !Ó®% äÈyv˛¸y x˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®% C Á D !òúyõ– ~ÓÇ AC
Á AD ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Ö%ˆÏú AC Á AD ãƒy ˆ˛ôúyõ Îy O !Ó®%Üyõ# òÎ˚– A O B
C

(v) ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ AC Á AD ãƒy î%!›˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ

AB AC [>/< Ó¢y£z], AB AD [>/< Ó¢y£z]
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy–

50
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

xyõyÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ¶˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Órï% Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~£z õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆÎyÜ !îú–
ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â%˛!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛ú– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ì˛y!Ó˚ 1 !›˛
â%˛!v˛¸ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà 2 ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú–

xy!õ ¶˛yày ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yî%!›˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ Óy ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â%˛!v˛¸

˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
â%˛!v˛¸!›˛ X Á Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ X ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ X Y
›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– x

4 Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~£z ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

X ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_â˛y˛ô (Arc) ÓˆÏú ~ÓÇ ˆúÖy £Î˚ X Y– ~£z>
X Y
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛y˛ô!›˛ v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô (Minor Arc) ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛y˛ô!›˛ x!ïâ˛y˛ô
>
(Major Arc) – v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô!›˛Ó˚ òyõ X Y ~ÓÇ x!ïâ˛y˛ô!›˛Ó˚ òyõ X PY > X
x
Y

P
Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ⁄
î%!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £ˆÏú X Á Y !Ó®% î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xï≈Ó,_ (Semi circle) ˛ôyÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ£z £ˆÏúy ˛ô!Ó˚!ï (Circumference)–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy AB ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ Îy Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÎ î%ÈÙȶ˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ xyúyîy Ó˚Ç !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
5 AB ãƒy Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶˛y܈ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶˛y܈ÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÇü (Segment) Óúy £Î˚–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÇü (Segment) ÓˆÏú–
!â˛ˆÏe ˆîÖ!äÈ î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,_yÇü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_yÇü Á x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó,_yÇü– x!ïÓ,_yÇü
~£z ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_yÇü!›˛ x!ïÓ,_yÇü (Major Segment) ~ÓÇ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó,_yÇü!›˛ v˛z˛ôÓ,_yÇü
x
(Minor Segment)–
v˛z˛ôÓ,_yÇü
xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®% A Á BÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ–
6 >
~£z OA Á OB Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ Ó,_â˛y˛ô A B myÓ˚y ¢#õyÓÂï ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_Ñ˛úy
xO

O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ OA Á OB Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ >

A B Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ¢#õyÓÂï ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y
Ó,,_Ñ˛úyy
(Sector) Óúy £Î˚– A B

Ï Ó˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ¢#õyÓÂï ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy (Sector) Óúy £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆ_
î%!›˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy ˛ôyÓ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_Ñ˛úy (Major Sector) ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó,_Ñ˛úy (Minor Sector)–

51
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy ¢õyò £Î˚ xyõÓ˚y xï≈Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˛ôyÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ î%!›˛
~ÓÇ Ó,_â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏÓ !òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !ú!Ö–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% Ó˚%õy ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% QÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú
Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛ú–
7 ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyúyîy xyúyîy ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ x¢ÇÖƒ Ó,_

xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# ÓˆÏú⁄

~£z¢Ó Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ SConcentric CirclesV Óúy £Î˚– xQ

ˆîÖ!äÈñ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !ò!î≈T˛ òÎ˚–

8 !ò!î≈T˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyúyîy xyúyîy !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xy§Ñ ˆÏú˛ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
x x x x
~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyò Óy ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,_ SEqual or congruent CirclesV Óúy £Î˚–

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 3.1

A
1. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Óƒy¢yï≈ PAQ Ó,_yLjÏü O
x C
xÓ!fiÌì˛ !ú!Ö–
P Q
2. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ÈÙÈ~ Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Öı B
(i)
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ !Ó®% xyˆÏäÈ–
(ii) Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy –
(iii) ãƒy Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
(iv) Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú Óƒy¢ !Ó®%Üyõ#–
(v) î%!›˛ Ó,_yÇü ¢õyò £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ–
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,_Ñ˛úy £ˆÏúy Ó,_â˛y˛ô ~ÓÇ î%!›˛ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢#õyÓÂï xM˛ú–
(vii) Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% Á ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y –
3. ˆfl˛Òú Á ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛wñ ãƒyñ Óƒy¢ñ Óƒy¢yï≈ñ v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ôñ x!ïâ˛y˛ô
!òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Öı
(i) Ó,_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõì˛!úÑ˛ !â˛e–
(ii) Ó,_yÇü (Segment) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõì˛!úÑ˛ ˆ«˛e–
(iii) Ó,_Ñ˛úy (Sector) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõì˛!úÑ˛ ˆ«˛e–
(iv) ãƒy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü–
(v) â˛y˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü–
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢¢#õ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy xyˆÏäÈ–
(vii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛£z Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛y ¢Ω˛Ó–
(viii) î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò–

52
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛y!ÓÜ%!ú xyúyîy xyúyîy â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y

ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ ü=˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv˛≈ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí
ÁÓ˚y ›˛y!àˆÏÎ˚ !îú– !Ñ˛hs$˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÈÙÈÓˆÏv˛¸y òyòyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ú¡∫y ü=˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Á!îˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈ!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ì˛#Ì≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫y ü=˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛
ì˛yõyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ABC !e¶%˛ã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– C

)
ˆîÖ!äÈñ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ‘ACB v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~£z ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ v˛zͲôߨ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí– )) )))
A B

~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‘BAC, BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛

v˛zͲôߨ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ CA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‘ABC, ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y
B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛yí–
C
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ˛ô)ãy ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛y[˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú Ñ˛y!‡˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚

)
õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îú–
x
ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~ AB ãƒy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí ‘ACB ~ÓÇ
A B
AB ãƒy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–

))
D
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘ACB ‘ADB l = / z Ó¢y£zn
C
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛– Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ Óƒy¢ äÈyv˛¸y ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
)
~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy AB xy§!Ñ˛– AB ãƒy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Á Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% O
x
CÈÙÈˆì˛ ˆÎ î%!›˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ⲧyîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô
)

!ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n A B

xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãƒy ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ñ˛#Ó˚)˛ô ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí
v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄
A
O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ãƒy AB Á CD ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò AB > CDó ãƒy AB Á C
ãƒy CD ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘AOB Á î%!›˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ O
) x ))
⧲yîy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈ ‘AOB ‘COD l > / < Ó¢y£zn
B D

!Ñ˛hs$˛ xy!õ Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ãƒy xy§!Ñ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò
¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ì˛y ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ⧲yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆî!Ö– C
xy!õõ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy AB Á CD ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y
xO
ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Á ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– D
A
⧲yîy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘AOB ‘COD l = / z Ó¢y£zn
B

53
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ABCD ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ˆÎ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ A D

) )
⧲yîy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– )x)
O
B C
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
A C
xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O
P O Q
(ii) Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy AB Á CD xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
>> B D

(iii) AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A PB Á CQD â˛y˛ô î%!›˛ !äÈߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ

~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘AOB Á ‘COD ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
(iv) ѧ˛y!Ⲡ!îˆÏÎ˚ OAPB ~ÓÇ OCQD Ó,_Ñ˛úy î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ Ó,_Ñ˛úy
î%!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !õˆÏú ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ ı >Á> â˛y˛ô î%!›˛ ¢õyò–
A PB CQD
~ÓÇ ‘AOB = ‘COD
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛y˛ô !äÈߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw
¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍ Ó,_Ü%!úÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ S¢õyò / x¢õyòV
Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ¢õyò Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö⁄

O X Y
x x x

A B P Q R S

O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ñ X ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á Y ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,_Ü%!úˆÏì˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AB, PQ Á RS ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy myÓ˚y
ˆÑ˛ˆÏw v˛zͲôߨ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘AOB  PXQ
‘ ‘RYS l = / z Ó¢y£zn

xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒyÜ%!ú xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
ãƒyÜ%!ú ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú â˛y˛ô¢ˆÏõì˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ôÓ˚Ü!% úÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ

O X Y
x x x

A B Q R S
P

¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛y˛ô !äÈߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
l£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ !òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

54
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

!Ñ˛hs$˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ xÌ≈yÍ Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛y£ˆÏú ãƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ £ˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
C
xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w Oó ~£z O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ A
ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ~õò î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB Á ‘COD ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyˆÏì˛ ‘AOB = ‘COD £Î˚– x
O
A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢%ˆÏì˛y xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óy Ñ˛y!‡˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ AB Á CDÈÙÈÓ˚ î)Ó˚c ˆõˆÏ˛ô B D
ˆîÖ!äÈñ AB CD l = / z Ó¢y£zn
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ãƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £Î˚–
xy!õ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆ_ Ï ~õò ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãƒy xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí
v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òˆú
Ï Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈ ãƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ –l!òˆÏã ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò–
ì˛#Ì≈ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ¢õyò Ó,_ ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w P, Q Á Ró xy!õ ì˛#ˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xy§Ñ˛y Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ãƒy
AB, CD Á EF xy§Ñ˛úyõ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È xÌ≈yÍ ‘APB = ‘CQD = ‘ERF

Px Q
x
Rx
A B C D E F

ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ AB CD EF l = / z Ó¢y£zn l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ˆõˆÏ˛ô Ó¢y£zn

.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ¢õyò Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !äÈߨ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒÁ S¢õyò / x¢õyòV–
~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw î%!›˛ ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ £ˆÏú â˛y˛ô î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ ãƒy
î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ– l£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛yÜã ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ PQ, QR, RS ~ÓÇ ST ãƒy– Î!î PQ = QR = RS = ST £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚
ˆÎñ PR = QS = RT T
D
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_ Ï PQ, QR, RS ~ÓÇ ST ãƒy ~ÓÇ PQ = QR = RS = ST P Ox S
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı
≤Ãõyí ı PQ = QR >> PR = QS = RT
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ, PAQ = QBR .... (i) SˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ¢õyò Q
A

B R
C

>> ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛y˛ô !äÈߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚V

>>>>
xyÓyÓ˚ñ QR = RS ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ , QBR = RCS .... (ii)

>>
(i) Á (ii) ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ PQR = QRS
.
PAQ + QBR = QBR + RCS
. . PR = QS SˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ â˛y˛ô î%!›˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒ ¢õyò ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ

>> ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyòV

> > > > >>

xyÓyÓ˚ñ RS = ST ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ , RCS = SDT .... (iii)
(ii) Á (iii) ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ QBR + RCS = RCS + SDT ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ, QRS= RST . . QS = RT
.
.
. . PR = QS = RT S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

55
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
xyã xyõÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È Órï% !õˆÏú !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúy ˆÖúÓ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È Órï% Ó˚#ì˛yñ õy¢%îñ î#ÆyÑ˛≈ Á ì˛y˛ô¢ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó®% xy§Ñ˛ˆÏÓ– xyõÓ˚y ˆ¢£z
!Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
õy¢%î ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% P xy§Ñ˛ú–
9 !ò!î≈T˛ P !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% OÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OP ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ xO

Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛y P !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ– P xO

Ox Ox
ˆîÖ!äÈñ !ò!î≈T˛ P !Ó®%Üyõ# l1!›˛ / 2!›˛ / 3!›˛ / x¢ÇÖƒn Ó,_ ˛ôy!FäÈ– x
O
~ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚#ì˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®% X Á Y xy§Ñ˛ú– ÇP
1 0 X Á Y !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
O
X Á Y ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó®% X Á Y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#– PQ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% OÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ OX Óy OY X O Y
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛y X Á Y !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò O, PQ O
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%–
. Q
. . X Á Y !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó– l!òˆÏã xy§!Ñ˛ Á !ú!Ön È Z
11 î#ÆyÑ˛≈ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% X, Y Á Z xy§Ñ˛ú–

xy!õ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% X, Y Á Z !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ã̈Ïõ X, Y ~ÓÇ Y, Z !Ó®%Ü!% ú ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ XY Á YZ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü ˆ˛ôúyõ– X Y
X, Y Á Z !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆÑ˛w !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Îy X, Y
Á Z !Ó®%Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
1 2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ X, Y Á Z !Ó®%Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛# !Ó®% ˛ôyÓ⁄
P Z
XY ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ PQÈ x§yÑ˛úyõ– ~£z PQ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ÁôÓ˚ O
R
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó®% X Á Y !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#– S
xyÓyÓ˚ ZY ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ RSÈ x§yÑ˛úyõ– ~£z RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚
X Q Y
ÁôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó®% Y Á Z !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
.
. . XY Á YZ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüî%!›˛Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ PQ Á RS ~ÓÇ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ X, Y Á Z x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö
!Ó®%ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ PQ Á RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
.
. . O !Ó®%!›˛ X, Y Á Z !Ó®%Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ –
.
. . O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OX Óy OY Óy OZ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛y X, Y Á
Z !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ–
13 X, Y Á Z !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛£z õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ X, Y, Z x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ XY Á YZ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ~ÓÇ PQ Á RS
ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ î%!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ PQ Á RSÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% O xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛w !ò!î≈T˛ ~ÓÇ OX Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
!ò!î≈T˛– !ò!î≈T˛ ˆÑ˛w Á !ò!î≈T˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ X, Y Á Z !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_£z xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
xy!õ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ˛!›˛£z Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– l!òˆÏã xy§!Ñ˛n

56
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

~ÓyÓ˚ ì˛y˛ô¢ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% A, B Á C xy§Ñ˛ú–

1 4 A, B Á C !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®%Üyõ# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó !Ñ˛òy !òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö–

!ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏ Ó ˚ Ö !Ó®% A, B Á C !òúyõ– AB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ P R

ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ PQ ~ÓÇ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ RS
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ AB Á BC ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ xÇüñ ì˛y£z PQ || RS A B C
.
. . PQ Á RS ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˆäÈî!Ó®% ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– Q S
.
. . !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ÈÙÈ 31. !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓÖ˚ !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– S≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xhs˛¶≈˛% =˛ òÎ˚V
≤Ãî_ ı A, B, C !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®%– P C
O
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı A, B, C !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– R
E S
xAÑ˛ò ı A, B !Ó®%mÎ˚ Á B, C !Ó®%mÎ˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛Ó˚ D
A B
ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ PQ Á RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy– Q
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú òÎ˚ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ î%!›˛ PQ Á RS
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– PQ ~ÓÇ RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇümÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á
E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– O, A !Ó®%mÎ˚ó O, B !Ó®%mÎ˚ ~ÓÇ O, C !Ó®%mÎ˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí ı ' OAD ~ÓÇ ' OBDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
..
AD = BD S . OD, AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛V
..
‘ODA = ‘ODB S . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV
.
OD ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£% . . ' OAD # ' OBD SS – A – S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OA = OB S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇüV
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ ' OBE # ' OCE
.
. . OB = OC
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OA = OB = OC
.
. . O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛ A, B, C !Ó®%Üyõ## £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
A, B, C !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛– xì˛~Óñ AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ PQ Á RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy !ò!î≈T˛–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ PQ Á RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy !ò!î≈T˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% O !ò!î≈T˛–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ O ~ÓÇ A !Ó®%mÎ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !ò!î≈T˛–
xì˛~Ó !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% OÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ò!î≈T˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
.
. . !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% A, B, C !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
15 xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyò ì˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyúyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xy!õ ~£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– C
A
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy 3!›˛ !Ó®% A, B Á C !òúyõ– ~ÓyÓ˚ AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚
B
ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

57
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
16 Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_â˛y˛ô xy§Ñ˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,_!›˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó ˆî!Ö–
>
P Q Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% R !òúyõ– ~ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y P, R Á Q P Q
!Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_!›˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n R
ˆîÖ!äÈñ !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ˛!›˛£z Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– !Ñ˛hs$˛ !ì˛òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü
!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó⁄
!ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ ~õò Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛y ¢Ω˛Ó òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Î!î ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ó®%Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛
¢õÓ,_fiÌ SConcyclicV Óúy £Î˚–
1 7 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏú Á£z â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ãˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆ¢£z â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ãˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã SCyclic
QuadrilateralV Óúy £Î˚–
1 8 ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ Ñ˛# ⁄

ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£% ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ˆÏãyv˛¸y Óy£% x¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Á ¢õyò xÌ≈yÍ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
Óy£%î%!›˛ ¢õyòñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ SIsosceles TrapeziumV ÓˆÏú–
¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~!›˛ !Ñ˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚õ– S!òˆÏã !ú!ÖV
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ÈÙÈ 2. xy!õ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ– AB || DC ~ÓÇ AD = BC
P
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®%Ü!% ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– D X C
xAÑ˛ò ı DC Óy£%Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ PQ ~ÓÇ AD Óy£%Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ RS R
Z S
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ DC ˆÑ˛ X ~ÓÇ AD ˆÑ˛ Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– O
PQ, AB ˆÑ˛ Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– A, X ~ÓÇ B, X Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– PQ, RS ˆÑ˛ A Y B

O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– O !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ A, B, C Á D ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– Q

..
≤Ãõyí ı ' ADX ~ÓÇ ' BCX ÈÙÈ~ DX = CX l . CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ PQn
‘ADX = ‘BCX ..
l . ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚˚
AD = BC l≤Ãî_n ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£% ¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyòn
.
. . ' ADX # ' BCX lS-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ y üì≈
ü ≈˛yò%
y ¢yˆÏy Ó˚n
.
. . AX = BX l¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇün
..
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí## 'AXY ~ÓÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí## 'BXYÈÙÈ~ ‘AYX = ‘BYX l . AB || CD ~ÓÇ CD A PQ,
.
. . AB A PQn
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AX = x!ì˛¶%˛ã BX lxyˆÏÜ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ˛n ~ÓÇ XY v˛z¶˛Î˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%–
.
. . ' AXY #' BXY lR-H-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
.
. . AY = BY l¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%)˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇün
.
. . PQ, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
..
. DCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O !Ó®% xÓ!fiÌì˛ñ
.
. . DO = CO; ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ DO = AO ~ÓÇ AO = BO
.
. . CO = DO = AO = BO
.
. . O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OC Óy OD Óy OA Óy OBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ x§yÑ˛ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛
A, B, C Á D !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

58
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z Ó˚yòy Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ Óƒy¢
òÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ãƒy ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ–
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– O
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
(i) xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !òúyõ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ãƒy AB– A M B

(ii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ¶§˛yã!›˛ O !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ AB
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü x˛ôÓ˚ xLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¶§˛yã!›˛ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó®%!›˛ M ó OM Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(iii) ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖúyõ ‘OMA = ‘OMB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ AM = BM–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚˛) ô ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ ãƒy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
xy!õ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
ú¡∫ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆîÖ!äÈ ú¡∫!›˛ ãƒy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !òúyõ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ ãƒy ABó AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ Ox
~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ òyòyò ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü ˆ˛ôúyõ–
A M B
19 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ î)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒy ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚cÛ ÓúÓ⁄
~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒy ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒy
ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c Óy ú¡∫ î)Ó˚c (Perpendicular Distance) Óúy £Î˚–
20 xy!õ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãƒy xy§Ñ˛y xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
O
ãƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ ú¡∫ î)Ó˚c õy!˛ô Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– x
E R F
O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒy AB, CD Á EFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫î)Ó˚c ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C D
Q
OP, OQ Á ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– l˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !ú!Ön A P B

ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏú ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫î)Ó˚c lÓ,!Âï / £…y¢n ˛ôyˆÏÓ–
xyÓ˚Á ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy xÌ≈yÍ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ#ñ
.
. . ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫î)Ó˚c ü)òƒ– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ú¡∫î)Ó˚c –
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 32. Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ Á£z ú¡∫
ãƒy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy ~ÓÇ OD, AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı OD, AB ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆäÏ È xÌ≈yÍ AD = DB O
x
xAÑ˛ò ıO, A ~ÓÇ O, B˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí ı OD, AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– A D B
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 'ODA Á 'ODB ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí#–
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ODA Á 'ODB ˆì˛ ‘ODA = ‘ODB S≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA = x!ì˛¶%˛ã OB l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈nñ~ÓÇ OD ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%
.
. . 'ODA #'ODB lR-H-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
.
. . AD = DB l¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇün l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

59
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. xy!õ A ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy PQ xy§!Ñ˛– A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AM ú¡∫
xy§!Ñ˛– Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PM = MQ l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyõÓ˚y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆ¢£z ú¡∫
ãƒy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
2 1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%

Á Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !Ñ˛ Á£z ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ⁄

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
(i) ≤Ã̈Ïõ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚
~Ó˚)˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy AB xy§Ñ˛úyõ– O
x
(ii) £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ó,_ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yÜã!›˛Ó˚ AB ãƒyÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ A !Ó®% B !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü A D B
ÎyÎ˚– ¶§˛yã Ö%ˆÏú !îúyõ ~ÓÇ ¶§˛yã!›˛ ABÈÙÈˆÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú ~ÓÇ ¶§˛yã!›˛ O !Ó®%Üyõ# £ú– xÌ≈yÍ
ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% DÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ÇÎ%=˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
.
. . OD A AB
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Î!î Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w!Ó®%Üyõ# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á£z ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 33. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙˆÑ˛ Î!î Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w!Ó®%Üyõ# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á£z ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı ï!Ó˚ñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy AB ~ÓÇ D, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% xÌ≈yÍ AD=DB
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ıOD A AB xÌ≈yÍ OD, AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
xAÑ˛ò ı O, A ~ÓÇ O, B˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O
x

≤Ãõyí ı 'OAD Á 'OBD ˆì˛

A D B
OA = OB l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ n
AD = DB l≤Ãî_n [ D, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%˛n
~ÓÇ OD ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%
.
. . 'OAD #'ODB l¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ Óy£%ÈÙÈÓy£%ÈÙÈÓy£% (S-S-S) üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
.
. . ‘ODA = ‘ODB l¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇün
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ OD, AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î[˛yÎ˚õyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘ODA = ‘ODB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
.
. . OD A AB l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. xy!õ ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ Óy£%ÈÙÈˆÑ˛yíÈÙÈÓy£% üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ 'OAD Á 'OBD ¢Ó≈¢õ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒÈÙÈ33
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

60
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. !òÎ˚yõì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 13 ˆ¢!õ.– xy!õ ~£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ 10 ˆ¢!õ.
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy AB ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O; AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ OM xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy
AB ÙȈÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– O
x

.
ˆ¢!õ
. 1 ..
. . AM = –2 AB = M

13
ˆ¢!õ. l . Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ A 5ˆ¢!õ. B
!
ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛y Á£z ãƒyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚n
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã AMOÈÙȈÏì˛
OA2 = AM2 + OM2 S!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V
OM2 = OA2 – AM2 = (132 – 52) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . OM = 12 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ 13 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 10 ˆ¢!õ. ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫ î)Ó˚c 12 ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. 17 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÎ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c 8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. 10 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 16 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
12 ˆ¢!õ.– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Öñ Á£z î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c Ñ˛ì˛ Î!î ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ (i) ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ
(ii) !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
(i) ï!Ó˚ñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ O
x
~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 16 ˆ¢!õ. Á 12 ˆ¢!õ.– A P B
AB || CD C Q D

O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CD ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ OQ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy AB ãƒyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ AB || CD ~ÓÇ OQ A CDÈñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OP A AB.
.. .
‘OPB = xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘OQD . ‘OQD = 90º, . . ‘OPB = 90º
. 1 1
. . AP = –2 AB = –2 × 16 ˆ¢!õ. = 8 ˆ¢!õ.
xyÓyÓ˚ OA = 10 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ' APOÈÙȈì˛ñ
OP2 = OA2 – AP2 = (102 – 82) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . OP = 6 ˆ¢!õ.
.. .
. OQ A CD . . CQ = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'OCQ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ OQ = l~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
.
. . ãƒy AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c PQ = OQ – OP
= (8 – 6) ˆ¢!õ. = 2 ˆ¢!õ.

61
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
(ii) !Ñ˛hs$˛ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛ Î!î Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ÌyÑ˛ì˛ñ C Q
D
ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ î)Ó˚c = PQ
xO
= OP + OQ = (6 + 8) ˆ¢!õ. B
A P
= 14 ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ 8 ˆ¢!õ. Á 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÓ˚ î)Ó˚c !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ Óƒy¢£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ MN Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~õò ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy ~ÓÇ AC ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı AC > MN xÌ≈yÍ Óƒy¢£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy–
xAÑ˛ò ı ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒy MNÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ OD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– O, M Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O
x
C
.. A
≤Ãõyí ı OM > MD l . OMD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ~ÓÇ OM x!ì˛¶%˛ãn
.. M D N
Óyñ OA > MD l . OA = OM ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
1 1
Óyñ –2 AC > –2 MN
Óyñ AC > MN
.
. . Óƒy¢£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ãƒy– S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚– ~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ÈÙÈ 9 ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ˆõ!Ó˚ X ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy AB Á
CD ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ–
xy!õ X ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ ú¡∫
XP Á XQ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ XP Á XQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ö§%!ã–

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛Δ!¢ÇÈÙȈ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y X ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ãƒy AB
A Á CD ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w X ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ú¡∫ XP Á XQ ›˛yòúyõ–
C
(ii) ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ›˛Δ!¢ÇÈÙȈ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙȶ§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛
P
Q A !Ó®% C !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~ÓÇ B !Ó®% D !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü ÎyÎ˚–
x
B X
ˆîÖ!äÈñ P !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Q !Ó®% !õˆÏü ˆÜˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ¶§˛yã Ö%ˆÏú ˆîÖ!äÈ ¶§˛yã!›˛ X
D
!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ XP = XQ
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–

62
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ãƒy ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy– ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚
î)Ó˚c ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ OE Á OF xÌ≈yÍ OE A AB ~ÓÇ OF A CD A C

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı OE = OF E

F
x
xAÑ˛ò ı O, A Á O, C Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– B O
≤Ãõyí ı OE A AB ~ÓÇ OF A CD l≤Ãî_n D

. 1 1
. . AE = –2 AB ~ÓÇ CF = –2 CD lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
ú¡∫ ãƒy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–n
xyÓyÓ˚ñ AB = CD l≤Ãî_n
.
. . AE = CF ..... (i)
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'AEO Á ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'OFC ÈÙÈˆì˛ ‘OEA = ‘OFC S≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA = x!ì˛¶%˛ã OC l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
AE = CF l(i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn
' AEO #' CFO lR-H-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
.
. . OE = OF l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Á Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ãƒy ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ãƒy ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò î)Ó˚ˆÏc ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú
ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !Ñ˛ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ⁄ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
O
x
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˆÓ˚ÖyÇü OP ~ÓÇ OQ P
Q
xy§Ñ˛úyõ– ~ÓyÓ˚ î%!›˛ ãƒy AB Á CD xy§Ñ˛úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ AB A OP ~ÓÇ
CD A OQ £Î˚– p
(ii) ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!Ó!üT˛ Ñ˛yÜã!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ O !Ó®% ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ î%ÈÙȶ§˛yã
A O
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ P !Ó®% Q !Ó®%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £Î˚– x D
P
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ AB ãƒy ñ CD ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Q
. B C
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ AB = CD
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c ¢õyò £ˆÏú ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒÁ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
SÎ%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏã ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ#– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ î%£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

63
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛wî%!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– C

≤Ãî_ ı X Á Y ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– X O Y

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ CD v˛z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒy–
D
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı X Á Y !Ó®% î%!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒy CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
xAÑ˛ò ı X !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ XO ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– O ~ÓÇ Y !Ó®% î%!›˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı X ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ CD ãƒy ~ÓÇ XO A CD
.
. . O, CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ Y ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ CD ãƒy ~ÓÇ O, CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%–
.
. . OY A CD
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Óñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ XO Á OY ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ XY ¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒy CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
.
. . Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wmÎ˚ X Á Y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒy CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. xy!õ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎÈñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆÑ˛w!Ó®%Üyõ#–
≤Ãî_ ı ï!Ó˚ñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ãƒy AB Á CD Q
C D
O O
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~ÓÇ AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ M x N M x N
C Q D
õïƒ!Ó®% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q A B A P B
P
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı PQ, O !Ó®%Üyõ#
xAÑ˛ò ı O, P ~ÓÇ O, Q Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ O !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ AB Á CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü MN
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
.
≤Ãõyí ı P, AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%– . . OP A AB
.
xyÓyÓ˚ AB || MNñ . . OP A MN
..
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ OQ A CD l . Q, CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%n
. ..
. . OQ A MN l . MN || CDn
.
. . OP Á OQ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ MNÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ P, O Á Q ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö–
.
. . PQñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O !Ó®%Üyõ#– l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

64
 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 3.2

1. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 8 ˆ¢!õ.– O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 26 ˆ¢!õ.– O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PQ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c 5 ˆ¢!õ.– PQ
ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ PQ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c 2.1 ˆ¢!õ.–
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ ãƒy– Î!î ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy!›˛Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
î)Ó˚c 4 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚ ãƒy!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 48 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c 7 ˆ¢!õ.
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c 20 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ˆ¢£z ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– C
A B
P
6. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ OP A ABó AB = 6 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ PC = 2 ˆ¢!õ.
O
£ˆÏúñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AC = DB
8. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏäÈ!î ãƒy ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Î!î òy
v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ £Î˚–
9. X Á Y ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– XYÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% SÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
A !Ó®% Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ A !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ SAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PA = AQ.
10. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ 10 ˆ¢!õ. Á 24 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒy AB ~ÓÇ CD ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– Î!î AB Á CDÈÙÈãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c 17 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !ú!Ö–
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ï!Ó˚ñ Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Óc˚ x ˆ¢!õ.–
. . 2 2 2
Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CD ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Óc˚ (17 – x) ˆ¢!õ.– . . r = x + 5 ~ÓÇ r2 = (17–x)2 + (12)2ñ
. . Ó,ˆ_
.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x2 + 52 = (17 – x)2 + 122 . . x = 12
11. î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w P ~ÓÇ Qó Ó,_ î%!›˛ A ~ÓÇ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ PQ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ CD = 2PQ
12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á AC ãƒy î%!›˛ ¢õyò– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ#–
13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏFäÈî# ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛¶≈)˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Î!î ˆÑ˛wÜyõ# £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ãƒy î%!›˛ ¢õyò–
14. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ãƒy!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛# ˆ¢!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ x˛ôÓ˚ ãƒyÈÙÈ!›˛Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚–
15. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ «%˛oì˛õ ãƒy ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

65
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 3
16. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– ‘AOB = 60º £ˆÏúñ ‘CODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 40º (b) 30º (c) 60º (d) 90º
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 13 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c (a) 12.5 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 12 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 699 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 24 ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy– O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Óc
˚ 4 ˆ¢!õ.
£ˆÏúñ CD ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c (a) 2 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 6 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 8 ˆ¢!õ.
(iv) AB Á CD î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 16 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ.
£ˆÏúñ ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c (a) 12 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 16 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 20 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 5 ˆ¢!õ.
(v) î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Oó ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛
C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– AC = 5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú BDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ (a) 2.5 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 5 ˆ¢!õ.
(c) 10 ˆ¢!õ. (d) ˆÑ˛yò!›˛£z òÎ˚–
(B) ¢ì˛ƒ / !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
(ii) ABCDA Á ABCEA Ó,_ î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_–
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB ~ÓÇ AC ãƒy î%!›˛ OA Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏúñ
‘OAB = ‘OAC
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ PQ Á RS ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1:1 £ˆÏúñ ‘POQ : ‘ROS =
(ii) Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ –
17. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.) ı
(i) 10 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyò Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ AB ~ÓÇ AC î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ABC
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛– AB = AC = 6 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ BC ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– ‘AOB = 60° ~ÓÇ CD = 6 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ P ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ OP = 3
ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ P !Ó®%Üyõ# ˆÎ ãƒy!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ò)ƒòì˛õ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) P Á Q ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– PQ = 5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

66
 xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR
R PARALLELOPIPED OR
R CUBOID

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛

4
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR PARALLELOPIPED OR
CUBOID

Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ 'First Aid' Óy:!›˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò 'First Aid'
Óy: ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z xyã ä%È!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ î%˛ô%ˆÓÏ ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyˆÏî
xyõÓ˚y ¶˛y£z ˆÓyˆÏòÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õˆÏú ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ– ≤Ã̈Ïõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy:
˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚– A D A
D
xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã̈Ïõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚
›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ ABCD ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– ¢y!Ì xòƒ î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛£z
õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ AB ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yò ≤ÃfiÌ !Ó!üT˛ B C
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y B C
A D
xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îú–

üy!Ñ˛úÁ ¢y!ÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y AD ˜îá≈ƒ Á xyˆÏ x ÜÓ˚ õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚

B C
≤ÃfiÌ !Ó!üT˛ xòƒ î%!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛
ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îú– E
H

xy!õ ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ F

G
¢õyò ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y
(i)
HEFG ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Á ABCD ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ A
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Óy: ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– C
D
1 ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ áòÓhfl$˛ ÎyÓ˚ ì˛úÜ%!ú xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ì˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!ߨ!£ì˛

ì˛úÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ áòÓhfl$˛ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛ú xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ì˛úÜ%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ¢!ߨ!£ì˛
ì˛úÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôú Óy xyÎ˚ì˛áò (Rectangular parallelopiped or
Cuboid) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôú!›˛ ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
2 ~£z xÓfiÌyˆÏò ABCD ì˛ú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
~£z xÓfiÌyˆÏò ABCD ì˛ú!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ (base) ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˜îá≈ƒ (length) Á x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ ≤ÃfiÌ (breadth)– Ó%ˆGÏ ˛!äÈñ (i) òÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = AB ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ = BC
3 !Ñ˛hs$˛ (i) òÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ BEÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy ˛£Î˚⁄
BE (i) òÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y (height)–
˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y £ˆÏúy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ õyey (dimension)–
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ l1!›˛ / 2!›˛ / 3!›˛n õyey–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛ú l4!›˛ / 5!›˛ / 6!›˛n–

67
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 4
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (Whole surface area)
= 6 !›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛
= 2 (AB×BC + AB×BE + BC×BE)
= 2 S˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ + ˜îá≈ƒ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y + ≤ÃfiÌ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛yV

¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ î%!›˛ ì˛ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yLjÏü ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ~£z ˆäÈî ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇüˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ î%!›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆäÈî ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ïyÓ˚ Óy ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛# (edge) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ 122!›˛ ïyÓ˚–
(i) òÇ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ü%!ú äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏã !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön E
H
5 xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ü%!ú ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# F
G
Óúy £Î˚⁄
B
xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ü%!ú ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A
(Vertex) Óúy £Î˚– C
D (i)
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ l6!›˛ / 7!›˛ / 8!›˛n ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%–
(i) òÇ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛y[˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÖúòy Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy:!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ú ~ÓÇ Óy:!›˛Ó˚
ì˛úÜ%!ú (Surfaces) Ö%ˆÏú ˆ˛ôúÈÙÙÙÈ

˜îá≈ƒ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y

≤ÃfiÌ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ ≤ÃfiÌ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ

o

˜îá≈ƒ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¶˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyòy xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 40 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ≤ÃfiÌ 25 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
15 ˆ¢!õ.–
.
. . ~£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= 2 (40×25 + 40×15 + 25×15) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ˆÎ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 15 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ≤ÃfiÌ 12 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 20 ˆ¢!õ. ì˛yÓ˚
¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

68
 xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR
R PARALLELOPIPED OR
R CUBOID

xyõyÓ˚ Órï% Ó˚y!ãÎ˚y ì˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ Óy: ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó˚y!ãÎ˚yÓ˚ xyòy Óy:!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛ú ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò–
6 ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÎ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ áòÑ˛ (Cube) Óúy £Î˚–
áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2 × {a×a + a×a + a×a} ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– lˆÎÖyˆÏò áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
= 2×3a2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îá≈ƒ = a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛n
= 6a2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó˚y!ãÎ˚yÓ˚ xyòy áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 27 ˆ¢!õ.–
.
. . Á£z áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 6.(27)2 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ˆÎ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ. ˆ¢£z áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛
ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ áˆÏÓ˚ ӈϢ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ˆ¢£z áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 7 !õ.ñ 5 !õ. Á 4 !õ.–
áÓ˚!›˛ láòÑ˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ / xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚n
áÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚Ó xÌ≈yÍ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõˆÏG˛ Á äÈyî Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ÏÓ òy–
.
. . Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ = 2 × ˜îá≈ƒ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y + 2 × ≤ÃfiÌ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
= 2 × 7 × 4 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ + 2× 5 × 4 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
= ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚–
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2 × S˜îá≈ƒ + ≤ÃfiÌV × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 150 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ a ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 6a2 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. a ˆ¢!õ..
.
. . üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 6a = 150
2

Óyñ a2 = 1560 =
.
..a=±5
.
!Ñ˛hs$˛ a z– 5ñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢Ó≈îy ïòydÑ˛ £Î˚– . . a = 5; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 486 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

69
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 4
xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ 'First Aid' Óy: ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ~ÓÇ
!˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á áòÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy:Ü%!ú Ó˚!àò
Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ õ%ˆÏv˛¸ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈ– xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ ! äÈ ˆÎ ~£z Ó˚ ! àò ÓyˆÏ : xyõyˆÏ î Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y ãò#Î˚
!ã!ò¢Ü%!ú ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖÓ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆfl˛ÒúÜ%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó%ã Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚
xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈ–
E
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ú¡∫y ˆfl˛Òú ~£z ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó ˆî!Ö–
7 xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
C
D
ï!Ó˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = AB ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
≤ÃfiÌ = BC ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ A B
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = CE ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ AC2 = (AB2 + BC2) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ (i)

xyÓyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ACE-~Ó˚ñ AE2 = (AC2 + CE2) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

= (AB2 + BC2 + CE2) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ l(i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
l~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏú ú¡∫ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ ¢õì˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z
ˆäÈî!Ó®%Üyõ# ~ÓÇ Á£z ¢õì˛ˆÏú xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y=˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ–
!â˛ˆÏe EC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ ABCD ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ EC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü!›˛ CB, CD Á CA
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ú¡∫– ì˛y£zñ ‘ACE = 90ºn
.
. AE = AB2 +BC2 +CE 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = ˜îá≈ƒ2 + ≤ÃfiÌ2 + v˛zFâ˛ì˛yy2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ≤ÃfiÌ 15 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ⁄
Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ = 202 +152 +102 ˆ¢!õ. = 5 299 ˆ¢!õ.–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 5 299 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ú¡∫y ˆfl˛Òú Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó–
8 !Ñ˛hs$˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
. a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = a 2 +a 2 +a 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 3 a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 3 × Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ–
.
. . 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 3 × 5 ˆ¢!õ. = 5 3 ˆ¢!õ.–

70
 xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR
R PARALLELOPIPED OR
R CUBOID

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ,˛!ì˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ a, b ~ÓÇ c ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
a+b+c = 25, ab+bc+ca = 240.5 £ˆÏúñ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ Ó,£_õ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î[˛!›˛ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ≤ÃfiÌ = b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = c ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ Ó,£_õ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î[˛!›˛ Ó˚yÖy
ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = áÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = a 2 +b 2 +c2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
(a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2 + 2 × l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön c ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Óyñ 25 = a +b +c + 2 × 240.5
2 2 2 2

. b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. . a2+b2+c2 = 625 – 481 =
. a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. . áÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = a 2 +b 2 +c2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 144 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. xy!õ !õì˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ î%!›˛ áòÑ˛ñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚ 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ñ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı î%!›˛ áòÑ˛ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = (8+8) ˆ¢!õ. = 16 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
≤ÃfiÌ = 8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 8 ˆ¢!õ.

xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ì˛ÌyÜì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛õ%Ö ˆÖyúy xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ !›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚

â˛yÓ˚ïyÓ˚ Ó˚Ç Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆ¢ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~£z !›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: Óy!ú ¶˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
äÈyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆîˆÏÓ– Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ òyòyò Ñ˛yˆÏã Óy!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãò £Î˚–

9 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Óy!ú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
~£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ !›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚˚ xyÎ˚ì˛òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Óy!ú ~£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
10 ~£z xyÎ˚ì˛ò (Volume) Ñ˛#⁄ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy áòÓhfl$˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãyÎ˚Üy ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Á£z áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛òò Óúy £Î˚–
xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = ˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
xy!õ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛£zõyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ì˛ú ãˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚
xyÎ˚ì˛áòÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ ˆîÖúyõñ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ Îì˛£z v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Óyv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ì˛ì˛£z xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
lÓyv˛¸ˆÏäÈ / Ñ˛õˆÏäÈn–

Ÿ Ÿ

~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ–

.
. . !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (area of the base) × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y (height)

71
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 4
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈ Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ÔˆÏ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 32 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ≤ÃfiÌ 21 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
15 ˆ¢!õ.–
.
. . Á£z !›˛ˆÏò Óy!ú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ = (32×21×15) áò ˆ¢!õ.= áò ˆ¢!õ.
11 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î Á£z !›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ÔˆÏ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïyÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛y ì˛Öò xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛yõ
xÌ≈yÍ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = (a×a×a) áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = a áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– 3

.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = S~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒV3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ˆÎ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 3
áò ˆ¢!õ.= áò ˆ¢!õ.
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò (numerical value) ¢õyò
£ˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 6a2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = a3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ a3 = 6a2
Óyñ a3 – 6a2 = 0
a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Óyñ a2 (a – 6) = 0
.. .
Óyñ a – 6 = 0 l . a z 0n . . a = 6
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 3 × ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 6 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛.
~
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ õyeyÜ%!ú ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 12 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á 3 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õyò
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = (12×6×3) áò ˆ¢!õ. = (6×2×6×3) áò ˆ¢!õ. = 63 áò ˆ¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ a ˆ¢!õ.–
.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = a3 áò ˆ¢!õ.– a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ a = 6 . . a = 6
3 3

.
. . áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôú xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á xyÎ˚ì˛ò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 8 !õ.ñ 6 !õ.
~ÓÇ 192 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = h !õ›˛yÓ˚
.
. . áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = (8×6×h) áò !õ.
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 8×6×h = 192
.
..h = l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
.
. . áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
.
. . áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2 × S˜îá≈ƒ + ≤ÃfiÌV × v˛zFâ˛ì˛yy= l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön

72
 xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR
R PARALLELOPIPED OR
R CUBOID

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛úñ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚
4 Ü%í £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌõ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú !mì˛#Î˚ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ áòö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%í £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
... ≤ÃÌõ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 1 !›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú x2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 1 !›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú y2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x2 = 4y2 ... x = 2y [ ... x z –2y]
x 3 (2y)3 8y3
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ = 3 = 3 = 3 = 8 [ ' y z 0]
y y y
... ≤ÃÌõ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú = 8 × !mì˛#Î˚ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ≤ÃÌõ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú !mì˛#Î˚ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ 8 Ü%í–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ãúyïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Á
11 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ãúyïyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy¡ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ– ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ Î!î á^˘›˛yÎ˚
39600 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛«˛í â˛úˆÏú ãúyïyÓ˚!›˛ˆÏì˛ 3.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚
ãú ãõy £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l1 !ú›˛yÓ˚ = 1 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚n
3.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ ãú ãõy £ˆÏú ˆ¢£z ãˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò £ˆÏÓ (180×110×3.5) áò
..
ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ l . 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 180 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 110 ˆv˛!¢!õ.n
= (180×110×3.5) !ú›˛yÓ˚ lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 1 !ú›˛yÓ˚ = 1 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.n
ôy¡ô!›˛ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 39600 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú ¶˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
. 180×110×3.5
. . ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ â˛yúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ á^˘›˛y = á^˘›˛y !õ!ò›˛–
39600
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. Î!î ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 37400 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú¶˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î#á≈ Á 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚
≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ãúyïyˆÏÓ˚ 17 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãú ¶˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛«˛í â˛yúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫yñ 5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. â˛Áv˛¸y ~ÓÇ 3 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫yñ
2 ˆv˛!¢!õ. â˛Áv˛¸yñ 40!›˛ ì˛=˛y ˆâ˛Ó˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ˆâ˛Ó˚y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú 2% Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖòÁ úÜ!›˛ˆÏì˛
108 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. Ñ˛y‡˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛=˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛Ó˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
=( × × ) áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 600 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ = 600 × 1020 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 12 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛=˛y x ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚%–
.
. . 1 !›˛ ì˛=˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛ xyˆÏäÈ (20×2×x) áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
.
. . 40 !›˛ ì˛=˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛ xyˆÏäÈ 40 × (20×2×x) áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 1600 x áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.–
ˆâ˛Ó˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ úÜ!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y‡˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 108 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 1600x + 108 + 12 = 600
.
..x= l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
.
. . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛=˛y 0.3 ˆv˛!¢!õ. Óy 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛Ó˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–

73
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 4
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 4 v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
D C
1. xyõÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ 4 !›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á 4 !›˛ áòÑ˛ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ òyõ !ú!Ö– B
A

2. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ì˛úÜ%!úñ ïyÓ˚Ü%!ú Á ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!úÓ˚ òyõ !ú!Ö– F G

H
E
3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôúyÑ˛yÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5 !õ.ñ 4 !õ. Á 3 !õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z áˆÏÓ˚
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ú¡∫y ˆÎ î[˛ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 64 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÑ%˛úì˛úy @˘ÃyˆÏõ 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~ÓÇ 8 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ܶ˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Öyú Ñ˛y›˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!î ˆõy›˛
240 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ õy!›˛ Ñ˛y›˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ Öyú!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ú¡∫y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4 3 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚Ü%!úÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 60 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ äÈÎ˚!›˛ ˛ô,¤˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 216 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 432 áò ˆ¢!õ.– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò xyÎ˚ì˛ò!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ áòÑ˛ÈÙÈ~ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ 50% Ñ˛õyˆÏòy £ˆÏúy– õ)ú áòÑ˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôú xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 2 : 1 ~ÓÇ v˛z£yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
384 áò ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏõ 7.5 ˆv˛!¢!õñ 6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
5.4 ˆv˛!¢!õ.– â˛y ¶˛!ì≈˛ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ Áãò 52 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 350 @˘Ãyõ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Öy!ú xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ Áãò 3.75
!Ñ˛@˘Ãy. £ˆÏúñ 1 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Áãò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ!Ó!üT˛ !˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ x ˆ¢!õ.ñ ˆÓï 1 !õ!ú!õ. ~ÓÇ ˆ≤’›˛!›˛Ó˚ Áãò 4725
@˘Ãyõ– Î!î 1 áò ˆ¢!õ. !˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Áãò 8.4 @˘Ãyõ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. ⧲yîõy!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ v˛z§â˛% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü 30 !›˛ ¢õyò ܶ˛#Ó˚ Á ¢õyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚
Üì≈˛ Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆ¢£z õy!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ v˛z§â%˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!î ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ܈Ïì≈˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 14 !õ. ~ÓÇ
8 !õ. £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆõy›˛ 2520 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ õy!›˛ ˆúˆÏÜ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ܈Ïì≈˛Ó˚
ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
15. áòÑ˛yÑ,˛!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ãú˛ô)í≈ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ 64 Óyú!ì˛ ãú ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏú ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y!›˛Ó˚
1–
3 xÇü ãú˛ô)í≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 1.2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óyú!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ú›˛yÓ˚
ãú ïˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
16. ~Ñ˛ ˆ@˘Ãy¢ ˆîüúy£z ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 2.8 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 1.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
Á 0.9 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîüúy£z ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l~Ñ˛ ˆ@˘Ãy¢ = 12 v˛ãòn
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîüúy£z ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

74
 xyÎ˚ì˛áò
RECTANGULAR
R PARALLELOPIPED OR
R CUBOID

17. 2.1 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î#á≈ñ 1.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãühfl˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ– Á£z ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÎ˚
xyÓ˚Á 630 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú ë˛yúˆÏú ãˆÏúÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
18. @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚– Á£z õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí !˛ôúyÓ˚ Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ!Ó!üT˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ áòÑ˛yÑ,˛!ì˛ Üì≈˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ x˛ô¢y!Ó˚ì˛ õy!›˛
xÓ!üT˛ ã!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
19. 48 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ~ÓÇ 31.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛Ö[˛ ò#â%˛ ã!õˆÏÑ˛ 6.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. v˛z§â%˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ 27 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ~ÓÇ 18.2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ã!õ Üì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÓ– Üì≈˛!›˛
Ñ˛ì˛ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
20. Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!¢ò ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v»˛yˆÏõ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 800 !ú›˛yÓ˚ñ 725 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 575 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛ú !äÈú–
Á£z !ì˛ò!›˛ v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆì˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏe ë˛yúy £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏe ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y
7 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £ˆÏúy– Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 4 : 3 £ˆÏúñ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Î!î Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y 5 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 1620 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛ú Á£z ˛ôyˆÏe Ó˚yÖy
ˆÎì˛ !Ñ˛òy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
21. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛òì˛úy öœ˛ƒyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜î!òÑ˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏõ 1200 !ú›˛yÓ˚ñ
1050 !ú›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 950 !ú›˛yÓ˚– ~£z â˛y!£îy ˆõ›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á â˛y!£îyÓ˚ 25% ãú õã%ì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~õò
~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛ Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ õye 2.5 !õ. î#á≈ ~ÓÇ 1.6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyÎ˚Üy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ãyÎ˚Üy!›˛ Î!î ≤ÈÏfiÌÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á 4 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ܶ˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛y ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
22. 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ì˛=˛yÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛òy¢£ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ Áãò 115.5 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.– !Ñ˛hs$˛ â˛yú ¶˛!ì≈˛
Óy:!›˛Ó˚ Áãò 880.5 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.– Óy:!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ≤ÃfiÌ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 12 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
8.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Áãò 1.5 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.– Óy:!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆv˛!¢!õ. 1.50 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚˛ôyü Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
23. 20 !õ. î#á≈ ~ÓÇ 18.5 !õ. â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ 3.2 !õ. ܶ˛#Ó˚ ãú xyˆÏäÈ– á^˘›˛yÎ˚
160 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!ú›˛yÓ˚ ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy¡ô !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛«˛ˆÏí ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚!›˛Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– Á£z ãú Î!î 59.2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î#á≈ ~ÓÇ 40 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyú ˆîÁÎ˚y ïyò
ˆÖˆÏ ì ˛ ˆö˛úy £Î˚ ñ ì˛ˆÏ Ó ˆ¢£z ã!õˆÏ ì ˛ ãˆÏ ú Ó˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ ì ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏ Ó !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ !ú!Ö–
l1 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 1 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!ú›˛yÓ˚n ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
24. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ ı xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.)ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôúyÑ,˛!ì˛ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 440 áò ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú 88 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.– Óy:!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
(a) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 5 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 3 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 6 ˆ¢!õ.

75
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 4
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ ܈Ïì≈˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 40 !õ.ñ ≤ÃfiÌ 12 !õ. ~ÓÇ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛y 16 !õ.– Á£z ܈Ïì≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
5 !õ. ˜îá≈ƒñ 4 !õ. ≤ÃfiÌ ~ÓÇ 2 !õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% ì˛=˛y Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ
(a) 190 !›˛ (b) 192 !›˛ (c) 184 !›˛ (d) 180 !›˛
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 256 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚– áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
(a) 64 áò !õ. (b) 216 áò !õ. (c) 256 áò !õ. (d) 512 áò !õ.
lv˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 4n
(iv) î%!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1 : 27 £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 1 : 9 (d) 1 : 18
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú s ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ d ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏú s ~ÓÇ dÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢¡ôÑ≈˛
S
(a) s = 6d2 (b) 3s = 7d (c) s3 = d2 (d) d2 = –2
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ≤ÃÌõ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 4 Ü%í £ˆÏÓ–
(ii) Ó°Ïy≈ Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ 2 ˆ£QÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ Ó,!T˛˛ôyì˛ 5 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 1000 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚–
lv˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı 1 xyÓ˚ = 100 ÓÜ≈ !õ.ñ 1 ˆ£QÓ˚ = 100 xyÓ˚n
(c) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !›˛–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = × ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ–
(iii) ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ˆâ˛Ô˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò £ˆÏú ˆ¢£z áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï òyõ –
25. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.) ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛ú ¢ÇÖƒy = xñ ïyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = yñ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = z ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = p
£ˆÏúñ x – y + z + pÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(ii) î%!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ õyeyÜ%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 4, 6, 4 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ 8, (2h – 1), 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– Î!î
xyÎ˚ì˛áò î%!›˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú h ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 50% Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏúñ áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y
Ñ˛ì˛ Ó,!Âï £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(iv) !ì˛ò!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ áòÑ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 5 ˆ¢!õ.– áòÑ˛
!ì˛ò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì˛%ò !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ áòÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– òì˛%ò áòÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢Çú@¿ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 12 !õ. ~ÓÇ 8 !õ.– áÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4 !õ. £ˆÏúñ
áÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ˆõˆÏG˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

76
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛

5 RATIO AND PROPORTION

QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

xyã ¢Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆì§˛ì%˛úì˛úy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y õyˆÏ‡˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚

ö%˛›˛Óú õƒyⲠ£ˆÏFäÈ– ≤Ã̈Ïõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
ˆòì˛y!㠢LjÏáÓ˚ ˆõˆÏΈ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ö%˛›˛Óú õƒyⲠ£ˆÏFäÈ– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ~£z õƒyⲠˆîÖˆÏì˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ~£z ö%˛›˛Óú õƒyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ îü≈Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 60 % äÈye ~ÓÇ
40 % äÈye# xyˆÏäÈ–

xy!õ Á ¢%ãÎ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ äÈye Á äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ (ratio) ܇˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y!üÓ˚ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛!Ó˚–
äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy : äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyy = 60 % : 40 % = 3 × 20 : 2 × 20 = 3 : 2
xÌ≈yÍñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚y!ü (quantity) x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y!üÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%í Óy Ñ˛ì˛¶˛yÜ ì˛y£z £ˆÏúy xò%˛ôyì˛–
xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôî î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ü)òƒÓyˆÏî ~Ñ˛£z ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Óy ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £Î˚ òy–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ õyˆÏ‡˛ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy : äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = a : b £ˆÏúñ
a
a ak a a b
a:b = = = ak : bk [kz0] ñ ~ÓÇ a : b = = k = : [k z0]
b bkk b b k k
k
a
a Á b (bz z 0) Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò a : b Óy ó ~£z a : bÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˛ôv˛¸y £Î˚ ÚÚa xò%˛ôyì˛ bÛÛ (a
b
is to b)ó aÈÙÈˆÑ˛ a : bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî (Antecedent) Á bÈÙȈÏÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôî (Consequent) Óúy £Î˚–

1 3 : 2 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ 3 Á 2 ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

3 : 2 ÈÙÈxò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ 3 ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî ~ÓÇ 2 ˛ôî–
2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî ¢õyò £ˆÏú Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
a:b xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ a=b £ˆÏú xÌ≈yÍ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî ¢õyò £ˆÏú ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ (ratio of
equality) Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ azb £ˆÏú xÌ≈yÍ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî x¢õyò £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ (ratio of
inequality) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 3:2 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ 2:2 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛–
3 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò ab > 1 ~ÓÇ ab < 1 £ˆÏúñ ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôyì˛ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
a
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò b > 1 £ˆÏúñ Á£z xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ (ratio of greater inequality) ~ÓÇ
a
b
< 1 £ˆÏúñ Á£z xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ (ratio of less inequality) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 3 : 2 xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 32 > 1
!Ñ˛hs$˛ 2 : 3 xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛Ó˚ 23 < 1ó
.
. . 2 : 3 ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛–

77
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
4 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ fiÌyò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎ òì%˛ò xò%˛ôyì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ
ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ì Óy !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (inverse ratio) ÓˆÏú–

˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
a : b xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ b : a
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 2 : 3 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 2
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢%ãÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ Á£z õyˆÏ‡˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ äÈye# Á äÈyeÏ
îü≈Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ 3 !›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úÖú–
ˆ¢ !úÖúñ 5 : 2 ñ 4 : 3 ñ 1 : 2

5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢%ãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖy xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî
ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓy ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
î%£z Óy ì˛ˆÏì˛y!ïÑ˛ ≤Ãî_ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ Ü%íö˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ Ü%íö˛úˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî
ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãî_ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (Compound ratio)
Óy !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛ Óúy (Mixed ratio) £Î˚–
ˆÎõò ı a : b ~ÓÇ c : dÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ac : bd
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 5 : 2 ñ 4 : 3 ~ÓÇ 1 : 2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (5×4×1) : (2×3×2) = 20 : 12 = 5 : 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ ö§˛yÑ˛y áˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
xò%˛ôyì˛ ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛/ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛/ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Óy
˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì ˛xò%˛ôyì˛
7: 5 ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ 5:7
6:6
1:4
9:2
7 : 5, 1 : 4 Á 9 : 2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì ˛

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. x : y xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yò üˆÏì≈˛ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ˆÑ˛yò üˆÏì≈˛ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ !ú!Ö ~ÓÇ x : y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢õì%˛úƒ î%!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !ú!Ö–
x x
x : y xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò y < 1 ~ÓÇ Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò y > 1 £ˆÏÓ–
x y
x : yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ î%!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ xk : ykk ~ÓÇ k : k lˆÎÖyˆÏò kz 0n

78
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. xy!õ pr : qr ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !ú!Ö–

pr p
pr : qr = ±± qrr = ±q = p : q
.
. . pr : qr ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ = p : q
.
. . pr : qr ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = q : p
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. x2yp : xy2p ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. Î!î î%!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚˛ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ p : q ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü.¢y.Ü%. r £Î˚ñì˛ˆÏÓ
¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !ú!Ö–
¢ÇÖƒy î%!›˛ pr ~ÓÇ qr .
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 6. Î!î î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2: 3 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü.¢y.Ü%. 7 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ÇÖƒyî%!›˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) a : b, p : q ~ÓÇ x : y (ii) a : bc, b : ca , c : ab
(i) a : b, p : q ~ÓÇ x : y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Óy !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛
= a×p×x : b×q×y
= apx: bqy
(ii) a : bc, b : ca Á c : ab ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Óy !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛
= a×b×c : bc×ca×ab
= abc : a2b2c2 = 1 : abc l˛ô)Ó≈ Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ abc !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. pq : r Á r : pq ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Á£z ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# ÓˆÏú !ú!Ö–
pq : r Á r : pq ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = pq×r : r×pq
= pqr : pqr
= 1 : 1 l˛ô)Ó≈ Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ pqr !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôúyõn
.
. . pq : r Á r : pq ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. p2q : r,È q2 r : p Á r2 p : q ÈÙÈxò%˛ôyì˛ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ !õ◊ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. Î!î A : B = 4 : 5 ~ÓÇ B : C = 6 : 7 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ A : C !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
A : B = 4 : 5 ~ÓÇ B : C = 6 : 7
A 4 B 6
= ~ÓÇ =
B 5 C 7
..A B 4 6
.
× = ×
B C 5 7
Óyñ A =
C 35
24
.
. . A : C = 24 : 35
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. Î!î A : B = 3 : 7 ~ÓÇ B : C = 8 : 5 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ A : C !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

79
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. Î!î A : B = 6 : 7 ~ÓÇ B : C = 8 : 9 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ A : B : C Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
A : B = 6 : 7 ~ÓÇ B : C = 8 : 9
9 63
. . A : B : C = 6 : 7 : 63
3
.
B:C = 8:9 = 1: = 7: = 48 : 56 : 63
8 8 8
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ A : B : C !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò£z–
B ÙÈ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ õyò 7 Á 8ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú.¢y.Ü%. 56
A : B = 6 : 7 = 6×8 : 7×8 = 48 : 56
.
B : C = 8 : 9 = 8×7 : 9×7 = 56 : 63 . . A : B : C = 48 : 56 : 63
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. Î!î A:B = 5:9 ~ÓÇ B:C = 4:5 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ A:B:C Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. Î!î x : y = 2 : 3 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ (4x±y) : (2x+3y) Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
x:y = 2:3
ï!Ó˚ñ x = 2p ~ÓÇ y = 3p lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ p ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ pz0n
. 4x±y 4×2p±3p 8p±3p 5p 5
x±y) : (2x+3y) =
. . (4x± = 5 : 13
2x+3y 2×2p+3×3p 4p+9p 13p 13
.
x±y) : (2x+3y) = 5 : 13
. . (4x±
4x±y
4x±y
±y y
x±y) : (2x+3y) =
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ (4x± = lúÓ Á £Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ y myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
2x+3y 2x+3y
y
4 x ±1 4× 2 ±1
y 3 ªx 2 º
= = «¬ y = 3 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ »¼
2 x +3 2
2× +3
y 3
8±3
5 = 5 :13
= 3 =
4+9 13
3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. x : y = 7 : 4 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ (5x±6y) : (3x+11y) = 11 : 65 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. (3x+5y) : (7x±4y) = 7 : 4 £ˆÏúñ x : y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(3x+5y) : (7x±
x 4y) = 7 : 4
Óyñ 3x+5y5y
y 7
=
7x±4y 4
Óyñ 4(3x+5y) = 7(7x±4y)
Óyñ 12x+20y = 49x±28y
Óyñ 12x± 49x = ±28y ±20y
Óyñ ± 37x = ±48y
Óyñ yx = 48
.
37
. . x : y = 48 : 37

80
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. Î!î (2x+5y) : (5x±7y) = 5 : 3 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ x : y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÎÏ ˚yÜ ı 18. (3x±2y) : (x+3y) = 5 : 6 £ˆÏúñ (2x±5y) : (3x+4y) !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3x±2yy 5
=
x+3y 6
Óyñ 6(3x±
x 2y) = 5(x+3y)
Óyñ 18x±12y = 5x+15y
Óyñ 13x = 27y
x 27 .
Óyñ y = 13 . . x : y = 27 : 13
ï!Ó˚ñ x = 27k ~ÓÇ y = 13k lk ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒyn
. . (2x±5y) : (3x+4y) = 2x±5y y 2×27k± k 5×13k 54k± k 65k ±11k ±11
.
= = = = = ±11 : 133
3x+4y 3×27k+4×13k 81k+52kk 133k 133
.
. . (2x±5y) : (3x+4y) = ±11 : 133
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖ!äÈ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôî }íydÑ˛– Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ v˛zîy£Ó˚í xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛⁄
üƒyõú 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ã!ò¢ !Ñ˛ˆÏò 130 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñüƒyõˆÏúÓ˚ úy¶˛ £Î˚ 30 ›˛yÑ˛y–
Ó˚!ö˛Ñ%˛ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ã!ò¢ !Ñ˛ˆÏò 80 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñÓ˚!ö˛Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ £Î˚ 20 ›˛yÑ˛y–
xÌ≈yÍñ Ó˚!ö˛Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ úy¶˛ £Î˚ ± 20 ›˛yÑ˛y– üƒyõú Á Ó˚!ö˛Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 30 : ±20 Óyñ 3 : ±2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. (7x±5y) : (3x+4y) = 7 : 11 £ˆÏúñ (5x±3y) : (6x+5y) !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. x: y ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyˆÏìÓ˚ ˛v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï p:q ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ x : y xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ k ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ p : q £ˆÏÓ–
p
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x+k =
y+k q
Óyñ q(x+k) = p(y+k)
Óyñ qx+qk = py+pk
Óyñ qk±pk = py±qx
Óyñ k(q±p) = py±qx
. py q
py±qx
. . k = q±p ( ... p : q ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ñ ... p z q ; ... q ± p z)
. py±
pyy qqxx
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒy q± q±p v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. 5 : 3 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ 7:6 £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 22. x : y ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyˆÏìÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôÏî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï p : q ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ x : y xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ r !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ p : q £ˆÏÓ–
x± r p
=
r q
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ y±
Óyñ qx±qr = py±pr
Óyñ pr± qr = py±qx
Óyñ r(p±q) = py±qx
. py q
py±qx . py q
py±qx
. . r = p±q . . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒy p± q v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

81
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 5.1
1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ó˚y!üÜ%!ú xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ñ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ òy Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ Ó%ˆÏG˛
!ú!Ö–
(i) 4 õy¢ ~ÓÇ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ 6 õy¢ (ii) 75 ˛ôÎ˚¢y ~ÓÇ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y 25 ˛ôÎ˚¢y
(iii) 60 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 0.6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ (iv) 1.2 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. ~ÓÇ 60 @˘Ãyõ

2. (i) p !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. Á q @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ !ú!Ö–

(ii) x !îò Á z õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Öò ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ !ú!Ö–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ !ú!Ö–
a b c
(iv) : c, c : a , a : b ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
b
(v) x2 : yz ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛ xy : z2 £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
yz zx yx
(vi) x2 : x , y2 : y , z2 : z xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ !õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛ Óy ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) 4 : 5, 5 : 7 ~ÓÇ 9 : 11 (ii) (x+y) : (x±
x±y), (x2+yy2) : (x+y)2 ~ÓÇ (x2±y
± 2)2 : (x4±y
± 4)

4. (i) A : B = 6 : 7 ~ÓÇ B : C = 8 : 7 £ˆÏúñ A : C !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(ii) A : B = 2 : 3 ñ B : C = 4 : 5 ~ÓÇ C : D = 6 : 7 £ˆÏúñ A : D !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) Î!îî A : B = 3 : 4 ~ÓÇ B : C = 2 : 3 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú A : B : C !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) x : y = 2 : 3 ~ÓÇ y : z = 4 : 7 £ˆÏúñ x : y : z !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

5. (i) x : y = 3 : 4 £ˆÏúñ (3y±

y x) : (2x+y) Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) a : b = 8 : 7 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ (7a±3b) : (11a±9b) = 7 : 5
(iii) p : q = 5 : 7 ~ÓÇ p±q = ±4 £ˆÏúñ 3p+4q ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

6. (i) (5x±3y) : (2x+4y) = 11 : 12 £ˆÏúñ x : y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(ii) (3a+7b) : (5a±3b) = 5 : 3 £ˆÏúñ a : b !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

7. (i) (7x±5y) : (3x+4y) = 7 : 11 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ (3x±2y) : (3x+4y) = 137: 473

(ii) (10x+3y) : (5x+2y) = 9 : 5 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ (2x+y) : (x+2y) = 11 : 13

8. (i) 2 : 5 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ 6 : 11 £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) a : b ˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˜Ó°õƒyò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ m : n £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) ˆÑ˛yò ¢ÇÖƒy 4 : 7 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎyÜ ~ÓÇ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú v˛zͲôߨ
xò%˛ôyì˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò 2 : 3 Á 5 : 4 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

82
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyˆÏ¢ ˆì§˛ì%˛úì˛úy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Á£z õyˆÏ‡˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ö%˛›˛Óú õƒyˆÏâ˛Ó˚

xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ¢Çá ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛
!Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ ãy!¢≈ !Ñ˛ˆÏò ˆîˆÏÓ–
ˆ¢ÔˆÏõòÑ˛yÑ%˛ 560 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ 7 !›˛ ãy!¢≈ !Ñ˛ˆÏò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò– xyõÓ˚y
ü!õ≈¤˛y!îÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !܈ÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z îyˆÏõÓ˚ 15 !›˛ ãy!¢≈ 1200 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚
!Ñ˛ˆÏò xyòúyõ–
6 xy!õ ˆ¢ÔˆÏõòÑ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛òy Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛òy ãy!¢≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îyˆÏõÓ˚ xyúyîy xyúyîy xò%˛ôyì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ˆ¢ÔˆÏõòÑ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛òy ãy!¢≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy : xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛òy ãy!¢≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 7 : 15
ˆ¢ÔˆÏõòÑ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛òy ãy!¢≈Ó˚ îyõ : xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛òy ãy!¢≈Ó˚ îyõ = 560 : 1200 = 7×80 : 15×80 = 7 : 15
7 !Ñ˛hs$˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ î%!›˛ ú!ᤲ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛£z ¢õyò– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õyò xò%˛ôyì˛
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Î!î â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤ÃÌõ î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ˆü°Ï î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚
ì˛y £ˆÏú Á£z ¢ÇÖƒy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛## ÓˆÏú xÌÓy ¢ÇÖƒy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ (proportion) xyˆÏäÈ Óúy £Î˚–
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy a, b, c, d (bz0, dz0) ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ a : b :: c : dÈÙÈ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆúÖy £Î˚–
aÈ Á d ÙÈˆÑ˛ ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôî (extremes) Á b Á cÈÙȈÏÑ˛ õïƒ˛ôî (means) Óúy £Î˚–
'd 'ÈÙȈÏÑ˛ â˛ì%˛Ì≈˛ôîî Óy â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
ì Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 7, 15, 560, 1200ÈÙÈ~£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍ 7 : 15 :: 560 : 1200 ó ~ÖyˆÏò 7 Á
1200 ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôî ~ÓÇ 15 Á 560 õïƒ˛ôî– 1200 â˛ì%˛Ì≈˛ôî Óy â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛–
8 â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ
.
. . a : b :: c : d
xÌ≈yÍñ ab = dc
.
. . ad = bc
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôî î%!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú xÓüƒ£z õïƒ˛ôî î%!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 7 : 15 :: 560 : 1200 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ
7×1200 = = 15×560 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. 2, 3, 4 Á 6 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–

.
2×6 = ~ÓÇ 3×4 = . . 2 : 3 :: 4 : 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. 2.5, ±2, ±5 Á 4 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
.
2.5×4 = ~ÓÇ (±2)×(±5) = . . 2 .5 : (±2) :: (±5) : 4
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. 2, 7, 12 Á 42 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. ± 2, 6, 1 Á ± 18 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

83
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. 5pq, 3q ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆãyv˛¸y ¢ÇÖƒy ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
(a) 15pt, 3q (b) 15pt, 9t (c) 15pr, 9t
5pq 5p 5p×3t 15pt
5pq:3q = = = =
3q 3 3×3t 9t
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒymÎ˚ 15pt Á 9t .
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. 2a, 3b, 6ac Á 9bc ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
2a×9bc = ~ÓÇ 3b ×6ac =
ˆ˛ôúyõ ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôîmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = õïƒ˛ôîmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú
.
. . 2a, 3b, 6ac Á 9bc ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. 8x, 5yz, 40qx Á 25qyz ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. Î!î 6 : x :: 2 : 13 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6 : x :: 2 : 13
6 2
x = 13
Óyñ 2x = 6×13
Óyñ x = 78
.
2
. . x = 39
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. Î!î 8 : y :: 2 : 21 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. 6, 9, 12 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 6 : 9 :: 12 : x
Óyñ 96 = 12
x
.
Óyñ 6x = 9×12 ..x=
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. 5, 4, 25 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Sxyúyîy xyúyîyV ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ a, b, c Á d â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒy–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a : b :: c : d . . ab = cd
.
a c a b . a c b d .
(i)
b d
= Óyñ =
c d
. . a : c :: b : d (ii) = Óyñ =
b d a c
. . b : a :: d : c
a c c d .
(iii) = Óyñ =
b d a b
. . c : a :: d : b
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ (i) a, c, b, d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# (ii) b, a, d, c ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
(iii) c, a, d, b ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 2, 3, 4 Á 6 â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢Ü%!ú £ˆÏúy
(i) 2 : 4 :: 3 : 6 (ii) 3 : 2 :: 6 : 4 (iii) 4 : 2 :: 6 : 3

84
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. 5, 6, 10 Á 12 â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú Á Ñ˛# Ñ # fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 35. 2, 4, 6 Á 10 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yò ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ x ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ (2+x), (4+x), (6+x) Á (10+x) ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ–
.
. . (2+x) : (4+x) :: (6+x) : (10+x)
2+x 6+x
Óyñ 4+x = 10+x
Óyñ (2+x)(10+x) = (6+x)(4+x)
Óyñ 20+10x+2x+x2 = 24+4x+6x+x2
.
Óyñ 2x = 4 . . x = 2
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 2.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 36. 12, 22, 42 Á 72 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yò ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 37. a, b, c, d ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ x ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ (a+x) : (b+x) :: (c+x) : (d+x)
. a+x c+x
. . b+x = d+x
Óyñ (a+x)(d+x) = (c+x)(b+x)
Óyñ ad+dx+ax+x2 = cb+bx+cx+x2
. cb±ad
Óyñ x(d+a±b±c) = cb±ad . . x = a+d±b±c ( ÎÖò a+d z b+c )
. cb±ad
. . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ a+d±b±c ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 38. 3, 6, 7, 10 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy !ò!î≈T˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú
¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

ü!õ≈¤˛y!î Ñœ˛yÓ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !úÖˆÏúò–

!ì˛!ò ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖˆÏúò 4, 8 Á 16
4, 8 Á 16 !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ÎyˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
4:8 = 1:2
~ÓÇ 8 : 16 = 1 : 2
.
. . !úÏÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ 4 : 8 :: 8 : 16
9 !Ñ˛hs$˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ó˚y!ü ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ˆ¢£z ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
¢õãyì˛#Î˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ó˚y!üÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃÌõ Á !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ñ !mì˛#Î˚ Á ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ
Á£z ¢õãyì˛#Î˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ó˚y!üˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ˆúÖy 4, 8 Á 16 ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–

85
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
10 !ì˛ò!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy a, b Á c, (bz0, cz0) Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛# ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˛ôy£z
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
a, b Á c Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
.
. . a : b :: b : c
xÌ≈yÍñ ab = bc
.
Óyñ b2 = ac . . b = “ ac
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ a, b Á c Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú b2 = ac Óy b = “ ac
b ïòydÑ˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £ˆÏÓ Î!î a ~ÓÇ c v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ïòydÑ˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ b }íydÑ˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £ˆÏÓ Î!î a ~ÓÇ
c v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z }íydÑ˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £Î˚–
a ~ÓÇ c !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !â˛£´Î%=˛ £ˆÏú b x¢ÇK˛yì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
11 a, b Á c Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú bÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
a b . 2
a, b Á c Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú = . . b = ac
b c
~ÖyˆÏò b ÙȈÏÑ˛ a Á c ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# (Mean Proportional) ~ÓÇ c ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# (Third
Proportional) Óúy £Î˚–
~¶˛yˆÏÓ a, b, c, d, e Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ ab = bc = cd = de £ˆÏÓ–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 4, 8 Á 16 !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ 8 õõyò%˛ôyì˛# ~ÓÇ 16 ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 39. 9 Á 15 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# x
.
. . 9, 15 Á x Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
9 15
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 15 =
x
Óyñ 9x = 15×15
Óyñ x = 15×15
.
9
..x=
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# 25
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 40. xy!õ 3 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 12 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 41. xy!õ 2a2 Á 3ab ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x
.
. . 2a2 , 3ab Á x Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
. 2aa2 3ab
. . 3ab = x
Óyñ 2a2x = 3ab×3ab
Óyñ x = 3ab×3ab 2a2
. . x = 9b2b
. 2

. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# 9b2b

. 2

86
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 42. 9pq, 12pq2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
1 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 43. 12 Á 75 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1 1
ï!Ó˚ñ 12 Á 75 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# x
1
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = x1
12 1
Óyñ x2 = 12 ×
1
75
75

1
Óyñ x = 12×75
. 1
. . x = 30
. 1
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# 30
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 44. 0.5 Á 4.5 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
pr
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 45. !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôîî%!›˛ pqrñ q £ˆÏú õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# ˛ôî!›˛ x
. pr
. . pqr, x Á q Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ pqr = x
x pr
q
pr
Óyñ x2 = pqr × q = p2r2
Óyñ x = p2r2
. ..
. . x = prr S . ≤Ãyhs˛#Î˚ ˛ôîî%!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyV
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#!›˛ pr
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 46. ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy xy2 Á xz2 ÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 5.2
1. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 10 : 35 :: x : 42 (ii) x : 50 :: 3 : 2
2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%FäÈÜ%!úÓ˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
1 1 1
(i) ±3 , ±4 , ±5 (ii) 9.6 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 7.6 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 28.8 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. (iii) x2y, y2z, z2x
(iv) (p±q), (p2±q2), p2±pq+q2
3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%FäÈÜ%!úÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 5, 10 (ii) 0.24, 0.6 (iii) p3q2, q2r (iv) (x±y)
± 2, (x2±y
± 2)2

87
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
4. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%FäÈÜ%!úÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 5 ~ÓÇ 80 (ii) 8.1 ~ÓÇ 2.5 (iii) x3y ~ÓÇ xy3 (iv) (x±y) ± 2, (x+y)2
5. Î!î a : b ~ÓÇ c : d ~£z xò%˛ôyì˛ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛õ%Ö# ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛
xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú Ñ˛# ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. 5 !›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛ 2 ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛ 6 £ˆÏúñ ˛ôM˛õ!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8. 6, 15, 20 Á 43ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ˆÎyÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. 23, 30, 57 ~ÓÇ 78 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï !ÓˆÏÎy˚ Üö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
10. p, q, r, s ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛úÜ%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ü!õ≈¤˛y!îÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢yÓπyÁ Ñœ˛yÓáˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈ

ÎyÓ˚y ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
¢yÓπy !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈñ 3, 5, 6 Á 10
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 xÌ≈yÍ 3 : 5 = 6 : 10
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 3 : 6 = 1 : 2 = 5 : 10
xÌ≈yÍñ 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10
ˆ˛ôúyõñ 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 £ˆÏúñ 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10
12 xy!õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# xü)òƒ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy a, b, c Á d ˆÓyˆÏv˛≈ !ú!Ö Á ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ïõ≈
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!ÏÓ–˚ Î!î a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ a, c, b Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãõyí ı a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# xÌ≈yÍ a : b :: c : d
. . ab = cd
.

v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ bc !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ

a b c b
× = ×
b c d c
Óyñ ac = bd
.
. . a:c = b:d
ˆ˛ôúyõñ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ a : c :: b : d £ˆÏÓ–
13 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ÚˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ Á ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôî ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ fiÌyò !Ó!òõÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˛ôî â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈ
¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y (Alternendo) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 2 : 3 :: 10 : 15 £ˆÏúñ 2 : 10 :: 3 : £ˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ 3 : 5 :: 6 : 10 £ˆÏúñ 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10

88
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

14 xy!õ a, b, c, d â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe a : b :: c : d £ˆÏú b : a :: d : c £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–

≤Ãõyí ı a : b :: c : d
xÌ≈yÍñ ab = cd xÌ≈yÍñ ad = bc
v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ac !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
ad · ac = bc· ac
Óyñ dc = ba

Óyñ ba = dc
.
. . b : a :: d : c
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ b : a :: d : c £ˆÏÓ–
15 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ÚˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ¢õyò £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ î%!›˛Á ¢õyò £ˆÏÓÛ– ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z
ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy Óƒhfl˛ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y (Invertendo) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 6 : 10 :: 9 : 15 £ˆÏú 10 : 6 :: : l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% !Ó¶˛y¢ ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛y[˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ ¢yÓπyÓ˚ ˆúÖy 3, 5, 6 Á 10 ~£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
¢y£yˆÏ΃ xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚úñ (3+5) : 5 = (6+10) : 10
16 a : b :: c : d £ˆÏú a+b : b :: c+d : d ÈÙÈ£ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí ı a : b :: c : d xÌ≈yÍñ ab = cd
Óyñ ab +1 = cd +1 lv˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ 1 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
Óyñ a+bb
=
c+d
d
.
. . (a+b) : b :: (c+d) : d
ˆ˛ôúyõñ a, b, c Á d â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ (a+b) : b :: (c+d) : d £ˆÏÓ–
1 7 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y (Componendo) Óúy £Î˚–

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 4 : 5 :: 8 : 10 £ˆÏúñ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zñ (4+5) : 5 = : 10 l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
18 !Ñ˛hs$˛ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏú a±b : b Á c±d : d ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí ı a : b :: c : d xÌ≈yÍ ñ ba = cd
Óyñ ab ±1 = cd ±1 lv˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1 !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
Óyñ a±b
b
=
c±d
d
.
. . (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d £ˆÏÓ–

89
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
19 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
a, b, c, d â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ (a±b) : b :: (c±d) : d £ˆÏÓ– ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y (Dividendo) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 5 : 4 = 10 : 8 £ˆÏú ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zñ (5±4) : 4 = : 8 l!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 47. xy!õ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y Á ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ
(a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d) £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãõyí ı a : b :: c : d
xÌ≈yÍñ ab = cd Óyñ a+b
b
=
c+d
d
lˆÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ab = cd Óyñ a±b
b
=
c±d
d
l¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a+b
b
·
a±b c+d c±d
b
=
d
·
d
Óyñ a+b =
a±b c±d
c+d

.
. . (a+b) : (a±
a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)

!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı
ï!Ó˚ñ ab = cd = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
.
. . a = bk ~ÓÇ c = dk
. . a+b bk+b b(k+1)
( ) k+1
.
= = =
a±b bk± k±b b(k k±1) k± k 1
xyÓyÓ˚ñ c+d =
c±d dk±
dk+d d(k+1)
=
k d d(k
( ) k+1
=
k±1) k± k 1
.
. . (a+b) : (a±
a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d)
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ a : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ (a+b) : (a±
a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d) £ˆÏÓ–
20 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Úa : b :: c : d £ˆÏúñ (a+b) : (a±b) : : (c+d) : (c±d) £ˆÏÓÛ– ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y
(Componendo and Dividendo) Óúy £Î˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 48. xy!õ 7:3::14:6 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
7 : 3 = 14 : 6 . . (7+3) : (7±3) = 10 : 4 = 5 : 2
xyÓyÓ˚ñ (14+6) : (14±6) = 20 : 8 = 5 : 2
.
. . (7+3) : (7±3) :: (14+6) : (14±6)
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 49. 5 : 4 : : 10 : 8 £ˆÏú ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zñ
(5+4) : (5±4) :: (10+8) : l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

90
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 50. a : b : : c : d £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ (a2+b2) : (a2±b2) :: (c2+d2) : (c2±d2)

a c a2 c2
a : b : : c : d xÌ≈yÍ = Óyñ = lÓÜ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
b d b2 d 2
Óyñ aa2+bbb2 = cc2+dd2
2 2 2

±d2
l¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
.
. . (a2+b2) : (a2±b
± 2) :: (c2+d2) : (c2±dd2)

!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı ab = cd = k ï!Ó˚ñ SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V

.
. . a = bkk ~ÓÇ c = dkk
a +b2 2
(bk) 2 +b 2 b 2 (k 2 +1)
k +1 2
Óyõ˛ô«˛ = a 2 ±b 2 = (bk)2 ±b 2 = b 2 (k 2 ±1) = k 2 ±1
2 2
(dk)2 +d 2 d 2 (k 2 +1) k 2 +1
= c 2 +d 2 = = = .
. Óyõ˛ô«˛ = v˛yò˛ô«˛ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
c ±d (dk) 2 ±d 2 d 2 (k 2 ±1) k 2 ±1
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 51. Î!î a:b::c:d £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ (4a+7b):(4a±7b)::(4c+7d):(4c±7d) l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ì%˛°ÏyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú xò%˛ôyì˛ !úÖú–
ì%˛°ÏyÓ˚ !úÖúñ 2 : 5, 6 : 15, 16 : 40, 24 : 60
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 25 = 15
6 16 24
= =
40 60
21 xy!õ ì%˛°ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖy xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ ˆÎyÜö˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôîÜ%!úÓ˚ ˆÎyÜö˛úˆÏÑ˛
v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî ïˆÏÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
2+6+16+24 = 48 = 2
5+15+40+60 120 5

. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ 52 = 15 6 = 16 = 24 = 2+6+16+24
.
40 60 5+15+40+60
2 2 a : b = c : d = e : f £ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (a+c+e) : (b+d+f) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–

≤Ãõyíñ a : b = c : d = e : f
ï!Ó˚ñ ab = cd = ef = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
.
. . a = bk, c = dk ~ÓÇ e = fk
k(b+d+f)
. . a+c+e = bk+dk+fk =
. =k
b+d+f b+d+f b+d+f
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ab = cd = ef = a+c+e
a c
.
b+d+f
. a a a a a +a +a +...+a
. . ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ b1 = b 2 = b 3 =...= b n = b 1 +b 2 +b 3 +...+b n
1 2 3 n 1 2 3 n

23 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

a1 a 2 a 3 a a +a +a +...+a n
= = =...= n = 1 2 3 ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y
b1 b 2 b 3 b n b1 +b 2 +b 3 +...+b n
(Addendo) Óúy £Î˚–

91
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
24 a : b = c : d = e : f £ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (i) (a+c±e) : (b+d±f) (ii) (a±c+e) : (b±d+f)
(iii) (a±c±e) : (b±d±f) ÈÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
a c e .
(i) = = = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V . . a = bk, c = dk, e = fk
b d f
a+c±e = bk+dk±fk = k(b+d±f) =k .
. a : b = c : d = e : f = (a+c±e) : (b+d±
d f)
b+d±f b+d±f (b+d±f)

a±c+e bk±dk+fk k(b±d+f) .

(ii) b±d+f = b±d+f = (b±d+f) =k . a : b = c : d = e : f = (a±
a c+e) : (b±d+f)

a±c±e bk±dk±fk k(b±d±f) .

(iii) b±d±f = b±d±f = (b±d±f) =k . . a : b = c : d = e : f = (a±
a c±e) : (b±d±
d f)

25 Úa : b = c : d = e : f £ˆÏú ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ am+cn+ep

bm+dn+fp
È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ lm, n, p ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xü)òƒ
¢ÇÖƒynÛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
268
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı52. ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ 32 = 69 = 12
8
=  
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 53. a :b = c:d £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ (a2+c2) (b2+d2) = (ab+cd) 2
a c a2 c2 a2+cc2
a: b = c:d Óyñ = Óyñ ab = = l¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
b d cd ab+cd

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ab = cd Óyñ ab =
b2 d2
cd ab+cd
= 2 2 l¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
b +d
a +cc
2 2
ab+cd
¢%)ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ab+cd = 2 2
b +d
. 2 2 2 2
. . (a +c ) (b +d ) = (ab+cd) 2 l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí
ï!Ó˚ñ ab = cd = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
.
. . a = bk, c = dk
.
. . Óyõ˛ô«˛ = (a2+c2)(b2+d2) = (b2k2+d2k2)(b2+d2) = k2(b2+d2)2
v˛yò˛ô«˛ = (ab+cd)2 = (bk×b+dk×d)2 = (b2k+d2k)2 = k2(b2+d2)2
.
. . Óyõ˛ô«˛ = v˛yò˛ô«˛ S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
3
y3 3
3xyz
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 54. x : a = y : b = z : c £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ x3 + 3 + z3 = abc
a b c
x y z
ï!Ó˚ñ a = b = c = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
.
. . x = ak, y = bkk ~ÓÇ z = ck
3
= x 3 + y + z 3 = a 3 k 3 + b3 k 3 + c3 k 3 =k 3 +k 3 +k 3 =3k 3
Óyõ˛ô«˛ 3 3 3
a b c a3 b3 c3
3xyz 3×ak×bk×ck
v˛yò˛ô«˛ = = =3k 3
abc abc
.
. . Óyõ˛ô«˛ = v˛yò˛ô«˛ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

92
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 55. a : b = b : c £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (a+b+c) (a±b+c) = a2+b2+c2

ï!Ó˚ñ ab = bc = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
.
. . a = bk, b = ck
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a = ck×k = ck2
Óyõ˛ô«˛ = (a+b+c) (a±a±b+c) v˛yò˛ô«˛ = a2+b2+c2
= (ck2+ck+c) (ck2±ck+c) = (ck2)2 +(ck)2 +c2
= c(k2+k+1) × c(k2±k+1) = c2k4+c2k2 +c2
= c2(k2+k+1) (k2±k+1) = c2 (k4+k2+1)
= c2 [k4+2k2+1±k± 2]
= c2 [(k2+1)2 ± (k)2]
= c2 (k2+1+k) (k2+1±k)
= c2 (k2+k+1) (k2±k+1)
.
. . Óyõ˛ô«˛ = v˛yò˛ô«˛ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 56. a, b, c, d Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ (a2±b2) (c2±d2) = (b2±c2)2
a b c
= = = k ï!Ó˚ñ SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
b c d
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a = bk, b = ck, c = dk
.
. . b = dk×k = dk2 ~ÓÇ a = dk2 ×k = dk3
Óyõ˛ô«˛ = (a2 ± b2) (c2 ± d2) v˛yò˛ô«˛ = (b2 ± c2)2
= {(dk3)2 ±(dk2)2}{(dk)2 ± d2} = {(dk2)2 ±(dk)2}2
= {d2k6 ±d2k4}{d2k2 ± d2} = {d2k4± d2k2}2
= d2k4 (k2±1)× d2(k2±1) = {d2k2 (k2 ±1)}2
= d4k4 (k2±1) 2 = d4k4 (k2±1) 2
.
. . Óyõ˛ô«˛ = v˛yò˛ô«˛ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
ay±bx cx±az bz±cy x y z
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 57. Î!îc
=
b
=
a
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ = =
a b c
ay±bx
± cx±az bz±cy
= =
c b a
. c(ay±
y±bx)) b(cx±az)) a(bz±cy)
.. = =
cð bð að
c(ay±bx)+b(cx±az)+a(bz±cy) cay±cbx+bcx±baz+abz±acy
= = =0
c2 +b2 +a 2 c2 +b2 +a 2
ay±bx
±bx
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ = 0 Óyñ ay± y±bx = 0
c . y
Óyñ ay = bx . . b = xa
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cx±az az
. . xa = zc
.
=0 Óyñ cx = az
b
y
. . xa = b = zc l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
.

93
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí
ay±bx
± cx
x±az bz±
z cy
ï!Ó˚ñ c = b = a = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï&ÓÑ˛V
..
. ay±bx = ck, cx±az = bk ~ÓÇ bz±cy = ak
ay±bx = ck (i) cx±az = bk (ii)
(i) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ c myÓ˚y Á (ii) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ b myÓ˚y Ü%í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
acy ± bcx = c2k
bcx ± abz = b2k
a(cy±
y±bz) = k(b2+c2)
Óyñ cy±bz = ak (b2+c2)
..
Óyñ ±ak = ka (b2+c2) [ . bz±cy = ak]
Óyñ ±a2k = kb2+kc2
. ..
Óyñ k(a2+b2+c2) = 0 . . k = 0 [ . a2+b2+c2 z 0]
y
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ayy ±bx
bx
. . xa = b
.
= 0 Óyñ ay±
y±bx = 0 Óyñ ay = bx
c
y
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cx±az az
. . xa = zc . . xa = b = zc l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
. .
= 0 Óyñ cx±az = 0 Óyñ cx = az
b
x = y = z x+y+z
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 58. Î!î a+b±c b+c±a c+a±b £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ a+b+c
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
bz+cy cx+az ay+bx
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 59. Î!î= = £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
a b c
x y z
= =
a(b +c ±a ) b(c +a ±b ) c(a +b 2 ±c 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

bz+cy cx+az ay+bx

= =
a b c
abz+acy bcx+baz cay+cbx
Óyñ = =
a2 b2 c2
(bcx+baz)+(cay+cbx)±(abz+acy)
= 2 2 2
= 2 2bcx l¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
b +c ±a b +c 2 ±a 2
xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy£zñ
(abz+acy)+(acy+bcx)±(bcx+baz) 2acy
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
a +c ±b c +a ±b
(abz+acy)+(bcx+abz)±(acy+bcx)
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 2 2 2
= 2 2abz
a +b ±c a +b 2 ±c2

. 2bcx = 2acy = 2abz 2abcx 2abcy 2abcz

.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Óyñ a(b 2 +c 2 ±a 2 ) = b(c 2 +a 2 ±b 2 ) = c(a 2 +b2 ±c 2 )
b +c ±a c +a ±b a +b ±c
x y z
. . a(b 2 +c2 ±a 2 ) = b(c2 +a 2 ±b 2 ) = c(a 2 +b 2 ±c 2 ) l≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ 2abc myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
.

94
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 60. x = 4ab

a+b
£ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ x+2a +
x+2b
x±2a x±2b
= 2 l≤Ãî_ az0, bz0 ~ÓÇ azbn
4ab x 2b
x= Óyñ 2a = lv˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 2a myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
a+b a+b
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x+2a =
2b+a+b
x±2a 2b±a± a±b
lˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
a+3b
=
b±a
xyÓyÓ˚ñ x = 4ab
a+b
x
Óyñ 2b =
2a
a+b
lv˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ 2b myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x+2b =
x±2b 2a±
2a+a+b
a a±
a±b
lˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
3a+b
=
a±b
. . x+2a x+2b 3b+a 3a+b 3b+a 3a+b 3b+a± a 3a±a±b 2b±2a 2(b ( ±a))
.
+ = + = ± = = = =2
x±2a x±2b b±a a±b b±a b±a b±a b±a b±a

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 61. a+b±c

a+b
=
b+c±a c+a±b
b+c
=
c+a
~ÓÇ a+b+c z 0 £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ a = b = c
a+b±c b+c±a c+a± a±b
= =
a+b b+c c+a
c a b
Óyñ 1± = 1± = 1±
a+b b+c c+a
c a b
Óyñ = = l≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyˆÏÑ˛ 1 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
a+b b+c c+a
a+b b+c a+c
Óyñ = = l!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
c a b
a+b+c b+c+a a+c+b
Óyñ = = l≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ 1 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
c a b
1± 1± 1±
Óyñ c = a = b lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ a+b+cz0, ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a+b+c myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
.
. . a = b = c l!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
bz±cy cx±az ay±bx
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 62. b±c = c±a £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ a±b ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò–
bz±cy cx±az
=
b±c c±a
ay±
y±bxx
aa±
±b
xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ z òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ z x˛ô¢yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ ≤ÃÌõ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ a ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ b myÓ˚y Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
abz±acy bcx±abz abz±acy+bcx±abz
= = l¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
ab±ac bc±ba
± ab±ac+bc±ba
±acy+bcx ±c(ay±bx) ay±bx
= = =
±ac+bc ±c(a±b) a±b
. bz±cy cx±az ay±
y±bx
. . b±c = c±a = a±
a±b
l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

95
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
x y z 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 63. Î!î y+z = =
z+x x+y
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò ±2 xÌÓy (±1) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò–
x y z
ï!Ó˚ñ y+z = = = k SˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ ï&ÓÑ˛V
z+x x+y
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = k(y+z), y = k(z+x) ~ÓÇ z = k(x+y)
~Öòñ x+y+z = k(y+z) + k(z+x) + k(x+y)
Óyñ x+y+z = k(y+z+z+x+x+y)
Óyñ x+y+z = 2k(x+y+z)
Óyñ (x+y+z) ± 2k(x+y+z) = 0
Óyñ (x+y+z) (1±± 2k) = 0
£Î˚ñ x+y+z = 0
xÌÓyñ 1±2k = 0
. 1
Óyñ ±2k = ±1 . . k = ±2
. 1
. . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = ±2
xyÓyÓ˚ñ x+y+z = 0 £ˆÏúñ y+z = ±x
. x x
. . y+z = = ±1
±x
y y z z
xyÓyÓ˚ñ z+x = ±y;
± ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ z+x = ±y ± = ± 1 ~ÓÇ x+y = ±z ; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x+y = ±z = ± 1
. x y z 1±
. . y+z = z+x = £ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò 2 xÌÓy (±1) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò–
x+y
b a+c±b a+b+c a b c
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 64. Î!î a+b =
b+c±a
=
2a+b+2c
£Î˚ñ SˆÎÖyˆÏò a+b+cz0V ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 2 = 3 = 4
b aa+c±b
c±b aa+b+c
b
= =
a+b b+c±a 2a+b+2c
2b a+c±b 2(a+b+c) 2b+a+c±b+2a+2b+2c
Óyñ 2(a+b) = b+c±a = 2(2a+b+2c) = 2a+2b+b+c±a+4a+2b+4c l¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
3(a+b+c)
3(a
( b c) 3 ..
= = 5 S . a+b+cz0V
3 5(a+b+c)
b
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a+b = 5 Óyñ 5b = 3a+3b
. a b
Óyñ 2b = 3a . . 2 = 3 (i)
3
xyÓyÓ˚ñ aa+c±b
c±b
b+c±a
= 5
Óyñ 5(a+c±b)
± = 3(b+c±a)
Óyñ 5a+5c±5b = 3b+3c±3a
Óyñ 8a±8b = ±2c
..
Óyñ 8a±12a = ±2c [ . 2b = 3a]
Óyñ ±4a = ±2c . . 2a = 4c
.
(ii)

(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 2a = b3 = 4c l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

96
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

a b c
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 65. Î!î b+c±a =
c+a±b a+b±c
=
y+z±x z+x±y x+y±z
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ x = y = z
bb+c±a
c a cc+a± a b c = b+c±a+c+a±b+a+b±c
a±b a+b±c
= = l¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zn
y+z±x z+x±y
± x+y±
y z y+z±x+z+x±y+x+y±z

. . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = a+b+c

a b
.
x+y+z
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ bb+c±a
c a
y+z±x
=
a b c
a+b+c
x+y+z
=
(
(a+b+c)
) ± (b+c
( ±a)) .
(x+y+z) ± (y+z±x)
2a
. . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 2x a
= x

cc+a±
a±b a+b+c
a b c (
(a+b+c)
) ± (c+a
( a±b)) .
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ z+x±y
±
=
x+y+z
=
(x+y+z) ± (z+x±y)
±
. . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 2b b
2y = y
a b c a+b+c
a+b±c a b c (
(a+b+c)
) ± (a+b
( ±c)) . 2c c
~ÓÇ = = . . ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 2z = z
x+y±
y z x+y+z (x+y+z) ± (x+y
y±z)
. a b c
. . x = y = z l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 66. Î!î (4a+5b) (4c±5d) = (4a±5b) (4c+5d) £Î˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ a, b, c Á d ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
xyˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 5.3 ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
: b = c : d £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
(i) (a2+b2) : (a2±b
± 2) = (ac+bd) : (ac±bd)
±
d2) : (c2±cd+d2)
(ii) (a2+ab+b2):(a2±ab+b2) = (c2+cd+d
(iii) a2+c2 : b2+d2 = (pa+qc) : (pb+qd)

2. x : a = y : b = z : c £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ

3
y3 3
(x+y+z)3 x 3 +y3 +z3 xyz
(i) x2 + 2 + z2 = (ii) =
a b c (a+b+c)2 a 3 +b3 +c3 abc
(iii) (aa2+b2+c2)(x2+y y2+z2) = (ax+by+cz)2

3. a : b = c : d = e : f £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ

5aa 7c
5a± 7c±13e
1
(i) ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ = (ii) (a2+c2+e2) (b2+d
d2+ff 2) = (ab+cd+ef)2
5b±7d±
d 13f

4. Î!î a : b = b : c £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ

2
abc(a+b+c)3
(ii) a 2 b 2 c2 §¨ 13 + 13 + 13 ·¸ = a 3 +b3 +c3
2 2
(i) a+b = a 2 +b2 (iii) =1
b+c b +c ©a b c ¹ (ab+bc+ca)3
5. a, b, c, d Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
(i) (a2+b2+c2)(b2+c2+d2) = (ab+bc+cd)2 (ii) (b±c)2+(c±a)2+(b±d)2 = (a±
a d)2

97
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 5
m n
6. (i) Î!î a = b £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (m2+n2)(a2+b2) = (am+bn)2
a x
(ii) Î!î b = y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (a+b)(a2+b2)x3 = (x+y)(x2+y2)a3
x y z
(iii) Î!î =
lm±n2 mn±
lm
=
n±l2 nl± l m2
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ lx+my+nz = 0
x y z
(iv) = = £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (b±c)x+(c±a)y+(a± a±b)z = 0
b+c±a c+aa±b a+b±c
x 2 ±y 2
x
(v) y = a±
a+2 = 4a
a 2 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ x 2 +y 2 a 2 +4

8ab x+4a x+4b

(vi) x = a+b £ˆÏúñ ( x±4a + x±4b )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

a b c a+b+cc
7. (i) 3 = 4 = 7 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ c =2
a b c
(ii) q±
q±r = r±
r±p = p±q £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ a+b+c = 0 = pa+qb+rc
ax+by
y bx±ay
y
(iii) a = b £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò–

a+b c+d
8. (i) Î!î b+c = d+a £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ c=a xÌÓyy a+b+c+d = 0

x y z a b c
(ii) Î!î b+c = c+a = a+b £Î˚ñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ = =
y+z±x z+x±y ± x+yy±z
x+yy y+z
y z+x x+y+z ax+by+cz
(iii) 3a± = =
a±b 3b±c 3c±a £ˆÏú ñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ =
a+b+c a 2 +b 2 +c2
x y z x 2 ±yz y 2 ±zx z 2 ±xy
(iv) a = b = c £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 2 = =
a ±bc b 2 ±ca c2 ±ab
3x+4yy 3x±4yy x u
9. (i) Î!î = £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ y = v
3u+4v 3u±
u 4v
(ii) (a+b+c+d) : (a+b±c±d) = (a±
a±b+c±d) : (a±
a±b±c+d) £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ a : b = c : d

2 2 2
1 1 1
10. (i) a = b = c =1 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 1+a + 1+b + 1+c = 1
b+c c+a a+b
a b c
(ii) x2 : (by+cz) = y2 : (cz+ax) = z2 : (ax+by) = 1 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ a+x + b+y + c+z = 1

x y z
11. (i) xa+yb+zc = ya+zb+xc = za+xb+yc ~ÓÇ x+y+z z 0 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
1
a+b+c ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò–
x 2 ±yz y 2 ±zx z 2 ±xy
(ii) = = £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ (a+b+c) (x+y+z) = ax+by+cz
a b c

98
 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛
RATIO AND PROPORTION

a b c a(b±c) b(c±a) c(a±b)

(iii) y+z = =
z+x x+y £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ y 2 ±z 2 z 2 ±x 2 x 2 ±y 2

x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
(i) 3, 4 ~ÓÇ 6ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 24
(ii) 8 ~ÓÇ 12ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# (a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20
(iii) 16 ~ÓÇ 25ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# (a) 400 (b) 100 (c) 20 (d) 40
27 3
(iv) a ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a : = : a £ˆÏúñ a ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
64 4
81 9 16
(a) (b) 9 (c) (d)
256 16 9
((v) 2a = 3b = 4c £ˆÏúñ a : b : c £ˆÏÓ (a) 3: 4: 6 (b) 4: 3: 6 (c) 3: 6: 4 (d) 6: 4: 3

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃ƒ !ú!Ö ı

(i) ab : c2, bc : a2 ~ÓÇ ca : b2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1 : 1
(ii) x3y, x2y2 ~ÓÇ xy3 Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú 64 £ˆÏúñ ≤ÃÌõ Á ì,˛ì˛#Î˚!› Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# –
(ii) a : 2 = b : 5 = c : 8 £ˆÏú aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 50 % = bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 20 % = cÈÙÈ~Ó˚ %–
(iii) (x+2) ~ÓÇ (x±3) ~Ó˚ õïƒ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛## x £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò –
13. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
a = b = c = 2a±3b+4c
(i) 2 3 4 p £ˆÏúñ pÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

3x±5y 1 3x 2 ±5y 2
(ii) =
3x+5y 2 £ˆÏúñ 3x 2 +5y 2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) a : b = 3:4 ~ÓÇ x : y = 5 : 7 £ˆÏúñ (3ax±by)
± : (4by±
y 7ax) Ñ˛ì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) x, 12, y, 27 Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïòydÑ˛ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) a : b = 3 : 2 ~ÓÇ b : c = 3 : 2 £ˆÏúñ a+b : b+c Ñ˛ì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

99
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6

6 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢

COMPOUND D INTEREST AND
D UNIFORM
M RATE OF
INCREASE OR
R DECREASE
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓyØyîy ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% ¢%ˆÏî 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
1 !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyØyîyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄

12000 × 8 × 2
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛
.
. . 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyØyîyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ S1200 + 192V ›˛yÑ˛y = 1392 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛
!ü«˛ˆÏ
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!Ñ˛hhs$˛ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyØyîyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ 1399.68 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏúy– fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ –
2 ~õò £ˆÏúy ˆÑ˛ò⁄ xÌ≈yÍ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆõy›˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 1392 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü
£ˆÏúy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
Á£z ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ÓyØyîyîyˆÏÑ˛ 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏî SCompound interestV
ïyÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò–
3 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Ñ˛#⁄
Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ¢%î î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ SiV ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î SiiV â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î–
¢Ó˚ú ¢%î ı ˆÑ˛Óú xy¢ú Óy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢%î ïyÎ≈ £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Óúy £Î˚– [Simple Interest]
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ı ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!ã≈ì˛ ¢%î õ)úïò Óy xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú Óy
¢Ó,!Âïõ)úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ òì%˛ò xy¢ú Óy õ)úïò !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ÎÖò ¢%î !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z ¢%îˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î SCompound InterestV Óúy £Î˚–
4 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ≤Ãy˛ôƒ £ˆÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyòÓ⁄
ˆÎ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ≤Ãy˛ôƒ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ SInterest Period of Compound
interestV ÓˆÏú– â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ 3 õy¢ñ 6 õy¢ñ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆîÎ˚ ÓˆÏú ïÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚
˛ôÓ≈ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚ ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
5 ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛#⁄
xy¢ú Óy õ)úïò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Óúy £Î˚–
ÓyØyîyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y
8
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = S1200 × 10 0 V ›˛yÑ˛y = 96 ›˛yÑ˛y
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = (1200 + 96) ›˛yÑ˛y = 1296 ›˛yÑ˛y
. 8
.. !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = S1296 × 10 0V ›˛yÑ˛y = 103.68 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = (1296 + 103.68) ›˛yÑ˛y = 1399.68 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy¢ú Óy õ)úïò ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢%î ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï xy¢ú Óy
õ)úïò ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚–

100
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ Î!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏî 1400 ›˛yÑ˛y 2ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ !ò£zñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï
¢%î Á ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ˆîˆÏÓy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 100.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 5.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 105.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 5.25 ›˛yÑ˛y [105 × 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y]
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 110.25 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = S110.25 – 100.00V ›˛yÑ˛y xÌÓy S5.00 + 5.25V ›˛yÑ˛y = 10.25 ›˛yÑ˛y
~Öò Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 10.25
1400 ⁄
100 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 10.25 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 .25
1 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
10.25 × 1400
1400 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 100 = ›˛yÑ˛y
..
S . xy¢ú Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ [¢Ó˚ú/Óƒhfl˛n xyˆÏäÈV
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 143.50 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï S1400 + 143.50V ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 1400.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 70.00 ›˛yÑ˛y l . 1400 × 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛yn
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)úïò = 1470.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 73.50 ›˛yÑ˛y l . 1470 × 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛yn
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 1543.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = S1543.50 – 1400.00V ›˛yÑ˛y
xÌÓy S70.00 + 73.50V ›˛yÑ˛y = 143.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ xy¢ú = p ›˛yÑ˛yñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = r %
. p×r×1
. . ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%î = ›˛yÑ˛y
100
pr r
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p + 100 = p (1 + 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
r
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)úïò = p (1 + 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y

101
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6

­ § r · ½
°° p ¨1+ 100 ¸ ×r×1°°
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%î = ® © ¹
.
.. ¾ ›˛yÑ˛y
° 100 °
¯° ¿°

­ § r · ½
°° § p ¨1+ ¸ ×r×1 °
r · © 100 ¹ °
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = ®p ¨1+ ¸+ ¾ ›˛yÑ˛y
° © 100 ¹ 100 °
°¯ °¿
r r
= p (1 + 100 ) {1 + 100 } ›˛yÑ˛y
r 2
= p (1 + 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
. r 2
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1 + 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y ------------------- SIV
. r 2
. . 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = {p (1 + 100 ) – p} ›˛yÑ˛y
r r 2
= p{ 12+ (2×1× 100 ) + (100 ) –12} ›˛yÑ˛y
r r
= p 100 (2 + 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . p = 1400 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 5 £ˆÏúñ
5
SIV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 1400 (1 + 10 0)2 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 5 10 5
= 1400 × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = S1543.50 – 1400.00V ›˛yÑ˛y = 143.50 ›˛yÑ˛y

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı2. õ)úïò p ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r % £ˆÏú 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
r 2
SIV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)úïò = p (1 + 100 )
. r 2 r 2 r
. . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1 + 100 ) + p (1 + 100 ) × 100
r r
= p (1+ 100 )2 (1+ 100 )
r
= p (1+ 100 )3
. r 3
. . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1 + 100 ) ------------------- SIIV
r n
... n ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1+ 100 )
ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ p = õ)úïòñ r = üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ n = ¢õÎ˚ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı3. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 1000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

102
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı4. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Ñ˛ì˛
˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)úïò = 4000.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 200.00 ›˛yÑ˛y S . 4000× 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛yV
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 4200.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 210.00 ›˛yÑ˛y S . 4200 × 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛yV
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 4410.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
5
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 220.50 ›˛yÑ˛y S4410 × 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛yV
3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 4630.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ˛ôyÓ = 4630.50 ›˛yÑ˛y – 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y
= 630.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ p = 4000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 5 ~ÓÇ n = 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ñ
r
SIIV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1+ 100 )n ›˛yÑ˛y
5
= 4000 (1+ 10 0 ) 3 ›˛yÑ˛y
105 105 105
= 4000 × 100 × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
= ›˛yÑ˛y
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ˛ôyÓ = S4630.50 – 4000V ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 10ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Î!î 6 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ¢%î xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 8000
1
›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 –2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
≤ÃÌõ 6 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy¢ú = 8000 ›˛yÑ˛y
1 .. 10 1
≤ÃÌõ 6 õy¢ Óy –2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 10% ¢%î = 400 ›˛yÑ˛y S . 8000 × 10 0 × –2 ›˛yÑ˛yV
!mì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ xy¢ú = 8400 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 10 1
!mì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ 10% ¢%î = 420 ›˛yÑ˛y S . 8400 × 10 0 × –2 ›˛yÑ˛yV
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ xy¢ú = 8820 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 10 1
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ 10% ¢%î = 441 ›˛yÑ˛y S . 8820 × 10 0 × –2 ›˛yÑ˛yV
. 1
. . 1–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 9261 ›˛yÑ˛y
. 1
. . 1–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = S9261 ›˛yÑ˛y – 8000 ›˛yÑ˛yV = 1261 ›˛yÑ˛y

103
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ õ)úïò = p ›˛yÑ˛yñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = r %
p×r× 1
? ≤ÃÌõ 6 õy¢ Óy 12 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%î =
100
2 ›˛yÑ˛y

§ r ·
§ p× r ·
? ≤ÃÌõ 6 õyˆÏ¢ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = ¨ p + 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨1 + 100 ¸¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
§ r ·
¨ 2 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
? !mì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ õ)úïò = p ¨1 + 100 ¸¸
¨
© ¹
§ r ·
¨
p 1+ 2 ¸× r × 1
¨¨ 100 ¸¸ 2
© ¹
!mì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%î = 100
›˛yÑ˛y

§ r ·2 § r · 2×1
? !mì˛#Î˚ 6 õy¢ Óy 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨¨1 + 100
2 ¸
¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨¨1 + 100
2 ¸
¸¸
¨ ¸ ¨
© ¹ © ¹
2u 3
§ r ·3 § r · 2

1 ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ 6 õyˆÏ¢ Óy 1 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨1 + 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨1 + 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢%î °Ïy^˘È¬y!¢Ñ˛ Óy ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ 2 £ˆÏú n ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ r · 2n
¨ 2 ¸
¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨1 + 100 ¸¸ ------------------- SIIIV
¨
© ¹
1 3
ï!Ó˚ñ p = 8000 ›˛yÑ˛y r = 10 ñ n = 1–2 ÓäÈÓ˚ = –2 ÓäÈÓ˚
3 u2
§ 10 · 2
1– 5
. . SIII ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõVñ 12 ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 8000 ¨1 + 2 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = 8000 S1+ 10 0 V 3 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
¨¨ 100 ¸¸
© ¹
10 5 10 5 10 5
= 8000 × 100 × 100 × 100 = ›˛yÑ˛y
. 1
. . 1–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏí≈Î˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î " ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı7. 6 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 1000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï
¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

104
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı8. 3 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆîÏ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
≤ÃÌõ 3 õyˆÏ¢ xy¢ú = 10000.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
1 .. 8 1
≤ÃÌõ 3 õy¢ Óy 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 8 % ¢%î = 200.00 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 10000 × 10 0 × 4 ›˛yÑ˛y]
!mì˛#Î˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢ xy¢ú = 10200.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 8 1
!mì˛#Î˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 8 % ¢%î = 204.00 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 10200 × 10 0 × 4 ›˛yÑ˛y]
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢ xy¢ú = 10404.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 8 1
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 8 % ¢%î = 208.08 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 10404 × 10 0 × 4 ›˛yÑ˛y]
... 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 10612. 08 ›˛yÑ˛y
... 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = 10612.08 ›˛yÑ˛y – 10000.00 ›˛yÑ˛y = 612.08 ›˛yÑ˛y

xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ï!Ó˚ñ õ)úïò = p ›˛yÑ˛yñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = r %
p×r× 1
≤ÃÌõ 3 õyˆÏ¢ Óy 14 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%î = 100 4 ›˛yÑ˛y
4× 1
§ p×r× 1 · § r · § r · 4
≤ÃÌõ 3 õyˆÏ¢ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = ¨¨ p+ 100 4 ¸¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨¨1 + 1004 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨1+ 4 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
¸¸ ¨¨ 100 ¸¸
¨ ¸ ¨ © ¹
© ¹ © ¹
S . 3 õy¢ = 14 ÓäÈÓ˚V
..
§ r ·
. . !mì˛#Î˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)úïò = p ¨¨1 + 4 ¸¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
.
¨ 100 ¸
© ¹
§ r ·
¨
p 1+ 4 ¸× r × 1
§ r · ¨
¨ 100 ¸¸ 4
. ¨ 4 ¸ © ¹
. . !mì˛#Î˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨1+ 100 ¸ + 100
›˛yÑ˛y
¨ ¸
© ¹
2 4u 2
§ r · § r · 4
¨ 4 ¸ ¨ 4 ¸ .. 2
= p ¨1+ 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨1+ 100 ¸ S . 6 õy¢ = ÓäÈÓ˚V
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 4
© ¹ © ¹
4u 3
§ r ·
3
§ r · 4
¨ 4 ¸
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ 3 õyˆÏ¢ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨¨1+ 1004 ¸
›˛yÑ˛y = p ¨1+ 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y S . 9 õy¢ = 34 ÓäÈÓV˚
..
¨ ¸
¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ r % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî x!ã≈ì˛ ¢%î ˜eõy!¢Ñ˛ xÌ≈yÍ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ 4 £ˆÏú n ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
4n
§ r ·
¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨1+ 100 ¸¸
¨ 4 (IV)
¨ ¸
© ¹

105
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
9 3
ï!Ó˚ñ p = 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 8 ~ÓÇ n = 12 ÓäÈÓ˚ = 4 ÓäÈÓ˚
4× 3
§ 8 · 4
¨ 4 ¸
? SIV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõVñ 9 õyˆÏ¢ Óy 34 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âïï = 10000 ¨1+ 100 ¸ ›˛yÑ˛y
¨ ¸
© ¹
2 3
= 10000 (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
10 2 10 2 10 2
= 10000 × 100 × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
= ›˛yÑ˛y
? 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = S – V ›˛yÑ˛yy = ›˛yÑ˛y [!òˆÏã !ú!Ö]
!Óı oı ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ÖyˆÏò v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎy܃ ˆÎñ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óì≈˛õyò ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢Ó≈¢yÑ%˛ˆÏúƒ ˆÑ˛Óúõye
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ 3!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ÓÇ ˆõy›˛ ãõyÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓÂï ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı9. ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y!Ó!Ó 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˆÎ ≤ÃÌõñ !mì˛#Î˚ Á ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
ÓäȈÏÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 4 % ñ 5 % Á 6 % ó 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y!Ó!Ó ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú
Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆîˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 100.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 4
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 4% ¢%î = 4.00 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ]
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 104.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 5.20 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 104× 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ]
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 109.20 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 6
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 6% ¢%î = 6.552 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 109.20 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ]
. . . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 115.752 ›˛yÑ˛y
... â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = (115.752 – 100.00) ›˛yÑ˛y xÌÓy (4.00 + 5.20 + 6.552) ›˛yÑ˛yy = 15.752 ›˛yÑ˛y
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 15.752
30000 ⁄
100 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 15.752 ›˛yÑ˛y
15 . 752
1 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
15.752 × 30000
30000 ›˛yÑ˛y xy¢ú £ˆÏú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 4725.60 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y!Ó!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ = S30000 ` 4725.60V ›˛yÑ˛y
= 34725.60 ›˛yÑ˛y

106
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–

ï!Ó˚ñ xy¢ú = p ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌõñ !mì˛#Î˚ Á ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ r1%, r2% ~ÓÇ r3%
. p × r1 ×1 p r1
. . ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y
. p r1 r1
. . ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%îy¢ú = p + 10 0 = p (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
. r1
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = p (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
§ r ·
p ¨1+ 1 ¸ ×r2 ×1
100
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = © 100¹
.
›˛yÑ˛y
§ r ·
p ¨1+ 1 ¸ ×r2
.
l
§ r1 ·
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ° ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p ¨1+ 100
©
¸+
¹
© 100 ¹
100
n ›˛yÑ˛y
r1 r2
= p (1 + 10 0 ) (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
. r1 r2 r3
. . ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy£zñ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1 + 10 0 ) (1 + 10 0 ) (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
ï!Ó˚ñ p " 30000 , r1 = 4 % , r2 = 5 % ~ÓÇ r3 = 6 %
. 4 5 6
. . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 30000 ' S1+ 10 0V S1+ 10 0V S1+ 10 0V ›˛yÑ˛y
10 4 10 5 10 6
= 30000 ' 100 ' 100 ' 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y!Ó!Ó ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 34725.60 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. Î!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäÈÓ˚ 4% ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ 5% £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 25000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. xy!õ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y 2–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú
Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
r
≤ÃÌõ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p (1 + 10 0)2 [p = 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 4]
4 10 4 10 4
= 10000 (1 + 10 0 )2 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10000 × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
= 10816 ›˛yÑ˛y
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï õ)úïò = 10816 ›˛yÑ˛y

1– 10816 u 4 u 1
ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 2 ›˛yÑ˛y = 216.32 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
1
? 2 –2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = S10816 + 216.32V›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y

107
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1 4 2 4 2 6 4
2–
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 10000 S1+ 100V ›˛yÑ˛y + 10000 S1 + 100V × 12 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
4 V2 S1 + 6 × 4 V›˛yÑ˛y
= 10000 S1+ 100 12 100
= 10000 × 104×104 102 1103232
32
100×100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 11032.32 ›˛yÑ˛y
1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 30000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 13. Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆîÏ Ó˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 246 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 100.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 5.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ú = 105.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 5% ¢%î = 5.25 ›˛yÑ˛y [ . 105× 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y ]
... 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 110.25 ›˛yÑ˛y
... 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = (110.25 – 100.00) ›˛yÑ˛y = 10.25 ›˛yÑ˛y
... Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yV xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yV
10.25 100
246 ⁄
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 10.25 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100 ›˛yÑ˛y
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 1 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 10.25

â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 246 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 100 × 246

10.25 ›˛yÑ˛y = 2400 ›˛yÑ˛y

xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ï!Ó˚ñ xy¢ú = x ›˛yÑ˛y
5
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = x (1 + 100 )2 ›˛yÑ˛y
= x × 105 105 441xx
100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 400 ›˛yÑ˛y
... 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = (441x
400 – x)
›˛yÑ˛y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 441x
x
400 – x = 246
Óyñ 441x400
– 400x
00x = 246

41xx = 246
Óyñ 400
246 × 400
... x = 41 = 2400
.. . xy¢ú 2400 ›˛yÑ˛y–

108
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú 3528 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4 % £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ xy¢ú = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
1000 × 2 × 4
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4 % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 8 ›˛yÑ˛y
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 4 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î
4
= {100 (1 + 10 0 )2 – 100} ›˛yÑ˛y
26 6 76 100 × 51 20 4
= 100{( 2 5 ) 2 – 1} ›˛yÑ˛y = 100 ( 625 – 1) ›˛yÑ˛y = 625 ›˛yÑ˛y = 25 ›˛yÑ˛y = 8.16 ›˛yÑ˛y
... â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ = (8.16 – 8.00) ›˛yÑ˛y = 0.16 ›˛yÑ˛y–
... Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
0.16 100
80 ⁄
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 0.16 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 0.16 ›˛yÑ˛y
1000 × 80
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú xy¢ú 0.16 ›˛yÑ˛y = 50000 ›˛yÑ˛y
... xy¢ú 50000 ›˛yÑ˛y
˛xy!õ xòƒ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ xy¢ú = x ›˛yÑ˛y
x ×4 × 2 2x
... 4 % £yˆÏÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 2 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
4
4 % £yˆÏÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = x (1 + 10 0 )2 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 4 10 4 6 76xx
= x × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 6 25 ›˛yÑ˛y
6 76x
7 51x
... 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = ( 6 25 – x) ›˛yÑ˛y = 62 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
51x 2x
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 62 5 – 2 5 = 80
51x – 50x
Óyñ 625 = 80
Óyñ x = 80 × 625
... x = 50000
... xy¢ú 50000 ›˛yÑ˛y

109
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı16. !õò!ì˛!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆõÎ˚yî ˆüˆÏ°Ï
37791.36 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– !õò!ì˛!î Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !õò!ì˛!î!î x ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
8 10 8 10 8 10 8
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = x (1 + 1000 )3 ›˛yÑ˛yy = x × 100 × 100 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
10 8 10 8 10 8
... üì˛≈yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x ' 100 × 100 × 100 = 37791.36
Óyñ x ×2527× ×2527× ×2527 = 37791.36

Óyñ x = 37791.36 × 25 × 25 × 25 .
27 × 27 × 27
. . x = 30000
... !õò!ì˛!î!î 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı17. xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö !õò!ì˛!î ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı18. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 400 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 410 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ Á£z
õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Á üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î = 400 ›˛yÑ˛y
1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î = S400 · 2V ›˛yÑ˛y = 200 ›˛yÑ˛y
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ = S410 –È 400V ›˛yÑ˛y = 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
... 200 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = S10 · 2V ›˛yÑ˛y = 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ = 5 %
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ xy¢ú S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ¢õÎ˚ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V ¢%î S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 1 5
⁄ 2 400
1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 2 ›˛yÑ˛y
100
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 1 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 2× 5 ›˛yÑ˛y
1000 × 400
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 400 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%î £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò xy¢ú 2 × 5 ›˛yÑ˛y = 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õ)úïò 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5 %
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ õ)úïò p ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r %
p ×r×2 2pr
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏî 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î = 10 0 ›˛yÑ˛y = 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
r V2 ›˛yÑ˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r† â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = p S1 + 100
... 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î = lp S1+ r V2 – pn ›˛yÑ˛y = pl1 + 2r + S r V2 – 1n ›˛yÑ˛y
100 100 100
pr r n ›˛yÑ˛y
= l2 + 100
100

110
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

2pr
üì˛≈yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ = 400 È................... SiV
100
pr r n = 410 ..................... SiiV
100
l2 + 100
SiiV òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚íÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ SiV òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
pr ª
2+ r º
100 «¬ 100 »¼ 410
=
2pr 400
100

2+ r
Óyñ 100 = 41
2 40
40r = 82
Óyñ 80 + 100
2r
Óyñ 5 = 82 – 80 = 2
Óyñ 2r = 10 ... r " 5
2 × p× 5
... SiV òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ 100 = 400 ... p = 4000
... õ)úïò 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 5 %
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı19. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 840 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 869.40 ›˛yÑ˛y
£ˆÏúñ Á£z õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı20. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 11664 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ ì˛y
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ r %
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ r† â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 10000 S1 + 100 r V2

üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 10000 S1 + 100 r V2 = 11664

r V2 = 11664
Óyñ S1 + 100 10000
r V2 = 729
Óyñ S1 + 100 625
r V2 = S 27V2
Óyñ S1 + 100 25
r = 27
Óyñ 1 + 100 25
r = 27 – 1
Óyñ 100 25
r = 2
Óyñ 100 25
Óyñ r = 200
25 ... r " 8
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 8 %

111
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı21. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)úÏ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 5832 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı22. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 5324 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ n ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 5324 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ–
10 n
... n ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï = 4000 (1 + 10 0 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
10 n
üì˛≈yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 4000 (1 + 10 0 ) = 5324
11 n 5324532
Óyñ (10) = 4000
11 n 1331
133
Óyñ (10) = 1000
11 n 11 3
Óyñ (10) = (10)
... n = 3
... Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 5324 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı23. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 6050 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 6.1

1. xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ– xy!õ Á£z ›˛yÑ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8.5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ ãõy
Ó˚yÖúyõ– 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. ˆÜÔì˛õÓyÓ% 2000 ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 6% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
!ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ˆîˆÏÓò ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. 30000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 9% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1
5. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 80000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 –2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
6. äÈ®yˆÏîÓ# Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 2496 ›˛yÑ˛y
£ˆÏú äÈ®yˆÏîÓ# Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî ˆÑ˛yò xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 2648 £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
8. Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 9% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏîÈÙÈxy¢ˆÏú
29702.50 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äȈÏúò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

112
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

9. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 31492.80 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
10. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 7.5% ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 12000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. 10ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 9 % ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 129.60 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ Á£z
›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
13. Î!î Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % £yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 930 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z
›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Î!î ≤ÃÌõ ÓäÈÓ˚ 7 % ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ 8% £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 6000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
15. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Î!î ≤ÃÌõ ÓäÈÓ˚ 5 % ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ 6% £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
16. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ò!î≈T˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î 50 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 102 ›˛yÑ˛y
£ˆÏúñ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
17. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î Á â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 8400 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 8652 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú õ)úïò
Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
18. 6 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 6000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
19. 3 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 6250 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
20. Î!î 60000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 69984 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
21. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 8 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 40000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 46656 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
22. üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆîÏ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 12100 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
23. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 50000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 60500 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
24. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ 300000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 399300 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
1
25. ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ 6 õy¢ £ˆÏú Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 1600 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 1–2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á
¢%îÈÙÈxy¢ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚

xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

113
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
Üì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ü«˛í ˆÑ˛w â˛yú% £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ö%Ó x“ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛
˛ôM˛õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ £zFä%ÈÑ˛ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y Á
xòƒyòƒ £zFä%ÈÑ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎy܃ì˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚#
Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ӰψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ K˛yò úy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. Óì≈˛õyˆÏò 4000 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# ~£z ≤Ã!ü«˛í ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ≤Ã!ü«˛í !òˆÏFäÈ– !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#
2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 5 % ˆÓ!ü !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ≤Ã!ü«˛í ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ≤Ã!ü«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ
ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛ì˛ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# ~£z ≤Ã!ü«˛ˆÏí xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ
˛ôyˆÏÓ⁄
Óì≈˛õyò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 4000 ãò
5
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5 % Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ = 200 ãò l... 4000 × 10 0 ãò = 200 ãòn
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# = 4200 ãò
5
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 5 % Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ = 210 ãò l... 4200 × 10 0 ãò = 210 ãò n
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ = 4410 ãò

6 ¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z Ó,!ÂïˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï ᛲˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âïï lUniform rate of growthn ~ÓÇ ¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ᛲˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ£yÓ˚
£…y¢ Óy xÓâ˛Î˚Î lUniform rate of decrease or depreciationn Óúy £Î˚–
ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âïñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âïñ Ñ,˛!°Ï Á !üˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛zͲôyîò Ó,!Âï ≤ö,˛!ì˛ ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚
Ñ˛õyÜì˛ â˛úyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ΈÏs˛fÓ˚ «˛Î˚ñ xˆÏòÑ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ñ xy¢ÓyÓ˛ôeñ ÎyòÓy£ò £zì˛ƒy!î xfiÌyÓÓ˚ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚
õ)úƒ £…y¢ñ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÓ˚yÜ Óƒy!ïÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £…y¢ ≤ö,˛!ì˛ ¢õ£yÓ˚ £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛–
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ Óì≈˛õyò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 4000 ãò
105
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 4000 × 100 ãò
105 105
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 4000 × 100 × 100 ãò = 4410 ãò
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 4410 ãò £ˆÏÓ–
¢õ£yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢)e ~ÓÇ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢)e ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ–
xy!õ p(1+ 100 r )n ¢)ˆe
Ï Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö ˆÎÖyˆÏò p = Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒyñ r% = ÓäȈÏÓ˚
ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ n = ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ Á£z ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy p ~ÓÇ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ r %
.
. . n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ = p (1 + 100 r )n

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~ÖyˆÏò p = 4000 ãòñ r = 5 ~ÓÇ n = 2 ÓäÈÓ˚

. 5 105 105
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆõy›˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# £ˆÏÓ = 4000 × (1 + 100 )2 ãò = 4000 × 100 × 100 ãò
= ãò

114
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Á£z ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ãò¢ÇÖƒy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚
2 %ó Á£z ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy Î!î 2000000 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy = 2000000
.. 2
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 2 % £yˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âï = 40000 l . 2000000 × 10 0 = 40000n
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ ãò¢ÇÖƒy = 2040000
.. 2
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 2 % £yˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âï = 40800 l . 2040000 × 10 0 = 40800n
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ ãò¢ÇÖƒy = 2080800
.. 2
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 2 % £yˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âï = 41616 l . 2080800 × 10 0 = 41616n
3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ãò¢ÇÖƒy = 2122416
.
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ 2122416 .
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
ï!Ó˚ñ p = 2000000 ãòñ r = 2 ~ÓÇ n = 3
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy = 2000000 (1 + 10 0 )
. 2 3

102 102 102

= 2000000 × 100 × 100 × 100
= 2122416

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ ˛≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 10 % £yˆÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ≤ÃyÆ £Î˚–
ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ = 100.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÃÌõ ÓäÈÓ˚ 10 % õ)úƒ £…y¢ = 10.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ £…y¢≤ÃyÆ õ)úƒ = 90.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
10
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10 % õ)úƒ £…y¢ = 9.00 ›˛yÑ˛y l...90 × 10 0 = 9n
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ £…y¢≤ÃyÆ õ)úƒ = 81.00 ›˛yÑ˛y
10
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10 % õ)úƒ £…y¢ = 8.10 ›˛yÑ˛y l... 81 × 10 0 = 8.10n
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ = 72.90 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V £…y¢ ≤ÃyÆ õ)úƒ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
100 72.90
60000 ?
Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ Á £…y¢≤ÃyÆ õ)úƒ ¢Ó˚ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
. 6000 00
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ = 72.90 × 100 ›˛yÑ˛y = 43740 ›˛yÑ˛y

115
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 6
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ = 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 10
≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10 % £…y¢ = 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y l . 60000 × 10 0 = 6000n
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒ = 54000 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 10
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10 % õ)úƒ £…y¢ = 5400 ›˛yÑ˛y l . 54000 × 10 0 = 5400n
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒ = 48600 ›˛yÑ˛y
.. 10
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 10 % õ)úƒ £…y¢ = 4860 ›˛yÑ˛y l . 48600 × 10 0 = 4860n
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õ)úƒ = 43740 ›˛yÑ˛y
.
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ 43740 ›˛yÑ˛y
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ p ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ = r %
. p×r
. . ≤ÃÌõ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ = ›˛yÑ˛y
100
pr r ) ›˛yÑ˛y
. . !mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ £Î˚ = ( p ± 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y = p (1 ± 100
.

§ r ·
p ¨1± ¸ ×r
© 100 ¹
!mì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y
100
. . ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒ £Î˚ = [ p (1 ± 100
. r ) ± pr (1 ± r )] ›˛yÑ˛y = p (1 ± r )2 ›˛yÑ˛y
100 100 100
r
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï õ)úƒ £ˆÏÓ = p (1 ± 100 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
3

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ £ˆÏÓ = p (1 ± 100r )n

. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ £ˆÏÓ = p (1 ± 100

. r )n lˆÎÖyˆÏò p = 60000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ r = 10% ~ÓÇ n = 3n

10 )3 ›˛yÑ˛y = 60000 × 90 × 90 × 90 ›˛yÑ˛y =

= 60000(1± 100 ›˛yÑ˛y
100 100 100
.
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Îs˛f!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ £ˆÏÓ 43740 ›˛yÑ˛y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõy›˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ õ)úƒ 3 úyÖ ›˛yÑ˛y– Üy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ ÓyÍ¢!Ó˚Ñ˛ x˛ôâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £yÓ˚ 30 % £ˆÏúñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛# îyõ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yˆÏム˛ôÌ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚y!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ ˛ôÌ î%á≈›˛òy ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 10 % £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ Á£z Ó˚yˆÏムÎ!î 2916 !›˛ ˛ôÌ î%á≈›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚
˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z Ó˚yˆÏムî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈúñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z Ó˚yˆÏムî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú x !›˛
10 3
. . Óì≈˛õyˆÏò Á£z Ó˚yˆÏムî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = x (1± 10 0 ) !›˛
.
10 3
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x (1± 10 0 ) = 2916
90 90 90 2916×100×100×100 .
Óyñ x × 10 0 × 10 0 × 10 0 = 2916 Óyñ x = . . x = 4000
90×90×90
.
. . 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z Ó˚yˆÏムî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú 4000 !›˛–

116
 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy 5,76,000 ó Î!î ãò¢ÇÖƒy ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 6 3 % !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓyˆÏv˛¸
ì˛y£ˆÏú 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈúñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 6.2
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

˛ô£úõ˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy 10000ó Á£z @˘ÃyˆÏõ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 3 % £ˆÏúñ
2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 2 %ó Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy 80000000 £ˆÏúñ
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúî Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 10 % £…y¢ ≤ÃyÆ £Î˚– ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò
õ)úƒ 100000 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ¢Ó≈!ü«˛y x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆäȈÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛!ì≈˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚)˛ô !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!ì≈˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ÓäÈÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 5 % Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ˆãúyÎ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ Î!î 3528 ãò ~Ó˚)˛ô !ü«˛yÌ≈# òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛!ì≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ~Ó˚)˛ô Ñ˛ì˛ ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# ¶˛!ì≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5. ˛ô%Ó˚%!úÎ˚y ˆãúyÎ˚ ˛ôÌ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ ˛ôÌ î%á≈›˛òy ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 10 % £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ~£z ˆãúyÎ˚ 8748 !›˛ ˛ôÌ î%á≈›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÌ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈúñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6. ~Ñ˛!›˛ õÍ¢ƒã#Ó# ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ õyäÈ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ó˚)˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zͲôyîò ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 10 % Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ Î!î Á£z
¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ 400 Ñ%˛£zr›˛yú õyäÈ v˛zͲôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ õyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zͲôyîò Ñ˛ì
˛£ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 20 % £yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚– ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 28.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ
2 ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈúñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xy㠈̈ÏÑ˛ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ !Óî%ƒÍ x˛ôâ˛Î˚ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛È £zˆÏúÑ˛!›˛ΔÑ˛ !ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÖÓ˚â˛
ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 5 % £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚
4000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £zˆÏúÑ˛!›˛ΔÑ˛ !Óú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ £zˆÏúÑ˛!›˛ΔÑ˛ !ÓˆÏú !Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚â˛ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. ˆüy¶˛òÓyÓ%Ó˚ Áãò 80 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.– Áãò Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò !òÎ˚!õì˛ £§y›˛y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò
ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ Îy Áãò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ 10 % £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆüy¶˛òÓyÓ%Ó˚ Áãò Ñ˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ˆãúyÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ õyïƒ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ (M.S.K) Óì≈˛õyò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 3993 ãò– ≤Ã!ì˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ !ÓÜì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Î!î 10 % !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z ˆãúyÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú
õyïƒ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈúñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

117
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11. Ñ,˛!°Ïã!õˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛Óúõye Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ%˛ö˛ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
Ó˚¢%ú˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˆÑ˛Óúõye Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 20 % £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚¢%ú˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ÁÓ˚Ñ˛õ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 3000 ãò £ˆÏúñ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò
Á£z @˘ÃyˆÏõ ÁÓ˚Ñ˛õ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ 180000 ›˛yÑ˛y– ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 10 % £…y¢ ≤ÃyÆ £Î˚–
3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

13. ÓÑ%˛úì˛úy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ¢!õ!ì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ˆò£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !Óî%ƒÍ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏòyÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z @˘ÃyˆÏõ 1200 ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ˆò£z– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ Î!î ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ì%˛úòyÎ˚ 75 % !Óî%ƒÍ£#ò ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑ%˛úì˛úy
@˘ÃyˆÏõ !Óî%ƒ¸Í£#ò ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. ˆÓyì˛ú ¶˛!ì≈˛ ‡˛yu˛y ˛ôyò#Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚)˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì ˛ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛#
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Á£z ‡˛yu˛y ˛ôyò#Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 25 % £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ü£ˆÏÓ˚
‡˛yu˛y ˛ôyò#Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 80000 £ˆÏúñ Óì≈˛õyò ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ‡˛yu˛y ˛ôyò#Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
1
15. ï)õ˛ôyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 6 ±4 % £yˆÏÓ˚ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ü£ˆÏÓ˚ 33750 ãò ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚# ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Á£z ü£ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ãò ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚# !äÈúñ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö–
16. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛zÁÓ˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı

(i) â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
(a) ¢õyò (b) x¢õyò (c) ¢õyò xÌÓy x¢õyò v˛z¶˛Î˚£z (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚

(ii) â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe

(a) ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xy¢ú ~Ñ˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛ (b) ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xy¢ú ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚
(c) ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xy¢ú ~Ñ˛£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚

(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒy p ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 2r % £ˆÏúñ n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ãò¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ
r )n (b) p (1 + r )n (c) p (1 + r )2n (d) p (1 ± r )n
(a) p (1 + 100 50 100 100
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò õ)úƒ 2p ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ îyõ 2r% £…y¢ £ˆÏú 2n
n ÓäÈÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ îyõ £ˆÏÓ
(a) p (1 ± 100 r )n ›˛yÑ˛y r )n ›˛yÑ˛y
(b) 2p (1 ± 50

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(c) p (1 ± 50 r )2n ›˛yÑ˛y
(d) 2p (1 ± 50

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COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OFF INCREASE OR
R DECREASE

(v) ~Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ãõy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖñ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏúò 121 ›˛yÑ˛y–
Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚
1
(a) 10 % (b) 20 % (c) 5 % (d) 10 ±2 %

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) !ò!î≈T˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓ–
(ii) â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õÎ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ ¢%î xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎyÜ £Î˚– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚
ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛õyÜì˛ Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) !ò!î≈T˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚ú
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí –
(ii) ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï £ˆÏú ˆ¢!›˛ Ó,!Âï–
(iii) ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ £…y¢ £ˆÏú ˆ¢!›˛ ¢õ£yÓ˚ –
17. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛zÁÓ˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) 400 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 441 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(ii) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y n ÓäȈÏÓ˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 4 Ü%í £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iii) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 5 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 615 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ xy¢ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ r % £…y¢≤ÃyÆ £ˆÏúñ n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ £Î˚ v ›˛yÑ˛y– n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆõ!üò!›˛Ó˚ õ)úƒ
Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy r % Ó,!Âï £ˆÏú n ÓäÈÓ˚ ôÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚ p ó n ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú ì˛y
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

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THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~ ÓäȈÓÏ Á

˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
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Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyõÓ˚y îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y
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Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô A PB Á x!ïâ˛y˛ô A QB –
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 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

ˆ¢y£õ xyÓ˚Á î%!›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚yÖú–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ APB â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ø%Ö Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ADB ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛ ADQCB Ó,_yLjÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ–
xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛–
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí £ˆÏúy ñ ñ Á
–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ADEQCB x!ïÓ,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ~ÓÇ ASPB v˛z˛ôÓ,_yÇüfiÌ
Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–

>
Ï Ó˚ AB ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–~£z ‘AOB ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
2 O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_

‘AOB ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó,_â˛y˛ô A SB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ÓˆÏú–
õy!Ó˚Î˚y Á üy!Ñ˛ú xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢Ü%!ú £ˆÏúyñ
P P Q

O O O O
P

A B A B A B A B
Q Q S Q P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) òÇñ (ii) òÇ Ó,ˆÏ_ AQB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí
– !Ñ˛hs$˛ (iii) òÇ Ó,ˆÏ_ ASB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ASQ
Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –
.
. . (iii) òÇ Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘APQ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ (iv) òÇ Ó,ˆÏ_ AQB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ≤ÃÓ,Âï ‘AOB ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘APB
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ 7.2
1V xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚y (a) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛
(b) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
2V xy!õ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚y (a) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Ü!‡˛ì˛ (b) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
3V äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ˆîˆÏÖ v˛z_Ó˚ !î£z ı SO Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wV
Q Q
(a) C
P O
O O
x Ox x x
x
O A B
A B A B A B A B D
P Q D P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

121
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
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(i) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ‘AOB ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ APB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí–
(ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ AQB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
(iii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ‘ADB ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí–
(iv) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ‘ACB ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –
(v) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí òÎ˚–
(b)

(i) (ii)

(i) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– ~Ó˚y ADCB Ó,_yLjÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛–
(ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Á ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –

Ó#íy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– xy!õ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛ Á
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ P

1V O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AQB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ O
x
ˆÑ˛yí ‘APB xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
A B
2V ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ î%ˆÏ›˛y ‘APB ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ‘AOB ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– Q
P P O (P)

O A B
A B
A B A B A B
Q Q Q Q Q
B (A)
3V ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z î%!›˛ ‘APBñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘AOBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !îúyõ–

£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆîÖ!äÈñ 2‘APB = ‘AOB

xÌ≈yÍ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !mÜ%í–

xy!õ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á
Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
!mÜ%í– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

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THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 34. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á£z â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !mÜ%í–
C C C

O A B
Ox A x B O
Ox D x C
D D D
A B P A B
P P P
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,_â˛yÏ˛ô APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí
‘ACB–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı ‘AOB = 2‘ACB
Ó,_â˛y˛ô AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !ì˛òÓ˚Ñ˛õ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– (i) Á (iv) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe APB v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô (ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe
APB xï≈Ó,_â˛y˛ô (iii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe APB x!ïâ˛y˛ô–
xAÑ˛ò ı C, O Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ D !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ' AOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ OA = OC l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
.
. . ‘OCA = ‘OAC
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£zñ ' AOCÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ CO Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚
Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘AOD = ‘OAC + ‘OCA
..
= 2 ‘OCA..... (I) l . ‘OAC = ‘OCAn
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ' BOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ OB = OC l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘OBC = ‘OCB
xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ' BOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ CO Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚
Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘BOD = ‘OCB + ‘OBC
..
= 2 ‘OCB ...... (II) [ . ‘OBC = ‘OCB]
(i) Á (ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ‘AOD + ‘BOD = 2‘OCA + 2‘OCB lI Á II ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
.
. . ‘AOB = 2 (‘OCA + ‘OCB) = 2‘ACB ....... (III)
!Ñ˛hs$˛ (iii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ ÎÖò APB x!ïâ˛y˛ôñ IIIÈÙÈˆÑ˛ !úÖÓñ
≤ÃÓ,Âï ‘AOB = 2‘ACB
(iv) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ‘BOD – ‘AOD = 2‘OCB – 2‘OCA
Óyñ ‘AOB = 2(‘OCB – ‘OCA)
.
. . ‘AOB = 2‘ACB S≤Ãõy!íì˛ V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ P ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ACB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ
ˆÑ˛yí ‘APB Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AQB xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘APB = 2‘AQB l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

123
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
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≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Oó !Ó®% A ~ÓÇ BC ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ A

˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– ‘BOC = 120º £ˆÏú ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– Ox
äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛y˛ô BPCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘BOC
B C
Á Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘BAC P
. 1 1
. . ‘BAC = –2 ‘BOC = –2 × 120º = 60º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_!›˛ A, B Á C !Ó®%Üyõ#– ‘ABO = 35º ~ÓÇ ‘ACO = 45º
£ˆÏúñ ‘BOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– A
.
' OABÈÙȈì˛ñ OA = OB S~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈V . . ‘OAB = ‘OBA = 35º O
35º x 45º
4 )
.

)
' OACÈÙȈì˛ñ OA = OC S~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈V . . ‘OAC = ‘OCA = 45º C
B
. P
. . ‘BAC = + = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ BPC Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘BOC ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘BACñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘BOC = 2‘BAC = 160º

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ äÈ!Ó!›˛ ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ ‘OABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ÎÖò
‘OAP = 25º ~ÓÇ ‘OBP = 35º–
P
xAÑ˛ò ı OP ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
. O
≤Ãõyí ı OA = OP S~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈V . . ‘OAP = ‘OPA 25º x 35º
3 )

)
.. B
. ‘OAP = 25ºñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘OPA = 25º A
.
OB = OP S~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈V . . ‘OBP = ‘OPB
..
. ‘OBP = 35ºñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘OPB = 35º
‘APB = ‘OPA + ‘OPB = 25º + 35º = 60º
‘AOB = 2‘APB = 2 × 60º = 120º
'AOB ÈÙȈì˛ñ ‘OAB + ‘OBA = 180º – 120º = 60º l!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 180ºn
..
. AO = BO l~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
. 1
. . ‘OAB = ‘OBA = –2 × 60º =30º

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !â˛eî%!›˛ ˆîˆÏÖ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!ÖÈ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
A
)

xºº
O
x) x
)
14
0º

O
0º
10

120º
C A yº B
B
)

P
(i) (ii)

124
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ Ó,_ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A !Ó®%Üyõ#
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ P Á Q !Ó®%mÎ˚ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ BP = BQ
≤Ãî_ ı î%!›˛ ¢õyò Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A !Ó®%Üyõ# ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı BP = BQ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

xAÑ˛ò ı ï!Ó˚ñ X Á Y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ≤ÃÌõ Ó,_ Á !mì˛#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_

Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– A, B; A, X; B, X; A,Y; B,Y Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
..
≤Ãõyí ı ' AXB Á ' AYBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AX = AY l . ¢õyò Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n
.. A Q
BX = BY l . n
P
Xx xY
AB ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%–
.
. . ' AXB #' AYB SS-S-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V B
.
. . ‘AXB =‘AYB l¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇün
.1 1
. . –2 ‘AXB = –2 ‘AYB
1 ..
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘APB = –2 ‘AXB l . ≤ÃÌõ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ‘AXB ˆÑ˛wfiÌ
ˆÑ˛yí Á ‘APB Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yín
1 ..
xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓñ ‘AQB = –2 ‘AYB l . !mì˛#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ‘AYB
ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á ‘AQB Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yín
.
. . ‘APB = ‘AQB xÌ≈yÍ ‘QPB = ‘PQB
. .
. . ' PQBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘QPB = ‘PQB . . BP = BQ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
lÎ!î AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú !òˆÏã äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ BP = BQn

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ AB = AC; BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ' ABC xÓ!fiÌì˛ñ ˆ¢£z
˛ôyˆÏŸª≈£z ' DBC ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ÎyˆÏì˛ ‘BAC = 2‘BDC £Î˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛y D !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ D !Ó®% Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛
£ˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
llv˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ï!Ó˚ D !Ó®% Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D
. A D'
xÓ!fiÌì˛ òÎ˚– . . Ó,_!›˛ BD Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ BD ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ï!Ó˚ D'
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– D' Á C !Ó®% î%!›˛ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
. . ‘BAC = 2‘BD' C;
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘BAC = ‘BDC B
C
.
. . ‘BD C = ‘BDC ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~›˛y x¢Ω˛Ó Î!î òy D Á
'
D' !Ó®% ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xhs˛ÉfiÌ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–n

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Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 7.1
1. ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = AC. ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛ A
!Ó®% xÓ!fiÌì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ ˆÑ˛w O xÓ!fiÌì˛– ‘BOC = 100º £ˆÏú ‘ABC Á ‘ABOÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– B

2. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óˆ, Ï_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ ‘AOC = 110º; ‘ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ A 110º C
x

)
õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– O

3. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã– DC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ‘BCP = 108º £ˆÏúñ ‘BODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– xO
D ) )
C
40º 35º
4. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘AOD = 40º ~ÓÇ ‘ACB = 35º ; ‘BCO Á
A B
‘BODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö Á v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ !î£z–
D

5. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘APB = 80º £ˆÏúñ ‘AOB Á ‘CODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xO

õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ !î£z– A

P
C
B
6. ôyˆÏüÓ˚˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y C Á D ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y A Q
ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy P C
x xD
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy C ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ D ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Q
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ B

(i) ‘PBQ = ‘CAD (ii) ‘BPC = ‘BQD

7. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w Oó ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘OBC + ‘BAC = 90º

8. î%!›˛ ¢õyò Ó,_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ# ~ÓÇ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
A !Ó®%Üyõ# ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ Ï ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 'BCD ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã–
˚ y Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
9. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w S ~ÓÇ AD A BC £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘BAD = ‘SAC
10. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ãƒy AB Á CD ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
‘AOD + ‘BOC = 2‘BPC
Î!î ‘AOD Á ‘BOC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ãƒy î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
11. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘AOC – ‘BOD = 2‘BPC
12. ABCD â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ˆÏãÓ˚ A !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ˆÎ!›˛ B, C Á D !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
1
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘CBD + ‘CDB = –2 ‘BAD
13. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ OD, BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘BOD = ‘BAC

126
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

14. x!ì˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.) R

(A) Ó£% !ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
140ºx
(i) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ PQ Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò P O Q
P xº
(a) 140 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) 20 xº
R S
(ii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 80º

0º
O

14
(a) 70 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 200 A
Q
(iii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ BC Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò O

)
50º x
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 100 (d) 80 B C
xº
(iv) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ O ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w– ‘OAB = 50º £ˆÏúñ ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
D
(a) 50º (b) 100º (c) 40º (d) 80º O
x
(v) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w £ˆÏúñ ‘POR
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 10º
P Q
(a) 20º (b) 40º (c) 60º (d) 80º 40º

C R
(B) ¢ì˛ƒ Óy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w £ˆÏúñ ‘AOB = 2‘ACD O
D
A B
(ii) ABC !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ O !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏ Ó
xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ OA = OB ~ÓÇ ‘AOB = 2‘ACB. O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú C !Ó®% Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ~Ñ˛£z â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ –
(ii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ AB Á AC ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– ‘APB Á ‘DQC Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛yí
î%!›˛Ó˚ õyò –
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O £ˆÏúñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£% myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ ¢¡ø%Ö
ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò –
15. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– ‘OAB = 40º, ‘ABC = 120º, ‘BCO = yº A 40º 120º B
~ÓÇ ‘COA = xº £ˆÏúñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– xº yº
C
O
(ii) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ D !Ó®% BC Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%– ‘BAC = 40º
£ˆÏúñ ‘BODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ A, B, C !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ AOCB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛–
‘AOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ ‘ABC = 120º; Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.
£ˆÏúñ AB Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– C
(v) A Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_mÎ˚ C ~ÓÇ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
P A B Q
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w B xÓ!fiÌì˛– ‘CQD = 70º £ˆÏúñ ‘CPDÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– D

127
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7

Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y üy!Ñ˛úÁ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ P Q R

O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ AB
~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– ì,˛°y Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ !ì˛ò!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí A x B
O
‘APB, ‘AQB Á ‘ARB xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
P
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí lˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ö n
.
. . xÌ≈yÍ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆÑ˛yí£z l¢õyò / x¢õyòn
xy!õ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ â§˛yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÏÑ≈˛ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘APB, ‘AQB, ‘ARB Á ‘ASB £ˆÏúy ABSRQP Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
⧲yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
‘APB ‘AQB ‘ARB = ‘ASB l = / z !ú!Ön

xy!õ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_fiÌ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ⧲yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ
¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí l¢õyò / x¢õyòn l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
C D
(1) ¢yîy xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ– O

(2) ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ A Á B î%!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB
A B
ãƒy ˆ˛ôúyõ–

(3) ~ÓyÓ˚ AB ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ACB Á ‘ADB xy§Ñ˛úyõ– xÌ≈yÍ
‘ACB Á ‘ADB £ˆÏúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ACDB Ó,_yÇüfiÌ î%!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–

(4) ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–

(5) ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢yúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% C Á D
!õˆÏü ÎyÎ˚–
D (C)
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õˆÏü ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ‘ACB = ‘ADB
A (B) B (A)
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyò–

128
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 35. ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò ¢õyò–
≤Ãî_ ı õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ABDC Ó,_yLjÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ACDB Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí£z ¢õyò– C D

ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB Á£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yíñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
O
‘ACB Á ‘ADB ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyò ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
A B
xAÑ˛ò ı O, A !Ó®%mÎ˚ Á O, B !Ó®%mÎ˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü myÓ˚y Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– P

≤Ãõyí ı APB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ‘AOB ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ‘ACB Á ‘ADB Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
. . ‘AOB = 2‘ACB
~ÓÇ ‘AOB = 2‘ADB
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 2‘ACB = 2‘ADB
.
. . ‘ACB = ‘ADB

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ 7.3

(1) ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢õyò ¢õyò â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆÑ˛yí£z ¢õyò–
(2) ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyò £ˆÏú ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˆÎ ˆÎ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆ¢£zñ
â˛y˛ôÜ%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyò–
xyõÓ˚y £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò ¢õyò–
~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÇü ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z
˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ Á£z !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ !Ñ˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ £ˆÏÓ⁄
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ C D
(i) ¢yîy Ñ˛y܈Ïã A Á B ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆ˛ôúyõ– AB
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z !îˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí ‘ACB Á ‘ADB
v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A B

(ii) Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ AB Á AC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ

˚ yÇÏü î%!›˛Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C
D
PQ ~ÓÇ RS ˆ˛ôúyõ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– R P
OS
(iii) ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ AO OB OC OD
A B
l!òˆÏã £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ = / z Ó¢y£zn
Q
(iv) O ÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_ A, B, C Á D !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ˛ôúyõñ A, B Á C !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®%Üyõ# !ò!î≈T˛ Ó,_ D !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ A, B, D Á C !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–

129
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 36. î%!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸ ª≈ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¢õyò
ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Á£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ !Ó®% ¢õÓ,_fiÌ £ˆÏÓ– l≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ òÎ˚n
≤Ãî_ î%!›˛ !Ó®% A Á BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ –
. C D
. . ‘ACB = ‘ADB
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı A, B, D Á C !Ó®%Ü%!ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
≤Ãõyí ı A, B Á C !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– A B
C D
Î!î !ò!î≈T˛ Ó,_!›˛ D !Ó®%Üyõ# òy £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ó,_!›˛ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ D'

!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

ï!Ó˚ñ Ó,_!›˛ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛ D' !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A B
.
. . A, B, D' Á C !Ó®%â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– D' Á B !Ó®% î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü myÓ˚y Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– C D'
. D
. . ‘ACB = ‘AD' B S~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yíV
!Ñ˛hs˛$ ‘ACB = ‘ADB
.
. . ‘AD' B = ‘ADB A B

!Ñ˛hs$˛ £z£y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚ñ Î!î òy D Á D' !Ó®%mÎ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £Î˚– lÑ˛yÓ˚í ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí
.
. . A, B, D Á C !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xhs˛ÉfïÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyn
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆî!Ö Á xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w–

B Ox D A D
40º xº E
100º 80º
xº 140º
C A B C
P
(i) (ii)

(i) O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w–

î%!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ABC Á ‘ADC v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô CPAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí–
. ..
. . ‘ABC = ‘ADC = 40º S . ˆîÁÎ˚y xyˆÏäÈ ‘ADC = 40ºV
~ÓÇ 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC + ‘ACB + ‘BAC = 180º
.
. . 40º + 100º + x = 180º
Óyñ xº = 180º – 140º =
.
. . x = 40
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ (ii) òÇ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

130
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ‘BDC = 50º, ‘APB = 65º, ‘CBD = 28º ; ‘ADB, ‘ABD, ‘BAC,
‘ACB, ‘CAD ~ÓÇ ‘ACDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
‘BAC = ‘BDC = lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yín
A D
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘CAD = = 28º lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yín
65º (
P
50º
(

) 28º
'BPCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘APB = ‘PBC + ‘PCB. B C
. .
. . 65º = 28º + ‘ACB ; . .‘ACB =
.
. . ‘ADB = ‘ACB = l~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yín
'ABPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘ABP + ‘BPA + ‘PAB = 180º
.
. . ‘ABP =
.
. . ‘ABD = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
..
‘ACD = ‘ABD = l . ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö Ó,_fiÌ Ó,_
_hh ˆÑ˛yín
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ¢õhfl˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛
!Ó®%Üyõ#–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ APB Ó,_yLjÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘APB. ‘APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
P
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı PQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%Üyõ#–
.. Ox
≤Ãõyí ı ‘APQ = ‘BPQ l . PQ, ‘APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛n
B
‘AOQ = 2‘APQ ; xyÓyÓ˚ ‘BOQ = 2‘BPQ A

ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ‘APQ = ‘BPQ ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘AOQ = ‘BOQ Q

.
. . Ó,_â˛y˛ô AQ = Ó,_â˛y˛ô BQ SˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ â˛y˛ô AQ Á â˛y˛ô BQ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚V
.
. . AQB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% Q.
AQB !ò!î≈T˛ £ˆÏúñ Q ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%–
.
. . APB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P !Ó®%Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ‘APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ v˛z£yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®%Üyõ# xÌ≈yÍ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ãƒy– BA Á DCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘PCB = ‘PAD
≤Ãî_ ı AB Á CD î%!›˛ ãƒy– BA Á DCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
D
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ‘PCB = ‘PAD
C
≤Ãõyí ı ‘BCD = ‘BAD S~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yíV
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘PCB = 180º – ‘BCD O
x

~ÓÇ ‘PAD = 180º – ‘BAD P A B

..
. ‘BCD = ‘BAD, ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ 180º – ‘BCD = 180º – ‘BAD
.
. . ‘PCB = ‘PAD l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

131
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛– BC v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®%– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PA = PB + PC
≤Ãî_ ı ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛– BC v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PA = PB + PC
xAÑ˛ò ı PAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ PX xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– B, X !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı PB = PX lxAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n A
.
. . ‘PBX = ‘PXB (I) X
x
B C
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘ACB = ‘APB l~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yín
= 60º lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ãñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘ACB = 60ºn P
.
. . ‘PBX + ‘PXB = 180º – 60º =
.
. . ‘PBX = ‘PXB = 60º l(I) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
.
. . PBX ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã–
.
. . ‘PBC = ‘PBX – ‘CBX = ‘CBA –‘CBX = ‘XBA (II)
..
' PBC Á ' ABXÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ AB = BC l . ' ABC ¢õÓy£%n
‘ABX = ‘PBC l(II) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
..
BX = PB S . ' BPX ¢õÓy£%V
.
. . ' BPC #' ABX l¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ S-A-S üì≈˛ò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AX = PC
.
. . PA = PX + XA = PB + PC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 7.2 A D

1. ˛ôyˆÏ ü Ó˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏ ì ˛ ‘DBA = 40º, ‘BAC = 60º ~ÓÇ x

‘CAD = 20ºó‘DCA Á ‘BCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ‘BAD B C
Á ‘DCBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–

2. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe AOB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– OC Óƒy¢yï≈ O

A x B
AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– Î!î v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô CBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% P
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ‘BAC Á ‘APCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– P
C
3. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ O ú¡∫!Ó®% ~ÓÇ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ G !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ OD = DG

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 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

4. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛Ó≈,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w I ó Ó!ï≈ì˛ AI !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
PB = PC = PI
5. !ì˛!õÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
›˛yòúyõ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ A, B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C, D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘AQC = ‘BQD
6. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆ¢!›˛ BCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ E, BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õïƒ!Ó®%–
7. Î!î ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈ ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = DC £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AC = BD £ˆÏÓ–
8. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ OA Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ AQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ C ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– O, A, C !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_
AQ ãƒyÈÙȈÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ CP = PQ
9. Ï ABC !e¶%˛ã!›˛ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛– AX, BY ~ÓÇ CZ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘BAC, ‘ABC Á ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆ_
¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏ_ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X, Y Á Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AX, YZÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ABC !e¶%˛ã!›˛ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛– ‘BAC, ‘ABC Á ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
X, Y Á Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ 'XYZ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘YXZ = 90º – ‘BAC
2
11. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CA
Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ CA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ A, B, D, E !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛
¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
12. x!ì˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı C
(i) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ‘ACB = 30º, D
xO
‘ABC = 60º, ‘DAB = 35º ~ÓÇ
‘DBC = xº £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò A
B
(a) 35 (b) 70 (c) 65 (d) 55
D

(ii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w–

O C
‘BAD = 65º, ‘BDC = 45º £ˆÏúñ x

‘CBDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò A B
(a) 65º (b) 45º (c) 40º (d) 20º
C
(iii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– ‘AEB = 110º D E

~ÓÇ ‘CBE = 30º £ˆÏúñ ‘ADB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò A x B

O
(a) 70º (b) 60º (c) 80º (d) 90º

133
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
A
(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– ‘BCD = 28º, X
B
‘AEC = 38º £ˆÏúñ ‘AXBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò x O
C E
(a) 56º (b) 86º (c) 38º (d) 28º D

(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– O

AB || CD. ‘ABC = 25ºÈ £ˆÏúñ ‘CED ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò A x B

š
(a) 80º (b) 50º (c) 25º (d) 40º

š
C D
A
(B) ¢ì˛ƒ Óy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe AD Á BE ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ABC E
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ BC Á AC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– A,
B, D, E !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– C
B
D

(ii) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = ACó BE Á CF ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘ABC Á ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ

AC Á AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ E Á F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– B, C, E, F !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ òÎ˚–

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_hfl˛ ˆÑ˛yí –
(ii) î%!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õyò ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí
v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(iii) ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛ ¢õyò £ˆÏú â˛y˛ô î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ –

B
13. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
O
(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wñ AC Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ ãƒy DE Á Óƒy¢ AC A x C
š

¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú– ‘CBD = 60º £ˆÏúñ ‘CDEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

E
š

D
P S

(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ‘PQRÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ QS; ‘SQR = 35º ~ÓÇ x

‘PRQ = 32º £ˆÏú ñ‘QSRÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O
Q R
C

(iii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– AB Á CD ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ A

x B
ú¡∫È ~ÓÇ‘ADC= 50º ó ‘CADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O

134
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE
A

(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB = AC ; ‘ABC = 32º £ˆÏú ñ B

x C
‘BDCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O

D
A
Y X
(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe BX Á CY ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘ABC Á ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
B C
AB = AC ~ÓÇ BY = 4ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ AXÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– O
x

Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– üy!Ñ˛ú Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ AB xy§Ñ˛ú–
~£z O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢ Óy APB Ó,_â˛y˛ô Ñ˛#Ó˚˛) ô !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ Á ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ö–
ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ AB Óƒy¢ Óy APB Ó,_â˛y˛ô Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ C, D Á E Q
C D E
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !v˛!@˘Ã õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
O
l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön A x B x
B
O A
xyÓyÓ˚ AB Óƒy¢ Óy AQP Ó,_â˛y˛ô Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ M, N Á S ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !v˛!@˘Ã õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P M N C

3 ~£z ‘ACB, ‘ADB, ‘AEB, ‘AMB, ‘ANB Á ‘ASB ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xï≈Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÎ ¢¡ø%Ö Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ xï≈Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÎ ¢¡ø%ÏÖ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yíí Óúy £Î˚– ~ÖyˆÏò
‘ACB, ‘ADB, ‘AEB ~ÓÇ ‘AMB, ‘ANB Á ‘ASB ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö ˆÎ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
P
(1) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘APB xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
(2) ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ î%!›˛ ‘APB ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ AB
A x B
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ O
‘APBñ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢õyò– SˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~Ñ˛£z õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yíV
.
. . ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
P P B

A A B
B A P A
. 1
.. £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ‘APB = –2 × 180º = 90º
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–

135
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
C
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 37. xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘ACB ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– A x B
O

>
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı ‘ACB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–

>
≤Ãõyí ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ A PB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ ‘AOB
~ÓÇ ‘ACB Á£z A PB Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢¡ø%Ö Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
P

. . ‘AOB = 2‘ACB .............. (I)

.
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘AOB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÑ˛yí – . . ‘AOB = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 2‘ACB = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí lI ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
.
. . ‘ACB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ‘PQR ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ
‘PQR = 90°– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ AB ~ÓÇ P Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– ‘PAB = 30º £ˆÏúñ
P
‘PBAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
v˛z_Ó˚ ı ‘APB xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– . . ‘APB = 90º ; ‘PAB = 30º A x B
. O
. . ‘PBA = 90º – 30º = 60º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ AB Óƒy¢– C Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%–
‘BAC = 50º ~ÓÇ CD, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏúñ ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
v˛z_Ó˚ ı ‘ACB xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘ACB = 90º C

¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ACDÈÙȈì˛ñ ‘ADC = 90º, ‘DAC = 50ºñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ x B

D O
‘ACD = 90º – 50º = 40º
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘ACB = 90º ; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘BCD = 90º – 40º = 50º
Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w OÈÙÈˆì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– Î!î ‘AOC = 80º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe AB Á CD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü î%!›˛ Ó,ˆ_
‘CDE = 40º £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (i) ‘DCE Á (ii) ‘ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
‘CED xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– . . ‘CED = 90º C
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'CEDÈÙȈÏì˛ñ ‘CED = 90º, ‘CDE = 40ºñ E
. 80º O
. . ‘DCE = 90º – 40º = 50º ........(i) A x
B
40º
'BOC ÙȈì˛ñ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘AOC = ‘OBC + ‘OCB
80º = ‘OBC + 50º ( ... ‘DCE = 50º) D
.
. . ‘OBC = 30º
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘ABC = 30º ............ (ii)
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xï≈Ó,_yÇüfiÌ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚ Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ACB Ó,_yÇü xï≈Ó,_yÇüfiÌ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı ‘ACB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí–

136
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

>
≤Ãõyí ıˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ACB Ó,_yÇü xï≈Ó,_yÇüfiÌ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚ Ó,_yÇüfiÌñ C
.
. . A DB ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô– O
x
.
. . ADB v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOB, 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí xˆÏ˛ô«˛y «%˛oì˛Ó˚–
A B
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ADB v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ACB ó ‘AOB < 180º D
. (iii)
xÌ≈yÍ ñ 2‘ACB < 180º . . ‘ACB < 90º
.
. . ‘ACBñ 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí xˆÏ˛ô«˛y «%˛oì˛Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ‘ACB ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí– l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xï≈Ó,_yÇüfiÌ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y «%˛oì˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®%
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
≤Ãî_ ı ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ACB = 90º ~ÓÇ O x!ì˛¶%˛ã ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı OA = OB = OC
xAÑ˛ò ı O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OB ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı O !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OB ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_!›˛ A Á B !Ó®%Üyõ#– Î!î Ó,_!›˛ C !Ó®%Üyõ#
òy £Î˚ñ ï!Ó˚ Ó,_!›˛ ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ C´ !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ B ñ˛ C´ Î%=˛ Ñ˛ !Ó˚
. ..
. . ‘AC´B = 90º l . xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yín A
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘ACB = 90º O
.
. . ‘ACB = ‘AC´B x

~›˛y x¢Ω˛Óñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ~Ñ˛!›˛ xhs˛ÉfiÌ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
C B
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
~›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ Î!î C Á C´ ~Ñ˛£z !Ó®% £Î˚– C
/
.
. . Ó,_!›˛ C !Ó®%Üyõ#
.
. . OA = OB = OC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ãˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛
¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏõÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó,£_õ Óy£% xˆÏ˛ô«˛y «%˛oì˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛
Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AC Ó,£_õ Óy£%–
AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ıBCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_È D B
!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
xAÑ˛ò ı B, D !Ó®%mÎ˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü myÓ˚y Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı ‘ADB xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –
.
. . ‘ADB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
. A C
. . ‘CDB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí D
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ CDB ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑CDB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ BC Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢–
.
. . BC ÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_ xÓüƒ£z D !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–

137
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 7
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı21. ABC Á ADC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãî%!›˛Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC; ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ‘CAD = ‘CBD;
B
≤Ãî_ ı ABC Á ADC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC–
Ox C
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ‘CAD = ‘CBD A
≤Ãõyí ı 'ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC = 90º D
.
. . ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú B !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ– xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ ACÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛
Ó,_!›˛ D !Ó®%Üyõ#–
‘CAD Á ‘CBD ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô DCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
. . ‘CAD = ‘CBD S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 7.3

1. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ B ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– Î!î ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Îy ABÈÙȈÏÑ˛ D
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ÌƒÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) AB > AD (ii) AB = AD (iii) AB < AD
2. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_
x¢õyò Óy£%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
3. ¢y£yòy î%!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– PA Á PB ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ A, Q Á B !Ó®%eÎ˚ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö–
4. Ó˚ãì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü PQ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% R ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ PR R Á PQÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%!›˛
Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xy!õ P !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy ≤ÃÌõ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ
!mì˛#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PS = ST
5. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó®% P, Q Á R xÓ!fiÌì˛– PQ Á PR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ î%!›˛
Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ S Á T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ RQ = ST
6. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã– ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ APó BE Á CF ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AC Á AB
Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ BPCQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Á Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PQ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢–
8. AB ~ÓÇ CD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ACBD ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e–
9. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy£%Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
10. x!ì˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V. S. A.)
R
(A) Ó£% !ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ PQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ PR = RQ; ‘RPQ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
P x Q
(a) 30º (b) 90º (c) 60º (d) 45º O

138
 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

(ii) QR
R Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy ~ÓÇ POR R Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– Q D R

OD, QR R Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– OD = 4 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ x

O
(a) 4ˆ¢!õ. (b) 2ˆ¢!õ. (c) 8ˆ¢!õ. (d) ˆÑ˛yò!›˛£z òÎ˚ P
A
(iii) AOB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢– AC ~ÓÇ BD ãƒy î%!›˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
C
!õ!úì˛ £Î˚– ‘COD = 40º £ˆÏúñ ‘CEDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ox E
(a) 40º (b) 80º (c) 20º (d) 70º D
B
C
(iv) AOB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢– AC = 3 ˆ¢!õ. Á BC = 4 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú AB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
A x B
(a) 3 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 5 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 8 ˆ¢!õ. O

C
(v) ˛ôyˆÏ ü Ó˚ !â˛ˆÏ e O Ó, ˆ Ï _ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– ‘BCE = 20º,
E
‘CAE = 25º £ˆÏú ‘AECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– D
A x B
O
(a) 50º (b) 90º (c) 45º (d) 20º

(B) ¢ì˛ƒ Óy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) xï≈Ó,_ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ó,£_Ó˚ Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí–
(ii) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% O ~ÓÇ OA = OB = OC ó AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛ C !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –
(ii) xï≈Ó,_ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y «%˛oì˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí –
(iii) ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ãˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛ !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
11. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S. A.)
(i) ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = ACó AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_!›˛ BC
Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ BD = 4 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ãƒy AB ~ÓÇ AC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– AB = 4 ˆ¢!õ. Á AC = 3 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú ñ Ó,_!›˛Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ãƒy PQ ~ÓÇ PR ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ãƒy
QRRÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) AOB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– C Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– ‘OBC = 60º £ˆÏú ‘OCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– P
C D
(v) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– ãƒy CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò– AC Á BDÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A B
x

O
‘APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

139
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 8

8 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà

RIGHTT CIRCULAR
R CYLINDER

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%®Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛

Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ– ~!›˛ xˆÏòÑ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy– ~!›˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xÇü ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
xy!õ Á !î!î î%ãˆÏò !õˆÏú !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎ Á£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛ Ñ˛#Ó˚)˛ô xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚⁄
~£z ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà Óy ˆÓúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y– ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛!›˛
ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà (Right Circular Cylinder)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y–
˛!Ñ˛hs$˛ ôyˆÏüÓ˚ (i) Á (ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà SCylinderV î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ òÎ˚–
2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ü%ï% ˆâ˛yà Óúy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ˆâ˛yà Ó%G˛ÏÓ⁄
ü%ï% ˆâ˛yà Óúy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~ÖyˆÏò ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà Ó%G˛Ó–
(i)
(i)
(i (ii)
(i
ii)
~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã xyˆÏäÈ–
3 ~£z ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛!›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü õ%Ïv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Sv˛z˛ôÓ˚ Á ò#ˆÏⲠÓyî !îˆÏÎ˚V ò)ƒòì˛õ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã
úy܈ÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ú !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyÏõ ãyòÓ–
xyõÓ˚y £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

(1) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã !òúyõ– b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

ï!Ó˚ñ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á£z Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
(2) Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÜã!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ Üy !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ õ%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆ¢ˆÏúyˆÏ›˛˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛î%!›˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ !îúyõ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = ú¡∫ Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚
b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ô!Ó˚!ï = 2Srr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ lˆÎÖyˆÏò r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒn
xyÓyÓ˚ñ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃfiÌ = b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sï!Ó˚ h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛V
.
. . Á£z xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ˜îá≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ = l × b ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= 2Sr × h ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 2Srh ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ õyˆÏò ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈–
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2Srh lˆÎÖyˆÏò r = ú¡∫ h
.
r
Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ h = ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yn
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛Ó˚ Sˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ì˛úyV Óƒy¢yï≈ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏú ~ÓÇ h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛!›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ò)ƒòì˛õ 2Srh ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ–

140
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
RIGHT CIRCULAR
R CYLINDER

4 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄

ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú=2Srh lˆÎÖyˆÏò r = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ
h = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yn
h = 2Sr × h
r = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
.
. . ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + î%!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= 2Srh + 2Sr2 lˆÎÖyˆÏò r = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ h = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yn
= 2Sr (h+r)
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xyõÓ˚y ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyu˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸úyõ ˆ¢!›˛ ~Ñ˛õ%Ö ˆÖyúy–
.
. . Á£z ˆ˛ôòfi›˛ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2Srh + Sr2 lr = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
~ÓÇ h = ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yn
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 21 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú ñ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚
˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 122 ˆ¢!õ. = 6 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2 × S × 6 × 21 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
22
= 2 × 7 × 6 × 21 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ˆÎ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 44 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 14 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓñ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ë˛yÑ˛òy¢ˆÏõì˛ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 616 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
21 !õ›˛yÓ˚– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r !õ›˛yÓ˚
.
. . ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = Sr2 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ Sr2 = 616
Óyñ 272 × r2 = 616
Óyñ r2 = 616 × 272
.
.. r=
.
. . ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = (2Sr2 + 2Srh) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = h !õ›˛yÓ˚n
22
= 2× 7 × r (r + h) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
22
= 2 × 7 × 14 (14 + 21) ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
= ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚

141
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 8
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ë˛yÑ˛òy¢ˆÏõì˛ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 22 ˆv˛Ñ˛y!õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
5 ˆv˛Ñ˛y!õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z ôyˆÏeÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãyÎ˚Üy Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. (i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1474 ÓÜ≈
ˆ¢!õ.– ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôye!›˛ Î!î î%£z õ%Ö Órï £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14
(i) ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 2 ˆ¢!õ. = 7 ˆ¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
22 22
= ( 7 ×72 + 2 × 7 × 7 × h) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= (154 + 44h) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 154 + 44h = 1474
.
..h= l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
.
. . ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 30 ˆ¢!õ.–
Î!î ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ î%£z õ%Ö Órï £ˆÏì˛y ì˛Öò Á£z ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + 1474 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
22
= ( 7 × 72 + 1474) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 6. !fi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛úy â˛yîÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛òy¢ˆÏõì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4.2 ˆv˛!¢!õ.– Î!î
v»˛yõ!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ 112.20 ÓÜ≈ ˆv˛!¢!õ. â˛yîÓ˚ úyˆÏÜñ ì˛ˆÏÓ v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
xyÓyÓ˚ 1 ÓÜ≈ !õ. !fi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ îyõ 25 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ v»˛yõ!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z Á ˆÓyò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ú¡∫ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ü%!ú áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ãˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãú ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ú¡∫ ˆâ˛yàyÑ˛yÓ˚
@’y¢Ü%ˆÏúyÁ ~ˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ @’yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y xyúyîy–
5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yò @’yˆÏ¢ ˆÓ!ü ãú ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó%G˛Ó⁄
ˆâ˛yàyÑ˛yÓ˚ @’y¢Ü%!úÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%G˛Ó
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
= Sr2 × h
= Sr2h

142
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
RIGHT CIRCULAR
R CYLINDER

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. Î!î @’yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 11.2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z @’yˆÏ¢ Ñ˛ì˛ ãú
ïÓ˚ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11.2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z @’yˆÏ¢ ãú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ
11.2 2
= S× ( 2 ) × 15 áò ˆ¢!õ.
22 5 6 5 6
= 7 × 1 0 × 1 0 × 15 áò ˆ¢!õ. r2
= áò ˆ¢!õ. r1

6 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yàyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyì˛Ó òˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ïyì%˛ xyˆÏäÈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄ h
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r2 ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ
ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = (Sr12h – Sr22h) áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= S (r12 – r22 ) h áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 42 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆâ˛yà!›˛ 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚%
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆúy£y !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 100
2 ˆ¢!õ. = 5 ˆ¢!õ.
.
ˆâ˛yà!›˛ 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚%– . . ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = (5 – 1) ˆ¢!õ. = 4 ˆ¢!õ.
ˆâ˛yà!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆúy£y xyˆÏäÈñ
22
= 7 ( 52 – 42) × 42 áò ˆ¢!õ. 1 ˆ¢!õ.
22 ..
= 7 × (5+4) (5–4) × 42 áò ˆ¢!õ. l . a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)n
22
= 7 × 9 × 1 × 42 áò ˆ¢!õ.

= 22 × 9 × 6 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= áò ˆ¢!õ.
10 ˆ¢!õ.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z (≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8 ~Ó˚) î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ö§˛y˛ôy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ Á Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ç
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
~£z î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ Á Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= (2×S×5×21 + 2×S×4 × 21) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= 2×S×21 (5+4) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
22
= 2 × 7 × 21 × 9 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
ö§ ˛ y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏ à Ó˚ Óy£z ˆ Ï Ó ˚ Ó ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏ ï ≈ Ó ˚ ˜îá≈ ƒ r 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏ ï ≈ Ó ˚ ˜îá≈ ƒ r 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ Á£z ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ Á Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2S (r1 + r2) h ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–

143
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 8
7 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ö§˛y˛ôy ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄
î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ö§˛y˛ôy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 2S (r1 + r2)h + 2S (r12 – r22)ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
lˆÎÖyˆÏò Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ñ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛n
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö§˛y˛ôy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ òˆÏúÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ xhs˛Ó≈ƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚
˜îá≈ƒ 4 ˆ¢!õ.– òú!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1188 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ òú!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = [2S(r1 + r2)h + S(r12 – r22)] ÓÜ≈ˆ¢!õ.
ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ Ó!£Ó≈ƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r1 ˆ¢!õ.ñ xhs˛Ó≈ƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = h ˆ¢!õ.
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ
2S (r1 + r2)h + S (r12 – r22) = 1188
r1 ˆ¢!õ.
Óyñ S [ (5 + 4)h + (52 – 42)] = 594
r2 ˆ¢!õ.
Óyñ 272 [9h + 9] = 594
7
Óyñ 9h + 9 = 594 × 2 2
Óyñ 9h + 9 = 189
h ˆ¢!õ.
Óyñ 9h = 189 – 9
Óyñ 9h = 180
Óyñ h = 180
9
.
. . h = 20
.
. . ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 ˆ¢!õ.–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. 6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ÈÓ,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ö§˛y˛ôy ˛ôy£zˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 4.2 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˛ôy£z˛ô!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆúy£y xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
~Ñ˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˆúy£yÓ˚ Áãò 5 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. £ˆÏúñ ˛ôy£z˛ô!›˛Ó˚ Áãò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 13.86 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r !õ›˛yÓ˚–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ S r2 = 13.86
Óyñ 272 r2 = 13180 06
Óyñ r2 = 13180 06 × 272 =
.
..r=
. . ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 272 × 21 10 × 21 10 × 8 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ =
.
áò !õ›˛yÓ˚–

144
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
RIGHT CIRCULAR
R CYLINDER

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ˆÎ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 15.4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 10 ˆ¢!õ. ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. 11 ˆ¢!õ. Ó!£É˛ô!Ó˚!ï!Ó!üT˛ 105 ˆ¢!õ. ú¡∫y !›˛v˛zÓúy£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yⲠÎ!î 0.2 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
5 !›˛ !›˛v˛zÓúy£z›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆ¢!õ. Ñ˛yⲠúy܈ÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ !›˛v˛zÓúy£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r1 ˆ¢!õ.ñ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ˆ¢!õ.
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ
7
Ó!£É˛ô!Ó˚!ï = 2Sr1 = 11 Óyñ r1 = 121××22
7 –
=4
. 7
. . Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = –4 ˆ¢!õ. = 1.75 ˆ¢!õ.
!›˛v˛zÓúy£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yⲠ0.2 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ôÓ˚%–
.
. . !›˛v˛zÓúy£z›˛!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r2= (1.75 – 0.2) ˆ¢!õ. = 1.55 ˆ¢!õ.
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !›˛v˛zÓúy£zˆÏ›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = S (r12 – r22) h
22
= 7 { (1.75)2 – (1.55)2} × 105 áò ˆ¢!õ.
22
= 7 × (1.75 + 1.55) (1.75 – 1.55) × 105 áò ˆ¢!õ.
22
= 7 × 3.30 × 0.2 × 105 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= áò ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . 5 !›˛ !›˛v˛zÓúy£z›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yⲠúy܈ÏÓ 5 × 217.8 áò ˆ¢!õ. = áò ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !äÈo !îˆÏÎ˚ ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÖyˆÏú 110 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– !äÈo!›˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ãú
!òÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy¡ô úyÜyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôy¡ô!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôy£zˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ â˛yú% xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ãˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 350 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ ¢õhfl˛ ãú !òÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛«˛í â˛yú% Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
~Ñ˛ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ ãú !òÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
22
2 10 10 1
= 7 × 2 × 2 × 10 0 × 3500 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
= 2750 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 2750 !ú›˛yÓ˚ l1 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 1 !ú›˛yÓ˚n

. 110000
. . 110 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú !òÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÎ˚ úy܈ÏÓ = !õ!ò›˛ = !õ!ò›˛
2750
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy¡ô!›˛ ¢õhfl˛ ãú !òÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ–
8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy£z˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ Î!î !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 225 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú 45 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ ãú ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

145
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 8
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. ì˛yõyÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 11 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
1
9 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 6 ˆ¢!õ.– xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ 4– ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚%
Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú õ%oy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 11 × 9 × 6 áò ˆ¢!õ.
3 1
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ õ%oyÜ%!ú ú¡∫ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ –2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y –4 ˆ¢!õ.–
3 3 1
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ õ%oyÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 272 × –2 × –2 × –4 áò ˆ¢!õ.
11 × 9 × 6
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ õ%oyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 22 3 3 1 !›˛ = 11 × 922× 6××37 ×× 23×2× 4 !›˛ = 336 !›˛
u u u
7 2 2 4

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 8
1. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛!›˛ ˆî!Ö Á ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ !ú!Ö–
(i) äÈ!ÓÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛!›˛Ó˚ !›˛ ì˛ú–
(ii) äÈ!ÓÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛!›˛Ó˚ !›˛ ÓÑ˛ì˛ú Á !›˛ ¢õì˛ú–
2. xyõyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ 5!›˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ òyõ !ú!Ö ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà–
3. !fi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛úy â˛yîÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛òy¢ˆÏõì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 28 ˆ¢!õ.– v»˛yõ!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Î!î 2816 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. â˛yîÓ˚ úyˆÏÜñ ì˛ˆÏÓ v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ 5.6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ 2.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôúyÓ˚ ë˛yúy£z
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. õüúy úy܈ÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ 125 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ !˛ôúyÓ˚ î%!›˛ ≤’yfi›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. 2.8 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈ƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~ÓÇ 7.5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãμyúy!ò ܃y¢ !¢!úu˛yˆÏÓ˚ 15.015
!Ñ˛@˘Ãy. ܃y¢ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. ܃yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Áãò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2 5
6. ¢õyò Óƒy¢ Á ¢õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛Ó˚ –3 xÇüñ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛Ó˚ –6 xÇü ~ÓÇ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚!›˛Ó˚
7–
9 xÇü úá% ¢yú!ö˛v˛z!Ó˚Ñ˛ xƒy!¢ˆÏv˛ ˛ô)í≈ !äÈú– Á£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xƒy!¢v˛ Î!î 2.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ãyˆÏÓ˚ xƒy!¢ˆÏv˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £Î˚– ≤ÃÌõ !ì˛ò!›˛ ãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 1.4 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2002 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.– ˛ôye!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˛ôye!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8. Î!î 14 ˆ¢!õ. ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôy£z˛ôÎ%
ô =˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy¡ôˆÏ¢›˛ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 2500 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ãú ˆ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á£z
˛ôy¡ô!›˛ 1 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy !ú›˛yÓ˚ ãúˆÏ¢â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l1!ú›˛yÓ˚ = 1áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.n
9. 7 ˆ¢!õ. ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫y ܃y¢ãyˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ãú xyˆÏäÈ– Á£z ãˆÏú Î!î 5.6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
5 ˆ¢!õ. ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ¢¡ô)í≈ ˆv˛yÓyˆÏòy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ãúì˛ú
Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

146
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
RIGHT CIRCULAR
R CYLINDER

10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 264 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 924 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ ~£z
hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ– 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy£z˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 225 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú 36 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ ãú
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. ¢õyò áòˆÏcÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ü%§!v˛¸Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 440 ÓÜ≈ ˆv˛!¢!õ.– ~Ñ˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Áãò 1.5 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. ~ÓÇ Ü%§!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ Áãò 9.24 Ñ%˛£zr›˛yú £ˆÏúñ ܧ%!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
13. î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˛ôy£zˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 30 ˆ¢!õ.ñ xhs˛Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ 26 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˛ôy£z˛ô!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14.7 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆv˛!¢!õ. 2.25 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ Á£z ˛ôy£z˛ô!›˛Ó˚
¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏú xyúÑ˛yì˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏú˛ô !îˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ£ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. ~Ñ˛!›˛ î%£z õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ˆúy£yÓ˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4.6
ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛yà!›˛˛ 84.48 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˆúy£y !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
15. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y v˛z£yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !mÜ%í– Î!î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 6 Ü%í £ˆÏì˛y ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ò 539 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛y– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
16. ö˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ܈Ïv˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ îú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãú¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãú 2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆ£y¢ ˛ôy£z˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 420 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ ˆë˛ˆÏú 40 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ xyÜ%ò ˆò¶˛yú– Î!î
›˛ƒyAÑ˛yÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ (i) xyÜ%ò ˆò¶˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ãú ÖÓ˚â˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ (ii) ›˛ƒyAÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ãú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
17. 17.5 ˆ¢!õ. ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 4 !›˛ ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ë˛yúy£z !˛ôúyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚˛ôyˆÏü 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% Óy!úÈÙÈ!¢ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚
≤’yfi›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(i) ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !˛ôúyÓ˚ Î!î 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ õüúy úy܈ÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) ≤’yfi›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õüúy ˆì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Î!î 4 : 1 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Óy!ú Á !¢ˆÏõr›˛ ˆõüyˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ áò
ˆv˛!¢!õ. !¢ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãòñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
18. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 16 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ xhs˛Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 36 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆâ˛yà!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~ÓÇ 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yà ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
19. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) î%!›˛ ú¡∫È Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 3 ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5 : 3
£ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 8 : 7 (c) 10 : 9 (d) 16 : 9
(ii) î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 3 ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5 : 3
£ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(a) 27 : 20 (b) 20 : 27 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4

147
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 8
(iii) î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1: 2 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1: 2 (d) 2 : 1
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
£ˆÏÓ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
(a) ¢õyò (b) !mÜ%í (c) xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ (d) 4 Ü%í
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !mÜ%í ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚
(a) ¢õyò (b) !mÜ%í (c) xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ (d) 4 Ü%í

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ˆ¢!õ.– v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ãˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò £ˆÏÓ Sr2h áò ˆ¢!õ.–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~ÓÇ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌ b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÜã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
õ%ˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ÎyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï Ñ˛yÜã!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚
ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚
¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y ú¡∫y ˆÎ î[˛ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆ¢!õ.–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~ÓÇ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
20. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 264 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 924 áò
!õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ !ú!Ö–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú c ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
xyÎ˚ì˛ò v áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ cr r
vÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 14 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 264 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ
ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iv) î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1 : 2 ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ïÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 4 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 50% £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 50% Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏúy– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

148
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

± 4

9 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

ˆÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ îyî% ˆÓ˚ÓyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yîy ˆÓyv≈˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyõÓ˚y ˆ¢£z
ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ äÈ!Ó xy§!Ñ˛ Á òyòyò õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúyÎ˚ ˆÓyv≈˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xyã xyõÓ˚y õ!ì˛v˛zÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò Á£z ˆÓyv≈˛!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ
~Ñ˛!›˛ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúy ˆÖúyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% ì˛ˆÏ˛ôò Á£z ˆÓyˆÏv˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛ú ~ÓÇ Á£z áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ïòydÑ˛ Á }íydÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ ¢ÇÖƒy !úÖú–
xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Á£z ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ áÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy !úÖÓ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
¢yãyÓ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ãyòÓ–
¢#õy !úÖú 5 Á 4
5+4, 5–4, 5×4 ˛≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ô)í≈ ¢ÇÖƒy–
5 4
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 4 Á 5 ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z l˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒy/õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyn
1 xy!õ 5 Á 4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
52 = ~ÓÇ 42 =
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈ 5 Á 4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈Á ¢ÇÖƒy–
xyõÓ˚y ãy!òñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ x}íydÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú ± a Óyñ ± a½
ˆÑ˛òòy (+ a )2 = (a½ )2 = a1 = a ~ÓÇ (– a ) 2 = a
2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ 0 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄
¢ÇK˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ 0 = 0
3 xy!õ 4 Á 5ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
..
4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú ± 4 xÌ≈yÍ +2 ~ÓÇ –2 l . (+2)2 =4 ~ÓÇ (–2)2 =4n
4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïòydÑ˛ ÓÜ≈õ)ú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ 4 ˆúÖy £Î˚
.
xÌ≈yÍ xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ 4 = 2 ñ . . 4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú Sõ)úî/xõ)úîV ¢ÇÖƒy l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
4 !Ñ˛hs$˛ 4 = (–2) = –2 £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛⁄
2

a2 = | a | l¢ÇK˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚#n
4 = 22 = | 2 | = 2 ~ÓÇ 4 = (–2)2 = | –2 | = 2
..
5ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú ± 5 l . ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒy ˛ôyÓ òy ÎyÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ 5 £ˆÏÓn
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 5 ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ ¢ÇÖƒy òÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ 4 ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ ¢ÇÖƒy–
5 ± 5 xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Î!î a ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚ñ Îy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ òÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ± a xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# Óúy £Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ a ± b xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏúy !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#ñ
ˆÎÖyˆÏò a õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyñ b ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# –

149
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9

xyõÓ˚y ãy!òñ52 = 25 ÓˆÏú 25 = 25½ = (52)½ = 52×½ = 51 = 5 l5 ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛› 25-~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈õ)ún
125 = 125 /3 = (53) /3 = 5 ×
1 1 3 1/3
53 = 125 ÓˆÏú 3 = 51 = 5 l5 ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛› 125-~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòõ)ún

54 = 625 ÓˆÏú 4 625 = 625¼ = (54)¼ = 5 ×¼ = 51 = 5 l5 ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛› 625-~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛ì%˛Ì≈õ)ún .

4

ÓÜ≈õ)ú !â˛£´!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ 2 ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy– ˆÎ õ)úÜ%!ú v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ì˛y £Î˚ òy–
ˆÎõòñ 2 ñ 3 ñ 5 ñ 3 7 ñ 4 20 ñ 5 25 ñ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚y õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy òÎ˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ îü!õÑ˛ õyò
¢¡ô)í≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚y xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–
.
. . ± 5 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
6 xy!õ 4 !›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# Á 4 !›˛ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
2
4 !›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# 3 ñ– 5 ñ
3 ñ l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
3
4 !›˛ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# 2 – 3 ñ 2 + 6 ñ 5 – 100 ñ l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢Ñ˛ú !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#£z !Ñ˛ xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy⁄
!máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ îü!õÑ˛ õyò ¢¡ô)í≈ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ì˛y£z ~Ü%!ú xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢Ñ˛ú xõ)úî
¢ÇÖƒy£z Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚– ˆÎõòñ S xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚–
7 4 ñ 25 !Ñ˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#⁄
4 ñ 255 xy˛ôyì˛î,!T˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ~Ü%!ú Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚–
õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyñ 4 = 2 ~ÓÇ 255 = 5
xy!õ ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ x2–2ax+(a2–b2)=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ Ó#ãmÎ˚
a+ b Á ÎyÓ˚y v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò b ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy Îy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ òÎ˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
~£z hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏì˛£z ¢#õyÓÂï ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚í# ÓúˆÏú xyõÓ˚y
!máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#£z Ó%G˛Ó–
õ!íî#˛ôy ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖú 8 Á 12
8 8 Á 12 ¢ÇÖƒyî%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛úñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛úñ Ü%íö˛úñ ¶˛yÜö˛úñ ÓÜ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îy ˆ˛ôúyõ ì˛y ˆÑ˛õò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒy !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ a = a½ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òÎ˚õ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
ab = (ab)½ = a½ ×b½ = a × b ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b x}íydÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy–
½ ½
a = a = a = a
a x}íydÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ b ïòydÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy–
b b b½ b

150
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

9 xy!õ 8 Á 32ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !ò£z Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–

8 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# Ñ˛yÓ˚í 8 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ õ)úîÈ¢ÇÖƒy òÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ 32 ÈÙÈ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚í# Ñ˛yÓ˚í 32 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy òÎ˚–
8 ÈÙÙȈÏÑ˛ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ 8 = 4×2 = 4 . 2 =2 2
~ÓÇ 32 ÈÙȈÏÑ˛ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ 32 = 16×2 = 16 . 2 = 4 2
10 ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# 8 Á 32 ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ó˚í# 2 È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õ)úî Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛– ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ü%Âï
Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
î%£z Óy ì˛ˆÏì˛y!ïÑ˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# Î!î ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ õ)úî Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z ¢Ñ˛ú ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏÑ˛
¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í# Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 8 Á 32 ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í# î%!›˛ ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
25
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. 8 Á 2 !Ñ˛ ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#⁄ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö⁄
25 25 u 2 25×2 25 u 2 5 2 . 255
8 = 2 2 ~ÓÇ 2 = 4 2 .. 8 Á 2 ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
4 4

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 12 Á 28 ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í# !Ñ˛òy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

122 = 4×3 = 2 3 ~ÓÇ 28 = 4×7 = 2 7
122 Á 28 ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í#mÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ õ)úî Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚–

~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 122 Á 28 x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
xÌ≈yÍ Î!î m ~ÓÇ n î%!›˛ ~õò ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy lxÌ≈yÍ m Á nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü.¢y.Ü% 1] £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ òÎ˚ñ
ì˛y£ˆÏú m ~ÓÇ n x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í# £ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎõòñ 15 ~ÓÇ 22 î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í 15 ~ÓÇ 22ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü.¢y.Ü%. 1 ~ÓÇ 15 ~ÓÇ 22ÈˆÑ˛v˛z£z
˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ ¢ÇÖƒy òÎ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ 15 Á 22 x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
11 î%!›˛ x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í# 5 Á 7È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
. ..
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 7 > 5 . . 7 > 5 S . a, b ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ a2 > b2 £ˆÏú a > b £Î˚V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ áˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö
45 ñ 80 ñ 147 ñ 180 Á 500
45 = 9×5 = 3 5 147 = 7×7×3 = 7 3
80 = 16×5 = 4 5 180 = 6×6×5 = 6 5
500 = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
.
. . ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!ú 45 ñ 80 ñ 180 Á 500
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. 48 ñ 27 ñ 20 Á 75 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!ú !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

151
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9

50 18
ˆÓ˚Óy ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈ 50 Á 18
50 Á 18 î%!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. S 50 + 18V Á S 50 – 18V ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
500 = 5 2 ~ÓÇ 18 = 3 2
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈ 500 Á 18 ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 5x+3x = 8x ~ÓÇ 5x–3x =
.
.. 500 + 18 = 5 2 + 3 2 = 8 2
500 – 18 = 5 2 – 3 2 = 2 2
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ S 500 + 18V ~ÓÇ S 500 – 18VÈÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. xy!õ S 2 + 8 V ~ÓÇ S 2 – 8 V ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ~ÓÇ ˆî!Ö ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü%Âï
Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛òy– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
õ,íyú ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖú 12 Á 45
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. xy!õ S 12 + 45V ~ÓÇ S 12 – 45V ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
122 = 2 3 ~ÓÇ 45 = 3 5 12
. 45
. . 122 Á 45 x¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 2x Á 3y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú = 2x+3y
.
. . 122 + 45 = 2 3 + 3 5
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ 122 – 45 = 2 3 – 3 5
.
. . xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ S 122 + 45V ~ÓÇ S 122 – 45V Èxõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆúÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy–
.
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ a Á bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú = a+b, . . 5 + 7 = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. xy!õ 2 3 ñ 3 2 Á 4 3 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2 3 +3 2 +4 3 =6 3 +3 2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. 12 ñ – 4 3 ÈÁ 6 3 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. xy!õ î%!›˛ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# S2 + 3 V Á S2 – 2 3 VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
30 Á 2x ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú = 30+2x ~ÓÇ (30+2x)+(30–4x) = £Î˚–
.
. . S2 + 3 V + S2 – 2 3 V = 2+2+ 3 – 2 3 = 4 – 3
.
. . S2 + 3 V Á S2 – 2 3 VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# ˆ˛ôúyõ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. S9 – 2 5 V + S12 + 7 5 V = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

152
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. xy!õ S2 + 3 V Á S2 – 3 V ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

S2 + 3 V + S2 – 3 V = 2+2+ 3 – 3 = 4
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ˆ˛ôúyõ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. xy!õ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !ú!Ö ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 9.1

1. õ)úî Á xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) 175 (ii) 2 112 (iii) 108 (iv) 125 (v) 5 119
2. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 108 – 75 = 3
3. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 98 + 8 – 2 32 = 2
4. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 3 48 – 4 75 + 192 = 0
5. ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
12 + 18 + 27 – 32
6. (a) 5 + 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎyÜö˛ú 2 5 £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(b) 7 – 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú 3 + 3 È £ˆÏÓñ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(c) 2 + 3 Èñ 3+ 5 È ~ÓÇ 2 + 7 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú !ú!Ö–
(d) S10 – 11 V ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ S– 5 + 3 11 V !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú !ú!Ö–
(e) S– 5 + 7 V ~ÓÇ S 7 + 2 VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ S5 + 2 + 7 V !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(f) î%!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !ú!Ö ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–
12 ~ÓyÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% x!õÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖú 7 Á 11
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ˆúÖy ¢ÇÖƒyî%!›˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy–
7 Á 11 î%!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú Á !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–

13 !Ñ˛hs$˛ 7 Á 11 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú Á ¶˛yÜö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ am ×bm = (ab)m laz0, bz0, m ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyn 7 11
7,
. . 7 × 11 = 7½ ×11½
.

= (7×11)½
= 77½
= 777
~ÖyˆÏò 777 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–

153
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!úÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 2 5 × 3 2 (ii) 7 3 × 2 3 (iii) (2+ 3 ) (4+ 3 ) (iv) (5 – 3 ) (2– 3 )
(i) 2 5 × 3 2 = 2×3× 5×2 = 6 100
(ii) 7 3 × 2 3 = 7×2× 3 × 3
= 14 32 = 14(32)½ = 14×3(2×½)
..
= 14×3 = 42 [ . (aam) = amn, az0 ~ÓÇ m, n õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy]
n

(iii) (2+ 3 ) (4+ 3 ) = 8+4 + 3 +( 3

3 +2 )2
..
= 8+6 3 +
+3 = 11+6 3 [ . (x+y) (a+b) = ax+ay+bx+by]
(iv) (5 – 3 ) (2– 3 ) = 5×2 –2 3 –5 3 +( 3 )2
= 10–2 3 – 5 3 + 3= 13–7 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. xy!õ (2+ 3 + 5 )×(3– 5 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(2+ 3 + 5 )×(3–– 5 ) = 2×(3–– 5 )+ 3 ×(3–– 5 )+ 5 ×(3–– 5 )
= 6 –2 5 + 3 3 – 15 + 3 5 –5
= 6 – 5 + 5 + 3 3 – 15
= 1+ 5 + 3 3 – 15
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. (3+ 7 – 5 )×(2 2 – 1)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
òyÌ%Ó˚y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úÖú 13 Á 5
13 Á 5 î%!›˛ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. xy!õ 13 · 5 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÜö˛ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
a
13 y 5 13 b ˆÑ˛ Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇÏü
5 ÓúˆÏú a ˆÑ˛ úÓ Á b ˆÑ˛ £Ó˚
13
ˆîÖ!äÈ £ˆÏÓ˚˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#õ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
5 Ó!ú– ˆ¢£z xˆÏÌ≈ ~Ó˚
13
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ úÓ Á £Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ 5 !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– úÓ 13 ~ÓÇ £Ó˚ 5
5

13 13 u 5 65 13 65
5 xÌ≈yÍ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# õ%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 5 ˆ˛ôúyõ–
5 5u 5 5
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛Ó˚í#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#õ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xÌÓy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜ Á !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#õ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò
(Rationalisation) ÓˆÏú ~ÓÇ Á£z v˛zͲôyîÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xÌÓy Á£z xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛
v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ (Rationalising Factor) Óúy £Î˚–
5 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ 5 ó ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ k 5 ˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–

154
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

.
. . a ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ a ó ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ k a ñˆÎÖyˆÏò k ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. 7 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 2 !›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19 . xy!õ (5+ 7 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
(5+ 7 ) × (5–– 7 ) = (5)2 – ( 7 )2 = 25 –7 = [(a+b) (a–b) = a2–b2]
xyÓyÓ˚ñ (5+ 7 ) × (–5+ 7 ) = ( 7 +5) × ( 7 –5) = ( 7 ) 2– (5) 2 =
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ 5+ 7 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ (5–– 7 ) ~ÓÇ (–5+ 7 )
Ó%ˆGÏ ˛!äÈñ a+ b ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ a– b xÌÓy –a+ b xÌÓy ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úî Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. 7– 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 2 !›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. ( 11 – 6 )ÈÙxÈõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
( 11 – 6) ( 11 + 6 ) = ( 11 )2 – ( 6 )2 = 11– 6 = 5
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ( 11 – 6 ) (– 11 – 6 ) = – [( 11 – 6 ) ( 11 + 6 )]
= l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
( a– b )ÈÙÈxÈõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ ( a + b ) xÌÓy (– a– b ) xÌÓy
~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ)úî Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 22. ( 15 + 3 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 2 !›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. xy!õ (7 + 2 )È !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Ö Îy (7 + 2 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ôyÓ–
(7 + 2 ) × (7 – 2 ) = 72 – ( 2 )2 =
xyÓyÓ˚ñ (7 + 2 ) + (7 – 2 ) = 7+7 = 14
.
. . ˆîÖ!äÈñ 7 – 2 v˛zͲôyÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ (7 + 2 ) !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú Á Ü%íö˛ú õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Á£z Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú Á Ü%íö˛ú v˛z¶˛Î˚£z Î!î
õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xò%Órï# Óy ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# (Conjugate surd) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ (7 + 2 ) !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# 7 – 2 ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ (–7 + 2 ) v˛zͲôyîÑ˛!›˛ xò%Órï#
Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚– Î!îÁ ~!›˛ ≤Ãî_ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛–
Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ 7 + 2 +7 – 2 = 14 Sõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyV
xyÓyÓ˚ñ (7 + 2 ) (7 – 2 ) = (7)2 – ( 2 )2 = 49–2=47 Sõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyV–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ (7 + 2 )+(–7 + 2 ) = 7 + 2 –7 + 2 = 2 2 Sxõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyV

155
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. xy!õ ( 5 –1)Èñ 3 ñ ( 3 – 2) ÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!ú !ú!Ö–
( 5 – 1) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# – 5 – 1
3 ÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# – 3
( 3 – 2) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# (– 3 – 2)
.
. . ˛ˆ˛ôúyõñ a + b xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#!›˛ a – b
a – b xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#!›˛ a + b

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !õ◊ ~ÓÇ ü%Âï !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ü%!úÓ˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# !ú!ÖÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) 2+ 3 (ii) 5– 2 (iii) 5 – 7 (iv) 11 +6 (v) 5 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. xy!õ (2 2 · 5 ) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–

2 2
2 2· 5= (i)
5
2 2 2 2u 5 2 10 2 10
5 5u 5
2
5
5
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ 2 2 · 5 = 2 10 · 5

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. xy!õ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (i) 6 · 7 (ii) 5 2 ·6 3

6 6u 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 y7
(i) 6 · 7 =
7 7u 7
2
7
7

5 2 = 5 2× 3 = 5 6 = 5 6 = 5 6 = 5 6 y 18
(ii) 5 2 ·6 3 =
6 3 6 3× 3 6 3
2
6×3 18

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (i) 54 53 (ii)

3 7
6
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. xy!õ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ –

(i) 4· (3– 2 ) (ii) ( 5 + 2) · ( 3 – 1) (iii) ( 2 + 3 ) ·( 2– 3)

4 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 12  4 2
(i) 4· 3 – 2
3– 2 3– 2 3 2 2 2
9–2 7
3 – 2

5+2 3+1
(ii) 5+2 · 3–1 = 5+2 = = 15+2 2 3+ 5+2
3–1 3–1 3+1 3 – 1
2

= 15+2 3+ 5+2
2

156
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD
2

2+ 3 = 2+ 3 2+ 3 2+ 3
(iii) 2+ 3 · 2– 3 = = 2 2
2– 3 2– 3 2+ 3 2 – 3

= 2+3+2 2× 3
2–3
= 5+2 6
–1

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) (4+2 3 ) ·(2– 3 ) (ii) ( 5 + 3 ) · ( 5 – 3 ) l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 9.2

1. (a) 3½ Á 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(b) 2 2 ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú 4 ˛ôyÓ !ú!Ö–
(c) 3 5 ~ÓÇ 5 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(d) 6 × 15 = x 10 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(e) ( 5 + 3) ( 5– 3 ) = 25 – x2 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

2. Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(a) 7 × 14 (b) 12 ×2 3 (c) 5 × 15 × 3 (d) 2 (3+ 5 )
(e) ( 2 + 3 )( 2 – 3) (f) (2 3 +3 2 )(4 2 + 5 )
(g) ( 3 +1)( 3 – 1)(2 – 3 )(4+2 3 )

3. (a) 5 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ x £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ «%˛oì˛õ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
lˆÎÖyˆÏò x ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyn
(b) 3 2 ·3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(c) 7· 48 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(d) ( 5 + 2)ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Îy Ñ˛Ó˚í#!›˛Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
1
(e) ( 5 + 2 ) · 7 = 7 ( 35 +a) £ˆÏúñ aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5
(f) 3 –2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Ö Îy xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# òÎ˚–
4. (9–4 5 ) Á (–2– 7 ) !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í#mÎ˚ !ú!Ö–

5. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ 2 !›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢Ñ˛ v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ú!Öı
(i) 5+ 2 (ii) 13 + 6 (iii) 8 –3 (iv) 17 – 15

157
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9
6. £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !òÓ˚¢ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) 2 3+3 2 (ii) 2 –1+ 6 (iii) 3+1

6 5 3–1

(iv) 3+ 5 (v) 3 2+1 (vi) 3 2+2 3

7– 3 2 5 –1 3 2 –2 3

7. ≤ÃÌõ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yãÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 3 2 + 5 ñ 2 + 1 (ii) 2 3 – 2 ñ 2 – 3 (iii) 3+ 6 ñ 3 + 2

8. õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (i) 2 5+1 – 4 5 –1 (ii) 8+3 2 – 8–3 2

5+1 5 –1 3+ 5 3– 5

3 4.2 –2 12+ 20
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
3 18 –2 27+ 45

3 4.2 –2 12+ 20 = 3 4.2 –2 4.3+ 4.5 = 3.2 2 –2.2 3+2 5

3 18 –2 27 + 45 3 9.2 –2 9.3+ 9.5 3.3 2 –2.3 3+3 5

= 6 2 –4 3+2 5
9 2 –6 3+3 5
2 3 2 –2 3+ 5
= =2
3 3 2 –2 3+ 5 3

... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢Ó˚úö˛ú = 23

3 20+2 28+ 12
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
5 45+2 175+ 75

5 – 3 3 2 2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı +
3+ 2 2+ 5 3+ 5
5 – 3 3 2 2
≤Ãî_ = + (i)
3+ 2 2+ 5 3+ 5

5 = 5 3– 2 15– 10 15– 10 = 15– 10

≤ÃÌõ xÇü = = =
3+ 2 3+ 2 3– 2
2 2
3–2
3 – 2

3 3 5– 2 3 15– 6
!mì˛#Î˚ xÇü = 3 3 = 3 3 = = 3 15–3 6 =
2+ 5 5+ 2 5+ 2 5– 2 5–2 3

= 15– 6

158
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

2 2 5– 3 2 10 – 6
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xÇü = 2 2 = 2 2 = = 2 10 –2 6 =
3+ 5 5+ 3 5+ 3 5– 3
2 2
5–3
5 – 3

2 10– 6
=
2
= 10– 6
.
. . (i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ
≤Ãî_ = ( 15 – 10 ) – ( 15 – 6 ) + ( 10 – 6 )
= 15 – 10 – 15 + 6 + 10 – 6 =0
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢Ó˚úö˛ú = 0.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 2 +5 3 – 2 –1 3 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 35. x= 3 + 2 £ˆÏúñ (i) x – 1x (ii) x2 + x12 ~ÓÇ (iii) x3 – x13È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyòÜ%!ú !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x= 3+ 2

. 1 1 3– 2 3– 2 3– 2 = 3– 2
.. x = = = 2 2
=
3–2
3+ 2 3+ 2 3– 2 3 – 2
1
(i) x – x = ( 3 + 2) – ( 3 – 2) = 3 + 2 – 3 + 2 = 2 2
1 1 2 1
(ii) x2 + x2 = (x – x ) + 2 ×x× x = (2 2 ) + 2.1 = 8+2 = 10
2

1 1 3 1 1
(iii) x3 – x3 = (x – x ) + 3×x× x (x – x ) = (2 2 ) + 3 ×1×2 2 = 16 2 + 6 2 = 22 2
3

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 36. x= 3 + 2 £ˆÏúñ (x – 1x ), (x3 + 1x3È) ~ÓÇ (x2 – 1x2) ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyòÜ%!ú !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
3+1 3–1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 37. Î!î x = 3 –1
~ÓÇ y = 3 +1
£Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
x2 + y2 7 3 x 2 –xy+y 2
(a) ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ = (b) 2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x2–y2 12 x +xy+y 2
x2 y2
(c) y È + x È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– (d) x3 –y3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ã̈Ïõñ x+yñ x–y Á xy ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2 2

3+1 + 3–1 = 3+1 + 3–1

x+y = = 3+1+2 3+3+1–2 3
= 8
3 –1 3+1 3–1 3+1
2
3 – 1
2 3–1

= 8 =4
2

159
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9

3+ 1 3–
3–1
xÌÓyñ x+y = 3 –1
+
3 +1

2ª 3 +1 º
2 2
2 2
3+1 + 3–1 « »¼
= = ¬ 2
ª¬' (a+b)2 +(a–b)2 =2(a 2 +b2 ) º¼
2
3–1 3+1 3 – 1
2(3+1) 2×4
= = =4
3–1 2
2 2

3+1 – 3–1 = 3+1 – 3–1 3+1+2 3 – 3+1–2 3

x–y = = 2
3–1 3+1 3–1 3+1 3 – 1
2

= 3+1+2 3–3–1+2 3 = 4 3 = 2 3
3–1 2

3+ 1 3–1
3–
xÌÓyñ x–y = 3 –1
–
3 +1
2 2
3+1 – 3–1 4× 3×1
= = 2
ª¬' (a+b) 2 –(a–b) 2 =4ab º¼
2
3–1 3–1 3 – 1

=4 3 =4 3 =2 3
3–1 2
3+1 3–1
x×y = × =1
3–1 3+1
2 2
x 2 +y 2 x+y –2xy 4 –2×1
(a) = = = 14 = 7× 3 = 7 3
2
x –y 2
x+y x–y 4×2 3 4×2 3 4 3× 3 12

2
x 2 –xy+y 2 x+y –3xy 4 2 –3×1 13
(b) = = 2 =
x 2 +xy+y 2 2
x+y –xy 4 –1 15
2
2
x 2 –xy+y 2 x–y +xy 2 3 +1 12+1 13
= = = =
x 2 +xy+y 2 2
x–y +3xy
2
12+3 15
2 3 +3

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ (x+y) xÌÓy (x–y)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò ãyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

3
x 2 + y = x +y = x+y –3xy(x+y) = 43 –3×4 = 64–12 = 52
2 3 3
(c)
y x xy xy 1
(d) x3 –y3 = (x–y)3+3xy(x–y) = (2 3 )3+3×1×2 3 = 24 3 +6 3 = 30 3

160
 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#
QUADRATIC SURD

( 5
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 38. + 3 ) ~ÓÇ ( 6 + 2 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y !ú!Ö–
( 5+ 3) =(
2
5 )2+2× 5 × 3 +( 3 )2 = 5+2 15 +3 = 8+2 15
( 6+ 2) =(
2
6 ) +2×
2
6 × 2 + ( 2 ) = 6+2
2
12 +2 = 8+2 12
. . ( 5 + 3 ) ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y–
.
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 15 > 12 ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ 8+2 15 > 8+2 12

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 9.3

1 1 1
1. (a) m+ m = 3 £ˆÏúñ (i) m 2+ m2 ~ÓÇ (ii) m 3+ m3 ÈÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(b) ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 5 3 – 5– 3 2 15

5– 3 5 3

2 2+ 3 2 2– 3 3 7 – 5 5 + 2 2
2. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (a) – (b)
3 3+1 3 3–1 5+ 2 2+ 7 7+ 5

(c) 4 3 – 30 – 18 (d) 3 2 – 4 3 + 6
2– 2 4 3 – 18 3– 12 3+ 6 6+ 2 2+ 3

3. Î!î x=2ñ y=3 ~ÓÇ z=6 £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓñ

3 x – 4 y z
+ È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
y+ z z+ x x+ y
1 1 1 1
4. x = 7 + 6 £ˆÏú (i) x – x (ii) x + x (iii) x2 + x2 ~ÓÇ (iv) x3 + x3È ÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

x+ x 2 –1  x– x 2 –1
5. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
x– x 2 –1 x+ x 2 –1
¢Ó˚úö˛ú 14 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛# Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5+ 1 5 –1
–
6. Î!î a = Áb= £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ õyòÜ%!ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5 –1 5 +1
3
2 2 a–b 2 2 3 3
(i) a 2 +ab+b2 (ii) 3
(iii) 3a 2 +5ab+3b2 (iv) a 3 +b3
a –ab+b a+b 3a –5ab+3b a –b

7. Î!î x=2+ 3 , y=2–– 3 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1 1 1 1
(a) (i) x – x (ii) y2 + y2 (iii) x3 – x3È (iv) xy + xy
(b) 3x2–5xy+3y
y2

7 3 x 2 +xy+y 2 12
8. x= ~ÓÇ xy=1 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ x 2 –xy+y 2 11
7– 3

161
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 9
9. ( 7 + 1) ~ÓÇ ( 5 + 3 )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y !ú!Ö–

10. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
1
(i) x =2+ 3 £ˆÏúñ x + xÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 2 (b) 2 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 – 3
(ii) Î!î p+q= 13 ~ÓÇ p–q= 5 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú pqÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 2 (b) 18 (c) 9 (d) 8
(iii) Î!î a+b= 5 ~ÓÇ a –b= 3 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (a2+b2)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
(iv) 125 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5 !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜö˛ú £ˆÏÓ
(a) 80 (b) 120 (c) 100 (d) ˆÑ˛yò!›˛£z òÎ˚

(v) (5 – 3 )( 3 ––1)(5 + 3 )( +1)ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú (a) 22 (b) 44 (c) 2 (d) 11

3+

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) 75
5 ~ÓÇ 147 ¢î,ü Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
(ii) S ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) 5 11 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy– Sõ)úî/xõ)úîV
(ii) ( 3 – 5) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Órï# Ñ˛Ó˚í# –
(iii) î%!›˛ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú Á Ü%íö˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏú Ñ˛Ó˚í#mÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#–
11. ¢Ç!«˛Æïõ#≈ v˛z_Ó˚≤ß¿ (S.A.)
1
(i) x=3+2 2 £ˆÏúñ x+ x ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–

(ii) ( 15 + 3 ) ~ÓÇ ( 10 + 8 ) ÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y !ú!Ö–

(iii) î%!›˛ !õ◊ !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !ú!Ö ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–
(iv) 72 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú 32 £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
§ 1 1 1 ·
(v) ¨   ¸ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò !ú!Ö–
© 2 1 3 2 4 3¹

162
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THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛

10
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

xyõÓ˚y òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚

Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– ì˛y£z xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛y!‡˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
xyõÓ˚y Órï%Ó˚y xyã ü!òÓyÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚
úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– Ñ˛y!‡˛Ü%!ú ã%ˆÏv˛¸
xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú òyòyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y
!e¶%˛ã Á â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó Á ˆ¢Ü%!ú !îˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò
!Ñ˛ä%È ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ– ¢y£yòy ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ãÜ%!ú xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò õˆÏv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢Ñ˛ú ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Á õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy–
1 ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ãÜ%!ú Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚y!Ö Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !õú ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
A A
A D A D
D B
x x B x x
B C C
B D
C C
Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ A Á C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆãyv˛¸ Ö%ˆÏú ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚
(A) A
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘ABC Á ‘ADC î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ l˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ / ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛n
)
>

~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ‘BAD Á ‘BCD î%!›˛Á ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön C C

(D) B
xy!õ Öyì˛yÎ˚ Ó,_ Á Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã x§y!Ñ˛ Á £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
A
SiV xy›≈˛ ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–
>
1
>

SiiV ~ÓyÓ˚ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ !Ó®% A, B, C Á D 4 D

>

B 2 x
!òˆÏÎ˚ A, B; B, C; C, D Á D, A ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ˆ˛ôúyõ–
>3
SiiiV ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ 1, 2, 3 Á 4 òyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– C
SivV ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí 4!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ
‘1 + ‘3 = ~ÓÇ ‘2 + ‘4 =
l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
... £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–

163
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Ó˚y£%ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã PQRS ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– P
xy!õ ⧲yîy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
‘P + ‘R = 180º ~ÓÇ ‘Q + ‘S = 180º ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Q x S
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
[ !òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏ˛ô Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ ] QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ R
D
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 38. Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–

)
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã– O > x
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı‘ABC + ‘ADC = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí A C
~ÓÇ ‘BAD + ‘BCD = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí

)
B
xAÑ˛ò ı A, O ~ÓÇ C, O ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı ADC Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ≤ÃÓ,Âï ‘AOC ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ABC
? ≤ÃÓ,Âï‘AOC = 2‘ABC
1
? ‘ABC = –2 ≤ÃÓ,Âï‘AOC ...........(i)
xyÓyÓ˚ ABC Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘AOC ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ADC
? ‘AOC = 2 ‘ADC
1
? ‘ADC = –2 ‘AOC ...........(ii)
1 1 ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
? (i) Á SiiV ££zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£zñ ‘ABC + ‘ADC = –2 ≤ÃÓ,Âï‘AOC + –2 ‘AOC
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
1
= –2 (≤ÃÓ,Âï‘AOC +‘AOC) QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

1
= –2 × 4 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô B, O ~ÓÇ D, O ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘BAD + ‘BCD = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí
A D
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–
x
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı ‘ABC + ‘ADC = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
C
~ÓÇ ‘BAD + ‘BCD = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí B

xAÑ˛ò ı AC Á BD î%!›˛ Ñ˛í≈ ›˛yòúyõ–

≤Ãõyí ı ‘ADB = ‘ACB l~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yín
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘BAC = ‘BDC l~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yín
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘ADC = ‘ADB +‘BDC
= ‘ACB +‘BAC
? ‘ADC + ‘ABC = ‘ACB + ‘BAC + ‘ABC
? ‘ADC + ‘ABC = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l... !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yín
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘BAD + ‘BCD = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

164
 Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

î%!›˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Úâ˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 4 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
¢õyòÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ïõ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢£ˆÏã£z ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xy!õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã PQRS xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
‘PQR + ‘PSR = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ‘QPS + ‘QRS = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄

xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛ £ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ã!›˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®%Ü!% ú !Ñ˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ £ˆÏÓ⁄
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
ã!Î˚ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
D A D A D D A D
A ) 85º
)
110º
) C
105º
95º)
C )70º
) 75º D C
A B B (ii) C B C B
(i) (iii) (iv) (v)

SIV xy!õ SiV òÇ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ AB Á BC Óy£%Ó˚ î%!›˛ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛úyõ

D
ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– C
105º )
›
SIIV O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ Ó,_!›˛ A, !O !
B, C Á !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏFäÈ– A
) 75º
B
›
? ˆ˛ôúyõ A, B Á C !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®%Üyõ# !ò!î≈T˛ Ó,_ D !Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏFäÈ–
? £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú
¢õÓ,_fiÌ £ˆÏÓ–
xy!õ SiiVñ SiiiVñ SivV Á SvV òÇ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã x§y!Ñ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛
180º ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 39. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú ¢õÓ,_fiÌ
£ˆÏÓ– l≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ òÎ˚n
≤Ãî_ ı ï!Ó˚ñ PQRS ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘PQR ~ÓÇ ‘PSR ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ
‘PQR + ‘PSR = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí T S

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú xÌ≈yÍ P,Q,R,SS !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– P
(i)
xAÑ˛ò ı P,Q,R !ì˛ò!›˛ x¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï!Ó˚ñ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_!›˛
S !Ó®%Üyõ# òÎ˚– Ó,_!›˛ PSS Óy PSSÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– T Á R Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– R
Q
≤Ãõyí ı xAÑ˛ò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ PQRTT ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã S T
.
. . ‘PQR + ‘PTR = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ......... S1 S V P
!Ñ˛hs˛$ ‘PQR + ‘PSR = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l≤Ãî_n ........ S2 S V (ii)
S V òÇ Á S2
S1 S V òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ ‘PQR + ‘PTR = ‘PQR + ‘PSR
R
... ‘PTR = ‘PSR Q

165
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xïƒyÎ˚ ı 10
~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£ÉfïÏÑ˛yí !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xhs˛ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– T S S T
.
. . ‘PTR = ‘PSR £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò S Á T !Ó®%mÎ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– P P
. (ii)
. . P, Q, R !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_!›˛ xÓüƒ£z S !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– (i)
.
. . P, Q, R, S !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– R
Q R
Q
xò%!¢Âïyhs˛ ı Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ v˛zͲôߨ £Î˚ ì˛y xhs˛ÉfiÌ
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ E !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ A D
)
‘DCE Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ £ˆÏúy–
) E
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı ‘DCE = !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xhs˛ÉfiÌ ‘BAD B C
≤Ãõyí ı ‘BAD + ‘BCD = 180º [... ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã]
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘BCD + ‘DCE = 180º [... BE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ DC î[˛yÎ˚õyò]
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘BAD + ‘BCD = ‘BCD + ‘DCE ? ‘DCE = ‘BAD l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
A
B C 13 ) D
) xº 0º
xº)
B x C
95º) D O
(i) (ii)
A
(i) ABCD â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ãñ ? ‘ABC + ‘ADC = 180º
? xº =‘ABC = 180º – =
x= l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
(ii) ABCD â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ãñ ? ‘ABC + ‘ADC = 180º
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
? ‘ABC = xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘BAC= ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíñ ? ‘BAC = 90º
? xº +‘ABC + ‘BAC = 180º
? xº + 50º + 90º = 180º;?x = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ~ÓÇ O Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w– Î!î ‘COD = 120º ~ÓÇ
‘BAC = 30º £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ‘BOC Á ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
BC v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yíí ‘BOC ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘BAC–
D
? ‘BOC = 2‘BAC = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
C 120º
CD v˛z˛ôâ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘COD ~ÓÇ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ‘CAD,
)

O
1 1
? ‘CAD = –2 ‘COD = –2 × 120º = 60º 30º)
B A
? ‘BAD = 30º + 60º = 90º (i)
? ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏ㠑BCD + ‘BAD = 180º
? ‘BCD = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

166
 Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3 ôyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ABCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD Á AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C

E
E Á F !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ‘CBF = 120º £ˆÏúñ
‘CDE ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n D

120º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4 ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Á DC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛

)
~ÓÇ AD Á BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‘ADC = 85º A B F
(i)
~ÓÇ ‘BPC = 40º £ˆÏúñ ‘BAD Á ‘CQDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘PBC = ‘ADC = 85º A
?' BPCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘BCP = 180º – (85º + 40º) =
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘BAD = Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘BCP = 55º
' CQD ÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘CQD + ‘DCQ = 85º B 85º

)
)40ºº D
?‘CQD = 85º – ‘DCQ = 85º – ‘BCP = P C
?‘BAD = 55º ~ÓÇ ‘CQD = 30º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,_fiÌ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e– Q
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ıABCD ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e–
A D
≤Ãõyí ı ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛
?‘ABC = ‘ADC
B C
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã
?‘ABC + ‘ADC =
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 2‘$BC = 180º ? ‘ABC = 90º
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ~£z ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ABCD ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã– ‘DAB Á ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛mÎ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ X Á Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ XY Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢–
≤Ãî_ ı Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘DAB Á ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛mÎ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ X Y A
Á Y !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
D
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı XY Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢–
xAÑ˛ò ı A, Y !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚– B C
≤Ãõyí ı ‘YAB Á ‘YCB Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô YBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– X
1
?‘YAB = ‘YCB = –2 ‘BCD ............(I) [... CY, ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
Ñ]
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘XAY= ‘XAB +‘
+ YAB
1 1
= –2 ‘BAD + –2 ‘BCD [(I) ££zˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ] [... AX, ‘DABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
Ñ]
1 1
= –2 (‘BAD + ‘BCD) = –2 × 180º [... ABCD Ó,_ÉfiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã]
= 90º
?‘XAY ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– ?XY Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢–

167
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 10
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e òÎ˚ ~õò Ó,_fiÌ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛í≈mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò–
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ ÎyÓ˚ AD || BC A D

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı AB = DC ~ÓÇ AC = BD

)
)
≤Ãõyí ı ‘ADC + ‘DCB = 180º [... AD || BC ~ÓÇ DC ˆ¶˛îÑ˛] B C

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘BAD + ‘DCB = 180º [... ABCD Ó,_ÉfiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã]

?‘ADC + ‘DCB = ‘BAD + ‘DCB ?‘ADC = ‘BAD ............. (I)
' BAD Á ' ADCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ ‘BAD = ‘ADC [(I) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ]
‘ABD = ‘DCA [~Ñ˛£z Ó,_yÇüfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí]
AD ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%
?' BAD # ' ADC [¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚Ó A–A–S üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚]
? AB = DC ~ÓÇ AC = BD S... ¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô xÇüV l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AP, AQ î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ R Á Só ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ O, R, A,
S !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AP Á AQ î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ R Á S Q

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ıO, R, A, S !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–

S x
O
xAÑ˛ò ı O, R !Ó®%mÎ˚ ~ÓÇ O, S !Ó®%mÎ˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– P
≤Ãõyí ı OR, AP ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ? OR A AP R
A
xÌ≈yÍñ‘ARO = 90º
OS, AQ ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ? OS A AQ
xÌ≈yÍñ‘ASO = 90º
?‘ARO +‘ASO = 90º + 90º = 180º
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ AROS â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆãyv˛¸y !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ O, R, A, S
!Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ܇˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ AR, BP, CP Á DR ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘A, ‘B, ‘C Á ‘DÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ PQRS â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
A
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ı PQRS Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–
≤Ãõyí ı ' ARDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘ARD + ‘RDA + ‘DAR = 180º P
1 1 D
?‘ARD + –2 ‘A + –2 ‘D = 180º ............. (I) Q
S
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' BPCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘BPC + ‘PCB + ‘CBP = 180º B R
1 1 C
?‘BPC + –2 ‘C + –2 ‘B = 180º ............. (II)
1 1 1 1
(I) Á (II) ££zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£zñ ‘ARD + –2 ‘A + –2 ‘D + ‘BPC + –2 ‘C + –2 ‘B = 180º + 180º

168
 Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

1
Óyñ ‘ARD + ‘BPC + –2 (‘A + ‘B + ‘C + ‘D) = 360º A
1
Óyñ‘ARD + ‘BPC + –2 × 360º = 360º P
D
Óyñ ‘ARD + ‘BPC = 360º – 180º = 180º Q
S
R
?‘QRS + ‘QPS = 180º B
C
PQRS â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–
? PQRS â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 10 S
P
1. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ PQRS Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛í≈mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ X !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ X
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ‘PRS = 65º ~ÓÇ ‘RQS = 45ºó ‘SQP Á ‘RSPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 65º

)
)45º
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– Q R
2. ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ X !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈ ‘XBC = 82º
~ÓÇ ‘ADB = 47ºó ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. PQRS Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ PQ, SR R Óy£% î%!›˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ T !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏúy– Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Oó
‘POQ = 110º, ‘QOR = 60º, ‘ROS = 80º £ˆÏú ‘RQS Á ‘QTR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P Á Q !Ó®%Üyõ# î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á C ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ B Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AC || BD–
5. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ E !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘BAD Á ‘DCEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛mÎ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6. ˆõy!£ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% X !îˆÏÎ˚ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ÎyÓ˚y Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A, B
!Ó®% Á C, D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 'XAC Á 'XBDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyò–
7. î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ G Á H !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ G !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ˆÎ!›˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ H !Ó®%Üyõ# PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy Ó,_î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ R Á S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PQ = RS–
8. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB = AC ~ÓÇ Ó!ï≈ì˛ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ E ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®%– ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ AEÈÙÈˆÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘ACD = ‘AEC–
9. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã– DE ãƒy ‘BDCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!£!m≈Ö[˛Ñ˛– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AE SÓy Ó!ï≈ì˛ AEV
‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!£!m≈Ö[˛Ñ˛–
10. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AC Á AB Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ BE Á CF ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ú¡∫– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ B, C, E, F !Ó®%
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ' AEF Á ' ABC ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyò–
11. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛– A Á B !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ AD Á BCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ E Á F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ E, F, C, D !Ó®% â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
12. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ã– AB Á DC Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï P !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ AD Á BC Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛
Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– ' BCP ~ÓÇ ' CDR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_mÎ˚ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ P, T, R ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö–

169
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xïƒyÎ˚ ı 10
13. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ú¡∫!Ó®% O; ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ O !Ó®%!›˛ ˛ôyî!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛ÉˆÏÑ˛w–
14. ABCD ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ˆÎ AC,‘BADÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ ADÈÙȈÏÑ˛
E !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ˆÎò DE = AB £Î˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ CE = CA
15. î%!› Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O !Ó®%Üyõ# ~ÓÇ Ó,_ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
A !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy O !Ó®%Üyõ# Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P, B Á R, B Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ñ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ PR = PB
16. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%°Ïõ ˛ôM˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% ¢õÓ,_fiÌ–
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
17. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SV. S. A.V QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ SM. C. Q.V ı

D C
(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–

)
120º
‘ADC = 120º £ˆÏúñ ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
A x B
O
(a) 50º (b) 60º (c) 30º (d) 40º

D C
(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã–
‘ABC = 65º, ‘DAC = 40º £ˆÏúñ ‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyòÈ 40º
65º )

)
A x B
(a) 75º (b) 105º (c) 115º (d) 80º O

(iii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢– D

! C
ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ AB || DC ~ÓÇ ‘BAC = 25º
£ˆÏú ‘DACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyòÈ ) 25ºx !
A B
O
(a) 50º (b) 25º (c) 130º (d) 40º

F
A
(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã– BA ÈÙȈÑÑ˛ F !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛
) 20º
! E
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– AE || CD, ‘ABC = 92º ~ÓÇ ‘FAE = 20º £ˆÏúñ B ) 92º
‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyòÈ
(a) 20º (b) 88º (c) 108º (d) 72º ! D
C

D E
(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– D Á C A
75º
)

!Ó®%Üyõ# î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á B !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚

Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ E Á F !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ‘DAB = 75º £ˆÏúñ ‘DEFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò F
C
(a) 75º (b) 70º (c) 60º (d) 105º B

170
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THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

(B) ¢ì˛ƒ / !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú v˛zͲôߨ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xhs˛ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
¢õyò £Î˚–

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yímÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú –
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛e–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú – ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
18. ˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SS. A.V ı QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe P Á Q ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ Ó,_î%!›˛ B Á C A C D

!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xP
ACD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü– ‘ARB = 150º, )150º
)
x xº
R Q
‘BQD = xº £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
B

D P
(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ 84º
)

C
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ‘QAD = 80º ~ÓÇ ‘PDA = 84º x
O O
x
80º
£ˆÏúñ ‘QBC Á ‘BCPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ) B
A Q
P
Q
(iii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ‘BAD = 60º, ‘ABC = 80ºº £ˆÏúñ C
‘DPC ~ÓÇ ‘BQCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– D
) 60ºx O

B
)
80º

A
Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AC Óƒy¢– ‘AOB
(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆ_ D C
›

= 80ºº ~ÓÇ ‘ACE = 10º £ˆÏúñ ‘BEDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 10º)

›
)

õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– x O

)

80º

E B
›

A
(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ AB Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢–
C
‘AOD = 140º ~ÓÇ ‘CAB = 50º £ˆÏúñ D
‘BEDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ) 50º
140º
)

A x E
O B

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xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÑ˛
!› ˆÏÑ fl˛ÒÒƒyò Ñ˛ˆÓ˚
Ñ ˆÏÓy–
y–
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND
INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE

~ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏú !‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛

!òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ® xò%ÎyÎ˚# !ã!ò¢ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – xy!õ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛òyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
ì˛y£z xy!õ ˆ˛ôò!¢ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ë˛yÑ˛òyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ òÑ˛üy xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ xyõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y òÑ˛üyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ãƒy xy§Ñ˛ú–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ òÑ˛üyÎ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ãƒyÜ%!ú Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !e¶%˛ã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1 ~¶˛yˆÏÓ xy§Ñ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ Á Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fiÌì˛ !e¶%˛ã SÎyÓ˚ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®%Ü!% ú Ó,ˆ_
Ï xyˆÏäÈV Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
xyˆÏäÈ⁄
Ó,_!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fiÌì˛ !e¶%˛ãˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z Ó,_!›˛ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_–
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !e¶%˛ã ˛ôyÓñ Ó,_!›˛ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ã ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xy§Ñ˛Ó⁄
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ã xy§!Ñ˛ Á Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢¡ôyîƒ ı ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò–
5ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6ˆ¢!õ.ñ 7ˆ¢!õ. Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı ˆ¢!õ.
6ˆ¢!õ.
(i) ≤ÃÌˆÏ õ 5ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á 7ˆ¢!õ.
A
7ˆ¢!õ. Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ' ABC xAÑ˛ò
P
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
R
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xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã̈Ïõ£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
ˆÑ˛w !òí≈ Î ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ó – ì˛y£z
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ O
Q X
ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–n B
C
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB Á BC Óy£%Ó˚
î%!›˛ ú¡∫ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ PQ
Á RS xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ ú yõ ÎyÓ˚ y
ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
S

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CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE

(iii) O !Ó®%!›˛ AB Á BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®%–

.
. . O !Ó®%!›˛ A, B Á C ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛#–
O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA xÌÓy OB xÌÓy OC ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_–

≤Ãõyí ı O, A; O, B; O, C ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

O, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%–
.
. . O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ A Á B !Ó®%mÎ˚ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛# xÌ≈yÍ OA = OB
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ OB = OC
.
. . OA = OB = OC.
O ÙȈÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ÏÓ ˆ¢£z Ó,_ B Á C
!Ó®%Üyõ# £ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ Ó,_!›˛ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A, B Á C !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
.
. . Á£z Ó,_!›˛£z ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_–
4ˆ¢!õ. Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õyÓy£% !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

2 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Á Óƒy¢yï≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w (Circumcentre) ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yï≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óƒy¢yï≈ (Circumradius)
Óúy £Î˚–

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ 11
1. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ lÓƒy¢yï≈ / ãƒyn
2. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®%£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
3. !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü!% úÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®%Ü!% úÓ˚ î)Óc˚
4. !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü!% úÓ˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ î)Ó˚c£z Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ lÓƒy¢ / Óƒy¢yï≈nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ãy!£Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚%õyˆÏú ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ òyòyò
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ãy!£Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚
(i) ABC !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ BC = 4ˆ¢!õ. ‘ABC = 60º, ‘ACB = 70º
(ii) PQR !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ QR = 3.5ˆ¢!õ.ñ ‘PQR = 90º ~ÓÇ
PR = 4.5ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) XYZ !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘XYZ = 120º, ‘YZX = 30º ~ÓÇ
YZ = 3ˆ¢!õ.–

173
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 11
ˆîÖ!äÈ (i) òÇ !e¶% ˛ ã!›˛ 4 cm

¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã– A

(i) òÇ !e¶% ˛ ã xÌ≈ y Í

H
¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ– 70º

O
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ABC ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# N
S
!e¶% ˆ Ï ã Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ñ ˛w
!e¶%˛ÏãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚
l!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ / Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚n xyˆÏäÈ– B C ‘X

xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí#

!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó_, ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ T
˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ñ ˛w!›˛ !e¶% ˛ Ï ã yÑ˛yÓ˚ (i) òÇ
ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚ ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n š
4.5 cm Y
ãy!£ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ xy§ Ñ ˛y (ii) òÇ
!e¶% ˛ ã!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí# 3.55 cm

!e¶%˛ã– P
xy!õ (ii) òÇ !e¶%˛ã xÌ≈yÍ
PQR ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ O
˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ PQR ¢õˆÏ Ñ ˛yí# Q
R X
!e¶% ˆ Ï ã Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ñ ˛w O
x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
~ÓÇ x!ì¶% ˆ Ï ã Ó˚
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yÓ˚í PO =
OR lˆÎÖyˆÏ ò O,
' PQR R ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛wn (ii) òÇ

ì˛y£ˆÏú !Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚

˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ î%ˆÏ›˛y Óy£%Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% ì˛y£z x!ì˛¶%˛ãˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w
˛ôyÓ– ˆÎõò PQR ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ PR Óy£%Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w O ˛ôyÓ–
xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
õïƒ!Ó®%– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

174
 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE

ãy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy§Ñ˛y (iii) òÇ !e¶%˛ã!›˛

ˆÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã–
3ˆ¢!õ.
xy!õ (iii) òÇ !e¶%˛ã xÌ≈yÍ XYZ fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí#
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ XYZ fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w S
N
O !e¶%˛ÏãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚ l!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ / X O
Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚n xyˆÏäÈ–
xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_
~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w!›˛ !e¶%˛ÏãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚˚ Q
Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n M
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ (i ) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ã ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí#ñ Y Z R
¢õˆÏ Ñ ˛yí# Óy fiÌ) ú ˆÏ Ñ ˛yí# £ˆÏ ú ˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ñ ˛w
ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏ õ !e¶% ã yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›Ó˚ ñ T
x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Óy !e¶%˛ÏãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛Ó˚˚ (i ii) òÇ
xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(i i) ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏã x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®%£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w–
xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB = 3.5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ C
D
‘BAC = 60º ~ÓÇ ‘ABC = 75º

xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢y£yòy xyõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã ' ABD xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ú ÎyÓ˚ ‘BAD = 90ºñ ‘ABD = 45º ~ÓÇ AB Óy£%Ó˚ ˆÎ O
ôyˆÏŸª≈ C !Ó®% xyˆÏäÈ D !Ó®%Á ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈£z xyˆÏäÈ–

xy!õ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö C o

A B X
!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛òy– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı DB x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% O !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á OÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ DO ˆÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ' ABDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ' ABDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ C !Ó®%Üyõ#–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛ò ' ABD Á ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_ ˆ˛ôúyõ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí ˆõˆÏ˛ô Î%!=˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı1. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ BC = 6.5ˆ¢!õ.ñ ‘ABC = 60º ~ÓÇ ‘ACB = 70º
!e¶%˛ã!›˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ 6.5ˆ¢!õ. ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü Á ⧲yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ 70º ˆÑ˛yí
xyˆÏÜ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !ò£z ˆÑ˛ò ⁄ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ 60º ˆÑ˛yí xy§!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛ò⁄
¢¡ôyîƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ â§˛yîy Óy !ò!î≈T˛ îyÜ !â˛!£´ì˛ ˆfl˛Òú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü
x§yÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôy¢ Á îyÜ äÈyv˛¸y ˆfl˛Òú ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôò!¢ú ÌyˆÏÑ˛–

175
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 11
A
xyÓ˚ ≤ß¿˛ôˆÏe B 3.3ˆ¢!õ. C ~ÓÇ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
C 70
0

B
ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ xy§Ñ˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢Ü%!ú
xy§Ñ˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– B C
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ß¿˛ôˆÏe xy§Ñ˛y BC ˆÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ BX A 3.3ˆ¢!õ.
Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3.3ˆ¢!õ. ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ß¿˛ôˆÏe xy§Ñ˛y
Y Z
‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ BC ˆÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ‘YCB =
70º xy§Ñ˛y £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ C B
60º ˆÑ˛yí ‘ZBC xy§Ñ˛y £Î˚– CY Á BZ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ !ò!î≈T˛ !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ≤ß¿˛ôˆÏe 3.3ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü Á 70º ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
600 700
ˆÑ˛yí ≤ß¿˛ôˆÏe xy§Ñ˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy ì˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Á£z î%!›˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C X
B 3.3ˆ¢!õ.
ˆfl˛Òú Á ⧲yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏúy–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 11.1
1. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !e¶%˛ãÜ%!ú xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚
xÓfiÌyò !ú!Ö Á ˛ô!Ó˚Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ lxÌ≈yÍ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒn ˜îá≈ƒ ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ö–
l≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛Óúõye xAÑ˛ò !â˛£´ !î£zn
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5.2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¢õyò Óy£%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ.–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4ˆ¢!õ. Á 8ˆ¢!õ.–
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5ˆ¢!õ.–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.7ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Óy£%¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 75º Á
55º.
(vi) ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ BC = 5ˆ¢!õ.ñ ‘ABC = 100º ~ÓÇ AB = 4ˆ¢!õ.
2. PQ = 7.5 ˆ¢!õ. ‘QPR = 45º, ‘PQR = 75º;
PQ = 7.5 ˆ¢!õ. ‘QPS = 60º, ‘PQS = 60º;
' PQR
R Á ' PQS ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ R Á S !Ó®% ˆÎò PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z !îˆÏÑ˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £Î˚–
' PQR
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ S !Ó®%Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
òy Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö Á ì˛yÓ˚y ÓƒyÖƒy Ö§%!ã–
3. AB = 5 ˆ¢!õ. ‘BAC = 30º, ‘ABC = 60º;
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛
AB = 5 ˆ¢!õ. ‘BAD = 45º, ‘ABD = 45º; QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

176
 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE

' ABC Á ' ABD ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ C Á D !Ó®% ˆÎò ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛
£Î˚– ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Á£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ D !Ó®%Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò !ú!Ö– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ
xòƒ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
4. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛ì% ˛ ¶% ≈ ˛ ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ AB = 4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ BC = 7ˆ¢!õ.ñ CD = 4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
‘ABC = 60º, ‘BCD = 60º; ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ
Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
5. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e PQRS xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ PQ = 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ QR = 6 ˆ¢!õ.– xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛í≈î%!›˛
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xAÑ˛ò òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ' PQR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
' PQR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e ≤Ãî_ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ˆÑ˛w !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

xy!õ ãy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚%õyˆÏú ˆ˛ôò!¢ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛e!›˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ–

v˛zõy xyõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
òÑ˛üy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
v˛zõy xy§Ñ˛úñ
3 ˆîÖ!äÈñ v˛zõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y òÑ˛üyÎ˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÓ˚ Ó,_Ü%!ú !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

xyˆÏäÈ– ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ Ó,_!›˛ Îy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢!›˛ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,_–

¢¡ôyîƒ ı xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 4.5ˆ¢!õ.ñ 5.5ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 6ˆ¢!õ.–
!e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó≈,_ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ò
ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ BC = 6ˆ¢!õ.ñ CA = 5.5ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AB = 4.5ˆ¢!õ.–
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– A
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) ‘ABC Á ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
!õ.
ˆ¢

5.5

ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏõ BI Á CI xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚y

4.5

ˆ¢

ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ I !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– I

!õ.

(ii) I !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò

Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
(iii) I !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ID ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ B D C
6ˆ¢!õ.
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– Á£z Ó,_£z £ˆÏúy
' ABC ÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛Ó,≈_–

177
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 11
4 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Á Óƒy¢yï≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# ÓˆÏú⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ÉˆÏÑ˛w (Incentre) ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yï≈ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yï≈
(Inradius) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ £Î˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛w Á xhs˛ÉˆÏÑ˛w ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w Á xhs˛ÉˆÏÑ˛w xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w Á xhs˛ÉˆÏÑ˛w
l~Ñ˛£z / xyúyîyn !Ó®%–
~£z xÇü!›˛ S!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛òV õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎ˚Ζ
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢ãú ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_
Á xhs˛Ó,≈_ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– A'

¢ãú ~Ñ˛ õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛y[˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò

Ñ˛Ó˚ú ÎyÓ˚ BC = 4.5ˆ¢!õ.ñ CA = 2.7ˆ¢!õ.ñ AB = 3ˆ¢!õ. A
BAA Á BC Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A' Á C' ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !îú– ‘ABC
I
Á ‘ACC''~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Óú ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ I !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ I !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ID ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
C D
Ñ˛Ó˚ú Îy BC Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ I !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ID B X C'
˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ú Îy Ó!ï≈ì˛ BC, CA Á
Ó!ï≈ì˛ BA Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,_ Îy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ Ó!£Ó,≈_ (excircle) Óúy £Î˚– I !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£ÉˆÏÑ˛w (excentre) ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yï≈ˆÏÑ˛
Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yï≈ (exradius) ÓˆÏú–
xy!õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xy§!Ñ˛ Á Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!£Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ Ó!£Ó≈,_ Á Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ xhs˛Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ !Ó®% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õî)Ó˚Óì≈˛# ì˛y !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 11.2

1. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !e¶%˛ãÜ%!ú xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ö ı
(i) !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5.5 ˆ¢!õ.–
(ii) î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7.6 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 75º
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Á£z Óy£% ¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 50º Á 75º
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ. Á 9 ˆ¢!õ.
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãñ ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 9 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5.5 ˆ¢!õ.
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ãñ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7.8 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¢õyò Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.5 ˆ¢!õ.
(vii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ãñ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 45º
(viii) 7 ˆ¢!õ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ô!Ó˚Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Á xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy !ú!Ö–

178
 ˆÜyúÑ˛
SPHERE

12
ˆÜyúÑ˛
SPHERE

≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆõúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yú˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ôyÖy !Ñ˛ˆÏò xy!ò–

Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Á£z £yì˛˛ôyÖyÜ%!ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y £yì˛˛ôyÖy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¢%!Óïy £Î˚– ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛y !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ £yì˛˛ôyÖy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Órï% ¢%!ãì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛ ¢õyò î%ÈÙȶ§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%!›˛ xï≈Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚
â˛yÑ˛!ì˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛ xy‡˛y Á Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!îú Á ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y £yì˛˛ôyÖy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÖò ¶˛y£z xï≈Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛!›˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏFäÈ ì˛Öò
xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ÓˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y áòÓhfl$˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏFäÈ ˆîÖ!äÈ– ~ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ xï≈Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛!›˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏú ÓˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆÎ áòÓhfl$˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛
˛ôy£z ˆ¢!›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ SSphereV–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛ú ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
... ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !›˛ ì˛ú ~ÓÇ ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ [ÓÑ˛ì˛ú/¢õì˛ú]
xyõÓ˚y ¢%!ãˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyòy ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ Ö%Ó ¢£ˆÏã£z xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú £yì˛˛ôyÖy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 1!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yì˛˛ôyÖy !òˆÏÎ˚ !òúyõ–
~ÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ü%!ú Ö§%!Ïã– xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y
ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ Óú ~ˆÏò !îú–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ Óú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí â˛yõv˛¸y ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–

£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚–

S1V ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óú !òúyõ ~ÓÇ î%!›˛ v˛zÕ¡‘ ∫ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv˛≈ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Óú!›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óú!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Sr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛V [ ˆÎÖyˆÏò
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Sd ~Ñ˛Ñ˛V] !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
S2V Óú!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !˛ôò xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ–
S3V ~ÓyÓ˚ !˛ôò!›˛ˆÏì˛ î!v˛¸ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇü ö§˛yÑ˛y
òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ î!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇü ãv˛¸yˆÏòy î!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–

179
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 12
S4V ~ÓyÓ˚ î!v˛¸Ó˚ ü%Ó˚% Á ˆü°Ï !Ó®% î%!›˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
S5V ˆõy›˛y ¢yîy xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛˛
Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
S6V ~ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e Á£z ~Ñ˛£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ î!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ¶˛Ó˚y›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
ˆîÖúyõñ 4!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ¶˛Ó˚y›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î!v˛¸ ˆü°Ï–

.
. . ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 4 × Sr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛úV
= 4 × Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 4Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõ
ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (Curved Surface or Whole Surface Area) = 4Sr2
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ Óú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 4Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ â˛yõv˛¸y úy܈ÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. Î!î Óú!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ 42 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óú!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y â˛yõv˛¸y xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Óú!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ = 42 ˆ¢!õ. . . Óú!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ = 422 ˆ¢!õ. = 21 ˆ¢!õ.
.
.
. . Óú!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 4S × (21)2 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
22
= 4 × 7 × 21×21 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . Óú!›˛ˆÏì˛ 5544 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. â˛yõv˛¸y xyˆÏäÈ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ 14 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
2.50 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
2 Á£z ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óú!›˛ Î!î !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óú £ˆÏì˛y ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôyÌÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ
Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyˆÏÓy⁄
ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyÏõ ˛ôyˆÏÓy–
4
ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛V
4
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏú ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ = 3– Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. 14 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 124 ˆ¢!õ. = 7 ˆ¢!õ.
4
. . ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏú ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ = 3– × 272 ×73 áò ˆ¢!õ.
.
= áò ˆ¢!õ.

180
 ˆÜyúÑ˛
SPHERE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. 0.7 ˆv˛!¢!õ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Óú ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÓ˚ ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓyˆÏú
Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãú x˛ô¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2464 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r !õ›˛yÓ˚–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 4Sr2 = 2464
Óyñ 4 × 272 × r2 = 2464
Óyñ r2 = 2464 × 22 7× 4 = 28×7 = 72 × 22
.
. . r = 14
4
. . Á£z ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 3– × 272 ×14×14×14 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚
.
= 11498.67 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚

3 xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Paperweight !äÈú– xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyò

Paperweight !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆfl˛Òú !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ õy˛ôˆÏäÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈ Á£z Paperweight !›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛ ÎyÓ˚
!›˛ ¢õì˛ú Á !›˛ ÓÑ˛ì˛ú–
1
~£z xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = –2 × ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
1
= –2 × 4Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= 2Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
[ˆÎÖyˆÏò xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛]
~ÓÇ ~£z !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~£z !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= (2Sr2 + Sr2) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= 3Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ (Solid Hemisphere) ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 3Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ. £ÏÎ˚ñì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 3 × 272 × 14×14 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
= ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. xï≈ˆÏÜyúyÑ,˛!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Î!î 173.25 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. ˛ôyì˛ úyˆÏÜñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z Óy!›˛!›˛Ó˚
õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
lv˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı Óy!›˛!›˛ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ òÎ˚ ì˛y£z ü%ï%õye ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏú ˛ôyì˛ úy܈ÏÓn

181
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 12
~ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ PaperweightÈ ÙÈ~ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ PaperweightÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. 1
. . !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –2 × ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
1 4 2
= –2 × –3 Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = –3Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. 2
. . xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏì˛
Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ PaperweighttÈÙÈ~ ˛ôyÌÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ = –3 × 272 × 14×14×14 áò ˆÏ¢!õ.= áòˆÏ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. î%!›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1ı4 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ î%!›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ r1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Á r2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2 2
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 4ʌr1 2 = 1 Óy ñ ¨§ r1 ¸· = ¨§ 1 ¸· ? r1 = 1
2

4ʌr2 4 © r2 ¹ ©2¹ r2 2

4 3
ʌr1 § r1 ·
3 3
˛≤ÃÌõ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎì˚˛ò 3 §1· 1
? = =¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ =
!mì˛#Î˚ ˆÜyúˆÑÏ˛Ó˚ xyÎì˚˛ò 4 3 © r2 ¹ ©2¹ 8
ʌr2
3
.
. . ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ áòÓhfl$˛î%!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1ı8
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. Î!î î%!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1ı2 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Á ˛ô,¤˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
. 4
. . ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 4Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
4 . ..
≤ß¿yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ –3 Sr3 = 4Sr2 SˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyòV . . r = 3 [ . r z 0]
.
. . ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò 3.
5 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ö§˛y˛ôy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ R ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ r R
˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ Á£z ö§˛y˛ôy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôîyÌ≈ xyˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ Á£z ö§˛y˛ôy x

ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜Ïì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
4
Á£z ö§˛y˛ôy ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 S (R3 – r3) áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–

182
 ˆÜyúÑ˛
SPHERE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. 1 ˆ¢!õ. Á 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 1 ˆ¢!õ ˛ô%Ó˚% ö§˛y˛ôy
ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . Á£z ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = (r–1) ˆ¢!õ.
4 4 4 4
≤ß¿yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ –3 Sr3 – –3 S (r–1)3 = –3 S (1)3 + –3 S (6)3
4– 4–
3 S{r – (r–1) } = 3 S (1+216)
3 3
Óyñ
Óyñ r3–r3 + 3r2 – 3r + 1 = 217
Óyñ 3r2 – 3r – 216 = 0
Óyñ r2 – r – 72 = 0
Óyñ r2 – 9r + 8r – 72 = 0
Óyñ r (r–9) + 8 (r–9) = 0
Óyñ (r–9) Sr+8V = 0
.
£Î˚ñ r – 9 = 0 . . r = 9
.
òì%˛Óyñ r + 8 = 0 . . r = –8
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ì˛y£z r z – 8ó ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ r = 9
.
. . òì%˛ò ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 9 ˆ¢!õ.
. . Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 4 × 272 ×9×9 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. =
.
ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. [!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö]

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 12
1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10.5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ Óú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 17.50 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ 431.20 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– Óú!›˛Ó˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. fl˛%ÒˆÏú ¢›˛È˛ôy›˛ ˆÖúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ Óú!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Óú!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò
ˆ¢!õ. ˆúy£y xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. 28 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ãˆÏú ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !òõ!Iì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
ãú x˛ô¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜyúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ܃y¢ ˆÓú%ò ˆö˛yúyÓyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7ˆ¢!õ. ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 21 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú
ˆÓú%ò!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
6. xï≈ˆÏÜyúyÑ,˛!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 127 –7 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. ˛ôyì˛ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– Óy!›˛!›˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2.1 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z ˆÜyúy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆ¢!õ. ˆúy£y xyˆÏä
ì˛yÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ~ÓÇ Á£z ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúyÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

183
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 12
8. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ !¢¢yÓ˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ.– ~£z ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. 3 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛
ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúyÑ,˛!ì˛ Ü¡∫%ˆÏãÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 42 ˆv˛!¢!õ.– Ü¡∫%ã!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ 35 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. ~Ñ˛£z ïyì%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ î%!›˛ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 21 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 17.5 ˆ¢!õ.–
ˆÜyúÑ˛î%!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ïyì%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyì˛Ó ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ú ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy ˆÎ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ £Î˚– ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y xLjÏüÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xÓ!üT˛ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
13. 14 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶)˛ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x«˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏú 0.7 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛
î%!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈo Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¶)˛ˆÏÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ xLjÏüÓ˚ ïyì˛Ó ˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
14. 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ü%!ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
15. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SV.S.A.V
SAV Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ SM.C.Q.V ı
SiV 2rr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢y!ï≈!Ó!üT˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
Sr
Sr Sr
Sr Sr
Sr Sr
Sr
SaV 32S
2S 16S
6S
ScV 8S SdV 64S
4S
3 3 3 3

3 áò~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SbV 3 áò~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3 áò~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 3 áò~Ñ˛Ñ˛

SiiV î%!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1ı8 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
SaV 1ı2 SbV 1ı4 ScV 1ı8 SdV 1ı16
SiiiV 7ˆ¢!õ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
SaV 588 SÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. SbV 392 S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. ScV 147S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. SdV 98S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
SivV î%!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 16ı9 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
SaV 64ı27 SbV 4ı3 ScV 27ı64 SdV 3ı4
SvV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á 3 Ü%í xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
SaV 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SbV 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ScV 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SdV 4 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
SBV ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !mÜ%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !mÜ%í £ˆÏÓ–

184
 ˆÜyúÑ˛
SPHERE

SiiV î%!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 4ı9 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
£ˆÏÓ 2ı3.
SCV ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ú!Ó!üT˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ òyõ –
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy –
SiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2rr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏú ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Sr2
ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
16. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SS.A.V
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~ÓÇ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò– xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ›˚ ˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ›˚ ˛ ú¡∫Ó_
, yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚
¢õyò– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z 12 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛
ì˛y !ú!Ö–
SiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
¢õyò– xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
Sñ
SivV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = S ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = V £ˆÏúñ V ð ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y
!ú!Ö– SS ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò òy Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚V
SvV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 50% Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛y
!ú!Ö–

185
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13

13 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
xy!õ Á Ó˚y£%ú !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ fl˛%Òúñ ÓyãyÓ˚ñ
£y¢˛ôyì˛yúñ v˛y=˛yÓ˚Öyòyñ òî#ñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ñ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ñ â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã!õ
£zì˛ƒy!î xyˆÏäÈ !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ õyò!â˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
Ñœ˛yÓáˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖÓ–
ì˛y£z xyã @˘Ã#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y î%ãˆÏò ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y òyòyò õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ñ ˆ˛ôòñ ˆ˛ôò!¢úñ ѧ˛y!â˛ñ xy‡˛y £zì˛ƒy!î !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ õyò!â˛ˆÏe Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õy˛ô Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòÓ⁄

@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 8 !Ñ˛!õ. Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õyòˆÏÑ˛ õyò!â˛ˆÏe 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îψÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ ˆîÖyúyõ–
ì˛y£ˆÏúñ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 24 !Ñ˛!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y˛ õyò!â˛ˆÏe 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ £ˆÏÓ–
2 xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = x ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ õyò!â˛ˆÏe Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = y ˆ¢!õ. ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z

!ú!Ö– × 5.5
5.5
×3.5
×3.5
×7
×5
×3

@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ SxV lˆ¢!õ.n 8800

0000
0000 24
2400
0000
0000 4000000
4000
40 0000
0000 56
5600
0000
0000 28
2800
0000
0000 44
4400
0000
0000
õyò!â˛ˆÏe Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ SyV lˆ¢!õ.n 1 3 5 7 3.5
3.5 5.5
5.5
ˆîÖ!äÈñ õyò!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òú xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ × 3
˜îá≈ƒ ≤Ã̈ÏõÓ˚ Îì˛Ü%í £ˆÏFäÈ õyò!â˛ˆÏe Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ×5
˜îá≈ƒÁ ≤Ã̈ÏõÓ˚ ì˛ì˛Ü%í £ˆÏFäÈ– ×7
×3.5
×3.5
×5.5
×5.5
800000 2400000 4000000 ............ x
xÌ≈yÍ 1 = 3 = 5 = =y
x
xÌ≈yÍ y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏFäÈ òy–
x .
ï!Ó˚ñ y = k, [kz0] . . x = ky, l~ÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
x
3 Î!î î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x Á y ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎ ñ y = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V £Î˚ ì˛Öò Á£z î%!›˛
â˛úÓ˚y!ü Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ Óúy £ˆÏÓ⁄
x
Î!î î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x Á y ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎ ñ y = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V £Î˚ ì˛Öò Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ
x Á y ¢Ó˚ú ˆ¶˛ˆÏî (Direct variation) xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆúÖy £Î˚ x v y ~ÓÇ xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚
ˆ¶˛îïÓ% Ñ˛ (Variation Constant)–
x
ÎÖò y = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛Vñ ~ÓÇ k > 0, ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô õyòÁ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô õyòÁ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
x
Î!î y = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V ~ÓÇ k < 0 £Î˚ ì˛Öò x Á y â˛úÓ˚y!ü î%!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓ !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–
Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ õyò!â˛ˆÏe Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ x Á y â˛úÓ˚y!ü î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ x v y.

186
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

xyõÓ˚y 60 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ õyò!â˛e!›˛ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ–
4 ~£z 60 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ïyÓ˚ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆõy›˛

Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ = 4×60 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ = 240 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚–
Î!î ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 50 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ïyÓ˚ Ó˚!àò
Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
×2
xy!õ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = x ˆ¢!õ. Á 5
Á£z xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy = y ˆ¢!õ. ïˆÏÓ˚ñ äÈÑ˛!›˛ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ x ×3
5
Á y Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˆî!Ö– ×6

ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ SxV lˆ¢!õ.n 60 50 1000

10 120
120

xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy SyV lˆ¢!õ.n 2400

24 200
200 4000
40
!òˆÏã
!ú!Ö
5
×6
5
×3
×2
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˆîÖ!äÈ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ x ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy y î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛
x 1
â˛úÓ˚y!ü ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎñ¢Ó≈îy y = 4 Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V
xÌ≈yÍ x Á y ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
. 1
. . xvy ~ÓÇ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò 4
5 ~Ñ˛£zÓÑ˚ ˛õ ˆ˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy SxV ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ îyõ SyV ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ !ú!Ö–l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
6 xy!õ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ î%£z â˛úÓ˚y!ü ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ 4 !›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !ú!Ö ˆÎÖyˆÏò â˛úÓ˚y!üÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
î%!›˛ â˛ú A Á B ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈı A 90 30 12 15 156
B 60 20 8 10 104
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. A Á BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
ˆîÖ!äÈ AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Óyv˛¸ˆÏú Óy Ñ˛õˆÏú BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Óyv˛¸ˆÏäÈ Óy Ñ˛õˆÏäÈñ
A 90 30 12 15 156 3 . 3
xyÓyÓ˚ñ B = 60 = 20 = 8 = 10 = 104 = 2 . . A = 2 B
. 3
. . AvB ~ÓÇ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò 2
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˆ¶˛îïÓ% ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò ïòydÑ˛ ì˛y£z AÈÙÈâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyò Óyv˛¸ˆú
Ï Óy Ñ˛õˆÏú BÈÙÈâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô õyò Óyv˛¸ˆÓÏ È Óy Ñ˛õˆÏÓ–
P 35 49 56 14
î%!›˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü P Á Q ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ
Q 15 21 24 6
7 P Á QÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

187
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ˆîyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ lPendulumÈÙÈ~Ó˚n ˆîyúòÑ˛yú v˛z£yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢!£ì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Î!î
1 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 1 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ˆîyúò £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆîyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 2.5 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛
~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ˆîyúò £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
u = ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ˆîyúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ l !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó = ˆîyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ–
ï!Ó˚ñ t ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛
.
. . ≤Ãî_ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ t v l
.
. . t = k l lk xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
. . t = 1 £ˆÏú l = 1 Úˆ¶˛îÈÙÈï%ÓÑ˛Û ¢Ó≈îy£z xü)òƒ–
. .
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 1 = k 1 . . k = 1 . . ˆ¶˛îï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò 1 ì˛y£z ~£z ï%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚxü)òƒ ˆ¶˛îÈÙÈï%ÓÑ˛ÛÛ Óy ü%ï%
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ˛ôúyõ t = l ÚÚˆ¶˛îÈÙÈï%ÓÑ˛ÛÛ !úÖˆÏúÁ â˛úˆÏÓ–
.
. . t = 2.5 £ˆÏúñ l = 2.5
l = 6.25
.
. . ˆÎ ˆîyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 2.5 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ˆÏîyúò £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.25 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. y, x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ y = 9 ÎÖò x = 9ó yÈÙȈÏÑ˛ x myÓ˚y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
y = 4 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
y, x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈñ
.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ y vx2 . . y = kx2 lˆÎÖyˆÏò k xü)íƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
xyÓyÓ˚ñ y = 9 ÎÖò x = 9
. 9 1
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 9 = k(9)2 . . k = 92 = 9
1
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ˛ôúyõ y = 9 x2 (I)
1
(I)ÈÙÈ~ y = 4 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ 4 = 9 x2
.
Óyñ x2 = 36 . . x = ±6
.
. . y = 4 £ˆÏú x = ± 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. y, xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ y = 9 ÎÖò x= 4ó ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö ~ÓÇ
yÈÙÈˆÑ˛ x myÓ˚y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚– y=8 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

xy!õ Á Ó˚y£%ú ÎÖò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ õyò!â˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óƒhfl˛ñ xyõyÓ˚ !î!îõy ~Ñ˛!›˛
!fi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !›˛!ö˛ò ÓyˆÏ: xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú òyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ òyv˛Y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò–
8 Ü%ˆÏò ˆîÖ!äÈ !›˛!ö˛ò ÓyˆÏ: 24 !›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ òyv˛Y xyˆÏäÈ– î%ãˆÏò òy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
xyõÓ˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 24÷2 !›˛ = 12 !›˛ òyv˛Y ˛ôyÓ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ !üÓyò#Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆÎyÜ !îú– ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y ~Öò 3 ãˆÏò 24 !›˛ òyv˛Y ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ
¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ– ~Öò ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓ !›˛ òyv˛Y–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xyÓ˚Á 3 ãò Órï%Ó˚ Ñœ˛yÓáˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !äÈú– ÁÓ˚y Î!î xyˆÏ¢ xyõÓ˚y ˆõy›˛ 6 ãò £Ó–
ì˛y£z 6 ãˆÏò 24 !›˛ òyv˛Y ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏú ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓ !›˛ òyv˛Y–

188
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !î!îõyÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy 24 !›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ òyv˛Y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ×2

Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏú ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˛ôyÓ ×3
3
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !ú!Ö– ×2
Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy SxV 2 3 6 4
≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ òyv˛YÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy SyV 12 8 4
. . ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆõy›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú òyv˛YÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ × 23
.
1
¢ÇÖƒy Óyv˛¸ˆú Ï Óy Ñ˛õˆÏú ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y òyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ú òyv˛YÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ×3
1
Ñ˛õˆÏÓ Óy Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˆîÖ!äÈ 2×12 = 3×8 = 6×4 = 4×6 = x×y. ×2
xÌ≈yÍ x×yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏFäÈ òy– ï!Ó˚ñ x×y = k lˆÎÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n–
1 0 Î!î î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x Á y ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎ ñ xy = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò Á£z î%!›˛

â˛úÓ˚y!ü Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ Óúy £ˆÏÓ⁄

Î!î î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x Á y ~õò £Î˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó≈îy ñ xy= k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛V £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ
1
x Á y Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî (Inverse variation) xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆúÖy £Î˚ ˚ x v y ~ÓÇ xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚
ˆ¶˛îïÓ% Ñ˛ (Variation Constant)–
ÎÖò xy = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛Vñ ~ÓÇ k > 0, ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô õyò £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ õyò £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô õyò Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
Î!î xy = k Sxü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛Vñ ~ÓÇ k < 0, £Î˚ ì˛Öò x Á y â˛úÓ˚y!ü î%!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓ !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–
1
òyv˛YÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Á Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ x Á y â˛úÓ˚y!ü î%!›˛ Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈñ xÌ≈yÍ x v y
11 xyõyÓ˚ Órï% üy!Óòy 50 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú
¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– Óy!Ñ˛ Órï%Óy˚ Á£z xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xLjÏü xy§Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñœ˛yÓáˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv˛≈ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ– xy!õ üy!ÓòyÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚Ü!% ú ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xLjÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÑÏ ˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
× 16
16
×8
×4
×2
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü SxV 1 2 4 8 16
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xLjÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú SyV lÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.n 2500
25 00 1250
1250 625
625 312.5
312 .5 !ò
!òˆÏˆÏã !ú
!ú!Ö
!Ö
1
ˆîÖ!äÈ ~Ñ˛£z õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò xÇü ×2 1
×4 1
¢ÇÖƒy (x) Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (y) £…y¢ ×8 1
˛ôyˆÏFäÈ– . × 16
. . 1×2500 = 2×1250
= 4×625= 8 × 312.5= 16×156.25 = x × y
xÌ≈yÍ x × y ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏFäÈ òy–
. 1
. . x vy ~ÓÇ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò 2500.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xy!õ 36 !›˛ ˆÓyì˛yõ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yãy£z ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˜îˆÏá≈ƒ Á ≤ÈÏfiÌ ÌyÑ˛y ˆÓyì˛yˆÏõÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒy Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

189
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 6. î%£z â˛úÓ˚y!ü ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ 2 !›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !ú!Ö ˆÎÖyˆÏò â˛úÓ˚y!üÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. x Á y î%!›˛ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ı
x 5 25 10 4 8
y 10 2 5 12.5 6.25
x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xy = 5×10 = 25×2 = 10×5 = 4×12.5 = 8×6.25
.
. . xy = ï%ÓÑ˛
. 1
. . x vy ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò 50.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. î%!›˛ â˛ú x Á y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú £ˆÏúy ı x 3 2 6
y 18 27 9
x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ 63 !îˆÏò !ò!î≈T˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆúy£yÓ˚ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ 42!›˛ ˆõ!üò
îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z ~Ñ˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆúy£yÓ˚ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ 54 !îˆÏò ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˆõ!üò îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
܇˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ !îò ¢ÇÖƒy = D ~ÓÇ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = M
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !ò!îT˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖñ ˆõ!üˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âï S£…y¢V ˆ˛ôˆÏú !îò ¢ÇÖƒy ~Ñ˛£z xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ £…y¢
SÓ,!ÂïV ˛ôyÎ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ D Á M Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
1 . k
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ Dv M . . D = M lk = xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
D = 63 £ˆÏúñ M = 42
k
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 63 = 42
Óyñ k = 63×42
. 63×42
3 42
..D= M (I)
.
. . (I) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí D = 54 Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£z
63×42
3 42
54 = M

63×42 .
Óyñ M = 54 . . M = 49
.
. . ~Ñ˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆúy£yÓ˚ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ 54 !îˆÏò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 49 !›˛ ˆõ!üò îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. ¢õ#Ó˚ÓyÓ% Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 60 !Ñ˛!õ./á^˘›˛y ˆÓˆÏÜ Üy!v˛¸ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ 2 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò
ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyò– !ì˛!ò Î!î 80 !Ñ˛!õ./á^˘›˛y ˆÓˆÏÜ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏì˛òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚
ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏì˛ò– ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
lv˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı !ò!î≈T˛ î)Ó˚c x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ Á ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–n

190
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. Î!î xvy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ y v x £ˆÏÓ⁄ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–
.
≤Ãõyí ı xvy . . x = ky lk xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ y = 1k x = mx ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò m = 1k ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ k xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛– . . y v x
.
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ xvy £ˆÏúñ y v x £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. Î!î xvy ~ÓÇ y v z £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ x v z £ˆÏÓ–
.
≤Ãõyí ı xvy . . x = ky ~ÓÇ y v z ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ y = k'z
~ÖyˆÏò k Á k' î%!›˛ xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛–
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ x = ky = k(k'z) = kk' z = mz lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ m = kk' = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n . . xv z
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. xvy £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ x+y v x–y £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãõyí ı xvy ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = ky, ˆÎÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛–
. x+y ky+y y(k+1) k+1 n
. . x–y ky–y y(k–1) k–1 lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ n = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
. .
. . x+y = n (x–y) . . x+y v x–y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. xvy £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xn v yn £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãõyí ı xvy ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = ky, ˆÎÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛–
.
xn = knyn = k1yn lk1 = kn = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n . . xn v yn
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. x+y v x–y £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xvy £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãõyí ı x+y v x–y
.
. . x+y = k(x–y) lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ k xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
x+y k
x–y = 1
2x k+1
Óyñ 2y = k–1 lˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚n
k+1
Óyñ xy = k1 lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ k1 = k–1 = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
Óyñ x = k1y . . xvy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. A2 + B2 v A2 –B2 £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ A v B l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
x y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. xvy ~ÓÇ u v z £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xu v yz ~ÓÇ u v z
≤Ãõyí ı xvy ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = k1y
u vz ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ u = k2z lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ k1 ~ÓÇ k2 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
. . xu = k1yāk2z = k1k2yz = myz lˆÎÖyˆÏò m = k1k2 = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
. . xu v yz
x = k1 y = § k 1 · y = n y k1
¨ ¸ lˆÎÖyˆÏò n= = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
u k 2z © k 2 ¹ z z k2
. x y
.. u v z

191
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% xÑ≈˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !e¶˛%ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ«˛e Ñ˛yÜã ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
~£z !e¶˛%ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!úÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ õy!˛ô Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !ú!Ö–
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ (x) lˆ¢!õ.n 8 14 13 22
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y (y) lˆ¢!õ.n 10 7 15 12
1– 1– 1– 1–
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (A) lÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.n 2×8×10 2×14×7 2×13×15 2×22×12
1 u 8 u 10 1 u 14 u 7 1 u13 u15 1 u 22 u12
ˆ˛ôúyõñ A 2 2 2 2 1
x×y 8×10 14×7 13×15 22×12 2
.
. . A v x×y
1 2 ~ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖ!äÈñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü A î%!›˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ

ˆ¶˛îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £ˆÏÓ⁄

Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü xòƒ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ â˛úÓ˚y!üÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌõ â˛úÓ˚y!ü x˛ôÓ˚
â˛úÓ˚y!üÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî (Joint Variation) xyˆÏäÈ Óúy £Î˚–
13 ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ SˆÑ˛Óú !ÓÓ,!ì˛V
x, y, z !ì˛ò!›˛ â˛ú ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÎ x vy ÎÖò z ï%ÓÑ˛ ~ÓÇ x v z ÎÖò y ï%ÓÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú x v yz £ˆÏÓñ ÎÖò y ~ÓÇ
z v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~ÖyˆÏò !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú (A)ñ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ (x) Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y (y)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
xyîü≈ ܃yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓˆÏÎ˚ú Á â˛yú≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ
PV = RT, R ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛–
. T
..V=R P
1
14 ~ÖyˆÏò V !Ñ˛ T Á PÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ⁄
T 1
V = Rā P lR ï%ÓÑ˛nÈÙÈ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ V, T ~ÓÇ P ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆõy›˛ v˛z˛ôyã≈òñ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%=˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. Î!î 5 ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 12 !îˆÏò 10 !Óáy ã!õÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 18 !Óáy
ã!õÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛ 9 !îˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = A
!îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = B
~ÓÇ ã!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = C
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ã!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
.
. . Av C ñ ÎÖò B ï%ÓÑ˛
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ã!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
. 1
. . Av B ñ ÎÖò C ï%ÓÑ˛–

192
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

. . ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ Av C

.
B ñ ÎÖò B Á C v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#ú
C
xÌ≈yÍñ A = K B lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ K xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n (I)
≤Ãî_ñ A = 5, B = 12 ~ÓÇ C = 10
10
(I) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 5 = K12

Óyñ K = 5×12
.
10 . . K = 6
~ÓyÓ˚ (I) òÇÈÙÈ~ KÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ A = 6 C
B (II)
B = 9 Á C =18 £ˆÏúñ (II) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ A = 6×18
8
9 = 12
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 12 ãò–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. Î!î 5 ãò ˆúyÑ˛ 9 !îˆÏò 10 !Óáy ã!õ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 30 !Óáy ã!õ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
25 ãò ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛!îò ¢õÎ˚ úy܈ÏÓ ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. x, yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî SÎÖò z ï%ÓÑ˛V ~ÓÇ z ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî SÎÖò y ï%ÓÑ˛V
~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ y=4, z = 5 £ˆÏú x=3 £Î˚– ÎÖò y=16, z =25 ì˛Öò xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x vyñ ÎÖò z ï%ÓÑ˛
x v 1z ñ ÎÖò y ï%ÓÑ˛
. y
. . xv z ñÎÖò y ~ÓÇ z v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#ú–
y
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = k ā z lˆÎÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n (I)
≤Ãî_ñ x=3, y = 4 ~ÓÇ z=5
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ (I) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 3 = k 45 . . k = 15
.
4
~ÓyÓ˚ (I) òÇÈÙÈ~ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ x = 15y (II)
4z
ÎÖò y =16, z=25 ì˛Öò (II) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓyñ

x = 15×16 ... x = 12 = 22
4×25 5 5
x y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. Î!î y v x+y ~ÓÇ x v x–y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ x2 –y2 = ï%ÓÑ˛–
x . x
y v x+y . . y = k1 (x+y) lˆÎÖyˆÏò k1 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
y . y
xyÓyÓ˚ñ x v x–y . . x = k2(x–y) lˆÎÖyˆÏò k2 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
x y
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ y × x = k1 (x+y) × k2(x–y)
Óyñ 1 = k1k2 (x2–y2)
Óyñ (x2–y2) = k1k
1 2

. . x –y = ï%ÓÑ˛ S . k1 ~ÓÇ k2 ï%ÓÑ˛ñ . . k1 k ï%ÓÑ˛V l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

. 2 2 .. .
1 2

193
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 22. x2 v yz, y2 v zx ~ÓÇ z2 v xy £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú = 1
.
x2 v yz . . x2 = k1yz
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ y2 v zx . . y2 = k2zx
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ z2 v xy . . z2 = k3xy
ˆÎÖyˆÏò k1, k2 Á k3 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x2×y2×z2 = k1yz × k2zx × k3xy
Óyñ x2y2z2 = k1k2k3 āx2y2z2
.
. . k1k2k3 = 1 l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. a v b ~ÓÇ b v c £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ a3+b3+c3 v 3abc
.
av b . . a = k1b lˆÎÖyˆÏò k1 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ b v c . . b = k2c lˆÎÖyˆÏò k2 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ a = k1b = k1k2c
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a 3 +b3 +c3 = (k1k 2 c) +(k 2 c) +c = c (k1 k 2 +k 2 +1) = k1 k 2 +k 2 +1
3abc 3(k1k 2 c)×(k 2 c)×c 3k1k 22 c3 3k1k 22
xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛
..
l . k1 ~ÓÇ k2 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛n
.
. . a3+b3+c3 v 3abc
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. x v y ~ÓÇ y v z £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ x2+y2+z2 v xy+yz+zx l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ áˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– Î!î 3 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
4 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÜúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Î!î xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò òy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ r ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò v áò ˆ¢!õ.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ v v r3
.
. . v = kr3 l~ÖyˆÏò k xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ïÓÑ˛n
.
. . 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = k×33 áò ˆ¢!õ.= 27k áò ˆ¢!õ.
4 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = k×43 áò ˆ¢!õ.= 64k áò ˆ¢!õ.
5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = k×53 áò ˆ¢!õ.= 125k áò ˆ¢!õ.
≤ß¿yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò (27k+64k +125k )áò ˆ¢!õ.= 216k áò ˆ¢!õ.
Î!î òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ R ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ k R3 = 216k
Óyñ R3 = 216
.
Óyñ R3 = 63 . . R = 6
.
. . òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6×2 ˆ¢!õ. = 12 ˆ¢!õ.

194
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ˆÏfi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ xyÇ!üÑ˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ Á xyÇ!üÑ˛ Á£z £ˆÏfi›˛úÓy¢# ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî
xyˆÏäÈ– ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy 120 £ˆÏú ÓƒÎ˚ 2000 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy 100 £ˆÏú ÓƒÎ˚ 1700 ›˛yÑ˛y £Î˚– ÓƒÎ˚
1880 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
x ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ y ãò–
ï!Ó˚ñx=k1+Bñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò £ˆÏfi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï%ÓÑ˛ xÇü k1 ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ xÇü Bvy
.
. . B=k2yñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò k2 xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x = k1+k2y
.
y =120 £ˆÏú x=2000 S≤Ãî_V . . 2000 = k1 +120k2 (I)
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ y =100 £ˆÏú x=1700 S≤Ãî_V . . –1700 = – k1 +– 100k2 (II)
S!ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zV 300 = 20kk2
300 .
Óyñ k2 = 20 . . k2 = 15
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ (II) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 1700 = k1+100×15
Óyñ k1 = 1700 –1500
.
. . k1 = 200
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x = 200+15y (III)
.
. . ÎÖò x = 1880 ì˛Öò (III) òÇ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ
1880 = 200+15y
Óyñ 15y = 1880–200
Óyñ 15y = 1680
Óyñ y = 1680 15 ... y = 112
.
. . £ˆÏfi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ 1880 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏú ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÓ 112
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ !eáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî
xyˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ !¢¢yÓ˚ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ.– ~£z ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 3.5
ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– Sï!Ó˚ ÜúyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~Ñ˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛V l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 13
î%!›˛ A Á BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú A 25 30 45 250
B 10 12 18 100
A Á BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
2. x Á y î%!›˛ â˛ú ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú x 18 8 12 6
27 9
y 3 4 2 9
x Á y ÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–

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xïƒyÎ˚ ı 13
3. (i) !Ó!˛ôòÑ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ›˛ƒy!: 25 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 14 !Ñ˛!õ. ˛ôÌ x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛£z Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜ ›˛ƒy!: â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚
5 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ôÌ ÎyˆÏÓò ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 24 ãò !üü%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛Óy: ¢ˆÏ®ü ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îúyõ
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 5 !›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜy›˛y ¢ˆÏ®ü ˆ˛ôú– Î!î !üü%Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 4 ãò Ñ˛õ £ì˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˆÜy›˛y ¢ˆÏ®ü ˆ˛ôì˛ ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ 50 ãò @˘ÃyõÓy¢#Ó˚ 18 !îò ¢õÎ˚ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚!›˛ 15 !îˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú
x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Ñ˛ì˛ãò ˆúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. (i) yñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õˆ) ú
Ï Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ y=9 ÎÖò x=9ó xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎÖò y=6.
(ii) x, yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ~ÓÇ zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– y=4, z=5 £ˆÏú x=3 £Î˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ y=16, z=30 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(iii) x, yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ~ÓÇ zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– y=5 Á z=9 £ˆÏú x= 1 £Î˚–
6
x, y Á zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ y=6 Á z= 1 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5
5. (i) xvy £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ x+y v x–y
(ii) Av 1 , C v 1 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ Av B
C B
(iii) Î!î a vb, b v 1c ~ÓÇ c v d £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ a Á dÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !ú!Ö–
(iv) x vy, y v z ~ÓÇ z v x £ˆÏúñ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6. x+yvx–y £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
(i) x2+yy2 v xy
(ii) x3+y3v x3–y3
(iii) ax+byv px+qy lˆÎÖyˆÏò a, b, p, q xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛n
7. (i) a2+b2 v ab £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ a+bv a–b
(ii) x3+y3v x3–y3 £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ x+y v x–y
8. 15 ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 5 !îˆÏò 18 !Óáy ã!õ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 10 ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 12 !Óáy
ã!õ Ñ˛ì˛!îˆÏò â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1 1
9. ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !eáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– 1–2 ,2 ~ÓÇ 2–2 !õ›˛yÓ˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ÓyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏúy– òì%˛ò ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– Sï!Ó˚ñ ÜúyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~Ñ˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛V
10. y î%!›˛ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyòñ ÎyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ~ÓÇ xòƒ!›˛ xÈ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî
xyˆÏäÈ– x=1 £ˆÏú y= –1 ~ÓÇ x=3 £ˆÏú y=5ó x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. a vb, b v c £ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ a3b3+b3c3+c3a3 v abc(a3+b3+c3)
12. x ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ)˛˛ô Öòò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆõy›˛ ÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ xÇü xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ~ÓÇ
x˛ôÓ˚ xÇü x2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚– Î!î 100 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 200 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ Ñ)˛˛ô
Öòò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 12000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒÎ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ 250 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ Ñ)˛˛ô
ÖòˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓƒÎ˚ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

196
 ˆ¶˛î
VARIATION

13. ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛òñ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– î%!›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚
¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 3 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5 : 4 £ˆÏúñ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
14. ˛ô§yâ˛úy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ,˛!°Ï ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛ΔyQÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyˆÏÜ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ 2400 !Óáy ã!õ 25 !›˛
úyàú !îˆÏÎ˚ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 36 !îò ¢õÎ˚ úyÜì˛– ~Öò xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ã!õ ˆÑ˛Óú ›˛ΔyQÓ˚!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ 30 !îˆÏò â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛ΔyQÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ úyàˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò â˛y°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
15. ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ !eáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
˛ô,¤˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ áˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
16. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
(i) x v y1 £ˆÏúñ (a) x = y1 (b) y = x1 (c) xy = 1 (d) xy = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛
(ii) Î!î x v y £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò (a) x2 v y3 (b) x3v y2 (c) xv y3 (d) x2 v y2
(iii) xv y ~ÓÇ y=8 ÎÖò x=2ó y=16 £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 2 (b) 4 (b) 6 (d) 8
(iv) x v y2 ~ÓÇ y=4 ÎÖò x=8ó x=32 £ˆÏúñ yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïòydÑ˛ õyò (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
(v) Î!î y – z v x1 , z– xv y1 ~ÓÇ x–y v z1 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
y
(i) y v x1 £ˆÏúñ x = xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛
(ii) x v z ~ÓÇ y v z £ˆÏúñ xy v z
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) x v y1 ~ÓÇ y v z1 £ˆÏúñ x v
(ii) x v y £ˆÏúñ x n v
(iii) x v y ~ÓÇ x v z £ˆÏúñ (y + z) v
17. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) x v y2 ~ÓÇ y=2a ÎÖò x=aó x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) x v y, y v z ~ÓÇ z v x £ˆÏúñ xü)òƒ ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) xv y1 ~ÓÇ y v z1 £ˆÏúñ x, zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî òy Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) x v yz ~ÓÇ y v zx £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ z ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ ï%ÓÑ˛–
(v) Î!î b v a3 £Î˚ ~ÓÇ aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,!Âï £Î˚ 2: 3 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛# xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ì˛y
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

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ÚxÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚Û SPartnership businessV ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ– xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ xÌ≈£z £ˆÏFäÈ xÇü#îyÓ˚܈ÏíÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ õ)úïò SCapitalV–
~Ñ˛ÓäÈÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !î!îˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ 9900 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
2 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ܈Ïv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ xÇü#îyÓ˚Üí !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢Ü%!ú !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¢Ü%!ú £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ
SiV õ)úïò SCapitalV ı õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xÇü#îyÓ˚Üí ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò xÌÓy
¢Ó≈¢¡øì˛ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ õ)úïò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
SiiV ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ò SDistribution of profitV ı xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢Ó≈¢¡øì˛ !¢ÂïyˆÏhs˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ úy¶˛
SaV ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
SbV õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
ScV ¢Ó≈¢¡øì˛ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â%˛!=˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
Î!î xÇü#îy!Ó˚ â%˛!=˛ˆÏì˛ úy¶˛ Ó^˘›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ ò#!ì˛ Óúy òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ úy¶˛
xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ó!^˘›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV ÓƒyÓ¢y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ¢y¡øy!òÑ˛ ¶˛yì˛y ı ÓƒyÓ¢y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Óy ˆÑ˛v˛z
ˆÑ˛v˛z Î!î ¢õÎ˚ Á ◊õ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# £yˆÏÓ˚ ¢y¡øy!òÑ˛ ¶˛yì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛y
â%˛!=˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z ¶˛yì˛y ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı1. xyõyÓ˚ !î!î Á ì˛yÓ˚ î%£z Órï% !õˆÏú ˆÎ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚
›˛yÑ˛y ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã̈Ïõ xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
... ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓñ
!î!îÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ı ì˛#Ì≈Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ı ì˛ò!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y " 10000 ı 11000 ı 12000 " 10 ı 11 ı 12
10
... úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 9900 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !î!î ˛ôyˆÏÓ "10+11+12
' 9900 ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
11
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 9900 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛#Ì≈ ˛ôyˆÏÓ " 33 ' 9900 " 3300 ›˛yÑ˛y
12
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 9900 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛òÓ#Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ " 33 ' 9900 ›˛yÑ˛y" 3600 ›˛yÑ˛y

198
 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ¢%ˆÏúÖyñ ãÎ˚òyú Á !üÓ% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 4500 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 7000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ú– Î!î ÓÍ¢Ó˚yˆÏhs˛ 11550 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÑ˛
Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ !õì˛y!î!îñ ¢y£yòy!Ó!Ó Á xõúÑ˛yÑ%˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y
~ÓÇ 17500 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÚãƒyõÈÙȈã!úÓ˚Û ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 4250 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yò
£ˆÏúy– Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !õì˛y!î!îñ ¢y£yòy!Ó!Ó Á xõúÑ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ " 15000 ı 10000 ı 17500
"6ı4ı7
≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ xÇü#îyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü ˆîˆÏÓò–
6
... 4250 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !õì˛y!î!î ˆîˆÏÓò " S 6+4+ 7 V
× 4250 ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y

4
4250 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢y£yòy!Ó!Ó ˆîˆÏÓò " S V
17 × 4250 ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
4250 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xõúÑ˛yÑ%˛ ˆîˆÏÓò " ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. õy!Ó˚Î˚y Á ¢yÎ˚ò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 25000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 35000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
!ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ üˆÏì≈˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
1
(i) ˆõy›˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ –3 xÇü ≤Ã̈Ïõ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
(ii) ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Óy!Ñ˛ úy¶˛ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆõy›˛ 36000 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1
SiV ˆõy›˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ –3 xÇü ≤Ã̈Ïõ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
1
xÌ≈yÍ S36000 ' –3V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y õ!Ó˚Î˚y Á ¢yÎ˚ò î%ãˆÏò ¢õyò î%ÈÙȶ˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
SiiV xÓ!üT˛ S36000 – 12000V ›˛yÑ˛y " 24000 ›˛yÑ˛y ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
õ!Ó˚Î˚y Á ¢yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ " 25000 ı 35000 " 5 ı 7
5
... úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 24000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õy!Ó˚Î˚y ˛ôyˆÏÓ " S5+ 7 × 24000V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
7
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 24000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yÎ˚ò ˛ôyˆÏÓ " S 5+ 7 × 24000V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
... õy!Ó˚Î˚y ˆõy›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ " S12000 ≠ 2 ` 10000V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
¢yÎ˚ò ˆõy›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ " S12000 ≠ 2 ` 14000V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
.. . â%˛!=˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# 36000 ›˛yÑ˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ õy!Ó˚Î˚y ˛ôyˆÏÓ 16000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ¢yÎ˚ò ˛ôyˆÏÓ 20000 ›˛yÑ˛y–

≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 5. !ì˛òãò xÓ¢Ó˚≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛ 19500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 27300 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 15600 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúî
2
Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏúò 43200 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È– Á£z úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 3 xÇü ì˛yÓ˚y ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÜ
~ÓÇ Óy!Ñ˛ xÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏú ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

199
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 14
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 6. xºñ ì˛ò!ÓÓ˚ñ xõ,ì˛y Á ì˛ÌyÜì˛ â˛yÓ˚ Órï% !õˆÏú ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 21000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y
Á 45000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ üˆÏì≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
SiV xº Á ì˛ò!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ äÈÎ˚õy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÓ¢y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆõy›˛
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 0.25 xÇü î%ãˆÏò ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓò–
SiiV Óy!Ñ˛ úy¶˛ â˛yÓ˚ãˆÏò õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò–
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 27232 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏú ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SiV 27232 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 0.25 xÇü " ›˛yÑ˛y xº Á ì˛ò!ÓÓ˚ ¢õyò î%£z ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò–
SiiV S27232 – 6808V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ â˛yÓ˚ Órï% ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
xºñ ì˛ò!ÓÓ˚ñ xõ,ì˛y Á ì˛ÌyÜì˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ " 15000 ı 21000 ı 30000 ı 45000
" 5 ı 7 ı 10 ı 15
.. . úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Óy!Ñ˛ 20424 ›˛yÑ˛y ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò–
5
xº ˛ôyˆÏÓò " 5+7+10+15 ' 20424 ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ 20424 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛ò!ÓÓ˚ñ xõ,ì˛y Á ì˛ÌyÜì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓò !òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5
... xº ˆõy›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò " S6808 ÷ 2 + 37 ' 20424V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
7
ì˛òÓ#Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò " S6808 ÷ 2 + 37 ' 20424V ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
xõ,ì˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò 5520 ›˛yÑ˛y Á ì˛ÌyÜì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò 8280 ›˛yÑ˛y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y £yˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ !ã!ò¢ !Ó!Ñ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– 6 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏúÖy!î!î 14000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !îˆÏÎ˚ ãÎ˚y Ñ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏúò– ~Ñ˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚
5100 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓò⁄
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆîÖ!äÈ î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úïò ¢õyò ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ £Î˚!ò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
3 ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !õ◊ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óúy £Î˚–
xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ î%£z ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ S1V ¢Ó˚úñ S2V !õ◊
¢Ó˚ú SSimpleV ı xÇü#îyÓ˚܈ÏíÓ˚ !òã õ)úïò Î!î ¢õyò ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
¢Ó˚ú xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óúy £Î˚–
!õ◊ SCompoundV ı xÇü#îyÓ˚܈ÏíÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ õ)úïò Î!î !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !õ◊ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óúy £Î˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ xÇü#îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ õ)úïò S¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛V !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ !õ◊ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢õì%˛úƒ õ)úïò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
≤Ã̈Ïõ ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy Á ¢%ˆÏúÖy!î!îÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ï!Ó˚ñ ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy 1 õyˆÏ¢ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã!ò¢ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
!ì˛!ò 2 õyˆÏ¢ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã!ò¢ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 2x ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
. . . !ì˛!ò 12 õyˆÏ¢ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã!ò¢ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 12x ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
ãÎ˚y Ñ˛y!Ñ˛õy Î!î Á£z 12x ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ 1 õyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õ)úïò !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ12 ' 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y
" 120000 ›˛yÑ˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢%ˆÏúÖy !î!î ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ 14000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò 6 õy¢ Öy!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ úy¶˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò ì˛y 1 õyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛
£ˆÏú 6 ' 14000 ›˛yÑ˛y " 84000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

200
 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS

~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ î%£zˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 1 õyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏò ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy Á ¢%ˆÏúÖy!î!îÓ˚
¢õì%˛úƒ õ)úïò ˆ˛ôúyõ–
4 !õ◊ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú xÇü#îyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏÎy˚ !ãì˛ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ 1 õyˆÏ¢
!òˆÏÎ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xÇü#îyÓ˚܈ÏíÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ õ)úïò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛ xÇü#îyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!òãfl˛∫ õ)úïò Á ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%íö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xÇü#îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ úy¶˛ Ó^˘ Ó ›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
.. . ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy Á ¢%ˆÏúÖy!î!îÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ = 120000 ı 84000 = 10 : 7
ú¶˛ƒyÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍñ 10 ı 7 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÓ–
10
... úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 5100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãÎ˚yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy ˛ôyˆÏÓò "
10+ 7 S V
× 5100 ›˛yÑ˛y " ›˛yÑ˛y
7
S
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 5100 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢%ˆÏúÖy!î!î ˛ôyˆÏÓò " 10+ 7 × 5100 ›˛yÑ˛y " V ›˛yÑ˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8 õò#°Ïy 3750 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 6 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ãì˛ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y
!òˆÏÎ˚ Á£z ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– ÓÍ¢Ó˚yˆÏhs˛ Î!î 6900 ›˛yÑ˛y «˛!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ «˛!ì˛Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ xy!õòy!Ó!Óñ Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% Á {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy Üì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 1 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
50000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 70000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò–
1 ~!≤Ãú Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% xyÓ˚Á 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ 1 ã%ò {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y
õ)úïò v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòò– 31 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆõy›˛ 39240 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏú õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
50000 ›˛yÑ˛y 12 õy¢ Öy!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚õyí úy¶˛ ~Ñ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛
£ˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ õ)úïò £ˆÏÓ S50000 × 12V ›˛yÑ˛y xÌ≈yÍ 600000 ›˛yÑ˛y–
xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓñ Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ%Ó˚ õ)úïò 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y 3 õy¢ Á S60000 + 10000V ›˛yÑ˛y xÌ≈yÍ 70000 ›˛yÑ˛y
9 õy¢ ˆÖˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 1 õy¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ)úïò ÄS60000 × 3V ` S70000 × 9VÅ ›˛yÑ˛y" 810000 ›˛yÑ˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ñ {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ õ)úïò 70000 ›˛yÑ˛y 5 õy¢ Á S70000–10000V ›˛yÑ˛y " 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y 7 õy¢ ˆÖˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 1 õy¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ)úïò £ˆÏÓ " ÄS70000 × 5V ` S60000 × 7VÅ ›˛yÑ˛y " 770000 ›˛yÑ˛y
~£z !£¢yˆÏÓ xy!õòy!Ó!Óñ Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% Á {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ
" 600000 ı 810000 ı 770000 " 60 ı 81 ı 77
... xy!õòy!Ó!Óñ Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% Á {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yÜ£yÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
60 81 77
218 ñ 218 Á 218
ú¶˛ƒyÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÓ–
60
... 39240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xy!õòy!Ó!Ó ˛ôyˆÏÓò = S V
21 8 × 39240 ›˛yÑ˛y = 10800 ›˛yÑ˛y
39240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÏõòÓyÓ% ˛ôyˆÏÓò " ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
39240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ {!üì˛yÑ˛y!Ñ˛õy ˛ôyˆÏÓò " ›˛yÑ˛y l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

201
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 14
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. !òˆÏÓ!îì˛y Á v˛zõy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ú– 6 õy¢
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ!îì˛y ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îúñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ 6 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zõy 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y ì%˛ˆÏú !òú– ~Ñ˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚
6175 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏú úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ¢yÓπyñ î#˛ôÑ˛ Á ˛ô,Ìy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 6000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 8000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 9000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe
~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢yÓπy xyÓ˚Á 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ú!@¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆõy›˛ 3000
›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ ˛ô,Ìy 1080 ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆ˛ôú– ¢yÓπy 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛Öò ú!@¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ú!@¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú
. . . ¢yÓπy 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y x õy¢ ~ÓÇ S6000 + 3000V ›˛yÑ˛y " 9000 ›˛yÑ˛y
Óy!Ñ˛ S12 – xV õy¢ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÎ úy¶˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z úy¶˛ 1 õyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú
¢yÓπyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò £ˆÏì˛y Ä6000 × x + 9000 × (12 – x)Å ›˛yÑ˛y
" S108000 – 3000xV ›˛yÑ˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ î#˛ôÑ˛ Á ˛ô,Ìy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 8000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 9000 ›˛yÑ˛y 12 õy¢ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
... ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÎ úy¶˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z úy¶˛ 1 õyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú î#˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò S8000 × 12V ›˛yÑ˛y
~ÓÇ ˛ô,ÌyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò S9000 × 12V ›˛yÑ˛y–
... ¢yÓπyñ î#˛ôÑ˛ Á ˛ô,ÌyÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
" S108000 – 3000xV ı 8000 × 12 ı 9000 × 12
" S108 – 3xV ı 96 ı 108
" S36 – xV ı 32 ı 36
ú¶˛ƒyÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÓ–
36 3000 × 36
... ˛ô,ÌyÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí " 3000 ' ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
36 – x + 32 + 36 104 – x
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ
3000 × 36
= 1080
104 – x
3000 × 36
Óyñ 104 – x = 1080 = 100 ... x = 4
... ¢yÓπy 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y 4 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ú!@¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 14
1. xy!õ Á xyõyÓ˚ Órï% õyúy î%ãˆÏò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 25000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ~Ñ˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 16ñ800 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyÓ⁄
2. !≤ÃÎ˚õñ ¢%!≤ÃÎ˚y Á Ó%ú% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y ñ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 25000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y õ%!îÓ˚
ˆîyÑ˛yò Ö%úú– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ÓÍ¢Ó˚yˆÏhs˛ 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yò £ˆÏúy– Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !îˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

202
 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS

3. ˆüy¶˛y Á õy¢%î î%ãˆÏò !õˆÏú 2ñ50ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üy!v˛¸ !Ñ˛ˆÏò 2ñ62ñ500 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò–
1
Üy!v˛¸!›˛ ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆüy¶˛y õy¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ 1 –2 Ü%í ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓò ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. !ì˛òÓrï% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 7000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏúò 1800 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õ)úïò !‡˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò ÓˆÏú !¢Âïyhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5. î#˛ô%ñ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y Á ˆõáy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 6500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 5200 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 9,100 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y
2
ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ú Á !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 14,400 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy– Á£z úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ –3 xÇü ì˛yÓ˚y ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ Óy!Ñ˛ xÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏú ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6 !ì˛òÓrï% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 8000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 12000 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y
ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏúò 13400 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z úy¶˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛!hfl˛ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆüyï ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Óy!Ñ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏúò– ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. î%£z ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ !îˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%î !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy ~£z üˆÏì≈˛ !ì˛ò Órï% ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 6000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 8000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ Á 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú !Ó˚Ñ˛üy
Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– î%£z ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ÖÓ˚â˛ÈÙÈÖÓ˚â˛y Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ 30400 ›˛yÑ˛y xyÎ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£z xyÎ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ !òã !òã }ˆÏíÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y
ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò– ~Öò Ñ˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8. !ì˛ò Órï% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 1ñ20ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1ñ50ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 1ñ10ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy¢ Ñ˛Î˚
2
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ≤ÃÌõãò v»˛y£z¶˛yÓ˚ Á Óy!Ñ˛ î%ãò Ñ˛u˛yQˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ˆõy›˛ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ –5
xÇü Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ 3ı2ı2 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ Óy!Ñ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛õyˆÏ¢ Î!î 29260 ›˛yÑ˛y xyÎ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9. ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤Ãî#˛ôÓyÓ% Á xy!õòy!Ó!Ó ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 24000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 30000 ›˛yÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ô§yⲠõy¢ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ôÓyÓ% xyÓ˚Á 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò ˆîò– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 27716 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúñ
ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. !òÎ˚yõì˛â˛yâ˛y Á Ñ˛Ó˚Ó#!î!î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 50ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y
xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– 6 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚yõì˛â˛yâ˛y xyÓ˚Á 40ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y ú!@¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúòñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó#!î!î Óƒ!=˛Üì˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yãˆÏò 10ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏúò– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Î!î 19ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÑ˛ñ
Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
11. ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ ◊#Ñ˛yhs˛ Á ˜¢ö%˛!jò 2ñ40ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 3ñ00ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !õ!òÓy¢ Ñ˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
â˛yúyˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– â˛yÓ˚ õy¢ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% !˛ô›˛yÓ˚ 81ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏú ◊#Ñ˛yhs˛
Á ˜¢ö%˛!jò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢£z ›˛yÑ˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòò– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 39150 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúñ
ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

203
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12. ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ xÓ˚%í Á xãÎ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 24ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 30ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xÓ˚%í xyÓ˚Á 12ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á£z ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ õ)úïò ˆîò– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Á£z
ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ 14ñ030 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ xÓ˚%í 7ñ130 ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– xÓ˚%í Ñ˛ì˛ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
13. Ñ%˛õyÓ˚›%˛!úÓ˚ !ì˛òãò õ,Í!ü“# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ 100000 ›˛yÑ˛y ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ,Í!üˆÏ“Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z â%˛!=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓƒyLjÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛!hfl˛ 28100 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ôÓ˚ Óy!Ñ˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ Óy!Ñ˛ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò– Üì˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 300 !îòñ 275 !îò Á 350 !îò Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 139100
›˛yÑ˛y– ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. î%£z Órï% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 40000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 50000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÔÌ ÓƒÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛
â%˛!=˛ £Î˚ ˆÎñ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 50% !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ~ÓÇ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xÓ!üT˛yÇü õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÌõ Órï%Ó˚ ú¶˛ƒyLjÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Î!î !mì˛#Î˚ Órï%Ó˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü xˆÏ˛ô«˛y 800 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
≤ÃÌõ Órï%Ó˚ ú¶˛ƒyLjÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
15. ˛ô)ãyñ v˛z_õ Á ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 7000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
~£z üˆÏì≈˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ SiV Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ õy!¢Ñ˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ125 ›˛yÑ˛yñ SiiV !£¢yÓ˛ôe Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô)ãy
Á v˛z_õ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ õy!¢Ñ˛ 200 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓ– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 6960 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúñ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
16. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SV.S.A.V
SAV Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ SM.C.Q.V ı
SiV ˆÑ˛yò ˆÎÔÌ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛ò Órï%Ó˚ õ)úïò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 200 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 150 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 250 ›˛yÑ˛y– ~Ñ˛£z ¢õÎ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyLjÏüÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÓ
SaV 5ı3ı4 SbV 4ı3ı5 ScV 3ı5ı4 SdV 5ı4ı3
SiiV ü%ˆÏ¶˛®% Á ˆòÔ¢yî ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 1500 ~ÓÇ 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ 75 ›˛yÑ˛y «˛!ì˛ £ˆÏúñ ü%ˆÏ¶˛®%Ó˚ «˛!ì˛ £Î˚
SaV 45 ›˛yÑ˛y SbV 30 ›˛yÑ˛y ScV 25 ›˛yÑ˛y SdV 40 ›˛yÑ˛y
SiiiV ö˛!ì˛õyñ ˆ◊Î˚y ~ÓÇ !fl˛øì˛y !ì˛òãˆÏò ˆõy›˛ 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ö˛!ì˛õyñ ˆ◊Î˚y ~ÓÇ !fl˛øì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ú¶˛ƒyLjÏüÓ˚ 50 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 150 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyÎ˚– !fl˛øì˛y
Á£z ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
SaV 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y SbV 2000 ›˛yÑ˛y ScV 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y SdV 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y
SivV xõú ~ÓÇ !Óõú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xõú 500 ›˛yÑ˛y 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ !Óõú !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛y
6 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ £Î˚ 69 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ !Óõú úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚
46 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyÎ˚– ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !ÓõˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úïò
SaV 1500 ›˛yÑ˛y SbV 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ScV 4500 ›˛yÑ˛y SdV 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y

204
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SvV ˛ôÕ‘Ó# 500 ›˛yÑ˛y 9 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!ãÎ˚y 600 ›˛yÑ˛y 5 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ú¶˛ƒyÇü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó!^˘›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ì˛y £ˆÏúy
SaV 3ı2 SbV 5ı6 ScV 6ı5 SdV 9ı5
SBV ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
SiV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 3 ãò–
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ Ó˚yã% Á xy!¢ˆÏö˛Ó˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5 : 4 ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã% ˆõy›˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏú
xy!¢ö˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y–
SCV ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
SiV xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚–
SiiV xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üì≈˛ äÈyv˛¸y xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚Üí ¢õyò ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú–
SiiiV xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üì≈˛ äÈyv˛¸y xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚Üí !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú–
17. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SS.A.V
1 1 1
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ¢õ#Ó˚ñ £z!oü ~ÓÇ xƒyr›˛!òÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ –6 ı –5 ı –4 ó ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ 3700 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ xƒyr›˛!òÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˛ô,Ìy Á Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 ı 3 ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y Á ˆã¢!õˆÏòÓ˚
õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 4 ı 5 £ˆÏúñ ˛ô,Ìyñ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y Á ˆã¢!õˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SiiiV î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îyÓ˚# ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ £Î˚ 1500 ›˛yÑ˛y– Ó˚yã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ õ)úïò 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ
úy¶˛ 900 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ xyö˛ì˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ õ)úïò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SivV ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !ì˛òãˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 ı 8 ı 5 ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌõ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ úy¶˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 60 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛õ £ˆÏúñ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SvV ãÎ˚hs˛ñ x!ãì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛íyú ˆõy›˛ 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒyÓ¢y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï ãÎ˚hs˛ñ x!ãì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛íyˆÏúÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ úy¶˛ £Î˚ 800 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y–
ãÎ˚hs˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

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QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

Üì˛ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¶˛y£zˆÏÓyˆÏòÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õˆÏú @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆõúyÎ˚

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Ó§y!üñ Ó§yüÑ˛y!‡˛ Á ˆÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÖúòy Á òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚
ˆüÔ!Öò !ã!ò¢ !Ñ˛ˆÏò!äÈ–
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ˆÖúòy !Ñ˛ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ˆÎ!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛y!›˛ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚
á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç xyˆÏäÈ– xy!õ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÖúòy ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
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ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó®% ˆò£z P Á Q î%!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó®% xyˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye ¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó®% P

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ SiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe AB Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– xyÓyÓ˚

SiiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe AB Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1 !Ñ˛hs˛$ SiiiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe AB Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ Á Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ⁄
AB Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈˆÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢%ˆÏõïy ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛#
xÓfiÌyˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛ú–
(i) š (ii) š (iii) šx A
x A x A
P

Qx
›x B ›B ›x B
ˆîÖ!äÈñ SiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ SiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Á !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–

206
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

2 !Ñ˛hs˛$ ñ SiiVÁ SiiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

SiiV òÇ !â˛ˆeÏ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ ˆäÈîÑ˛ SSecantV ~ÓÇ PQ, AB ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô ãƒylCorresponding chordn
ˆîÖ!äÈñ SiiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó®% –
.. . AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
3 !Ñ˛hs˛$ SiiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
SiiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏe AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy P !Ó®%ˆÏì Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ StangentVñ P !Ó®% fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% lPoint of contactn
Ó%ˆGÏ ˛!äÈñ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏúñ ˆäÈîÑ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
A3x
› › ›

›
xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ Ax

›
~Ñ˛!›˛ ü=˛ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ A2
x

›
P
ˆ¢yãy ¢Ó˚ú˜ÏÓ!˚ ÖÑ˛ SstraightV ì˛yÓ˚ PA1ÈÙÈxy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ A1

› › ›
x

›
Ñ˛õü îÈ%ÈÙÈ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yúyõ–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ PA1, PA2, PA3 ... Óy PB3, PB2, PB1 ... xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚
B
ˆäÈîÑ˛!›˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎÖò ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ›x Bx3

›
!õ!úì˛ £ˆÏúyñ ì˛Öò Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆäÈîÑ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúy– B1 x B2x›
›
x
Ó˚ãì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈîÑ˛ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈ–
xy!õ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ AB ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚– A Px B'
4 '
x x!
A B
Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB  xxC D
x!
x!
Á CD xy§Ñ˛úyõ– CD ˆäÈîÑ˛ AB ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚  Ex F
x!
 !
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˆäÈîÑ˛ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ A'B' Á A''B'' î%!›˛ ˆäÈîÑ˛  !
ˆ˛ôúyõ ÎyÓ˚y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AB ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x x x !
A'' Q B''
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ òy– l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xyõÓ˚y ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚Ç Á Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÖúòyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÖúòy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
~äÈyv˛¸y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢yîy !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛Á ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ÏäÈ ˆÎÜ%!ú !îˆÏÎ˚ xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˆÖúòy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
Ó˚#ì˛õ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!àò Ñ˛y܈Ïã ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛˛ !îú ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w O–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
!
!

C
xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ~£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÎÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ x§y!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
SiV Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó®% P, Q Á R !òúyõ–
R Q
SiiV Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ P, Q Á R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ xO
!ì˛ò!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AB, BC Á CA xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚y ˛
A, B Á C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ! !
A P2 P1 P B!
!

SiiiV OP, OQ Á OR R Óƒy¢yï≈≈ ˆ˛ôúyõ–

SivV AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ P !Ó®% Óƒì˛#ì˛ xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% P1, P2 !òúyõ–
'OP1P Á 'OP2P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ OP1>OP ~ÓÇ OP2>OP.
... ˆîÖ!äÈñ AB fl˛ôü≈ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% Á ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ
˚ yLjÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ OP «%˛oì˛õ
ì˛õ
... OP A AB
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–

207
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı40. Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á Á£z fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ AB fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ OP, P !Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı OP Á AB fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– xÌ≈yÍñ OP A AB
xAÑ˛ò ı AB fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% Q !òúyõ– O, Q !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% P äÈyv˛¸y xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ OQ Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆäÈî!Ó®% R. O
.. . OR < OQ l... R !Ó®% O, QÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒÓì≈˛#n x
R
xyÓyÓ˚ñ OR = OP l... ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈n x x!
A P Q B
... OP < OQ
... Q !Ó®%®%% A B fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
Îì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ OP ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «%˛oì˛õ– xyÓyÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ î)Ó˚c ú¡∫ î)Ó˚c–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ OP A AB S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 40-~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÎÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Á£z ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ OP Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ OP Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ú¡∫–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB, P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
≤Ãõyí ı ï!Ó˚ñ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ òÎ˚– O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
xO
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ CD xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Dx !
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ P !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ CD fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ OP, P !Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ñ !Ax x !
! x P B
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OP, CD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– ?‘OPD = 900 C

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘OPB = 900 S≤Ãî_V l  OP, AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫n

...‘OPD = ‘OPB xÌ≈yÍ CD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
?AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ll¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Á£z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z !Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ú¡∫ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy£z xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ#–
ll¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ú¡∫ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy£z xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ AT ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛– x ˆÑ˛ yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!
A
O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ AT fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ OA fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈–
yº
...‘OAT = 90º; xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘ATO = xº B x xº
(

O T
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 'AOTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘AOT = 90º – xº (i)
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' AOBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘OAB = ‘OBA = yº [... OA Á OB ~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ñ ... OA = OB]
' AOB ÙȈì˛, Ó!£ÉfiÌ ‘AOT = ‘OAB + ‘OBA = 2yº (ii)
.. . (i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ 2yº = 90º – xº Óyñ xº = 90º – 2yº ... x = 90 – 2y

208
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ AB ~ÓÇ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛
PAQó PAQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒy RSó Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AB, RSÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
B
≤Ãõyí ı ï!Ó˚ñ AB, RSÈÙÈˆÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ PAQ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AB Óƒy¢– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AB A PQ R S
T
x
xyÓyÓ˚ñ PQ || RS l≤Ãî_n O

... AB ARS xÌ≈yÍ ñ OT ARS P Q

!
A
... T, RSÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% l.... Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ãƒyÈÈÙÈ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓn˚
... AB, RSÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% î%!›˛ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú–
S!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚V
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 15.1
1. õy¢%õ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy– B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ
Îy Ó!ï≈ì˛ AOÈÙÈˆÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ‘BAT = 210 £ˆÏúñ ‘BTAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ XY ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ PAQ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛– X !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ PAQÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ XA, ‘YXZÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚ PR R ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ ~£z
fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ S ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% !òúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ PR = PS £Î˚– RSñ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ST = RT = PT.
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA Á OB ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛– A Á B
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AB = OT ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
5. î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚!›˛Ó˚ AB Á AC ãƒy î%!›˛ x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈
1
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ñ PQ = –2 BC.
6. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ X ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– X !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈîÑ˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Y Á Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– YZÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% P £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
XAPO Óy XAOP ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã–
7. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– Á£z ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó!ï≈ì˛ QP Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ OPÈÙȈÑÑ˛ S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ SP=SR.
8. ˛Ó˚%ˆÏõúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ QR R ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy– Q Á R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– QM Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
‘QPR = 2 ‘RQM.
9. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AC Á BD î%!›˛ ãƒy ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛
î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ C Á D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘P + ‘Q = 2‘BOC.

209
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
xyã xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó ãyòÓ–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
SiV !ì˛ò!›˛ Ó˚!àò ü=˛ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyv≈˛ !òúyõ–
SiiV !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢yîy Ñ˛y܈Ïã ~Ñ˛£z õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛Ïe ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ ~£z Ó˚!àò
!˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ–
SiiiV !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ xyú!˛ôò ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Á
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ ~ÓÇ xyú!˛ôˆÏò ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛≤Ãyhs˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ≤Ãyhs˛
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ›˛yòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
- - -A


- -


--
B P A

- -- - x
---------

--
---
x x
P 

-
xO x P x
x
xO



- - - B


SiV SiiV SiiiV
ˆîÖ!äÈñ SiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ !›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó–
SiiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆ_
Ï !›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó– ~ÓÇ
SiiiV òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÌ≈yÍ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò
¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– Qx
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% P ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xhs˛ÈÉfiÌ xO
xP
!Ó®% Q ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% R. x
R
£yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Öñ P, Q Á R !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó–
... £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆ_ Ï 2!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆ_ Ï î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ T ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®%– A !

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı T !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– T Px xO
xAÑ˛ò ı T, O Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– T O ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ T !Ó®%!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ~ÓÇ O xhs˛ÉfiÌ !Ó®%– B !
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ TOÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆäÈî!Ó®% î%!›˛ A ~ÓÇ B; T, A; T, B; O, A; O, B Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı ‘OAT ~ÓÇ ‘OBT ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
... ‘OAT = ‘OBT = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
xÌ≈yÍñ OA A AT ~ÓÇ OB A BT
TA Á TB ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA ~ÓÇ OBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ú¡∫–
... TA Á TB, O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ lxhs˛ÉfiÌ/Ó!£ÉfiÌn ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

210
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ PA Á PB xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y
Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ‘APB + ‘AOB = 1800 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Á Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
S1V ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% P !òúyõ–
S2V ~ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆfl˛Òú Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛
ˆfl˛Òú!›˛ P !Ó®% ~ÓÇ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–

xO x
x P P
xO
! A
S3V Ñ˛yÜã!›˛ î%ÈÙÈ!îˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ Ox P
fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% A Á B ˆ˛ôúyõ ~ÓÇ A, P; B, P; O, P; O, A Á O, B
ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Á î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AP Á BP ˆ˛ôúyõ– ! B
S4V OP ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÜã!›˛ î%ÈÙȶ§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ AP Á BP ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ OA Á OB ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
!õˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ AP = BP ~ÓÇ ‘AOP = ‘BOP–
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% î%!›Ó˚˛ ¢ˆÏAÜ
Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
l!òˆÏã x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% A ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˜îá≈ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% A ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˜îá≈ƒˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PA fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Óúy £Î˚–

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı41. Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈!≈ Ó®% î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õyò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PA Á PB î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á Bñ
O,A; O, B ; O, P Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ PA Á PB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘POA Á ‘POB
î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ! A
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı(i) PA = PB (ii) ‘POA = ‘POB Ox P
≤Ãõyí ı PA Á PB fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ OA Á OB fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈–
.
. . OA A PA ~ÓÇ OB A PB ! B
POA Á POB ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ ‘OAP = ‘OBP S≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OP ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£% ~ÓÇ OA = OB S~Ñ˛£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈V
.
. . ' PAO # ' PBO l¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ R-H-S üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n
.
. . PA = PB S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%V ........ l(i) ≤Ãõy!íì˛ n
~ÓÇ ‘POA = ‘POB S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíV ......... l(ii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛ n

211
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á ˆ˛ôúyõ ‘APO = ‘BPO S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ã PAO Á PBOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíV–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ OP, ‘APBÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 10 ˆ¢!õ.
î)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌì˛ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PT fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xy§Ñ˛úyõ– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ PT fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !ú!Ö–
.
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ OT Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ PT fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛– . . OT A PT
. 6 ˆ¢!õ. T
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã POTÈÙȈÏì˛ñ PT2 = PO2 – OT2 O

x
l!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn

10
Óyñ PT2 = {(10)2 – (6)2} ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

ˆ¢!õ
= (100 – 36) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

.
= 64 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. P
.
. . PT = 644 ˆ¢!õ.
= 8 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ PT fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 8 ˆ¢!õ.–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. xy!õ Î!î ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 26 ˆ¢!õ. î)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌì˛ P !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏÓñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
PT = 10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ PO = 26 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ' POT ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ T 1
0 ˆ
¢!õ
PO2 = PT2 + OT2 l!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn .
. Ox P
. . (26ˆ¢!õ.)2 = (10ˆ¢!õ.)2 + OT2 26 ˆ¢!õ.

Óyñ OT2 = (26ˆ¢!õ.)2 – (10ˆ¢!õ.)2 =

.
. . OT = ˆ¢!õ. l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA Á OBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒÓì≈˛# ˆÑ˛yí 130ºó A Á B
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛mÎ˚ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ‘ATB ~ÓÇ ‘ATOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
.
. . T !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AT Á BT ~ÓÇ OA Á OB fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈–
. A
. . OA A AT ~ÓÇ
.
. . ‘ATB + ‘AOB = 360º – (90º + 90º) x- ------
------
O

= 180º ------
------
.
. . ‘ATB = 180º – 130º = 50º -T
B
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ OT,‘ATBÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘ATO = 5 0º = 25º
2

212
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ 15.1

(1) 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 13 ˆ¢!õ. î)Ó˚Óì≈˛# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛
fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(2) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 13 ˆ¢!õ. î)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
12 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(3) Î!î O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛mÎ˚ PA Á PB; ‘AOB = 120º
£ˆÏúñ ‘APB ~ÓÇ ‘APOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ›˛y!ò ÎyÓ˚y Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ B Á C
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AO, BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛˛Ñ˛–
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AB Á AC ›˛yòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛
B Á C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– A, O Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– AO, BCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı AO, BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛– B

≤Ãõyí ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á AC fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AB = AC

O
~ÓÇ AO, ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛– xÌ≈yÍñ ‘BAD = ‘CAD x
D
'ABD Á 'ACDÈÙȈì˛ñ AB = AC A
‘BAD = ‘CAD ~ÓÇ AD ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£% C
.
. . ' ABD #' ACD SS-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BD = CD S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%V
~ÓÇ ‘BDA = ‘CDA S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíV
..
xyÓyÓ˚ñ‘BDA + ‘CDA = 180º Óyñ 2‘BDA = 180º S . ‘BDA = ‘CDAV
. .
. . ‘BDA = 90º ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ AD A BC . . AD, BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛– S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ 15.2

(1) ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛¶≈)˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !Ó®% ~ÓÇ
ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
(2) ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛¶)≈˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ xhs˛!m≈Ö[˛Ñ˛
ˆÑ˛wÜyõ# £ˆÏÓ–
(3) ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌì˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ Î!î ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
ˆäÈî!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇümˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜Ïîá≈ƒ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
xyã xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó xy§Ñ˛Ó– ò#úy!o
Ö%Ó ¶˛yˆÏúy äÈ!Ó xy§ˆÑÏ ˛– ˆ¢ fl˛%Òˆú
Ï Ó˚ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ú–
Ó˚yhfl˛
y
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚ïyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyò â˛Áv˛¸y õy‡˛x
Ó˚yhfl˛y xyˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yhfl˛y¢ˆÏõì˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ õy‡˛!›˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó xy§!Ñ˛–

213
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˆ˛ôúyõ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w ~Ñ˛£z xÌ≈yÍ î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ ˆ˛ôúyõ– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y î%!›˛ Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ó˚Ç òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò !Ñ˛ä%È ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆäÏ È–
5 xy!õ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó¢yˆÏòy Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈÜ%!úÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ˆî!Ö Á Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏä ˆî!ÖÈ–
x

x x x x x x x x x

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) òÇ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ó,_mÎ˚ ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ (ii) òÇ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó,_mÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ òÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ñ
(iii) òÇ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ó,_mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏäÈî# òy £ˆÏúÁ (iv) òÇ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó,_mÎ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏä–
6 fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏú Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˛ôyÓ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ (v) Á (vi) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe Ó,_mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
7 î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y Ó%G˛Ó Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ⁄
›
›

›
xA xA xA
P
P P
Ox xO' Ox x O' xO xO'

xB
B ›
x xB
› ›
(vii) (viii) (ix)

~Ñ˛£z ¢õì˛ˆÏú O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ O' ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î%!›˛ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈî!Ó®% P £Î˚ ~ÓÇ P !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ Î!î O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛Á ˙ !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ Óúy £ˆÏÓ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ P !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ fl˛ôü≈
'
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– !â˛e (vii)ÈÙÈ~ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– !â˛e (viii) Á !â˛e (ix)ÈÙÈ~ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
(viii) òÇ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó,_mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ P !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ xhs˛Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ Óy xhs˛Éfl˛ôü≈ (Internally Touch) Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
AB £ˆÏúy Ó,_mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
xyÓyÓ˚ (ix) òÇ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó,_mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ Óy Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ (Externally Touch)
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– AB £ˆÏúy Ó,_mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ (Common Tangent) Óúy £Î˚–

8 xy!õ Öyì˛yÎ˚ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xy§!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
› ›
› ›
›
›

›
› ›

Px xO xO
›

O Px O Px
› ›

P x
x x
›

(x) › (xi) (xii) › › (xiii)

›
›

214
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

Ï Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÓfiÌyˆÏò Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy 1!›˛ñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy 2!›˛ñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy 3!›˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy 4!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~§ˆÑÏ ˛!äÈ–
ˆîÖ!äÈ î%!›˛ Ó,ˆ_
9 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆîÖ!äÈ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏü Ó,_î%!›˛ xyˆÏäÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó,_î%!›˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ~£zÈ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏü Ó,_î%!›˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏú fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó,_î%!›˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏú fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ (x) Á (xi) äÈ!ÓÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛Ü%!ú ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ (xii)ÈÙÈ~ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á 1!›˛
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ (xiii) òÇ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ !›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Á !›˛ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !ú!Ön
10 !Ñ˛hs$˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ Î!î ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% Á Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wmÎ˚ Ñ˛# xÓfiÌyˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ äÈ!Ó
~§ˆÏÑ˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
äÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
P P
Ax Bx A Bx Ax ˆÑ˛wmÎ˚ Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% ~Ñ˛£z
P xx
B ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–

xy!õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆîÖ!äÈ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wmÎ˚ Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%
¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı42. Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%!›˛ ˆÑ˛w î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
› ›
≤Ãî_ ı A Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Sx Sx
P A
P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– B
x xA P B
x x

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı A, P Á B ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– Tx

› Tx
›
xAÑ˛ò ı A, P Á B, P ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı A ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
.
. . P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
ï!Ó˚ñ ST £ˆÏúy ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Îy î%!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛£z P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
... A ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ST fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AP fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ñ
.
. . AP A ST
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ST fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ BP fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈ñ
.
. . BP A ST
.
. . AP Á BP ~Ñ˛£z P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ST ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
.
. . AP Á BP ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ xÌ≈yÍ A, P Á B ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– S≤Ãõy!íì˛V

215
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
xy!õ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w Á fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
x˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛wî%!›˛Ó˚ î)Óc˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ l¢õ!T˛Ó˚ / xhs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ n˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ PQ = PA + AQ x
P
xQ
A
x x
P
A Q
xyÓyÓ˚ñ Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_ xhs˛Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛wî%!›˛Ó˚ î)Ó˚c Óƒy¢yï≈ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
xhs˛Ó˚ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ– ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ PQ = – l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. xy!õ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– AB ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% TÈÙȈÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ‘POQ = 90º
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢– A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% TÈÙȈÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ A P

›
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ‘POQ = 90º
xAÑ˛ò ı O, P; O, Q ~ÓÇ O, T Î%=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãõyí ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ A Á T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ox

fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– T

.
. . PO,‘APTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛É¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ l!òˆÏã ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚n
1
›

›
. B Q
. . ‘TPO = –2‘APT (i)
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ T Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛î%!›˛ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
. 1
. . ‘TQO = –2‘BQT (ii)
xyÓyÓ˚ñ AP || BQ ~ÓÇ PQ ˆ¶˛îÑ˛–
.
. . ‘APT + ‘BQT = 180º
. 1 1
. . ‘TPO + ‘TQO = –2‘APT + –2‘BQT l(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
1 1
= –2 (‘APT + ‘BQT) = –2 × 180º = 90º
.
.. ' POQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ xÌ≈yÍ ‘POQ = 90º l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ú!Öì˛ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ABCD £ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AB + CD = BC + DA
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ ˛ô!Ó˚!ú!Öì˛– A
ï!Ó˚ñ AB, BC, CD Á DA Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P, Q, R Á S S
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– D
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı AB + CD = BC + DA P xO
≤Ãõyí ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AS Á AP î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛
. R
. . AS = AP
B
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ BP = BQ, CQ = CR R ~ÓÇ DR = DS Q
C
AB + CD = AP + BP + CR + DR
= AS + BQ + CQ + DS = (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ) = AD + BC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

216
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE
A
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛Ó,≈_ AB, BC Á CA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D,
E Á F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AD + BE + CF = AF + CE + BD D
O F
= 'ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õyÓ˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n x

B E C

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. ˚ P Á Q ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ R Á S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
(i) A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ RS ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
(ii) ‘RAS = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
(iii) Î!î PT Á QT, AR Á ASÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ C Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ABTC ~Ñ˛!›˛
xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı P Á Q ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ P Á Q ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ R Á S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ RSÈÙȈÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– PT, AR R ÙȈÏÑ˛ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ QT, ASÈÙÈˆÑ˛ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı (i) AT, RSÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ›
T S

›
(ii) ‘RAS = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí R
›

(iii) ABTC ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e– C B

x A x
≤Ãõyí ı A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ RSÈÙȈÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P
Q
.
. . T !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PÈÙÈˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ TR
R Á TA
. ›
. . TR = TA
.
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ TS = TA . . TR = TS
.
. . AT, RSÈÙȈÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– l(i) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
.
xyÓyÓ˚ ' ATR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ TR = TA . . ‘TAR = ‘TRA
xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓñ ‘TAS = ‘TSA
.
. . ‘RAS = ‘TAR + ‘TAS = 90º
..
l . ‘TRA + ‘TAR + ‘TAS + ‘TSA = 180º
.
. . 2 (‘TAR +‘TAS) = 180º; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘TAR + ‘TAS = 90º] l(ii) òÇ ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
xyÓyÓ˚ñ PT, ‘RTAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ QT, ‘ATSÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
.
. . PT A TQ xÌ≈yÍñ ‘PTQ = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ QT A SA
PT A RA ~ÓÇ QT A SA, [Ñ˛yÓ˚í 'TRC Á 'TAC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ TR = TA,
.
. .‘ACT = ‘ABT = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ‘RTC = ‘ATC ~ÓÇ TC v˛z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%
.
ABTC â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ ˆÏãÓ˚ñ ‘ACT = ‘ABT = 90º . . 'TRC #'TAC (S-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ)˚
. .
~ÓÇ ‘CAB = 90º . . ‘CTB = 90º ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘TCR = ‘TCA . . PT A RA]
. ..
. . ABTC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ S . â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyòV
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ABTC ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
.
. . ABTC ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛eñ l(iii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n

217
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. ¢%!õì˛y î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!î PQ Á RS
î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ £Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yúñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ P, O ~ÓÇ S !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö–
≤Ãî_ ı O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢ PQ Á RS ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú–
P
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı P, O, S !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– R
xAÑ˛ò ı ï!Ó˚ Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w A Á B ; O, A;O, B; O, P;
O,Q; O, R; O, S Î%!=˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– Ax O
xB
≤Ãõyí ı Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w A Á B.
O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
. Q S
. . A, O Á B ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
.
' AOPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AP = AO, . . ‘APO = ‘AOP
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘PAO + ‘APO + ‘AOP = 180º
.
. . 2‘AOP = 180º – ‘PAO
xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓñ ' BOR ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z 2‘ROB = 180º – ‘RBO
.
. . 2‘AOP + 2‘ROB = 360º – (‘PAO + ‘RBO)
..
= 360º – 180º l . PQ || RS ~ÓÇ AB ˆ¶˛îÑ˛n
= 180º
.
. . ‘AOP + ‘ROB = 90º
.
. . ‘POR = 180º – (‘AOP + ‘ROB) = 180º – 90º = 90º
..
‘POR + ‘ROS = 90º + 90º = 180º S . ‘ROS xï≈Ó_ , fiÌ ˆÑ˛yíñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘ROS = 90ºV
.
. . ‘POS = 180º
.
. . P, O ~ÓÇ S !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö– l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 15.2

1. 16 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 17 ˆ¢!õ. î)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌì˛ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ P Á Q !Ó®% î%!›˛ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
‘PAQ = 60º £ˆÏú ‘APQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AP Á AQ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– PR
R ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ OA || RQ
4. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ú!Öì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£%Ó˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ
ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛–
5. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ú!Öì˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ õye£z Ó˚¡∫¢–
6. A Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ~ÓÇ OD Á OE ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á
E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‘COD = 56º, ‘COE = 40º, ‘ACD = xº ~ÓÇ ‘BCE = yº £ˆÏú
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ OD = OC = OE ~ÓÇ x – y = 8

218
 Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT OF A CIRCLE

7. A Á B ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ î%!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ñ Ó,£_Ó˚ Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ X
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ xhs˛Éfl˛ôü≈ ~ÓÇ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ Ó,_!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– O Î!î Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AO + BO ï%ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8. A Á B ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– O !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
AP || BQ.
9. !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õyò Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Á£z Ó,_ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜ%!ú ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ AB Á AC î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ B Á C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ X !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ AB Á AC ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á
E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy = 2 AB.

11. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– OB = 5
ˆ¢!õ.ñ AO = 13 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 12 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 13 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 6.5 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 6 ˆ¢!õ.
(ii) î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– AB Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô
(a) 60º (b) 45º (c) 30º (d) 90º
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.– O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 13 ˆ¢!õ. î)Ó˚ˆÏc P ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– P !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ PQ ~ÓÇ PRó PQOR â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
(a) 60 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (b) 30 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (c) 120 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (d) 150 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
(iv) î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. Á 3 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,_ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚
ˆÑ˛wmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c
(a) 2 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 2.5 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 1.5 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 8 ˆ¢!õ.
(v) î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. Á 2 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,_ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚
ˆÑ˛wmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c
(a) 5.5 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 1 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 1.5 ˆ¢!õ. (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ xhs˛ÉfiÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% P ó Ó,ˆÏ_ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ P !Ó®%Üyõ# òÎ˚–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓˆÏú–
(ii) î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Óy fl˛ôü≈ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ !›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
(iii) î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛
£ˆÏúy ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ S¢Ó˚ú / !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛V–

219
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 15
12. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.) P
(i) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ BOA Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢–
B x T
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ BAÈÙȈÏÑ˛ T !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ O A
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ‘PBO = 30º £ˆÏúñ ‘PTAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚– A

(ii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ABC !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ˛ô!Ó˚!ú!Öì˛ ~ÓÇ

P R
Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P, Q, R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!î AP = 4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ xO
BP = 6 ˆ¢!õ.ñ AC = 12 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BC = x ˆ¢!õ.
£Î˚– ì˛y£ˆÏú xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– B Q C

(iii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe A, B, C ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xC

R
Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!î AB = 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ BC = 7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Bx
Q
CA = 6 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú A ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ P x
A
˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% C ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

›
x!AÑ˛ì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ P
A
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% RÈÙÈˆì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ CP C R xO
Á CQÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!îñ B
Q
CP = 11 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BC = 7 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú BR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚

›
˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 8 ˆ¢!õ. Á 3 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÑ˛wmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c 13 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú
¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

220
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

16 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛

RIGHT CIRCULAR
R CONE

Üì˛ õyˆÏ¢ xyõÓ˚y xï≈Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚% Ñ˛y!‡˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛

xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú £yì˛˛ôyÖy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ ~£z £yì˛˛ôyÖyÜ%!ú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚
ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏú ˆÜyúÑ˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áòÓhfl$˛ ˛ôy£z–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyv≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ú¡∫ Óy ¶)˛!õÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏú Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
A C A C
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% xy¢úyõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!àò xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyv≈˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e
ABC ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúñ ÎyÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
xy!õ ~£z ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí B B
¢Çú@¿ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£% AB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ö%Ó ¢Ó˚% Ñ˛y!‡˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚
!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ˛ôúyõ–
2 ~ÓyÓ˚ AB Ñ˛y!‡˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyv≈˛!›˛ Ö%Ó ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ á%!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
A C C' A C

B SiV B SiiV SiiiiV

ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆîÖ!äÈ xy£z¢!Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
3 ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áòÓhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áòÓhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%Ñ˛ Óúy £Î˚–
4 ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Óy£%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòyÎ˚ AC Óy£% myÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛
Ó,_ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
SiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ AC Óy£% myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ ˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚Ó ¶)˛!õõ Óúy £Î˚– üAÑ%˛Ó˚
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ AC ~ÓÇ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w A
5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ SiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ B !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
SiiV òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ B !Ó®% ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% [apex]– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ABÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ú¡∫
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y [Height] ~ÓÇ BCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y [Slant height] Óúy £Î˚–
~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%ÖÓrï üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !›˛ ì˛ú– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õì˛ú ~ÓÇ xòƒ!›˛ [ÓÑ˛ì˛ú/¢õì˛ú] [!òˆÏã !ú!Ö]

221
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xïƒyÎ˚ ı 16
6 xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y 4!›˛ áòÓhfl$˛ !ú!Ö ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y–
xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyò Ñ˛yÜã !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y î%!›˛ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

SiiiV SivV

7 SiiiV Á SivV òÇ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ü%!ú !Ñ˛ ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛⁄

SiiiV Á SivV òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ü%!ú ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ òÎ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í üAÑ%˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ òˆÏ£–

8 ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !â˛eÜ%!ú ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö ı

Sa V Sb V ScV Sd V

ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ÖyˆÏò ÚüAÑ%˛Û ÓúˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y Úú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ˆÏÑ˛£z Ó%G˛ÓÛ–

xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyÏõ ˛ôyÓ–

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yîy xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ Á£z xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ 'l' ' ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜ÏîˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–
3. Á£z Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛
!òúyõ–
4. ~ÓyÓ˚ Á£z ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y Ó,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ î%£z ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ î%!›˛
xy‡˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ö§˛y˛ôy üAÑ%˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ–

O l
x Ÿ l
O Ÿ
T

222
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ Á£z üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(1) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Ö%ˆÏú !îúyõ–
ï!Ó˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = l ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yï≈ = r
r S
2Sr
A B
Ÿ l
Ÿ

.
. . ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ Ö%ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_Ñ˛úy ˆ˛ôúyõ–
üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = l
üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r
.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï = 2Sr = Ó,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
.
. . ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= Ó,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú lÓ,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 36T 0 × Sl Sl2, ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó,_Ñ˛úy Ó,_yÑ˛yÏÓ˚
=
Ó,,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îá≈áƒ × Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Tž ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï
2Sr
2S xyÓyÓ˚ñ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw
2ʌr 2ʌr
= u ʌl 2 ʌrl T v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#ñ . . 36T0 =
.
2ʌl l 2ʌl
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = Srll
[ˆÎÖyˆÏò üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = l ]
rl ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÜã úy܈ÏÓñˆÎÖyˆÏò r =
õ%Ö ˆÖyúy ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Srl ~ÓÇ
l= [!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚]
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xy!õ ˆÎ õ%ÖˆÏÖyúy ú¡∫ Ó,_Ñ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
!ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 12 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛yÜã ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 124 ˆ¢!õ. = 7 ˆ¢!õ.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Óy ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 22
.
7 × 7 × 12 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = 264 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı2. ˆÎ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ 1.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
4
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı3. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 78–7 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 13ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñüAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ.
4–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 22
.
7 r = 78 7 ..r=
2

.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. [!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚]

223
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 16

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 6 76 0 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 25 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
9 !Ñ˛hs˛$ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%ÖÓrï ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ úy܈ÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = l
.
. . xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ úy܈ÏÓ = üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= Sr l + Sr2
= Sr ( l + r)
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = Sr (r +ll )
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. ˆÎ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 1.5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2.5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 222
7 × 1.5 (1.5 + 2.5) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
222 1 5
= 7 × 1 0 × 4 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. = ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. ˆÎ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 25 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
B
10 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10 ˆ¢!õ.
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 122 ˆ¢!õ. = 6 ˆ¢!õ.
!â˛ˆÏe˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA, !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y AB ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y OB
A
OA = 6 ˆ¢!õ.ñ AB = 10 ˆ¢!õ. üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = OB O
6 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã OABÈÙȈì˛ñ AB2 = OB2 + OA2 S!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõV
Óyñ OB2 = AB2 – OA2
..
Óyñ OB = AB2 – OA2 l . v˛zFâ˛ì˛y }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyn
= S!ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yV2 – SÓƒy¢yï≈V2
= (10)2 – 62 ˆ¢!õ.
= 64
4 ˆ¢!õ.
= 8 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 8 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = S!ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yV2 – SÓƒy¢yï≈V2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. ˆÎ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 6760 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 20 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

224
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

xy!õ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚
öœ˛yfl˛Ò ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ– Á£z öœ˛yˆÏfl˛Ò ãú ¶˛Ó˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ öœ˛yˆÏfl˛Ò
Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö– £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
S1V ~Ñ˛£z ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢ Á ~Ñ˛£z v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Öy!ú ˛ôye !òúyõ–
S2V ~ÓyÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôye!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ãú˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏe ë˛yúúyõ–

˛≤ÃÌõÓyˆÏÓ˚ 31 xÇü ¶˛!ì≈˛ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ 23 xÇü ¶˛!ì≈˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ ¶˛!ì≈˛

ˆîÖ!äÈñ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôye!›˛ !ì˛òÓyÓ˚ ãú˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãú ë˛yúˆÏú ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôye!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ãú˛ô)í≈ £Î˚–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 3 × üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
. 1 1
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 × ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 Sr2h
. 1
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 Sr2h [ˆÎÖyˆÏò r = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ h = öœ˛yˆÏfl˛ÒÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y]
. 1
. . fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ öœ˛yˆÏfl˛Ò ãú xyˆÏäÈ = –3 Sr2h
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úƒyÓˆÏÓ˚›˛!Ó˚Ó˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ öœ˛yˆÏ:Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z öœ˛yˆÏfl˛Ò Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ öœ˛yˆÏfl˛ÒÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r ˆv˛!¢!õ.
5 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ (5)2 = r2 + (4)2
4 ˆv˛!¢!õ.

.
Óyñ r2 = 52 – 42 = 9 . . r = “ 3
. . r ˆv˛
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– . . r z – 3 . . r = 3
ˆv˛!¢!
!!¢!õ.
!õ.
õ

1
. . Á£z öœ˛yˆÏfl˛Ò ãú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓ = –3 × 22 2
.
7 × 3 × 3 × 4 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.= áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 2.2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 45 ˆv˛!¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
Á£z ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% î%£z!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4ˆ¢!õ.
Á 3ˆ¢!õ.– ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% î%£z!›˛Ó˚ î#á≈ Óy£%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ 3 ˆ¢!õ
ˆ¢!!õ..
˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎ áòÓhfl$˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛úñ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
4 ˆ¢!õ.

ˆ«˛eö˛ú ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ˆÎ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ 3 ˆ¢!õ.–

225
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 16
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 147.84 ÓÜ≈
ˆ¢!õ.– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ 5r – 21 = 0 Óyñ 5r = 21 Óyñ r = 21 5
.
. .üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 272 r (r+7) ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. . . r = 4.2
.

üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 272 r (r+7) = 147.84 xÌÓyñ 5r + 56 = 0 Óyñ 5r = – 56

. . r = –56
.
14784 7 11176 5
Óyñ r (r+7) = 100 × 2 2 = 25
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
Óyñ 25r2 + 175r – 1176 = 0
. . r z –56
.
Óyñ 25r2 + 280r – 105r – 1176 = 0 5
Óyñ 5r (5r + 56) – 21 (5r + 56) = 0 ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ r = 4 . 2
.
Óyñ (5r + 56) (5r – 21) = 0 . . üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4 . 2 ˆ¢!õ.–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı13. Î!î î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1 : 3 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3 : 1 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ üAÑ%˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 1 £ˆÏÓ–
ï!Ó˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 3x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò x > 0;
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò y > 0
1
≤ÃÌõ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 3 u ʌ × (3y) × x 9 3 .
2

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ = = = . .üAÑ%˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 1

!mì˛#Î˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 1 u ʌ × (y) 2 × 3x 3 1
3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı14. Î!î î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 3 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
3 : 5 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ üAÑ%˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı15. ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì§˛yÓ%Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 13.86 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ%!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 5775 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e˛ôú úyˆÏÜ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ ÓÜ≈!õ›˛yÓ˚ !e˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒ 250 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ ì§˛yÓ%!›˛Ó˚
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ì§˛yÓ%!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ú›˛yÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ì§˛yÓ%Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y l !õ›˛yÓ˚–
¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = 13.86 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 22
.
7 × r 2
= 13.86 . .r= l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚n ... Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2.1 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ 250 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ 5775 ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ !e˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí= 5775
250 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 23.1 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
... ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = Srlr ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 23.1 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
7
Óyñ 22 × 21 × l = 23.1 ... l = – l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚n
7 10 2
7
... !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = –2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 3.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚
? h = + l 2 – r 2 l... v˛zFâ˛ì˛y }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyn
= (3.5)2 – (2.1)2 !õ. = (3.5+2.1) × (3.5 – 2.1) !õ. = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön ... v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 2.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚
1
... ì§˛yÓ%!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÎ˚% ïˆÏÓ˚ = –3 × 272 ×2.1×2.1×2.8 áò !õ.= áò !õ. = 12936 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
= 12936 !ú›˛yÓ˚

226
 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 16
1. xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%ÖÓrï˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 15 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 24 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎÖòñ SiV ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1.54 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2.4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ
SiiV ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 17.5 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
3. xy!õòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 15 ˆ¢!õ. Á 20
ˆ¢!õ.– 15 ˆ¢!õ. î#á≈ Óy£%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎ áòÓhfl$˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛úñ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á 10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò S100SV áò ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 12 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì§˛yÓ% ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 77 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ !e˛ôú ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ%!›˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Î!î 7 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛§yÓ%!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢ 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 14 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚
1.50 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ú Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ÖÓ˚Ⲳ ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8. !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆÖúòyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÖúòy!›˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏú
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 2.10 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ôy!úü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 429 ›˛yÑ˛y ÖÓ˚Ⲡ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆÖúòy!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛!Ó˚– ˆÖúòy!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆ¢!õ. Ñ˛y‡˛ ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3
9. ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 75 –7 ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˛˛ôyì˛
ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– ÓÎ˚y!›˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Î!î 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ÓÎ˚y!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓyÎ˚% xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ÓÎ˚y!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
Á£z ÓÎ˚y!›˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü Ó˚Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ 2.80 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– lˆúy£yÓ˚
˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓï !£¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ òyn
10. ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì§˛yÓ%ˆÏì˛ 11ãò ˆúyÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ 4
ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy úyˆÏÜ ~ÓÇ 20 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò– !‡˛Ñ˛ ~£z 11 ãò ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !ò!õ≈ì˛
ì§˛yÓ%Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. ˆüyúy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õyÌyÓ˚ ˆ›˛y˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚˛ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 21
ˆ¢!õ.– ˆ›˛y˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚¶˛yÜ Ó˚yÇì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 10 ˛ôÎ˚¢y !£¢yˆÏÓ 57.75 ›˛yÑ˛y ÖÓ˚â˛
˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆ›˛y˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. ܈ÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl(˛˛ô ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäñÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 3.5
!õ›˛yÓ˚– ˆõy›˛ ܈ÏõÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ܈ÏõÓ˚ Á£z hfl(˛˛ô ë˛yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤’y¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
â˛yîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö– lï!Ó˚ñ S = 3.14 , 1300 = 11.4n
13. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ˛≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ˛≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 16 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ
üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
(a) 60 S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (b) 68 S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (c) 120 S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (d) 130 S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

227
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 16
(ii) î%!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1ı 4 ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ 4:5 £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
(a) 1ı5 (b) 5ı4 (c) 25ı16 (d) 25ı64
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~Ñ˛£z ˆÓ˚ˆÖ
Ï v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !mÜ%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ñüAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚
(a) 100 % (b) 200 % (c) 300 % (d) 400 %
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò £Î˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
(a) 3Ü%í (b) 4 Ü%í (c) 6 Ü%í (d) 8 Ü%í
r
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ –2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2l
2l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú
r
(a) 2Sr ((ll+ r) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ( + –4) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ (b) Sr (l Ñ (c) Sr ((ll+r) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ (d) 2Srl
r ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !mÜ%í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~Ñ˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yñ Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢Ó≈îy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%eÎ˚–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ı
(i) ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AC x!ì˛¶%˛ã– AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ x«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ ˆÎ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ v˛zͲôߨ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈È –
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò V áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú A ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y È È–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà ~ÓÇ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛È –
14. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 12 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 100Sáò ˆ¢!õ.– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ 5 Ü%í– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
Á Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò V áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú A ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
AH
H ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ V ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ~ÓÇ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ¢õyò– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
1 1
~ÓÇ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ h 2 + r 2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà ~ÓÇ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3:4
~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò% ôyì˛ 2:3ó ˆâ˛yà ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

228
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~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚

17 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛

QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE

~ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˘Ã#ˆÏ‹øÓ˚ ä%È!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñœ˛yÓáÓ˚ ˆõÓ˚yõì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y

£ˆÏÓ– ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ⧲yîy ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïƒõˆÏì˛y ⧲yîy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñœ˛yÓáˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚
!@˘Ãú úyÜyˆÏòy £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õˆÏú
!@˘ÃˆÏúÓ˚ òÑ˛üy ˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò !܈ÏÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !@˘ÃˆÏúÓ˚
ˆÎ òÑ˛üy!›˛ ˛ôäÈ® £ˆÏúyñ ˆ¢!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ õyÎ˚y !@˘ÃˆÏúÓ˚ òÑ˛üy!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚
Öyì˛yÎ˚ xy§Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôäȈϮÓ˚ !@˘ÃˆÏúÓ˚ òÑ˛üyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó,_ Á ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ òÑ˛üyÎ˚ Ó,_ Á
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüÜ%!ú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ⁄
òÑ˛üyÎ˚ Ó,_Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍñ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö–
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ l1!›˛/2!›˛Èn fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ l1!›˛ / 2!›˛n fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
¢¡ôyîƒ ı xy!õ 2.5ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!› Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% Aó
A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) O, A Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
2.5 ˆ¢!õ.
(ii) A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ OAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃
PQ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
. Ž O
. . P Q £ˆÏúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–

≤Ãõyí ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈

OA Ó, _ ˆÏ Ñ ˛ A !Ó®% ˆ Ï ì ˛ ˆäÈ î
Ž Q A P
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ P Q A OAñ
. Ž
. . P Q, O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ A !Ó®%ˆÏˆÏì˛ flfl˛ôü≈
ôü≈Ñ˛
..
l . Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒy¢yï≈ ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫ñ Á£z
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛n

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xïƒyÎ˚ ı 17
¢¡ôyîƒ ı 2.6ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 5.7ˆ¢!õ. î)ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_!›˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–

5.7 ˆ¢!õ.
2.6 ˆ¢!õ.

O Y A X

xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2.6ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ OX ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
5.7ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !ò£z–

(ii) O, A Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

(iii) OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

(iv) Y !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ YO ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
(v) A, P ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
.
. . AP £ˆÏúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–

≤Ãõyí ı O, P ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

‘OPA xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– ¢%%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘OPA = 90º ó O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ OP Óƒy¢yï≈
o
~ÓÇ OP A PA . ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ A P , O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A- ~Ó˚ î)Ó˚c Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏú
OA- ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% Y !Ó®%!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £Î˚–

230
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CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE

xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Á Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò ¢Ω˛Ó– !òˆÏã xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢¡ôyîƒ ı 3ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7ˆ¢!õ.
î)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛w O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7 ˆ¢!õ. î)ˆÏÓ˚ OY
Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !ò£z–

(ii) OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ï!Ó˚ñ OA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% X .

7 ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) X !Ó®% ˆ Ï Ñ ˛ ˆÑ˛w 3 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ XO ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ ú yõ Îy O
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q P

!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

O
(iv) A, P Á A, Q X A Y
ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó!ï≈ ì ˛
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
. o o
.. AP Á AQ
£ˆÏúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Q
Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
x!AÑ˛ì˛ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–

≤Ãõyí ı
O, P ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ‘OPA xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
. . ‘OPA = 90º
o
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ OP Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ OP A AP ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ A P £ˆÏúy O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®%% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
o
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ A Q, O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛–
¢¡ôyîƒ ı xy!õ 2.5ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 10ˆ¢!õ. î)ˆÏÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆ_
Ï î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛mˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

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Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 17
1. 3.2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎÈÙȈÏÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ A !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. 2.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% !ò£zñ ˆÑ˛w
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚ î)Ó˚c 6.5 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚
¢y£yˆÏ΃ Á£z fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. 2.8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7.5 ˆ¢!õ. î)ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%
!ò£z– Á£z Ó!£ÉfiÌ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ PQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒy– P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6. 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îá≈ƒ!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü XY xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ XYÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– X
Á Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛# ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !ú!Ö–
7. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óƒy¢ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛– Óƒy¢
î%!›˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã!›˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏúy ì˛y
Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö–
8. 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Á£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ A, B Á C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9. 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛ôü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% !ò£z ÎyˆÏì˛
AP = 5ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚– P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ
˚ yLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ O ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ~ÓÇ O !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛!Ó˚– A ~ÓÇ B !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AO ~ÓÇ BO ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
~£z Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ PQÈÙȈÑÏ ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚ !ú!Ö– P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Á£z fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ PQ xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !ò£z– Q !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ QR
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ â§˛yîyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ‘PQR ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õyò !ú!Ö–

232
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18 ¢î,üì˛y
SIMILARITY

xy!õ ~ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆãúyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ £!Ñ˛ ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ–

ì˛y£z !Ñ˛ä%È ö˛õ≈ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyõyÓ˚ äÈ!Ó îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
xy!õ Á ¶˛y£z ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ !õ‡%˛!îÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xyõyÓ˚ ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈ!Ó
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Ãüyhs˛Ñ˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Digital StoreÈÙÈ~ ˆÜúyõ–
Óúúyõ ~£z äÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3!›˛ äÈ!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îò–
Ñ˛# ¢y£zˆÏãÓ˚ äÈ!Ó îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚⁄ fi›˛ƒy¡ô ¢y£zãñ ˛ôy¢ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ¢y£zã òy ˆ˛ôyfi›˛Ñ˛yv≈˛ ¢y£zã⁄
ˆ¢›˛y Ñ˛# Ó˚Ñ˛õ⁄ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óú%ò–

ôy¢ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ¢y£zã ˆ˛ôyfi›˛Ñ˛yv≈˛ ¢y£zã

ˆîÖ!äÈñ äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ~Ñ˛£z xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ (Shape) !Ñ˛hs$˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ (Size)–
1 ~£z äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú Ñ˛# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ⁄
~£z äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü (Similar)–
2 xyõyÓ˚ 5 ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy¢ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ¢y£zã äÈ!Ó Á ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy¢ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ¢y£zã äÈ!Óî%!›˛ !Ñ˛
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄

ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!Óî%!›˛ ˆî!Ö –

äÈ!Óî%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü òÎ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í äÈ!Óî%!›˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ (Size) ~Ñ˛ £ˆÏúÁ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ (Shape) xyúyîy–
3 !Ñ˛hs$˛ î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ !â˛e !Ñ˛ ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ !â˛ˆÏe xyÑ,˛!ì˛ (Shape) Á xyÑ˛yÓ˚ (Size) ¢õyòñ ì˛y£z î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ !â˛e ¢Ó≈îy
l¢î,ü / ¢î,ü òÎ˚n–l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
xÌy≈Í Î!î ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ xyúyîy £ˆÏúÁ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ ~Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !â˛eÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z ¢Ó≈¢õ !â˛e ¢Ó≈îy ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢î,ü !â˛e ¢Ó≈¢õ òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
xy!õ Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyòúyõ ˛ôy¢ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ¢y£zˆÏãÓ˚ äÈ!Ó îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£zõˆÏì˛y ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò ÓˆÏú !îúyõ–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛y£z Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú äÈ!Ó xy§Ñ˛ú ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú xyúyîy îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖú–
4 xy!õ ≤Ã!ì˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ¢î,ü !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–

VV (i)
áá (ii) (iii)
<<
(iv) (v)
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i), (ii) Á (iv) òÇ îˆÏúÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ – !Ñ˛hs˛$ (iii) Á (v) òÇ îˆÏúÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü òÎ˚–

233
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5 xy!õ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e xy§!Ñ˛ Á ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!ú ¢î,ü !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ABCD, A' B' C' D' Á A" B" C" D" ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– A
A'' D''
A
A' D'
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘A = ‘A' = ‘A"
x A D
‘B = ‘B' = ‘B"
‘C = ‘C' = ‘C" B 3ˆ¢!õ. C B' 5ˆ¢!õ. C' B'' 6 ˆ¢!õ. C''

‘D = ‘D' = ‘D"
AB BC CD DA 3
~ÓÇ
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AB BC CD DA 3
AccBcc BccCcc CccDcc DccAcc 6
6 xy!õ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ABC Á A' B' C' xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚
‘A = ‘A' , ‘B = ‘B' , ‘C = ‘C'
A A
A'
!e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ Óy£% ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
AB BC CA
l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
AcBc BcCc CcAc B C B' C'
7 xy!õ î%!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã xy§!Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ D
˜îá≈ƒ 3 ˆ¢!õ. Á x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.– A
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘A = ‘D = 60ž, ‘B = ‘E = 60ž, ‘C = ‘F = 60ž
AB AC BC 3 B CE F
~ÓÇ ó ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,ü–
DE DF EF 5
8 !Ñ˛hs$˛ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ £ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆîÖ!äÈ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ òÎ˚–
xÌ≈yÍ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢Ó≈¢õ £ˆÏú ¢Ó≈îy ¢î,ü– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢î,ü £ˆÏú ¢Ó≈¢õ òÎ˚–
xyÓ˚Á ˆîÖ!äÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈îy
¢Ó≈¢õ òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yíÈÙÈˆÑ˛yíÈÙÈˆÑ˛yí (A-A-A) myÓ˚y î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢Ó≈îy ¢Ó≈¢õ òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
O
xy!õ î%!›˛ Ó£%¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e Ñ˛Öò ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
✹
(1) áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyú‰Ó xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ ~ÓÇ A D
ì˛yÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ò#ˆÏⲠ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛!Óú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢yîy xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ Ó˚yÖúyõ– B C
!
!

(2) ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó£%¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ô≲ˆÏÓyv≈˛ Sï!Ó˚V (ABCD)

!

A'
!

D'
â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã!›˛ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú Óyú‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ ò#ˆÏⲠÓ˚yÖúyõ–
(3) ~ÓyÓ˚ Óyú‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ãμyúˆÏú ABCD â˛ì% ˛ ¶% ≈ ˆ Ï ã Ó˚ äÈ y Î˚ y B' C'

A' B'C'D' ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôò‰!¢ˆÏúÓ˚

¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ A' B'C'D' â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ˆ˛ôúyõ Îy ABCD
â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢î,ü– ~›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏúy Ñ˛yÓ˚í xyˆÏúy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú–
OA Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ A' , OB Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ B' , OC Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ C' , OD Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D' !Ó®% xyˆÏäÈ–

234
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ABCD Á A' B' C' D' â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú Á Óy£%Ü%!ú ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
AB BC CD DA
‘A = ‘A' , ‘B = ‘B' , ‘C = ‘C' , ‘D = ‘D' , ~ÓÇ
AcBc BcCc CcDc DcAc
l!òˆÏã ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
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(i) ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
(ii) xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 4 ˆ¢!õ. 6 ˆ¢!õ.

3 ˆ¢!õ.
4 ˆ¢!õ.
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(i) (ii)
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢ˆÏ£!úÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y (i) òÇ Á (ii) òÇ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü òÎ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏúÁ
xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ¢õyò òÎ˚–
~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚¡∫¢ !Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈îy ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
˛ôúyü î%!›˛ Ó£%¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢î,ü !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö– .

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~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 18.1 xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–
1. ÈÙÈ~ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !ú!Öı
(i) ¢Ñ˛ú ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e l¢Ó≈¢õ / ¢î,ün
(ii) ¢Ñ˛ú Ó,_ l¢Ó≈¢õ / ¢î,ün
(iii) ¢Ñ˛ú l¢õÓy£% / ¢õ!mÓy£%n !e¶%˛ã ¢Ó≈îy ¢î,ü–
(iv) î%!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ Î!î ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú l¢õyò / ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#n £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú lx¢õyò / ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#n £Î˚–
2. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒÜ%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢Ó≈¢õ !â˛e ¢î,ü–
(ii) ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !â˛e ¢Ó≈îy ¢Ó≈¢õ–
(iii) ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢î,ü Ó£%¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xò%Ó˚*˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò˛–
(iv) ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢î,ü Ó£%¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xò%Ó˚*˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛–
(v) ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e Á Ó˚¡∫¢ ¢Ó≈îy ¢î,ü–
3. ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y ¢î,ü !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!ÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ¢î,ü òÎ˚–

235
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% üy!Ñ˛ú òyòyò Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ Á òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xy!õ ~£z !e¶%˛ãÜ%!úÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí Á Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ãÜ%!ú
xyúyîy îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!Ö–

10

6 ˆ¢!õ.
ˆ¢!õ
ˆ¢

3 ˆ¢!õ.
5
.

3ˆ

!
!õ.
¢!õ
2ˆ

ˆ¢
.
¢!õ

¢!õ
!õ.
3ˆ
¢!õ
2ˆ

.
.

2 ˆ¢!õ. (i) 3 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 8 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (iv)

(i) Á (ii) òÇ !â˛eî%!›˛ ¢î,ü ~ÓÇ (iii) Á (iv) òÇ !â˛eî%!›˛ ¢î,ü– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ~ÓÇ
xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò–
9 î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆGÏ ˛!äÈñ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏúñ (i) ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£%Ü!% ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ (ii) !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏÓ–
!@˘ÃÑ˛ Ü!íì˛K˛ ̃yˆÏú¢ (Thales) ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ
ÓˆÏú!äȈÏúò– ˆ¢£z ¢ì˛ƒ!›˛ £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú
¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–Û xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ resultt ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äȈÏúò
~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Basic Proportionality v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ Óy ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ Óúy £Î˚–
̃yˆÏú¢ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ Óy Basic Proportionality v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x˛ôÓ˚î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Ó!ï≈ì˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

10 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ó%!G˛⁄
AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe P !Ó®% AB Px
A B
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ AP : PB xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xhs˛!Ó≈¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
AP Px
P !Ó®% AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% £ˆÏú PB = 1 £ˆÏÓ– A B

P !Ó®% õïƒ!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛hs$˛ B !Ó®%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ Px

A B
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú AP
PB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ P !Ó®% õïƒ!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ B !Ó®%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛hs$˛ A !Ó®%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ A Px
B
î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú AP
PB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÓ–

236
 ¢î,üì˛y
SIMILARITY

11 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î P !Ó®% Ó!ï≈ì˛ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ P !Ó®% AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇüˆÏÑ˛ AP
PB xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ó!£!Ó≈¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
A Bx
P
AP
AP ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ¢Ó≈îy 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÓ–
1 2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î P !Ó®% Ó!ï≈ì˛ BA ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄

A
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ P !Ó®% AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ AP PB xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ó!£!Ó≈¶˛=˛ P
x B
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÖyˆÏò PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ APÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ AP
PB ~Ó˚ õyò 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y £ˆÏÓ–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z
xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ– Px !
xy!õ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ̃yˆÏú¢ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚– C

(1) xyõyÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ‘PAQ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– AQ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ D

A1, A2, A3, A4 Á B ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ !òúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ Ax x x x x x x!
A1 A 2 A3 A4 B Q
AA1=A1A2=A2A3=A3A4=A4B £Î˚–
(2) B !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ›˛yòúyõ Îy AP Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏÑ˛ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
(3) A2 !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy AP Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
. AA 2 2
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ A B 3
2
2
ˆfl˛Òú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ AD
DC = 3 l!òˆÏã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
. AA 2 AD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ' ABC ÙÈ~Ó˚ BC || A2D £ˆÏúñ A B = DC QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–
Q
2
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy
Ó!ï≈ì˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı43. ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û S≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎV
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB Á AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy AB Á AC Óy£%Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛
SBA Á CA Óy£%Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛V ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ADDB = AEEC
xAÑ˛ò ı B, E ~ÓÇ C, D ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ DM A AC (Óy CA Óy£%Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yLjÏü˛V Á EN A AB (Óy BA
Óy£%Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yLjÏüV xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– E D
---

-
---
--

A A N
---
---

M
-
-
- ----

A
N M
M
N
D E B C
--

---

B
---

C D B C
--

237
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
1
≤Ãõyí ı ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î ¶)˛!õ î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
1
= ±2 î AD î EN
1
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ ' BDEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î ¶)˛!õ î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
1
= ±2 î DB î EN

1
î A D î EN
.
.. ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2 AD (I)
= =
' BDE ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1
î DB î EN DB
2
1
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î AE î DM
1
~ÓÇ ' DECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î EC î DM
1
. ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú î A E î DM
.. 2 AE (II)
= =
' DECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1
î EC î DM EC
2
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 'BDE Á 'DEC ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õ DEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yúÎ%Üú DE Á BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
.
. . ' BDEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ' DECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
. . (I) Á (II) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AD AE
.
D B = E C l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

xò%!¢Âïyhs˛ ı 1 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y AB Á ACÈÙȈÑÏ ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ A
AB AC AD AE
(i) DB = E C (ii) A B = AC
AD AE
≤Ãõyí ı (i) ̃yˆÏú¢ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ D B = E C D E

AD AE
Óyñ +1= +1
DB EC B C
AD + DB AE + EC AB AC
Óyñ ?
DB EC DB EC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

AD AE
(ii) ̃yˆÏú¢ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ DB = EC
DB EC
Óy ñ =
AD AE
DB EC AD+DB AE+EC
Óy ñ 1  1 Óy ñ
AD AE AD AE
AB AC AD AE
Óy ñ ? l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
AD AE AB AC

238
 ¢î,üì˛y
SIMILARITY

̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ Óy
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛⁄
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
o
(1) xy!õ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ‘PAQ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– A P Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 Á B !Ó®% !òúyõ
ÎyˆÏì˛ AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5 = A5A6= A6 B £Î˚–
o P 
xyÓyÓ˚ñ AQ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 Á C !Ó®% !òúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ Bx x
A6
A5x x

(
AB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4 = B4B5 = B5B6 = B6C £Î˚– A
A3 4x
A2 x
(2) ~ÓyÓ˚ B Á C ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 'ABC ˆ˛ôúyõ– A 1 x

(
x
A x x x x x x x x 
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 C Q
A3 Á B3 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈñ

AA 3 AB3 3
= =
A 3 B B3 C 4

(3) ~ÓyÓ˚ ‘AA3B3 ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ‘ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ‘AA3B3 ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆÑ˛yímÎ˚ !õˆÏú
ÎyˆÏFäÈ Óy ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ–
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ ‘AA3B3 =‘ABC ÎyÓ˚y xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíñ
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ A3B3 || BC

AA1 AB1
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ A1, B1 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ A B = B C = ~ÓÇ A1B1 || BC
1 1

AA 2 AB2
A2, B2 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ = = ~ÓÇ A2B2 BC l= / || Ó¢y£zn
A 2 B B2 C

A4, B4 Óy A5, B5 Óy A6, B6 ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ !òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

xy!õ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xy§Ñ˛úyõ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xy§Ñ˛úyõ Îy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆîÖ!äÈ
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÎ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £ˆÏÓ–

239
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 44. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Ó!ï≈ì˛Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ì˛y ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £ˆÏÓÛ– SS≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎV

A E D

---

--
---
A N

---
M

---
A

--
N M N M

D E B C
-

---
B C --- C

-
D E B

≤Ãî_ ı ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ

˚ yÇü AB ~ÓÇ AC Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ SÓy BA ~ÓÇ CA
~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüV ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ ADDB = AECE

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı DE || BC

xAÑ˛ò ı B, E ~ÓÇ C, D ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– DM A AC SÓy CAÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüV Á EN A AB SÓy BA ÙÈ~Ó˚
Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüV xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
1 1
≤Ãõyí ı ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î ¶)˛!õ î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = ±2 î AD î EN
1 1
' BDEÈÙ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î ¶)˛!õ î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = ±2 î DB î EN
1
' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú î A D î EN
2 AD
= =
' BDE ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1
î DB î EN DB
2 1
xyÓyÓ˚ñ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î AE î DM
1
' DECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ±2 î EC î DM
1
î A E î DM
' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 2 AE
= =
' DEC ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 1
î EC î DM EC
2

ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ADDB = AEC

E
S≤Ãî_V

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú

' BDE ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ' DEC ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
.
. . ' BDEÈÙ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ' DECÈÙ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
' BDE Á ' DEC ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õ DEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ñ DEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú ¢õyò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛£z ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Î%܈ÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
.
. . DE || BC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

240
 ¢î,üì˛y
SIMILARITY

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1 ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ DE || BC; Î!î AD = 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ A

DB = 6 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AE = 7.5 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñì˛ˆÏÓ ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
AD AE D
' ABC ÙÈ~Ó˚ DE || BC, ... DB = EC l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn E

... 56 = 7.
EC
5 B
6 C
... EC = 7.5 î ±5 ˆ¢!õ. = 9 ˆ¢!õ.
A
. . . AC = AE + EC = + =
A D ±2 D E
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 2 Î!î 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BC || DE ñ D B = 5 ~ÓÇ AC = 21 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ AEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Öl!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n B C
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3 ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB Á ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– AE = 2AD £ˆÏúñ DB : ECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– A
. AD AE D
' ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ DE || BC, . . DB = EC
E
AD 1± . . .. AD = 1± ] B
. . DB
.
=
EC AE 2 = [ . AE = 2AD . AE 2
. :
. . DB EC = 1 2 : A C
P
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4 ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ PQ || AB ~ÓÇ PR || AC
£ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ QR || BC O
Q R
B C
. O P OQ
' OAB ÙÈ~Ó˚ PQ || ABñ . . P A = QB l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn (i)

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' AOCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ PR || ACñ . . O

. P OR
P A = R C l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn (ii)
OQ O R
(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ QB = R C
OQ
. . ' OBCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ OB Á OCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ î%!›˛ ~õò !Ó®% Q Á R ˆ˛ôúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ QB = OR
.
. RC
. . ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ QR || BC.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB Á AC ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú
ˆÎ AD AE
DB = EC £ˆÏúy– Î!î ‘ADE = ‘ACB £Î˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ' ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã–
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ DE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü AB Á AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî
AD AE
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ DB = EC
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ' ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã–
A
≤Ãõyí ı ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ AD =
DB EC
AE
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ ˛ ˛ôy£zñ DE || BC
.
. . xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘ADE = ‘ABC (i) D E
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘ADE = ‘ACB l≤Ãî_n (ii) B C
.
. . (i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ ‘ABC = ‘ACB
. .
. . AB = AC . . ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã–

241
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6 ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB || DCó ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ Îy AD Á BCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ E Á F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AE : ED = BF : FC
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ AB || DCó ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AD Á BCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ E Á
F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– D C
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı AE : ED = BF : FC
E F
xAÑ˛ò ı A, C ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy EFÈÙÈˆÑ˛ G !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– G
≤Ãõyí ı ' ADC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ DC || EG A B
AE A G
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z E D = G C (i)
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' ACB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB || GF
. . ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AG BF
.
GC = F C (ii)
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ (i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ A E BF
E D = FC
.
. . AE : ED = BF : FC
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7 ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8 ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ AB || DC; AD Á BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P
Á Q ~õò î%!›˛ !Ó®% !òúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ AP : PD = BQ : QC £Î˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PQ || DC.
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ AB || DCó P Á Q !Ó®% î%!›˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AD Á BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
xÓ!fiÌì˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ AP : PD = BQ : QC £Î˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PQ || DC
xAÑ˛ò ı ï!Ó˚ AB < DC; DA ~ÓÇ CB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– Ó!ï≈ì˛ DA Á CB Óy£% ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– PQ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı 'ODCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB || DC
..O
. A OB
A D = B C l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn (i)

xyÓyÓ˚ PAD
P BQ
= Q C l≤Ãî_n
PD QC AP + PD BQ + QC
xÌ≈yÍñ AP D Q C Óy ñ 1+
P = BQ
1 Óy ñ
AP BQ AP BQ
AD BC O
? ±±±±±±± (ii)
AP BQ
OA AD OB B C
(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ A D î A P = B C î B Q
A B
.. O
. A OB
A P = BQ
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ' OPQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ O A OB
.
AP = BQ P Q
.
. . ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AB || PQ
.
xyÓyÓ˚ñ˛ AB || DC. . . PQ || DC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n D C

242
 ¢î,üì˛y
SIMILARITY

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9 Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Óy Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ xhs˛Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ Óy Ó!£Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yí¢Çú@¿ Óy£%î!% ›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ S≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xhs˛¶%˛≈ =˛ òÎ˚V
≤Ãî_ı ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛eÈÙÈiV Óy Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛eÈÙÈiiV BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy
BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– E
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı BD : DC = AB : AC
A
xAÑ˛ò ı C !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ DA Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Îy
Ó!ï≈ì˛ BA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ S!â˛eÈÙÈiV Óy BA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ S!â˛eÈÙÈiiV E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– B
. D C (i)
≤Ãõyí ı DA || CE . . ‘DAC = ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ‘ACE
.
DA || CE, . . ‘BAD SÓy ‘FAD !â˛e òÇ (ii)V = xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘AEC F
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘BAD SÓy ‘FAD !â˛e òÇ (ii)V =‘DAC A
. E
. . ‘ACE = ‘AEC B
C D
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AC = AE (ii)
BD BA
' BEC S!â˛e iV Óy ' BDA S!â˛e iiVÈÙÈˆì˛ DA || CE; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ DC AE S̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚#V
=
xÌ≈yÍ BD : DC = AB : AE
..
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BD : DC = AB : AC ( . AE = AC) l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10 Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Î!î Á£z
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ Óy Ó!£Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ Óy Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ– S≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎ˚ÎV
≤Ãî_ ı ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã A !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y BC S!â˛e-iV Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ BC S!â˛e-iiV Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛
~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ BD : DC = AB : AC £Î˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı AD, ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛e-iV Óy Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛e-iiV
xAÑ˛ò ı C !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ DA Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x!AÑ˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Îy Ó!ï≈ì˛ BA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ S!â˛e-iV Óy BA Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛
S!â˛e-iiV E !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ E
≤Ãõyí ı ' BCE S!â˛e-iV Óy ' ABD S!â˛e-iiVÈÙȈÏì˛ñ DA || CE
. BD = AB A
.. D C AE S̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢ Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚#V
BD A B B
!Ñ˛hs$˛ñ D = D C (i)
C A C S≤Ãî_V
AB AB F
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ A =
E AC A
.
. . AE = AC E
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘AEC = ‘ACE B
C D
xyÓyÓ˚ñ DA || CE ; (ii)
.
. . ‘DAC = ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ‘ACE ~ÓÇ ‘BAD S!â˛e-iV Óy ‘FAD S!â˛e-iiV = xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘AEC.
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ ‘AEC = ‘ACE,
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘BAD S!â˛e-iV Óy ‘FAD S!â˛e-iiV = ‘DAC.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ AD, ‘BAC ~Ó˚ xhs˛¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛e-iV Óy Ó!£¢≈õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ S!â˛e-iiV l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

243
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 18.2
1. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BCÈ ÈÓy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ ˚ y AB Á AC Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
(i) PB = AQ, AP = 9 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ QC = 4 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) PBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ APÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ !mÜ%í ~ÓÇ QCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ AQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü
£ˆÏúñ ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(iii) Î!î AP = QC, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ CQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ' PQR R ÙÈ~Ó˚ PQ Á PR R Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X, Y î%!›˛ !Ó®% !òúyõ–
(i) PX = 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ XQ = 3.5 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ YR = 7 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ PY = 4.25 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ XY Á QR
ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) PQ = 8 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ YR = 12 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ PY = 4 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ PYÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ XQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏúñ XY Á QR R ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ !mì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚n
4. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD õïƒõyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– Ó!ï≈ì˛ BP Á CP ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AC Á ABÈÙȈÏÑ˛ Q Á R
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ RQ || BC.
5. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BE Á CF õïƒõyî%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ G !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ FE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü
AG ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AO = 3OG .
6. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú
Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú–
7. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– P, Q ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ' ABD Á ' ADCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PQ || BC.
8. ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õ QR RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ' PQR R Á ' SQR R xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ú ¢õyò– F Á G ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ !e¶%˛ãî%!›˛Ó˚ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w £ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ FG || QR.
9. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yí
î%!›˛ ¢õyò–
10. ' ABC ~ÓÇ ' DBC ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
E ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– E !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ AB ~ÓÇ BDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AC ~ÓÇ DC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ F Á G !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AD || FG.
11. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£% !ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB ~ÓÇ AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X ~ÓÇ Y !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– AX = 2.4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ AY = 3.2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ YC = 4.8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ £ˆÏúñ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 3.6 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 6 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 6.4 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 7.2 ˆ¢!õ.
(ii) ' ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB ~ÓÇ AC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D Á E !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ DE || BC
~ÓÇ AD : DB = 3 : 1ó Î!î EA = 3.3 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 1.1 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 4.4 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 5.5 ˆ¢!õ.

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(iii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe DE || BC £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò A

x+3 x
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 D  E
3x+199 3x+4
(iv) ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ AB || DC ~ÓÇ AD Á BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P Á Q 
B C
!Ó®% î%!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ PQ || DCó Î!î PD = 18 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
BQ = 35 ˆ¢!õ.ñ QC = 15 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 60 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 30 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 12 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 15 ˆ¢!õ. D
P Q
(v) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ DP = 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ DE = 15 ˆ¢!õ.ñ DQ = 6 ˆ¢!õ.
~ÓÇ QF = 18 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ E F
(a) PQ = EF (b) PQ || EF (c) PQ = 1 EF (d) PQ EF
2
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı A
(i) î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ã ¢Ó≈îy ¢Ó≈¢õ–
AB AC D  E
(ii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe DE || BC £ˆÏúñ B D = C E £ˆÏÓ–

B C
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yüLjÏÑ˛
!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
(ii) î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~ÓÇ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í £ˆÏú
!e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ –
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy x˛ôÓ˚ Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛
!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– A
12. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
AD AE D E
(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã D B = EC ~ÓÇ ‘ADE = ‘ACB
B C
A £ˆÏúñ Óy£%ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ABC !e¶%˛ã!›˛ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe DE || BC ~ÓÇ AD : BD = 3 : 5 £ˆÏúñ
D  E ' ADEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú :' CDEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
 C
B C
(iii) ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ LM || AB ~ÓÇ AL = (x±3) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ AC = 2x
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ BM = (x±2) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ BC = (2x + 3) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ L ! M
xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– 
A B
A (iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã DE || PQ || BC ~ÓÇ AD = 3ˆ¢!õ.ñ
D ! E DP = xˆ¢!õ.ñ PB = 4ˆ¢!õ.ñ AE = 4ˆ¢!õ.ñ EQ = 5ˆ¢!õ.ñ
P Q
! QC = y ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ x ~ÓÇ yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– A
B ! C
D ! E
AD 2± !!
(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ DE || BC, BE || XC ~ÓÇ D B = 1 £ˆÏúñ B ! C
AX !!
. X BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– X

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Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18

xyã xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ üy!Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚

!˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ˆÎÜ% ! ú ¢î, ü ì˛yˆÏ î Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yˆÏ › ≈ ˛ xy›˛ˆÏ Ñ ˛
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ›˛y!àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖÓ–
Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y Á£z !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò xÌ≈yÍ ÎyÓ˚y ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# xyúyîy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãÜ%!úÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú !Ñ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ⁄ xÌ≈yÍ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ !Ñ˛
¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–

1. ≤ÃÌˆÏ õ î% ! ›˛ Ó˚ ! àò !e¶% ˛ ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ABC Á PQR !òúyõ ÎyˆÏ î Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yíÜ% ! ú ¢õyò xÌ≈ y Í
‘A = ‘P, ‘B = ‘Q ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘R R ~ÓÇ PQ > AB, PR > AC, QR > BC.
A P (A)

B C B ) C
)
Q R
!â˛e (i) !â˛e (ii)
2. ABC !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ PQR !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢yúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A Á
ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% P !õˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ AB Óy£% PQ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– l(ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yn
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AC Óy£% PR
R Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü ˆÜˆÏäÈñ l!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
PB PC . AB AC
(ii) =
PQ . .
PR = PQl!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
PR (I)

ÓƒyÖƒy ı (ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏe ‘B = ‘Q

... BC || QR R l ... xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yímÎ˚ ¢õyòn

... PB = PC l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn

BQ CR R
AB AC
BQ = CR
BQ
Óyñ AB = CR
AC
BQ
Óyñ 1 + AB = 1 + CR
AC
AB + BQ Q
Óyñ = ACAC + CR
AB
AQ AR . PQ PR
Óyñ AB = AC . . AB = AC ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AB AC
PQ = PR

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P
3. ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ABC !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ PQR
R !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
A
ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢yúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% B Á ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% Q
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !õˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ AB Óy£% PQ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
R
Q (B) C
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) BC Óy£% QR
R Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü ˆÜˆÏäÈ– l!òˆÏã £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n !â˛e (iii)
AQ QC . AB
~ÓÇ (ii) PQ = QR . . PQ = BC QR l!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n (II)

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y xy!õ !òˆÏã ÓƒyÖƒy !ú!Ö l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

. . (I) Á (II) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ AB BC AC
.
PQ = QR R = PR
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#– xÌ≈yÍ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,ü–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú !Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô
ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ⁄ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú !e¶%˛ãî%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏÓ
!Ñ˛òy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
1. ≤Ã̈Ïõ Ó˚!àò xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ABC Á PQR
R ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú
AB = BC AC
¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#– xÌ≈yÍñ PQ QR R = PR P (A)

)
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ABC !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ PQR !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢yúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A Á ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% P !õˆÏü B C

ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ AB Óy£% PQ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Q R

(i)
R Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü ˆÜˆÏä–È xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ‘A = ‘P
ˆîÖ!äÈñ AC Óy£% PR

3. ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ (ii) òÇ Á (iii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ' ABCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ' PQR
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ
‘B = ~ÓÇ ‘C = l!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
P P
A
A

)
R R (C)
)
Q (B) C Q B
(ii) (iii)
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈yÍ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏÓ–
xyõÓ˚y xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ (ii) î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

247
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı45. î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˛Ï)˚ ô Óy£%Ü!% úÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£%Ü!% ú
¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ– l ≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎn òÎ
≤Ãî_ ı ABC Á DEF î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã– xÌ≈yÍ ‘A = ‘D, ‘B = ‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘F
AB BC AC
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı DE = EF = DF
xAÑ˛ò ı ' DEF ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB Á ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ DE Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ DE ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ DF Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ DF ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ DP Á DQ xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– P Á Q !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı ' ABC Á ' DPQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ
AB = DP, ‘A = ‘D ~ÓÇ AC = DQ
.
. . ' ABC #' DPQ SS-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V A
. D
. . ‘B = ‘P D
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘B = ‘E l≤Ãî_n B C
.
. . ‘P = ‘E P Q E F
..
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ PQ || EF l . xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yí ¢õyòn E F
P Q
. D P DQ
. . DE = D F S̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zV

..A
. B AC ..
(I) l . DP = AB ~ÓÇ DQ = ACn
DE D F=
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ ED Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ ED ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BA ~ÓÇ EF Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ EF ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏ
! Î˚
AB B C (II)
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ ˚ DE = E F
. . (I) Á (II) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ A B B C AC
.
D E = E F = D F l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Î!î î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô
Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !òˆÏã Ó%ˆÏG˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı46. î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍñ !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚
¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £ˆÏÓ– l≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎn
AB B C AC
≤Ãî_ ı ' AB
ABC C Á ' DE DEFF ÙÈ~Ó˚ D E = E F = D F
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ' AB ABC C Á ' DE DEF FÈ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# xÌ≈yÍ ‘A = ‘D, ‘B = ‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘F
xAÑ˛ò ı DE Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ DE ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ DP ~ÓÇ DF Óy Ó!ï≈ì˛ DF ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
DQ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– P Á Q !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı A B AC D P DQ
D E = D F ; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ DE = D F lxAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ AB = D DP
P ~ÓÇ AC = DDQQn
.
. . ̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zñ PQ |||| EF
PQ |||| EF ~ÓÇ DE ˆ¶˛îÑ˛
.
. . ‘P = ‘E D
A
D
PQ |||| EF ~ÓÇ DF ˆ¶˛îÑ˛ñ F
. E
. . ‘Q = ‘F P Q Q
. B C P
. . ' DP
DPQ Q Á ' DE DEF F ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# E F

248
 ¢î,üì˛y˛
SIMILARITY

..D
. P PQ
DE = E F

Óyñ A B PQ . .
DE = E F l . xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ DP = ABn (i)

!Ñ˛hs$˛ A B BC
DE = E F l≤Ãî_n (ii)

. . (i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ EP Q BC

.
F= E F
.
. . PQ = BC.
.
. . ' ABC Á ' DPQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ AB = DP, BC = PQ ~ÓÇ AC = DQ
.
. . ' ABC # ' DPQ SS-S-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚V
.
. . ‘A = ‘D, ‘B = ‘P = ‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘Q = ‘F
.
. . ‘A = ‘D, ‘B =‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘F
.
. . ' ABC Á ' DEF ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–

13 î%!›˛ Ó£%¶%˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò

(i) Ó£%¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ~ÓÇ (ii) Ó£%¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–

14 !Ñ˛hs$˛ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã Ñ˛Öò ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãõyí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ Î!îñ
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü!% ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £Î˚– xÌÓy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £Î˚ Óy !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# £Î˚–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yíî%!›˛Ó˚
ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ⁄ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
1. Ñ˛yÜã ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ î%!›˛ Ó˚!àò !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ABC Á DEF ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ
ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ‘A = ‘D ~ÓÇ A B AC
DE = D F
D (A)
A

B C
B C
E F

2. v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y 'ABCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ 'DEFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢yúyõ ÎyˆÏì˛ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A Á ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%
D !õˆÏü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ DE Óy£% AB Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
..
ˆîÖ!äÈñ (i) AC Óy£% DF Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü xyˆÏäÈ l . ‘A = ‘Dn

~ÓÇ (ii) EB FC = l!òˆÏã ˆõˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön A B AC

DE = D F
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛
Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ–

249
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı47. î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛
Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏú !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ– l≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ òÎ˚În
AB AC
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABC Á ' DEF ~Ó˚‘A = ‘D ~ÓÇ D E = D F
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ' ABC Á ' DEF ¢î,ü–
≤Ãõyí ıA B AC D B DC D B DC .
D E = D F Óyñ D E = D F Óyñ B E = C F . . BC || EF l̃yˆÏúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘B = xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = xò%Ó˚)˛ô‘F
.
xÌ≈yÍ ' ABC Á ' DEF ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– . . ' ABC Á ' DEF ¢î,ü–
î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢Ó≈¢õ £ˆÏú ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ !â˛£´ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÎõò # ~!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆ¢Ó˚Ñ˛õ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏú
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !â˛£´ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛⁄
' ABC Á ' DEFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A=‘D, ‘B=‘E, ‘C=‘F £ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢î,ü–
~Öò !ú!Ö ' ABCa' DEF
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò !e¶%˛ã ˆãyv˛¸y ¢î,ü !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(ii) A
A P
(i)
)

)
440 ž
30ž P
110ž 30ž ) ) 40ž 110ž 8~Ñ˛Ñ˛
)

C Q
)

B R 4~Ñ˛Ñ˛

A P R
B 6~Ñ˛Ñ˛ C Q 3~Ñ˛Ñ˛
(iii)
)

˛
Ñ˛Ñ 65ž 5~Ñ˛Ñ˛ P
)
Ñ˛Ñ˛

6 ž 8~Ñ˛Ñ˛
65 .3 5~ A
10~

)
B C R (iv) 70ž
0
)

Q 70ž
0
(i) ‘A = ‘Q, ‘B = ‘R ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘P 50ž
0
C Q ) 60ž
0
)
. B
. . ' ABC Á ' QRP ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# R
.
. . ' ABC Á ' QRP ¢î,ü Óy ' ABC a ' QRP
A B B C CA
(ii) R Q = Q P = PR
.
. . ' ABC Á ' RQPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–
.
. . ' ABC Á ' RQP ¢î,ü Óy ' ABC a ' QRP
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ (iii) Á (iv) !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy£% Á ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏã !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ˆî!Ö Á ‘PÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– A P
¢õyïyò ı ' ABC Á ' PQR R ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ 5ˆ¢!õ. 7ˆ¢!õ. 8ˆ¢!õ. 10ˆ¢!õ.
85 ž
AB 5 1 BC 4 1 AC 1 ) 40ž )
R
, ~ÓÇ ! C
B 4ˆ¢!õ. Q 14ˆ¢!õ.
PR 10 2 PQ 8 2 QR 2
. A B BC C A 1±
.. R P = PQ = QR = 2
.
. . ' ABC Á ' RPQ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#
.
. . ‘A = ‘R, ‘B = ‘P ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘Q
.
. . ‘P = ‘B = 85ž

250
 ¢î,üì˛y˛
SIMILARITY

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–
A
≤Ãî_ ı ABC Á PQR î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ã–
c b
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy AB B C C A C
! ¢##õy = P Q = Q R = R P B
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı a
' PQR
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚
P
≤Ãõyí ı ' ABC Á ' PQR ¢î,ü–
r q
. . PAQ
. B B C CA
= Q R = RP
Q p R
C A AB + BC + CA
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ PAQ
B BC
= Q R = RP =
PQ + QR + PR
S¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zV
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy AB B C CA ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
' PQR ! ¢##õy = P Q = Q R = R P l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 20 ˆ¢!õ. Á 16 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ≤ÃÌõ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
9 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ !mì˛#Î˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

≤ÃÌõ !e¶%%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy = 9 ˆ¢!õ.

v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı
!mì˛#Î˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy !mì˛#Î˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ~ÓÇ î%!›˛ Óy£% myÓ˚y ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÓ˚
Ö![˛ì˛yÇü !mì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% P !îˆÏÎ˚ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Q !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
1
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı (i) Q, ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%ñ (ii) PQ = ±2 BC
≤Ãõyí ı ' APQ Á ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
‘PAQ = ‘BAC l¢yïyÓ˚í ˆÑ˛yín
..
‘APQ = ‘ABC l . PQ || BC ~ÓÇ AB ˆ¶˛îÑ˛n
A
.
. . ' APQ Á ' ABC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
P Q
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ' APQ Á ' ABC ¢î,ü–
. AP AQ PQ B
. . AB = AC = BC C
A P 1± . .
!Ñ˛hs$˛ñ A B = 2 l . P, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%n
. Q 1± 1±
..A
.
A C = 2 Óyñ AQ = 2 AC . . Q, ACÈÙÈÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó®% l(i) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
1± . 1±
xyÓyÓ˚ñ BP QC = 2 . . PQ = 2 BC l(ii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n

251
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘B = ‘C ñ D Á E !Ó®% BA Á CAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎñ
BD = CE; ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ DE || BC l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õïƒõy AD xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ– Î!î BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ y AB Á
AC Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AD myÓ˚y PQ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ
˚ yÇü ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD õïƒõy– BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB, AD Á ACÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P, R Á Q
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
A
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PR = RQ
R
≤Ãõyí ı ' APR R Á ' ABDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘PAR = ‘BAD l~Ñ˛£z ˆÑ˛yín P Q
..
~ÓÇ ‘APR = xò%Ó˚)˛ô ‘ABD l . PR || BD ~ÓÇ AB ˆ¶˛îÑ˛n B D C
.
. . ' APR R Á ' ABD ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ' APR R Á ' ABD ¢î,ü–

. . BP R AR
.
D = AD (i)
R Q AR
' ARQ Á ' ADC ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ D C = A D (ii)
P R RQ
(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ B D = D C
..
!Ñ˛hs$˛ñ BD = DC l . AD õïƒõyn
.
. . PR = RQ l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ABCDÈ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– Ó!ï≈ì˛ AB Á DC Óy£%mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PA.PB = PC.PD
≤Ãî_ ı ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ AB Á DC Óy£%mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PA.PB = PC.PD
D
≤Ãõyí ı ABCD Ó,£fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã– C
.
. . ‘DAB + ‘DCB = 180ž
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘DCB + ‘BCP = 180ž P
. B
. . ‘DAB + ‘DCB = ‘DCB + ‘BCP A
.
. . ‘DAB = ‘BCP (i)
' APD Á ' CPBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ñ ‘APD = ‘CPB l~Ñ˛£z ˆÑ˛yín
~ÓÇ ‘PAD = ‘BCP l(i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõn
.
. . ' APD Á ' CPB ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ' APD Á ' CPB ¢î,ü–
. . PPAC = PP D
.
B
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ PA.PB = PC.PD S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤ÃõyˆÏí ˆîÖ!äÈñ 'APD Á 'CPBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ PA
A Á PC xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£% ~ÓÇ PD Á PB xò%Ó˛)˚ ô Óy£%–

252
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SIMILARITY

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 18.3

1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò !e¶%˛ã ˆãyv˛¸y ¢î,ü !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– P
P
A A
6~Ñ˛Ñ˛ 5~Ñ˛Ñ˛

2.5~Ñ˛Ñ˛
4~Ñ˛Ñ˛

)
3~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2~Ñ˛Ñ˛

5~Ñ˛Ñ˛
80ž
0

B 2.5~Ñ˛Ñ˛ C R
)
C 80ž
0
Q 4~Ñ˛Ñ˛ B Q R

)
6~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !e¶%˛ã ˆãyv˛¸y ˆî!Ö Á ‘AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
X C
˛Ñ˛
)

4.2~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛ 75ž 5.2~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ 8.4~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.4
)65ž 10
Y 7~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Z B
A 14~Ñ˛Ñ˛
3. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ 4 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆäÏ È– Á£z ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Î!î
~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z⧠˛% ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 28 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
P
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ï!Ó˚ñ PQ ›˛yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ AB Ñ˛y!‡˛
.
. . BC = 4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ QC = 28 !õ. A
' PQC Á ' ABC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– 6ˆ¢!õ.
Q C
. PQ QC B4ˆ¢!õ.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢î,ü– . . AB = BC l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n  28 !!õ.
!
4. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆã
Ï Ó˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ˚ yÇü ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Óy˚ ú Á xˆÏïÑ≈ ˛–
5. !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õ!Ó®% ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ A, B, C Á X, Y, Z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AB : BC = XY : YZ
6. PQRS ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ PQ || SR ; PR R Á QS Ñ˛í≈ î%!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ OP : OR = OQ : OS; Î!î SR = 2PQ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ O
!Ó®% Ñ˛í≈ î%!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ!eÖ[˛Ñ˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% £ˆÏÓ–
7. PQRS ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛– S !Ó®%Üyõ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy PQ ~ÓÇ Ó!ï≈ì˛ RQÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X Á Y
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PS : PX = QY : QX = RY : RS.
8. î%!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ' ABC Á ' PQR R ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X Á Yó BC Á QR
xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£% £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ BX : QY = BC : QR.
9. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ PQ Á RS î%!›˛ ãƒy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ X !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P, S Á
R, Q Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 'PXS Á 'RXQ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
PXāXQ = RXāXS
xÌÓyy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ î%!›˛ ãƒy ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ xÇümˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚
xÇümˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P ~ÓÇ Q î%!›˛ !Ó®%– P ~ÓÇ Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ PR R ~ÓÇ
QS ú¡∫– PS ~ÓÇ QR R ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– OT, PQ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
1 1 1
OT = P R + QS
Q
11. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛ ' ABCó Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ AD ~ÓÇ AE, BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ E
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ' AEB ~ÓÇ ' ACD ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
AB.AC = AE.AD.

253
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18

xyõÓ˚y !˛ôâ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv˛≈ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÜ%!ú ˆîÓõyúƒ
xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–
ò%¢Ó˚Í ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !òˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

A
ò%¢Ó˚Í ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AD A BC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
B D C

Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ö%ˆÏú !ì˛ò!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ABD, CAD Á ABC ˆ˛ôúyõ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ !e¶%˛ã !Ñ˛
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü⁄ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
1. î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛£z õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !e¶%˛ã ABC Á PQR R ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚ ‘A=‘P = 90ž, ‘B=‘Q ~ÓÇ ‘C=‘R
~ÓÇ !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ ›˛yòúyõ–
A P

B C Q R
D
3. ~ÓyÓ˚ ' ABD Á ' CAD ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ ' PQRÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ
‘A = ‘P = ‘CDA = ‘ADB

‘B = ‘Q = ‘ABD = ‘CAD

‘C = ‘R = ‘DAB = ‘ACD l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõ ' ABD, ' CAD Á ' ABC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõ ' ABD, ' CAD Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ú¡∫
!e¶%˛ã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏã !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ õ)ú !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢î,ü–

254
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SIMILARITY

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı48. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ
~£z úˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyŸª≈!fiÌì˛ !e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü ~ÓÇ Á£z !e¶%˛ãÜ%!úÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ õ)ú !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢î,ü–
≤Ãî_ ı ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı (i)' DBA Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– (ii) ' DAC Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
(iii) ' DBA Á ' DAC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
A
≤Ãõyí ı ' DBA Á ' ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ
‘BDA = ‘BAC = 90ž
~ÓǑABD = ‘CBA. ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ xÓ!üT˛ ‘BAD = ‘BCA
.
. . ' DBA Á ' ABC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
.
. . ' DBA Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– l(i) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
B C
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' DAC Á ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ D
‘ADC = ‘BAC = 90ž
‘ACD = ‘BCA. ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ xÓ!üT˛ ‘CAD = ‘CBA
.
. . ' DAC Á ' ABC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#–
.
. . ' DAC Á ' ABC ¢î,ü– l(ii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
' DBA Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' DAC Á ' ABC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ' DBA Á ' DAC ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– l(iii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí Î!î ¢õyò £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãî%!›˛ £ˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı19. ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD
ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ú Ï yõ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ (i) AB2 = BC.BD, (ii) AD2 = BD.CD ~ÓÇ (iii) AC2 = BC.CD
≤Ãî_ ı ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BAC = 90ž ; AD A BC.
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı (i) AB2 = BCāBD, (ii) AD2 = BDāCD ~ÓÇ (iii) AC2 = BCāCD
..
≤Ãõyí ı(i) ' DBA Á' ABC ¢î,ü– S . ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫V
. AB BD A
.. B C AB= ¢%ì ˛Ó˚yÇñ AB 2
= BC.BD l (i) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
(ii) ' DBA Á ' DAC ¢î,ü–
. AD BD
D = A D ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AD = BD.CDl(ii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
2
.. C
(iii) ' DAC Á ' ABC ¢î,ü– B
D
C
. AC CD
C = A C ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AC = BC.CDl(iii) ≤Ãõy!íì˛n
2
.. B
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ (ii) òÇ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆîÖ!äÈñ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ S‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú AD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ AD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü x!ì˛¶%˛ãˆÏÑ˛
ˆÎ î%!›˛ xLjÏü !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z xÇü î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õïƒÈ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#–

255
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı20. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ BD A ACó Î!î BD = 6 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AD = 4 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– A 4 ˆ¢!õ.
D
' DAB Á ' DBC ¢î,ü–
. .
. . BD2 = ADāCD  Óyñ 62 = 4îCD . . CD = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön 6 ˆ¢!õ.
B
C

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı21. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ BD A ACó Î!î AB = 6 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BD = 3 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
CD = 5.4È ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı22. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– Î!î BDDA = D A
D C £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã–
≤Ãõyí ı ' BDA Á ' ADCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘BDA = ‘ADC = 90ž l . AD A BCn~ÓÇ BD DA
..
DA = DC
.
. . ' BDA Á ' ADC ¢î,ü– lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
¢õyò £ˆÏú ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ
!e¶%˛ãmÎ˚ ¢î,ü £Î˚n
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘ABD = ‘CAD ~ÓÇ ‘BAD = ‘ACD A
.
. . ‘ABD + ‘ACD = ‘CAD + ‘BAD
Óyñ ‘B + ‘C = ‘A
Óyñ ‘A + ‘B + ‘C = 2‘A
.
Óyñ 2‘A = 180ž . . ‘A = 90ž B
D
C
.
. . ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı23. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Î!î AC, AB Á BC Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ x!ì˛¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ Ó,£_õ xÇü
!e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ «%˛oì˛õ Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí; A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ï!Ó˚ñ AC «%˛oì˛õ Óy£%– AC : AB = AB : BC
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,£_õ xÇü AC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyò– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ADC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
DCñ x!ì˛¶%˛ã ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ A
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ BD = AC
≤Ãõyí ı ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫–
.
. . ' ABD Á ' ABC ¢î,ü–
. BD A B C
B = BC
. .A B D

AC A B BD AC
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ñ A B = B C l≤Ãî_n ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ A B = A B
.
. . BD = AC l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

256
 ¢î,üì˛y˛
SIMILARITY

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒy¢ AB ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛w Oó Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% P
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy AB ˆÑ˛ N !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PB2 = AB.BN
≤Ãî_ ı O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢– P Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚fiÌ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ~ÓÇ PN A AB
P
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PB2 = AB.BN
≤Ãõyíı AB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ‘APB xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí– A x B
. O N
. . ‘APB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã APBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% P ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PN ú¡∫–
.
. . ' ABP Á ' PBN ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BPB AB
N = PB
.
. . PB2 = AB.BN l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ A !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– PQ Á£z î%!›˛ Ó,ˆ_Ï Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛– Î!î Ó,_ î%!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜Ïîá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ r Á r' £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PQ2 = 4rr'
≤Ãî_ ı R Á S ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î%!›˛ Ó,_ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜Ïîá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ r Á r' ñ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– PQ Á£z î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚ú ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,_î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ P Á Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı PQ2 = 4rr'
xAÑ˛òı R, A Á A, S ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõñ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Ó,_î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy PQÈÙȈÏÑ˛ B
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– R, B Á S, B ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
P
≤Ãõyí ı B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ R ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ BP Á BA. B
.
. . BP = BA ~ÓÇ RB ñ ‘ABPÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛– Rx
Q
1± A xS
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘RBA = 2 ‘PBA
xyÓyÓ˚ñ B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ S ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ BQ Á BA
.
. . BQ = BA ~ÓÇ BS, ‘ABQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛–
. 1
. . ‘SBA = ±2 ‘QBA
1
‘RBA + ‘SBA = ±2 (‘PBA + ‘QBA)
1 1
Óyñ ‘RBS = ±2 ‘PBQ = ±2 î 180ž = 90ž
.
. . ‘RBS = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
R, S î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ A fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%–
.
. . R, A, S !Ó®% !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÓ˚Ö ~ÓÇ AB A RS l... Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%Üyõ# Óƒy¢yï≈
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫n
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã RBSÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% B ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã RSÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ BA ú¡∫–

257
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
.
. . ' ABR
R Á ' ASB ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
A B AR P
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ A S = AB B
Q
Óyñ AB2 = AR.AS Rx
.. A xS
= r.r' l . AR = r ~ÓÇ AS = r' n
.
. . 4AB2 = 4r.r'
Óyñ (2AB)2 = 4 r r'
. .. ..
. . PQ2 = 4r.r' l . PQ = PB + BQ = 2AB ; . PB = BA ~ÓÇ QB = BAnS≤Ãõy!íì˛V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ î%!›˛ ¢î,ü !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ó˚ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏA Ü ¢õyò l≤Ãõyí õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛˛=˛ òÎ˚În
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABC a ' DEF; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– A D
.
. . ‘A = ‘D, ‘B = ‘E ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘F
'ABC AB2 AC 2 BC 2
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı B P C E Q F
'DEF DE 2 DF2 EF2
xAÑ˛ò ı ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã AP A BC ~ÓÇ DEF !e¶%˛ˆÏã DQ A EF xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1
≤Ãõyí ı ' ABC = ±2 BC.AP
1
~ÓÇ' DEF = ±2 EF.DQ
1
BC.AP
'ABC 2 BC AP
= = .
'DEF 1 EF DQ
EF.DQ
2
ABP Á ' DEQÈÙȈì˛ñ ‘ABP = ‘DEQ ( . ‘B =‘E)
..

‘APB = ‘DQE S≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ xÓ!üT˛ ‘PAB = ‘QDE.
... ' ABP Á ' DEQ ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢î,ü–
... AB = AP
DE DQ
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' ABC Á ' DEF ¢î,ü–
AB AC BC . AP BC
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ DE = DF = EF . . DQ = EF

2
.. . ǻABC = BC . AP = BC . BC = BC
2
ǻDEC EF DQ EF EF EF
AB AC BC
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ DE = DF = EF

AB2 AC 2 BC 2 'ABC AB2 AC 2 BC 2

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ... l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
DE 2 DF2 EF2 'DEF DE 2 DF2 EF2

258
 ¢î,üì˛y˛
SIMILARITY

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 18.4

1. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ BD A AC; Î!î BD = 8 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AD = 5 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
CD ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ BD A AC; Î!î AD = 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
CD = 16 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ BD Á ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. O ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢– P Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– A Á B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛!›˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Q Á R !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!î Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óƒy¢yï≈ r £Î˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PQ.PR = r2
4. AB ÙÈˆÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% C ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ CD, AC Á BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õõyò%˛ôyì˛#–
5. ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ AD £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
'ABC BC2
=
'ACD AC 2
6. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢– A !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
x!AÑ˛ì˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
(i) BD2 = AD.DC (ii) ˆÎÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ
˚ yÓ˚ ãòƒ AC ~ÓÇ AD myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
¢Ó≈îy ¢õyò–
7. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
AB BC AC
(i) ' ABC Á ' DEFÈÙÈ~ DE = FD = EF £ˆÏúñ
(a) ‘B = ‘E (b) ‘A = ‘D (c) ‘B = ‘D (d) ‘A = ‘F
(ii) ' DEF Á ' PQRÈÙÈ~ ‘D = ‘Q ~ÓÇ ‘R = ‘E £ˆÏúñ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚ !ú!Ö–
EF DF QR EF DE DF EF DE
(a) PR = PQ (b) PQ = DF (c) QR = PQ (d) RP = QR

(iii) ABC Á DEF !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑A=‘E = 40ž, AB : ED = AC : EF ~ÓÇ ‘F = 65ž £ˆÏú ‘BÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò
(a) 35ž (b) 65ž (c) 75ž (d) 85ž
A B B C CA
(iv) ' ABC ~ÓÇ ' PQR
R ÙÈ~ Q R = P R = P Q £ˆÏúñ
(a) ‘A = ‘Q (b) ‘A = ‘P (c) ‘A = ‘R (d) ‘B = ‘Q
(v) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã AB = 9ˆ¢!õ.ñ BC = 6ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ CA = 7.5ˆ¢!õ.– DEF !e¶%˛ˆÏã BC Óy£%Ó˚
xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£% EF; EF = 8ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ' DEF a' ABC £ˆÏú ' DEFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy
(a) 22.5 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 25 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 27 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 30 ˆ¢!õ.

259
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 18
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) î%!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ¢õyò £ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã î%!›˛ ¢î,ü–

(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe ‘ADE = ‘ACB £ˆÏúñ ' ADE a' ACB

(iii) ' PQR R Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎ PD A QR; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ' PQD a' RPD
R ÙÈ~Ó˚ QR

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ¢î,ü £ˆÏÓ Î!î ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!ú ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £Î˚–
(ii) ' ABC Á ' DEFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 18ˆ¢!õ.– ' ABC a' DEFó BC
Á EF xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%– Î!î BC = 9ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú EF = ˆ¢!õ.–
8. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)

(i) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ ‘ACB = ‘BAD ~ÓÇ AD A BC; AC = 15ˆ¢!õ.ñ

AB = 20ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BC = 25ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

(ii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ BD A ACó Î!î AB = 30ˆ¢!õ.ñ

BD = 24ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AD = 18ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

(iii) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ BD A ACó Î!î BD = 8ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ

AD = 4ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú CDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

(iv) ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ BC || AD ~ÓÇ AD = 4ˆ¢!õ.– AC Á BD Ñ˛í≈mÎ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛

DO 1±
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ AO
OC = OB = 2 £Î˚– BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
(v) ' ABC a ' DEF ~ÓÇ ' ABC Á ' DEF ÈÙÈ~ AB,BC Á CA Óy£%Ó˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%Ü%!ú ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
DE, EF Á DF; ‘A = 47ž ~ÓÇ ‘E = 83ž £ˆÏúñ ‘CÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

260
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS

19 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy

REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENTT
SOLID OBJECTS

Üì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ä%È!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y Á !˛ô!¢õ!íÓ˚y

~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ xy§›˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ–
ì˛Öò õyˆÏ‡˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ ïyò G˛yv˛¸y £!FäÈú ~ÓÇ õÓ˚y£zÈÙÈ~ ïyò ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yÖy £!FäÈú–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ïyˆÏòÓ˚ õÓ˚y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛
~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚– ~£z õÓ˚y£z!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 2.1 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ
ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛È ÈxyÑ,˛!ì˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 1.4 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
2
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z õÓ˚y£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ñ ~Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ –3 ˛xÇü ïyò Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õÓ˚y£zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy ïyˆÏòÓ˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
2.1 21
= 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 2 0 !õ›˛yÓ˚

ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 272 × 22 10 × 22 10 × 2 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 6.93 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚

1
üAÑ%˛ÈÙÈxyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xLjÏüÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 × 272 × 22 10 × 22 10 × 11 40 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚
77×211
= 1000 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 1.617 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚
.
. . Á£z õÓ˚y£z!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = (6.93 + 1.617) áò !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó = 8.547 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚–
. 2
. . Á£z õÓ˚y£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÖy ïyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò –3 × 8.547 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 5.698 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ õÓ˚y£z!›˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇü ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇü üAÑ%˛È ÈxyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ñ ì˛y£z î%!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ò xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚y£z!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ˆ˛ôúyõ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. !Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î 25 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!£Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
14 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ xhs˛Ó≈ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 10 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛yà!›˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚È ~Ó˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ö§˛y˛ôy ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ Ó!£ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ (R) = 124 ˆ¢!õ. = 7 ˆ¢!õ.ñ xhs˛ÉÓƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ (r) = 120 ˆ¢!õ. = 5
ˆ¢!õ.ñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 25 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . ˆâ˛yà!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí =S(R2 – r2) × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y =S(72 – 52) × 25 áò ˆ¢!õ.
=S× 24 × 25 áò ˆ¢!õ.
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 225 ˆ¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r ˆ¢!õ.
1
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ –3 S × r2 × 225 = S × 24 × 25
.
..r=± l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
.
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– . . r z – ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ r =
.
. . üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢ = 2 × r ˆ¢!õ. = ˆ¢!õ.–

261
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 19
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. Ó˚)˛ôyÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy!›˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 8 ˆ¢!õ.
~ÓÇ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4 ˆ¢!õ.– Óy!›˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛
üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ v»˛yˆÏõ !Ñ˛ä%È ãú xyˆÏäÈ– 2.8 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îá≈ƒ!Ó!üT˛ Óƒy¢ Á 3 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Á£z ãˆÏú ¢¡ô)í≈ ˆv˛yÓyúyõ– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ãúì˛ú
0.64 ˆv˛!¢!õ. v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~Ïú– v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ƒ = 2.2 8 ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 1.4 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 3 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
. 1
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = –3 S× (1.4)2 × 3 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆv˛!¢!õ.
üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓyˆÏòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú v»˛yˆÏõ ãúì˛ú 0.64 ˆv˛!¢!õ. v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
.
. . v»˛yˆÏõ Ó,!Âï≤ÃyÆ ãˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò–
. 1
. . S r2 × 0.64 = –3 S × (1.4)2 × 3 Óyñ r2 = Óyñ r = ± l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
.
!Ñ˛hs$˛ñ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– . . r z – ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ r =
.
. . v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = ˆv˛!¢!õ.–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. 28 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏà !Ñ˛ä%È ãú xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢õyò
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ˆv˛yÓyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜyúÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆv˛yÓyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ãúì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÎ
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !äÈú ˆÜyúÑ˛Ü%!ú ˆv˛yÓyˆÏòyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ãúì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7 ˆ¢!õ. Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆÜyúÑ˛Ü%!úÓ˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ï!Ó˚ñ ˆÜyúÑ˛Ü%!úÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ.
4 .
üì≈˛yò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ 3 × –3 Sr3 = S × 142 × 7 .. r=

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. 21 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ Á 21 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ v»˛yõ ~ÓÇ 21 ˆ¢!õ.
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ !òúyõ– Á£z v»˛yõ Á !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
xò%˛ôyì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– Sv»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÓï x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓV– ~ÓyÓ˚ v»˛yõ!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ãú˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛
v»˛yõ!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú !òúyõ– ~Ó˚ö˛ˆÏú ~Öò v»˛yˆÏõ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏúy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 21 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 21 ˆ¢!õ.
.
. . v»˛yõ!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = S × 212 × 21 áò ˆ¢!õ.
ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 21 ˆ¢!õ. . . Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 221 ˆ¢!õ.
.
4
. . ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò –3 × S × ( 221 ) áò ˆ¢!õ.
. 3

4
. . v»˛yˆÏõÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò : ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò =S × 21 × 21 × 21 : –3S × 212××2× 21×21
.
2 = 6:1
ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õxyÎ˚ì˛ò ãú x˛ô¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ h ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãú x˛ô¢yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
4 4–
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ S × 212 × h = –3 S × 212××2× 21×21
2 Óyñ S × 21 × 21 × h = 3 S ×
21×× 21×21 .
8 . . h = 3.5
.
. . v»˛yˆÏõ ~Öò ãˆÏúÓ˚ ܶ˛#Ó˚ì˛y 21 ˆ¢!õ. – 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. = 17.5 ˆ¢!õ.–

262
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò
£ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ Á üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ Á üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r
r
≤Ãî_ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– r r
.
. . üAÑ%˛Ó˚ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = r2+rr2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 2 r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2 3
ʌr
3 2 .
~ÖyˆÏòñ . xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ Á üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 1
1 2 1
ʌr . r
3
2ʌr 2 2
~ÓÇ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 :1
ʌ.r. 2.r 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. 2.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ !˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !˛ô!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ 7 ˆ¢!õ. ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ î[˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú î[˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
î[˛!›˛ Á ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ˆ¢!õ.
4 ..
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ Sr2 × 7 = –3 S× (21)3 l . 2.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 21 ˆ¢!õ.n
4
. . r2 = –3 × 21××721×21 Óyñ r = ±
.
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
.
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ r z– ..r=
. .
. . îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 42 ˆ¢!õ.– . . îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 84 ˆ¢!õ.
î[˛ Á ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ = : l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. 9 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈ƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúyÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôye ¢¡ô)í≈ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z ãú
3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢ Á 4 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÓyì˛ˆÏú ¶˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖÓ– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö
˛ôye!›˛ Öy!ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ˆÓyì˛ú îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ n ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˆÓyì˛ú îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
3 2 3
1 !›˛ ˆÓyì˛ˆÏú ãú Ó˚yÖy ÎyÎ˚ = S ( –2 ) × 4 áò ˆ¢!õ. l . Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ –2 ˆ¢!õ.n
..
3 2
. . n !›˛ ˆÓyì˛ˆÏú ãú Ó˚yÖy ÎyÎ˚ = S ( –2 ) × 4 × n áò ˆ¢!õ.
.

2
u9u9u9
3 2 6u9u9
?n
2
üì˛≈yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ S ( –2 ) × 4 × n = –3 S (9)3 3 54
3 3 3u 3
4u u
2 2
.
. . ãú˛ô)í≈ ˛ôye!›˛ Öy!ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 54 !›˛ ˆÓyì˛ú îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

263
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 19
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. 12 2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~ÓÇ 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ܧ%!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFäÈî!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úÜ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏì˛
Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛y‡˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

= ˆ¢!õ. = 6 2 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ܧ%!v˛¸Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 2100 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ܧ%!v˛¸Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú × v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
22
= 7 × 6 2 × 6 2 × 2100 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= 475200 áò ˆ¢!õ. = 475.2 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFäÈî!Ó!üT˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ܧ%!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFäÈî!Ó!üT˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úˆÏÜ
ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
ï!Ó˚ñ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ a ˆ¢!õ.

12
ˆ¢

2
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 2 a = 12 2
!õ.
.
. . a = 12
.
. . xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úˆÏÜÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú × v˛zFââ˛ì˛y ìy
= 12 × 12 × 2100 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= 302400 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= 302.4 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
.
. . xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úˆÏÜ Ñ˛y‡˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ 302.4 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.
~ÓÇ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÓ (475.2 – 302.4) áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. = 172.8 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. 13 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î#á≈ ~ÓÇ 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãühfl˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈyˆÏîÓ˚ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ òú!›˛ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Órï
!äÈú– Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÜú äÈyˆÏî 7 ˆ¢!õ. ܶ˛#Ó˚ ãú î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˆÎ òú!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛yàyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 200 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚– òú!›˛ Ö%ˆÏú !îˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛«˛ˆÏí ¢Ó ãú
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
äÈyˆÏî ˆÎ ãú î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò = 1300 × 1100 × 7 áò ˆ¢!õ.
7 7
òú !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚ 272 × –2 × –2 × 200 × 100 áò ˆ¢!õ.
= 11 × 7 × 100 × 100 áò ˆ¢!õ.
.. 7
l . ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ãúhfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = –2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ãúhfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 200 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 200 × 100 ˆ¢!õ.n

òú!›˛ Ö%ˆÏú !òˆÏú ¢Ó ãú ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ¢õÎ˚ úy܈ÏÓ = 111300 × 1100 × 7

× 7 × 100 × 100 !õ!ò›˛
= 13 !õ!ò›˛

264
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 19 ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

1. xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ hfl˛Ω˛ xyˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà
xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛
xLjÏüÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛È xyÑ,˛!ì˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 42 ˆ¢!õ.– 1 áò ˆ¢!õ. ˆúy£yÓ˚ Áãò
7.5 @˘Ãyõ £ˆÏúñ ˆúy£yÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ Áãò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 20 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 25 ˆ¢!õ.– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyò
xyÎ˚ì˛ò!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. 24 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏe !Ñ˛ä%È ãú xyˆÏäÈ– 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢ Á 4 ˆ¢!õ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ 60 !›˛ !òˆÏÓ›˚ ˛ üAÑ%˛È xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ Á£z ãˆÏú ¢¡ô)í¶≈ ˛yˆÏÓ
!òõ!Iì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ãúì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛£z ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5ı8 £ˆÏúñ v˛z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ü%!ú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
6. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 32 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ˜îá≈ƒ 35 ˆ¢!õ.–
î[˛!›˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ Á 28 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ
ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. 4.2 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ áòÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛
ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ áòö˛úÁ
¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. 6.6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. î#á≈ñ 4.2 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ≤Ãühfl˛ ~ÓÇ 1.4 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚
›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 2.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ë˛yúy£z Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ì˛ áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. ïyì%˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
10. 4.2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ !˛ô!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ 2.8 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ î[˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ î[˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
11. 6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÓ˚Ô˛ôƒ ˆÜyúÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 1 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ î[˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ î[˛!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFäȈÏîÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3.2 ˆv˛!¢!õ.– ˆ¢£z î[˛!›˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 21!›˛
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ˆÜyúÑ˛Ü%!úÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Î!î 8 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ î[˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛
!äÈú ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

265
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 19
13. 21 ˆv˛!¢!õ. î#á≈ñ 11 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ≤Ãühfl˛ ~ÓÇ 6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ܶ˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ–
~Öò ˆ¢£z ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÎ˚ Î!î 21 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 1000!›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ ãúì˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ ˆv˛!¢!õ. v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. ¢õyò ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ ¢õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
15. 1 ˆ¢!õ. ˛ô%Ó˚% !¢¢yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö§˛y˛ôy ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.– ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛
Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ 2 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ î[˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúñ î[˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
16. 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áòyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ úˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFäÈî ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14
ˆv˛!¢!õ.– ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z úÜ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü%§!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ì˛ áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
[v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˛!ú≈!Öì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ £ˆÏúñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò–]
17. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.)
(i) r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫
Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 2 r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ (a) 3 r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ (a) r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ (a) 4 r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆâ˛yà ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ÎyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 5 ˆ¢!õ.– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
(a) 10 ˆ¢!õ. SbV 15 ˆ¢!õ. ScV 18 ˆ¢!õ. SdV 24 ˆ¢!õ.
SiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 2rr ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó≈Ó,£Í
ˆÎ ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
r
SaV r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SbV 2r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ScV –2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SdV 4r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
SivV r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈Ó,£Í ˆ¢ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ üAÑ%˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛
ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
Srr 3
S Sr 3
S
SaV 4Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SbV 3Sr3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ScV 4 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SdV 3 áò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
SvV x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ áòÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈Ó,£Í ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y
£ˆÏúñ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
x
SaV x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SbV 2x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ScV –2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SdV 4x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
SBV ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
SiV î%!›˛ ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛y
¶)˛!õ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆãyv˛¸y £ˆÏúñ !õ!úì˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú £ˆÏÓ 6Sr2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–

266
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl$˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS

SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y h ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
!ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y l ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛úˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ú ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– Î!î ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Á üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~Ñ˛£z £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ
!õ!úì˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú SSrl rl + 2Srh + 2Sr2V ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
SCV ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà Á î%!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– î%!›˛
xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õì˛ˆÏú xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏú òì%˛ò áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú =
~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + x˛ôÓ˚ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚
ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
SiiV ~Ñ˛õ%Ö Ñ˛y›˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôò!¢ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ Á ¢õß∫Î˚–
SiiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ˆÜyúÑ˛ Á
ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò –
18. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SS.A.V
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy–
v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò– Î!î üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
Ñ˛ì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
¢õyò– ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SiiiV ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ ¢õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y!Ó!üT˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yàñ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛
~ÓÇ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
SivV ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚–
Î!î î%!›˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SvV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò– ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò üAÑ%˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !mÜ%í £ˆÏúñ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–

267
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!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

20 TRIGONOMETRYY : CONCEPT OF
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
≤Ã!ì˛!îò !ÓÑ˛yˆÏú xyõÓ˚y Órï%Ó˚y ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y õyˆÏ‡˛ òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÖúy ˆÖ!ú– xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ xyã !ÓÑ˛yˆÏú õyˆÏ‡˛ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yÓ–
ì˛y£z xyã !ÓÑ˛yú 4ˆ›˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È á%!v˛¸ Á úy›˛y£z
!òˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ–
xy!õ Á ü%¶˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy– ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϢ Órï%ˆîÏ Ó˚ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆîÖ!äÈ–
≤Ã̈Ïõ Ó˚#òy xòƒ Órï%ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢y£y΃ !òˆÏÎ˚ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yú– ˆîÖ!äÈñ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ úyú á%!v˛¸ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
~õò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yñ v˛z§â%˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y lhfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ òy v˛zˆÏ‡˛Ánñ ÖÓ˚ˆÏfl˛Àyì˛y òî# Ñ˛ì˛›˛y â˛Áv˛¸y £zì˛ƒy!î
! î)Ó˚c
¢£ˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖyÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖy!›˛
£ˆÏúy Ú!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Û [Trigonometry]– ~£z !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ü∑!›˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ !@˘ÃÑ˛ ü∑ 'Tri' lÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ !ì˛ònñ
'gon' lÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÑ˛yín ~ÓÇ 'metron' lÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôn ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
Ú!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Û £ˆÏúy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ Óy£%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ A A
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí# Á fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yí#
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
!e¶%˛ãÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏã ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ˆÎõò ı B C C
D D B
˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ î)Óc˚ !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏì˛y– !Ñ˛hs˛$ ~Öò £z!O!òÎ˚y!Ó˚ÇÙÈ~
!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zßì¨ ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛Ôì˛!ÓK˛yˆÏòÁ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
A
xy!õ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò Öyì˛yÎ˚ xy§!Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ñ
C !Ó®% ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò
A !Ó®% Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò
~ÓÇ AB ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ú¡∫ î)Ó˚c Óy v˛zFâ˛ì˛y– C B
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘ACB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí– l¢)∏/fiÌ)ún
A2
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ACBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ AB v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚Á A
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏFäÈ–
2 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 360ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛⁄ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÑ
Ï ˛ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚– A1

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Î!î î%!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ !òÜ≈ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ î%!›˛ ˆÎ ¢õì˛ˆÏú xÓ!fiÌì˛
ˆ¢£z ¢õì˛úˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ xM˛ˆÏú !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Á£z Ó˚!Ÿ¬mÎ˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ xM˛úmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛yí Óúy £Î˚– C B2 B B1

˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ OA ~ÓÇ OB Ó˚!Ÿ¬î%!›˛ !òÜ≈ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ B

B !
O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ‘AOB Á ≤ÃÓ,ÂïˆÏÑ˛yí ‘BOA v˛zͲôߨ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~ˆÏîÓ˚
Úãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yíÛ Óúy £Î˚– ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !îÑ˛ äÈyv˛¸y O !
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí£z õ)ú !Óâ˛yÎ≈ !Ó°ÏΖ˚ A O A
!

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TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí 0º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 360º ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– x
!
A2
Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ á)í≈ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚yÁ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ !
x
Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ Á á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö– 4
45º A1

~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% ñ ˆÎ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ !òÜ≈ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ O x !
á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛£z ì˛ˆÏú Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ ˆáyÓ˚y£zñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z Ó˚!Ÿ¬ A

á)í≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏò ˆ¢£z

!
xA !
≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 3
xA
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ OA Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% OÈÙÈˆÑ˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛£z ì˛ˆÏú á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ 2
!
n xA
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ OA 1, OA 2, OA 3 £zì˛ƒy!î xÓfiÌyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ n 1

!
ÎyÓ˚y O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ‘AOA 1, ‘AOA 2, ‘AOA 3 £zì˛ƒy!î !Ó!¶˛ß¨ O
x !
ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yíí Óúy £Î˚– A

!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe á)íy≈ Î˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !îÑ˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢,T˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô v˛z¶˛Î˚£z !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏú v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ïòydÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÓˆÏú
~ÓÇ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏú }íydÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢,!T˛ £Î˚– A2 !
x
ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ OA Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ A1 !
x
á%ˆÏÓ˚ ‘AOA1=+Tº (Theta) ~ÓÇ ‘AOA2 =+Dº (Alpha) ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ

!
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– + Dº

!
+Tº A
‘AOA1= Tº ~ÓÇ ‘AOA2 = Dº ˆúÖy £Î˚ l(+) !â˛£´ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òyn
O x !
O
x
!
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ OB Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ – Tº B
‘BOB1= – Tº ~ÓÇ ‘BOB2 = – Dº ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ST>0ñ D>0V
! –Dº
x !
!

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ Î!î á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ B1
x !
˛ôÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ xÓfiÌyˆÏò xyˆÏ¢ ì˛Öò Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆÑ˛yí ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö– B2
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ò £ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
ô!Ó˚õyí ì˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ 360º Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛Ó˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈
xyÓì≈˛ò £ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ì˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ 360º Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyˆÏÓ– !
x
P1
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe OP1 Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OP1 xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ Tº
!

O x !
ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ xyÓì˛ˆÏò≈Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ lxÌ≈yÍ xyÓ˚Á 360º á)í≈ˆÏòÓ˚ (i) P
ôˆÏÓ˚n xyÓyÓ˚ñ OP1 xÓfiÌyˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ‘POP2 = 360º+Tº P2 !
x
ÎÖòñ ‘POP1 = Tº
!

Tº 360º+T Tº
x !
O O P
l~ÖyˆÏò (ii) òÇ !â˛ˆÏeñ OP2 Á OP1 Ó˚!Ÿ¬mÎ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈn x !
N (ii)
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ON1 Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ –Tº
!

ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ON2 xN1
! x!
N
SON1 Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢õy˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈV xÓfiÌyˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ O – Tº –(360º+Tº)
+
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ‘NON2 = – (360º+Tº) ÎÖòñ ‘NON1 = – Tº !
!

x
N2

269
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 20
3 ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬ Î!î ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á 30º ˆÑ˛yí á)í≈ò ¢¡ôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓñ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!òˆÏí≈Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô = 2×360º+30º =
Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛
3 ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á 45º á)í≈ò ¢¡ôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ Á ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô £Î˚ ÎÌyÑ˛õ 0º ~ÓÇ 360º ó !Ñ˛hs$˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 0º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 360º äÈyv˛¸yÁ 0ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Á 360ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆÎÈÈÙȈÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
4 !Ñ˛hs$˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆî!Ö–
!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ î%!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ £ˆÏúy (i) °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Sexagesimal System),
(ii) Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Circular System)
°Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏäÈî# ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏú ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yí ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí Óúy £Î˚–
~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ 90 !›˛ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶˛y܈ÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ !v˛!@˘Ã (1º)
Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí = 90º ó ~Ñ˛ !v˛!@˘ÃˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ 60 !›˛ ¢õyò °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ (Minutes)
Á ≤Ã!ì˛ !õ!ò›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò 60 !›˛ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛˛ (Seconds) !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí = 90º S!v˛!@˘ÃV 90º
1º S!v˛!@˘ÃV = 60'' S!õ!ò›˛V
1'' S!õ!ò›˛V = 60"" Sˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛˛V
Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô Á£z
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò
r 1c
[Radian] Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆúÖy £Î˚ 1c ó ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï ~ÓÇ x
O r
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ï%ÓÑ˛– ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢Ó≈îy !Ñ˛
~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí £ˆÏÓ⁄ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛úúˆÏÏõ
(1) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xy›˛≈ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§Ñ˛úyõ– F
E
(2) ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ D
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_â˛y˛ô AD Ó,_ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ¢Ó˚% ì˛yÓ˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ O, A
Á O, D ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ‘AOD ˆ˛ôúyõ Îy Á£z ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ x
O AB C
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ ¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
(3) OA Á OD Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy xòƒ î%!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ B, C Á E, F
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

270
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy˛
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ BE â˛y˛ô!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xÌ≈yÍ BE â˛y˛ô ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy ¢%ˆìÏ ˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ =OB= ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
xyÓyÓ˚ CF â˛y˛ô!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = l!òˆÏã £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
= ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
.
. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ ‘BOE ~ÓÇ ‘COFÈÙÈÁ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ
¢¡ø%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
. . £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îá≈ƒ!Ó!üT˛ â˛y˛ô ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ~Ñ˛!›˛
!ò!î≈T˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍñ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí–
xy!õ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
5
B
xy!õ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yí–

!
r
≤Ãõyí ı ï!Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ OA Ox r

!
A
ï!Ó˚ñ OA = r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
OA Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛y˛ô AB Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w OÈÙÈˆì˛ ‘AOB v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢ÇK˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ ‘AOB = 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò–
xyõÓ˚y ãy!ò ˆÎñ Ó,_ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí â˛yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyò–
. AB
È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = r = 1
. . Ó,,_â˛y˛ô
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚
! !ï 2Srr 2S

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ‘AOB =
1 ˆÓ˚
ˆÓ!!v˛Î˚yò
4 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí 4 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí

ãƒy!õ!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
ˆ¢£z¢Ó â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢õyò–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 4‘AOB
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí =
Ó,,_â˛y˛ô AB
È ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚
! !ï

Óyñ 14 ˆÓ˚
ˆÓ!!v˛Î˚yò = 1
˛Îyò
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí 2S

Óyñ 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 4 ¢õˆÏ

2S
Ñ˛yí = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ~£z õyò!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï%ÓÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy
S
Ñ˛yÓ˚í 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí Á S v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ï%ÓÑ˛–

. . ˆ˛ôúyõñ 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 2 ¢õˆÏ

. Ñ˛yí
S
Óyñ 1c = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
S
xÌ≈yÍñ S ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí Óyy 180º
Óyñ Sc = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí Óyñ 180º

271
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 20
6 xy!õ 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ õyò °Ï!¤˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 2 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí = 180º

. . 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 180º = 180º lÜíòyÓ˚ ãòƒ SÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy¢ß¨ õyò 22

.
7
ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚n
ʌ 22
7
180º×7 = 57º16c22cc S≤ÃyÎ˚V
=
22
... 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 57º16'22" S≤ÃyÎ˚V

57 3º = 3×60 ' = 180' 4 ' = 4×60 " = 240"

630º
11 630
n

16 21.8
11
– 55 11 180 11 240
80 – 11 – 22
–77 70 20
3 –66 –11
4 90
– 88
2
630º 21.8" | 22 "
= 57º16'22" S≤ÃyÎ˚V
11
7 xy!õ 1ºÈÙÈÓ˚ õyò Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
180º =S c
S c
(
Óyñ 1º = 180 =
22
) (
7×180
)
c
... ˆîÖ!äÈñ 1º < 1c [... 7×180
22
< 1]

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛yÓ!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖÓ ı (1) °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yí ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚
lö§˛yÑ˛y áˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏã !ú!Ön ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ µº¶ !â˛£´!›˛˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
°Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ˆÎõò 60 !v˛!@˘Ã = 60ºó xyÓyÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚
360º 2S ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 2S c ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏ ì ˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˆÓyG˛yˆÏ ò yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ í Ó˚
180º = Sc ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ µc¶ ÈÙÈ~£z !â˛£´!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S £Î˚– ˆÎõòñ 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò = 1c
90º ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò =
2
(2) Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
Sc
60º = xyõÓ˚y S Á ì˛yÓ˚ xÇü !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚– S !îˆÏÎ˚
3
S
=
Sc Ï ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ xyõÓ˚y µc¶ ~£z !â˛£´!›˛ ¢Ó≈îy
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ òy– ˆÎõòñ 60º = S3 ˆúÖy £Î˚–
4
ˆÓ˚ ! v˛Î˚ y ò 4
S
30º ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò =
6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 75º Á 45ºó ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ ' ABC ÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘ABC = 75º ~ÓÇ ‘ACB = 45º A
.
. . ‘BAC = 180º – (75º+45º) =
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 180º = S . . 60º = 3S
.
. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò 3S 75º 45º
.
B C

272
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy˛
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 65º Á 85º £ˆÏúñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈
xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚Á xyÓ˚Á 30º ˆÑ˛yí xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ô ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ Á Ó,_#Î˚ õyò
Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ
... ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ lïòydÑ˛/}íydÑ˛n £ˆÏÓ–
á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !v˛!@˘Ã ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ £Î˚–
.. . 2 ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ 2×360º = 720º
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 2 ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á 30º ˆÑ˛yí xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 720º+30º = 750º
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 180º = S . . 750º = (750 S) = 4 S
1
.
180 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. xy!õ 3750" ˆÑ˛ !v˛!@˘Ãñ !õ!ò›˛ Á ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
60" = 1' . 62 60 ' = 1º 1
. . 60 3750 . . . 60 62
– 360 – 60
150 2
–120
30 ... 3750 " = 1º2 ' 30 "
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xy!õ 85.12º ˆÑ˛ !v˛!@˘Ãñ !õ!ò›˛ Á ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
85.12º = 85º+(0.12)º
= 85º+(0.12×60 ' ) [ ... 1º = 60' ]
= 85º + 7.2 '
= 85º+7' +0.2' = 85º+7 ' +(0.2×60 " ) [ ... 1' = 60" ]
= 85º+7 ' +12 " = 85º7 ' 12 "
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. 40º16' 24" ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
40º16' 24" = 40º+16 ' +24 "
= 40º+16 ' +
60
( )
24 ' . .
[ . 60 " = 1' ]
2
= 40º+16 ' + ' = 40º+ 16 + '
5
2
5
( )
= 40º+
82'
5
= 40º+
82 º . .
5×60
(
[ . 60 ' = 1º] )
= 40º+
41 º
150
= ( )
º l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 180º = S
º
... 6041 = ʌ × 6041 = 6041 ʌ
150 180 150 27000

273
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 20
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. 22º30 ' ˆÑ˛ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ S
5
ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò– ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ õyò ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò Á
!v˛!@˘ÃˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ õyò x c Á y c ~ÓÇ x>y
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ x+y = 2S ~ÓÇ x–y = S 5
S
x+y =
2
S
x–y =
5
S S S . S
2x = + = . . x = 20
2 5 10
. . y = 2S – 20
S S
.
=
20
xyÓyÓ˚ñ S = 180º
. S 9×180º
. . x = 20 =
20
= 81º

~ÓÇ y = S20
=
180º
20
= 9º
S
... ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ õyò 20 Óy 81º ~ÓÇ S 20
Óy 9º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 5 : 3ó !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ «%˛oì˛õ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ õyò 2x, 5x Á 3x ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò– ˆÎÖyˆÏò x ¢yïyÓ˚í Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ x>0
... 2x+5x+3x = S
Óyñ 10x = S
. . x = S
.
10
.. . «%˛oì˛õ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚õyò £ˆÏÓ 2x = S = S
10 5
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– A ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% DÈÙÈ~Ó˚
¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ADó ‘BADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘BAC = 60º ~ÓÇ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒõy ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ £Î˚– ... ‘BAD = 30º
Ï ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô XKY ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈ–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ü%¶˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z Ó,ˆ_
8 Á£z XKY ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
xy!õ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ xy§!Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ s ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Ó,_â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Y
ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ OX = r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ P
K
ï!Ó˚ñ â˛y˛ô XKYÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ s ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
X
s ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô XKY ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ‘XOY v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– O
ï!Ó˚ñ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ â˛y˛ô XKP ˆÑ˛w ‘XOP v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È–
... ‘XOP = 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò l¢ÇK˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚n

274
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy˛
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y v˛zͲôߨ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆ¢£z¢Ó â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚
¢õyò–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘XOY =
â˛y˛ô XKYÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = s
‘XOP â˛y˛ô XKP ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r

Óyñ ‘XOY
1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò
s
=r

Óyñ T = sr lï!Ó˚ñ ‘XOY = T ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yòn

... s = rT
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ s ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò T £ˆÏúñ s = rTT £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. Î!î ü%¶˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ 5.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
~ÖyˆÏòñ r = 7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ s = 5.5 ˆ¢!õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ 5.5 ˆ¢!õ. Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ï,ì ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò = T
s = rT
.
. . 5.5 = 7×T
Óyñ T = 5.5 = =
55 11
7 70 14
11c
Óy S4
c
11
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò 14 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò Óy 14 S... 22
7
|S V

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ 15 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ
ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
5 : 3 ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò 45º ó ≤ÃÌõ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò ~ÓÇ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Tº
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ Tº =
45º 3
5
Óyñ Tº = 5×45º
3
5
= 75º
75 5
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 180º = S c ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ 75º = 180 × Sc = S c
12
5
... ≤ÃÌõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò 75º ~ÓÇ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò = 12 S

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 35º57' 4" ~ÓÇ 39º2' 56" £ˆÏúñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚
Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ = 35º57' 4" + 39º2' 56"
= 74º 59' 60"
= 74º 60'
= 75º
. Sc 7
. . ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô = 180º–75º = 105º = 105× 180 = Sc
12
7
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò 12 S

275
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 20
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. 65º 35' 25" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Ö–
90º = 89º60 '
= 89º59' 60"
89º59' 60"
– 65º 35' 25"
24º 24' 35"
.
. . 65º 35' 25" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 24º 24' 35"
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. 27º 27' 27" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. 75º 36' 24" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Ö–
180º = 179º60 '
= 179º59' 60"
179º59' 60"
– 75º 36' 24"
104º 23' 36 "
.
. . 75º 36' 24" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 104º 23' 36 "
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. 85º 32' 36" ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 20
1. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ !v˛!@˘Ãñ !õ!ò›˛ Á ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
1º
(i) 832' (ii) 6312" (iii) 375" (iv) 27 (v) 72.04º
12
2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 60º (ii) 135º (iii) –150º (iv) 72º (v) 22º30' (vi) –62º30' (vii) 52º 52' 30"
(viii) 40º16' 24"
3. 'ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AC = BC ~ÓÇ BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– Î!î ‘ACD=144º £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ S
5
£ˆÏúñ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Á£z ˆÑ˛yímˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
5. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 65º ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô S
12
ó ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ Á
Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
S
6. î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 135º ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ 12 £ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ Á Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2:3:4 £ˆÏúñ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ Ó,£_õ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 28 ˆ¢!õ.– ~£z Ó,ˆÏ_ 5.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ï,ì˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚
Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ x¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ â˛y˛ô ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yí ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 5 : 2 ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚
ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò 30º £ˆÏúñ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ õyò Á Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

276
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy˛
TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

1
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ á)í≈yÎ˚õyò Ó˚!Ÿ¬ –5 S ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛ ˆÑ˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
12
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ì˛ !v˛!@˘Ã ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¢õyò Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛¶)≈˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘ABC = 45ºó
‘ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‘ABD, ‘BAD, ‘CBD ~ÓÇ
‘BCDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
12. ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ BC ¶)˛!õˆÏÑ˛ E !Ó®% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ˆÎò CE = BC £Î˚– A, E
Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ACE !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
S S
S
13. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ , Á 90º £ˆÏúñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ Á Ó,_#Î˚
3 6
õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
14. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
S S
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ !õ!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% 1 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ (a) ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò (b) ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò
4 2
(c) S ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò (d) –2S ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò
S
(ii) ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ¢õyò (a) 60º (b) 45º (c) 90º (d) 30º
6
S S S S
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%°Ïõ °Ïv˛¸¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xhs˛ÉˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 4
(iv) s = rT ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ (a) °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ (b) Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ (c) Á£z î%£z
˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ (d) Á£z î%£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ˆÏì˛£z òÎ˚
S S S S
(v) ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘A=120ºº £ˆÏúñ ‘CÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 2 3
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛Ó˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zͲôߨ
ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ ïòydÑ˛–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬!›˛Ó˚ á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ ˛˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
720º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ £Î˚–
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) S ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí–
(ii) °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 1 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò ¢õyò S≤ÃyÎ˚V–
S
(iii) ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò –
8
15. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
R
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !v˛!@˘ÃˆÏì˛ õyò D ~ÓÇ Á£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yˆÏò õyò R £ˆÏúñ È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
D
(ii) 63º35' 15" ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò !ú!Ö–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 65º56' 55" ~ÓÇ 64º3' 5" £ˆÏúñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ 220 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw 63º ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ á!v˛¸Ó˚ á^˘›˛yÓ˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!Ó®% 1 á^˘›˛y xyÓì≈˛ˆÏò ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó,_#Î˚
õyò !ú!Ö–

277
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 21
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy

21 ¢¡ôyîƒı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚

DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL
ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ì˛úyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛%Òú xyˆÏäÈ– ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛

ˆäȈÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Üyò !üÖˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢– xy!õÁ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Üyò !ü!Ö– ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõˆÏG˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ õyî%Ó˚›˛y !ÓäÈyˆÏòy £Î˚ ˆ¢!›˛ ÖyÓ˚y˛ô £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¢%!õì˛ 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y Á 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚
õyî%Ó˚ xv≈˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛%Òˆú
Ï Ó˚ áÓ˚!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚–
ì˛y£z ~£z õyî%Ó˚!›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ õˆÏì˛y !ÓäÈyˆÏòy ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy–
!Ñ˛hs˛$ ~£z xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%Ó!˚ ›˛ Î!î ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛y ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆõˆÏG˛ˆÏì˛ !ÓäÈyˆÏòy ˆÎì˛⁄
~£z xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y Á 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 4 ×3 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
4 Á 3ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ñ 12ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ 4 Á 3ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# Óy 12ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢¡ôyîƒ ı1. ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ a Á bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# Óy abÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚–
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Á b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ~£z î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i)ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚!Ÿ¬ AX xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(ii)AX ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB xÇü ~ÓÇ BX ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ BC xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– õ– aÈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
(iii) AC ¢Ó˚ ú ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ö yÇüˆÏ Ñ ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ – ï!Ó˚ ñ AC bÈ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ £Î˚– O !Ó®%ˆÏˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w D
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ OA Óy OC ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ õ
Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
BD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏúy AB Á
BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇümˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#– A B O C X
xÌ≈yÍ BD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õyò = Sa ~Ñ˛ÑÑ˛ Á b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õõyò%˛ôyì˛#Ó˚ õyòV = ab ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
≤Ãõyí ı A, D Á C, D Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ‘ADC ~ÑÑ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
? ‘ADC = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
ADC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ DB, ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫–
? 'ABD Á 'CBD ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢î,ü–

278
 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚
DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL

. . AB BD
.
BD = BC Óyñ BD = AB.BC = a . b
2

.
. . BD = abb ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Á b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ~£z î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AX Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ BA ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ b
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ BC xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–
(ii) AB ¢Ó˚ ú ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ö yÇüˆÏ Ñ ˛ a ~Ñ
~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ
¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ – ï!Ó˚ ñ AB
b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛
£Î˚– OA Óy OB ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ D
!òˆÏÎ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(iii) C !Ó®% ˆ Ï ì ˛ AB
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ D
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
A O C B X
.
. . BD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏúy
AB Á BC ¢Ó˚ ú ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ö yÇümˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#–
xÌ≈yÍ BD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õyò
= Sa ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Á b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#Ó˚ õyòV

= ab ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

≤Ãõyí ı A Á D Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

‘ADB ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí–
.
. . ‘ADB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
.
. . ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ADBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ DC ú¡∫–
.
. . ' ABD Á ' DBC ¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí#– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢î,ü–
. . AB BD
.
BD = BC Óyñ BD2 = AB.BC = a . b
.
. . BD = abb ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

279
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 21
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı1. ~ÓyÓ˚ xy!õ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ 4 ×3 = 12 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) a Á b î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !òúyõ
ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏõ 4 ˆ¢!õ. Á D
3 ˆ¢!õ.

3 ˆ¢!õ
(ii) AX Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 4 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚

4 ˆ¢!õ
¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ AB ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü Á BX b
Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– a ‘
A O C X
(iii) AC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ!![˛ì˛
Ñ˛!Ó˚– ï!Ó˚ñ AC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü O !Ó® ®%ˆÏì˛
¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ £Î˚– OA Óy OB ˜îˆÏˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚
Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆÑ˛w ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ vv˛z˛z ôÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(iv) B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
.
. . BD £ˆÏúy AB Á BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇümˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#–
.
. . BD ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ£z £ˆÏFäÈ 122 ˆ¢!õ.
ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
BD = 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
.
.. 122 = 3.5 S≤ÃyÎ˚V

≤Ãõyí ı BD, AB Á BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#

.
. . BD2 = AB.BC = a.b = 4.3 = 12
.
. . BD = 122 ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı2. xy!õ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ 21 Á 15ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ xÌÓy ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛
v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ 21ÈÁ 15ÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
.
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı 21 = 7×3 . . ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe a Á b î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ˆòÓ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 7 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Á
3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ a Á bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– xyÓyÓ˚ 15 = × .aÁ
b ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !‡˛Ñ˛õˆÏì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ xy§!Ñ˛–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı3. xy!õ !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ xòƒ xAÑ˛ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 12 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

280
 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚
DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL

!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ xòƒ xAÑ˛ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛˛

xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚ AB
Óy£% = 2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BC = 4 ˆ¢!õ. Y
.
. . ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏúy 122 ˆ¢!õ.

2 ˆ¢!õ.
C

4 ˆ¢!õ.
ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ
AC = 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V b
.
. . 122 = 3.5 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
≤Ãõyí ı
a
' ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãñ
.
. . AC 2 = BC 2 – AB 2 = 4 2 – 2 2 =
A B X
l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
.
. . AC = 122 ˆ¢!õ.

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı4. xy!õ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ 23ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

23 = 5 × 4.6 5 ˆ¢!õ.
4 6 ˆ¢!õ
4.6 ˆ¢!õ. D
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
(i) a Á b î%!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü !òúyõ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5 ˆ¢!õ. Á 4.6 ˆ¢!õ.
ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆõˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖ!äÈñ BD =
ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V a bA O B CX
.
. . 233 = l≤ÃyÎ˚n
lÓ%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ xÌ≈yÍ Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÎõò 17, 19, 29, 37 £zì˛ƒy!îñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ 5 !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ– ˆÎõòñ 17=5×3.4,
19=5×3.8, 29=5×5.8, 37=5×7.4 £zì˛ƒy!în

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı5. 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y Á 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛
ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛eyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyî%Ó˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛e
xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îá≈ƒ Á 3 ˆ¢!õ. ≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–

281
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 21
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı 6 ˆ¢!õ
ˆ¢!õ.
(i) 6 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îá≈ ƒ Á 3 ˆ¢!õ.
F G
≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ ì ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e 3 ˆ¢!õ.
ABCD xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(ii) DC ÈÙÈˆÏ Ñ ˛ Ó!ï≈ ì ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ú yõ ~ÓÇ
Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ CE
xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–
D O C E H X
(iii) DE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛
Ñ˛!Ó˚– ï!Ó˚ñ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ DE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü

3 ˆ¢!õ.
¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ £Î˚– O !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
OD Óy OE ˜îˆÏ á ≈ ƒ Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òˆÏ Î ˚ A 6 ˆ¢!õ. B

DEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(iv) BC ÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
(v) CF Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ CFGH ÓÜy≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
.
. . CFGHÈÙÈ£z £ˆÏúy !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e ÎyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ CFGH ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
≤Ãõyí ı ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e–
.
. . ‘BCD = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ CF, DEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ú¡∫–
.
. . xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ CFÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ DC Á CEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îˆÏáƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#–
.
. . CF2 = DC.CE = AB.BC = ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. 7 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îá≈ƒ Á 4 ˆ¢!õ. ≤ÃfiÌ!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 7 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ.
Á 3 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xAÑ˛ò ≤Ãíyú# ı
7 ˆ¢!õ.
(i) ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚ AB, BC 6 ˆ¢!õ.
3 ˆ¢!õ.
Á CAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 7 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. Á H J
3 ˆ¢!õ.
(ii) ' ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ A
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e EFCG xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– E G K I Y>
(iii) ~ÓyÓ˚ EGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ GCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
GK K xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ– B F C X>
(iv) ~ÓyÓ˚ EKK ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ ˚ yÇüˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈Ó_
, xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(v) CG ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy xï≈Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ H !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

282
 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈Î˚
DETERMINATION OF MEAN PROPORTIONAL

(vi) GH ÙÈˆÑ˛ Óy£% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ HGIJ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–

.
. . HGIJ £ˆÏúy !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e ÎyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò–
≤Ãõyí ı AF ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
. 1
' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AF õïƒõy– . . ' AFCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = –2 ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ........... (i)
xyÓyÓ˚ ' AFC ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e EFCGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¶)˛!õ FC ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yúÎ%Üú FC ~ÓÇ
EG ÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
. 1
. . ' AFCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = –2 xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e EFCGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
ú ..............(ii)
(i) Á (ii) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e EFCGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
EFCG xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ‘CGE = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ HG A EK .
xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ HGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ EG Á GKÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛#–
.
. . HG2 = EG.GK = EG.GC = EFCG xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
.
. . HGIJ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = EFCG xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e EFCGÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
.
. . ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú = HGIJJ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı8. xy!õ 7 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 21
1. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˜îˆÏá≈Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüÜ%!úÓ˚ õõyò%˛ôyì˛# xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃
õïƒÈ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#Ü%!úÓ˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 2.5 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 4 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 3 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 7.5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ.
(iv) 10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ. (v) 9 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 5 ˆ¢!õ. (vi) 12 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 3 ˆ¢!õ.
2. ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 7 (ii) 18 (iii) 24 (iv) 28 (v) 13 (vi) 29
3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 144 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 222 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 31 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 33 ˆ¢!õ.
4. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!ú xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) 8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 6 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) 4.2 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 3.5 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 7.9 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4.1 ˆ¢!õ.
5. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !e¶%˛ãÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢õyò ˆ«˛eö˛ú!Ó!üT˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛eÜ%!ú xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 7 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ.–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¢õyò Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ.–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6 ˆ¢!õ.–

283
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 22
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
22 !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

Üì˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãîü≈ò# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–

xyõÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚y!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãîü≈ò#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ á%ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ–
Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãîü≈ò#Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È õãyÓ˚ xAÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Úˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyõyÓ˚
Ö%Ó ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆúˆÏ܈ÏäÈ– ≤Ãîü≈ò#Ó˚ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚
òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢yõì˛!úÑ˛ !â˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy Óy ˆ«˛eö˛ú
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy !ò!î≈T˛ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõì˛!úÑ˛ !â˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £!FäÈú–
lˆÎÖyˆÏò " 1 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ïÓ˚y £ˆÏFäÈn

ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yˆÏ›≈˛ ˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛

õãyÓ˚ !â˛e ˆîÖúyõ–

ˆ¢!›˛ £ˆÏúy o

â˛yˆÏ›≈˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏã 5 !›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛ñ úˆÏ¡∫ 4 !›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛ ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ !›˛ Ñ˛y!‡˛
xyˆÏäÈ–
xyÓ˚Á ˆîÖ!äÈñ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú " 25 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ " 52 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú " 9 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ " 32 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
úˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú " 16 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ " 42 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 52 = 32 + 42
... Sx!ì˛¶%˛ãV2 " S¶)˛!õV2 ` Sú¡∫V2

" ¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ` úˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ãñ ¶)˛!õ Á úˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ⁄
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z !Ñ˛ ~£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄
!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ
!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyò–

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 !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
S1V ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!àò xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõñ

b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÚbÛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sú¡∫V ÚaÛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# c~
Ñ˛Ñ˛

c~
a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛

Ñ˛Ñ˛
!e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–

a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
S2V xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚!àò xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò C
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõñ ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÚaÛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sú¡∫V ÚbÛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ–

a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
D

Ñ˛Ñ˛
S3V ï!Ó˚ !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÚcÛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ c~

c~
Ñ˛Ñ˛

b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢yîy xy›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã
xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˆ˛ôúyõ– A a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ E b ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ B
1
S4V ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú " –2 (a + b) × (a + b) ÓÜ≈~Ñ˛Ñ˛
xyÓyÓ˚ ABCD ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
= ' DAEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + ' CBEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú + ' DECÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
1– 1 1 1
? 2 (a + b) (a + b) = –2 a × b + –2 a × b + –2 c × c [ ... ‘DEC = 90º]
Óyñ (a + b)2 = ab + ab + c2
Óyñ a2 + 2ab + b2 = 2ab + c2
? a2 + b2 =
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
? ˆ˛ôúyõ S¶)˛!õV2 ` Sú¡∫V2 " Sx!ì˛¶%˛ãV2 ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
? £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyò–
Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı 49. !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛˛z ô˛ôyîƒı ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛
ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyò–
≤Ãî_ ı ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı BC2 = AB2 + AC2
xAÑ˛ò ı ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãõyí ı ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫– A
?' ABD Á ' CBA ¢î,ü–
AB B D
C = A B ñ ? AB = BC.BD ...............(I)
2
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ B
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' CAD Á ' CBA ¢î,ü–
AC D C B D C
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ B =
C AC ñ ? AC 2
= BC.DC ...............(II)
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ (I) Á (II) ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ AB2 + AC2 = BC.BD + BC.DC
= BC (BD + DC)= BC.BC = BC2
? BC2 = AB2 + AC2 l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

285
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 22

xy㠈̈ÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ S≤ÃyÎ˚ 800 B.C.V ~Ñ˛ãò ≤Ãyâ˛#ò

¶˛yÓ˚ ì ˛#Î˚ Ü!íì˛K˛ ˆÓÔÂïyÎ˚ ò S Baudhayan V
!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨Óˆ˚) Ï˛ô ÓˆÏú!äȈÏúò– !ì˛!ò
ÓˆÏú!äȈÏúò Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú v˛z£yÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyòÛ– ˆÓÔÂïyÎ˚yò !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yÏ¢
[The diagonal of a rectangle produces by itself the same area as produced by its both sides
(i.e. length and breadth)]
~£z ãòƒ ~£z v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆÓÔÂïyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒÁ Óúy £Î˚–

!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛emˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚
¢õyò £ˆÏú ≤ÃÌõ Óy£%Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí !Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí £ˆÏÓ⁄ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚–

Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ

v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı50. !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyˆÏîƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ (Converse) v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ı ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú x˛ôÓ˚ î%£z Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛emˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚
¢õyò £ˆÏú ≤ÃÌõ Óy£%Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí £ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AB Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú BC Á AC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛emˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyò– xÌ≈yÍñ AB2 = AC2 + BC2
A D

C B F E

≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ‘ACB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí

xAÑ˛ò ı CBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ FE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– FE Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ú¡∫ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CA Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ FD xÇü ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !òúyõ ~ÓÇ D Á E !Ó®%mÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
≤Ãõyí ı AB2 = BC2 + AC2 [≤Ãî_]
= EF2 + DF2 [... xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ EF = BC ~ÓÇ AC = DF]
= DE2 [... ‘DFE = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí]
? AB = DE
~Öòò ' ABC Á ' DEF ÈÙȈì˛ñ AB = DE, BC = EF ~ÓÇ AC = DF
? ' ABC # ' DEF (S-S-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ)˚
?‘ ACB = ‘DFE = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíí [... DF A EF xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚]
?‘ACB = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

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Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ã ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã !Ñ˛òy
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ôyÓ˚Ó– ˆÎõòñ ˆÎ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 12 ˆ¢!õ. Á 13 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
ˆ¢£z !e¶%˛ã!›˛ !e¶%˛ã £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 132 = 52 + 122 ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 13 ˆ¢!õ.–
2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢)e ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ (m2 – n2)2 + (2mn)2 = (m2 + n2)2
xì˛~Ó Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ (m2 – n2) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ 2mnn ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ (m2 + n2) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ (m2 + n2) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– SˆÎÖyˆÏòñ m !n V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı1. m Á nÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ õyò ïˆÏÓ˚ 2 !›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ü!% úÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒÜ%!ú !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı2. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ 25 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y õ£z ˛ô§y!â˛ˆÏú ˆ£úyò !îˆÏÎ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ õ£z!›˛ ¶)˛!õ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 24 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛§âz ˛% ˆÏì˛ ˛ô§y!â˛ú fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîü!›˛ ˛ô§y!â˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ î)ˆÓÏ ˚ xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ AC õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ " 25 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ñ AB " 24 !õ›˛yÓ˚ó ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏã !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 A
Óyñ (24 !õ›˛yÓ˚)2 + (BC)2 = (25 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó)2
Óyñ BC2 = (25 !õ›˛yÓ˚)2 – (24 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó)2 = 25 !õ›˛yÓ˚
24 !õ›˛yÓ˚
? BC = 7 !õ›˛yÓ˚
? õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîü!›˛ ˛ô§y!â˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– C B
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛í≈mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 12 ˆ¢!õ. Á 16 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
D C
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛í≈mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
12 O !õ.
? OA = 2 ˆ¢!õ. = ˆ¢!õ.ñ OB = ˆ¢!õ. ˆ¢
.
!õ
8
ˆ¢
6
AOB ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã– ? !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AB2 = OA2 + OB2 A B

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛
xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ CD2 = 2BD2
≤Ãî_ ıABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆã Ï Ó˚ ‘B = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛ AD, BC Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÓÏ –˚
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı CD = 2BD2
2

xAÑ˛ò ı D !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ DE ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ B

D
Îy AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
≤Ãõyí ı ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã– ?‘ACB = 45º E
C
... A
? DEC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ ‘DCE = 45º ( ‘ACB = 45º);
xyÓyÓ˚ ñ ... ‘DEC = 90º ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘EDC = 45º ó ? ' DECÈÙȈì˛ñ DE = EC
..
' ABD Á ' AEDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ ‘BAD = ‘EAD [ . AD, ‘BAEÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖ[˛Ñ˛]
‘ABD = ‘AED S≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíV ~ÓÇ AD v˛z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy£%–
? ' ABD # ' AED (A-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚)
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BD = DE S¢Ó≈¢õ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô Óy£%V
..
DEC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ DC2 = DE2 + CE2 = 2DE2 ( . CE = DE)
..
= 2BD2 ( . DE = BD) l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

287
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 22
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı5. ' ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD A BC £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı6. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ BP Á CQ î%!›˛ õïƒõy £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 5BC2 = 4(BP2 + CQ2)
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘BAC = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– BP Á CQ !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ õïƒõy– A
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı 5BC2 = 4(BP2 + CQ2)
Q P
≤Ãõyí ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
?BC2 = AB2 + AC2 B C
= (2AQ)2 + (2AP)2 [... P Á Q ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ AC Á AB Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®%
®%]
?BC2 = 4(AQ2 + AP2) ................. (i)
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ' BAP Á ' CAQ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã–
? BP2 = AB2 + AP2 = (2AQ)2 + AP2 = 4AQ2 + AP2
CQ2 = AC2 + AQ2 = (2AP)2 + AQ2 = 4AP2 + AQ2
? BP2 + CQ2 = 4AQ2 + AP2 + 4AP2 + AQ2 = 5AQ2 + 5AP2 = 5(AQ2 + AP2) ......(ii)
5BC2 = 5.4 (AQ2 + AP2) [(i) ££zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z]
= 4.5 (AQ2 + AP2) = 4 (BP2 + CQ2) [(ii) ££zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z] l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı7. 'ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü#°Ï!≈ Ó®% A ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÑÏ ˛ D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ AD2 = BD.CD £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛% ã ~ÓÇ ‘A = 90º
A
≤Ãî_ ı ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ AD A BC ~ÓÇ AD2 = BD.DC
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı ‘BAC = 90º
≤Ãõyí ı ADB ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘ADB = 90º B C
D
? AB2 = AD2 + BD2 .......... (i) [!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z]
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ADC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ADC = 90º
? AC2 = AD2 + CD2 ........... (ii) [!˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z] ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓy˚ =˛
(i) Á (ii) ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
AB2 + AC2 = BD2 + CD2 + 2AD2
= BD2 + CD2 + 2BD.CD [... AD2 = BD.CD]
= (BD + CD)2 = BC2
? AB2 + AC2 = BC2
? !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘BAC = 90º l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı8. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á£z ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !mÜ%í– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– O xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2 A D

≤Ãî_ ı ABCD ÈxyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ O ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%– P x Q

O
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2 B C
xAÑ˛ò ı O !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy AB Á DC Óy£%mÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á
Q !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

288
 !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

≤Ãõyí ı xAÑ˛òyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ PQ || BC
? PQ A AB ~ÓÇ PQ A DC (... ‘B = 90º ~ÓÇ ‘C = 90º)
? ' APO, ' BPO, ' CQO ~ÓÇ ' DQO ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã–
? OA2 = AP2 + OP2 OC2 = CQ2 + OQ2
OB2 = BP2 + OP2 OD2 = DQ2 + OQ2
? OA + OC = AP + OP2 + CQ2 + OQ2 ................ (i)
2 2 2

!Ñ˛hs$˛ xAÑ˛ò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ APQD Á BPQC ~Ó˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AP = DQ ~ÓÇ CQ = BP
(i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ OA2 + OC2 = DQ2 + OP2 + BP2 + OQ2
= (DQ2 + OQ2) + (BP2 + OP2)
= OD2 + OB2 = OB2 + OD2 [≤Ãõy!íì˛]

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 22
1. Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£% !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !ò¡¨Ó˚)˛ô £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ«˛ˆÏe !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã £ˆÏÓ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ı (i) 8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 15 ˆ¢!õ. Á 17 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 9 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 11 ˆ¢!õ. Á 6 ˆ¢!õ.
2. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y õ£z ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ õ£z!›˛ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚
v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ !õ!úˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyúy fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ Á£z Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ õ£z!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
õ£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~õ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏúy ˆÎ õ£z!›˛ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyúy fl˛ôü≈
Ñ˛Ó˚ú– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyúy Î!î ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ Á£z Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ â˛Áv˛¸y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. 10 ˆ¢!õ. Óy£%!Ó!üT˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Ó˚¡∫¢!›˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏí≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã PQR R xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘Q ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– QR R Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ S ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% £ˆÏúñ
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ PS + QR = PR + QS
2 2 2 2

5. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚¡∫ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛ Ñ˛í≈ î%!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ î%!›˛Ó˚
¢õ!T˛Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏÓ–
6. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã– AD, BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AB2 + BC2 + CA2 = 4AD2.
7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– AB Á AC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó®%
ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ P Á Q !òúyõ– P, Q; B, Q Á C, P Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ BQ2 + PC2 = BC2 + PQ2
8. ABCD â˛ì%˛¶≈˛% ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛í≈ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + DA2
9. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã ABC xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ ÎyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y AD; AB>AC £ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ AB2–AC2=BD2 – CD2
10. ' ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% B Á C ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AC Á AB (AC > AB) Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ
ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AC2 + BP2 = AB2 + CP2
11. ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘C ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– D, ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% £ˆÏúñ
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AD2 + DB2 = 2CD2
12. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘A ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– CD õïƒõy £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ BC2 = CD2 + 3AD2
13. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚fiÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC, CA Á AB Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ OX, OY Á
OZ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ AZ2 + BX2 + CY2 = AY2 + CX2 + BZ2

289
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 22
14. RST !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘S ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– RS Á ST Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ X Á Yó ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
RY2 + XT2 = 5XY2
15. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SV.S.A.V
SAV Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ SM. C. Q.V ı
SiV ~Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 24 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ!îˆÏÑ˛ Îyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyò–
ÎyeyfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ î)Ó˚c SaV 34 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ SbV 17 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ ScV 26 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ SdV 25 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
3
SiiV ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ~ÓÇ ADABC £ˆÏúñ AD2 = (a) 2 DC2 (b) 2DC2 (c) 3DC2
(d) 4DC2
SiiiV ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏã AC=BC ~ÓÇ AB2 =2AC2 £ˆÏúñ ‘CÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô
(a) 30º (b) 90º (c) 45º (d) 60º
SivV 13 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Á 7 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛zFⲠî%!›˛ î[˛ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏú ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Óc˚ 8
!õ›˛yÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü#°Ïˆ≈ îÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Óc˚ SaV 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ SbV 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ScV 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚ SdV 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
SvV ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚ ¡ ∫ ˆ Ï ¢ Ó˚ î% ! ›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ í ≈ Ó ˚ ˜îá≈ ƒ 24 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ 10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏ ú ñ Ó˚ ¡ ∫ ¢ !›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ ¢ #õy
SaV 13 ˆ¢!õ. SbV 26 ˆ¢!õ. ScV 52 ˆ¢!õ. SdV 25 ˆ¢!õ.–
SBV ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏáƒ≈ Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 4 : 5 £ˆÏúñ !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ¢Ó≈îy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã £ˆÏÓ–
SiiV 10 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ãƒy!›˛Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ 5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏÓ–
SCV ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
x!AÑ˛ì˛ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò–
–
SiiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyò Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4— 2 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
˜îá≈ƒ ˆ¢!õ.–
SiiiV ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ AC Á BD Ñ˛í≈mÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– AB = 12 ˆ¢!õ.ñ
AO = 6.5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆ¢!õ.–
16. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ SS. A.V
SiV ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = (2a – 1) ˆ¢!õ.ñ AC = 2 2a ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BC = (2a+1) ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏú
‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö– P
SiiV ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe PQR
R !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ O !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ
‘POQ = 90º, OP = 6 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ OQ = 8 ˆ¢!õ.– Î!î PR = 24 O Q
ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ‘QPR = 90ºº £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú QR R Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö– R
SiiiV ABCD xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ O !Ó®% ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÎ OB = 6 ˆ¢!õ.ñ OD = 8
ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ OA = 5 ˆ¢!õ.– OCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SivV ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ D !Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– Î!î
BD = 8 ˆ¢!õ.ñ DC = 2 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AD = 4 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y !ú!Ö–
SvV ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ABC = 90º, AB = 3 ˆ¢!õ.ñ BC = 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
AC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ BD Îy AC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– BDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

290
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

23 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îîyÓ!ú

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIG
GOMETRIC IDE
DENT
EN
NT
TIT
TIT
ITIE
IES

xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ Áv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ äÈ!Ó!›˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛

~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ
ÎyÓ˚ñ C !Ó®% ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò
A !Ó®% Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò
AB ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y– A

~ÓÇñ ‘BCA ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí–

1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘BCA ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ AB Á BC ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# ÓúÓ⁄
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ‘BCA ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£% Óy ú¡∫∫ ~ÓÇ C B
BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ‘ACB ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% Óy ¶)˛!õ Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BAC ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy£% ~ÓÇ ‘BAC ˆÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£% AB
ü%¶˛ xyõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã ACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% P ~ÓÇ Ó!ï≈ì˛ CAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
R
~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% R !òú– P Á R !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Á ÈÓ!ï≈ì˛ CBÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ ú¡∫ xy§Ñ˛ú ÎyÓ˚y A
BCÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ CBÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Q Á S !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– P
~Ó˚ö˛ˆÏúñ PQC Á RSC xyÓ˚Á î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˆ˛ôúyõ–
2 PQC, ABC Á RSC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãÜ%!úÓ˚ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ãyòyÓ˚ S
C Q B
ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ PQC, ABC Á RSC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü– l!òˆÏã ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚n
PQ AB RS CQ CB CS PQ AB RS
(i) = = (ii) = = (iii) = =
CP CA CR CP CA CR CQ CB CS
CQ CB CS
(iv) CP CA CR (v) CP = CA = CR (vi)
PQ AB RS CQ CB CS PQ AB RS
ˆîÖ!äÈñ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ‘BCA ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛
(i)
ú¡∫
ú ∫ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢õyò (ii) ¶))˛!õ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢õyò ~ÓÇ (iii) ú¡∫ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÁ ¢õyò–
x!ì˛¶%˛ã x!ì˛¶%˛ã ¶)˛!õõ
xòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ¢î,ü ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí#
!e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ (i), (ii) Á (iii) òÇ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢õyò– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚
Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú òÎ˚– xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú–
3 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy£% !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ äÈÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ˆ˛ôúyõñ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyúyîy xyúyîy Ñ˛# òyõ xyˆÏäÈ ˆî!Ö–
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy£% !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ äÈÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ì Óúy £Î˚–

291
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ABO ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ABO = ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
.
. . OA x!ì˛¶%˛ã ~ÓÇ ‘BOA ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ OB = ¶)˛!õ ~ÓÇ AB = ú¡∫– ï!Ó˚ñ ‘AOB = T
ú¡∫ = AB = sinT l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön A
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Sine =
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Cosine =
¶))˛!õ = OB = cosT l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön ! ì ˛¶%˛ã ú¡∫
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA x
ú¡∫ = AB = tanT l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön T
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Tangent = O B
¶)˛!õ OB ¶)˛!õ
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Cosecant =
x!ì˛¶%˛% ã = OA = cosecT l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön
ú¡∫ AB
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Secant =
x!ì˛¶%˛% ã = OA = secT l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön
¶)˛!õ OB
‘BOA ÈÙÈ~ÓÓ˚ Cotangent =
¶))˛!õ = OB = cot T l¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ú!Ön
ú¡∫ AB

4 v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ˆî!Ö Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ cosecT, secTÁ cotTÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ sinT, cosTÁ tan T ÈÙÈÓ˚ xˆÏòƒyòƒÏÑ˛–
1 1 1
xÌ≈yÍñ cosecTT = sinT T
T=
, secT
cosTT
T=
, cotT
tanT T
AB
xyÓyÓ˚ñ tan T = AB
OB
= A = sinT
OA
OB cosT
OA
sinT
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ tan T = cosT
OB
OB OA
A =
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cotT = AB = AB l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
OA
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ cotT = cosT
sinT
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí ‘BOAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yí Á
Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ò!î≈T˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyòÜ%!ú ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí#
!e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ Óy£%Ü%!úÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#ú òÎ˚–
5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ABO ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘OAB ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ ˆî!Ö–
ABO ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ABO = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ... OA = x!ì˛¶%˛ã A

‘OAB ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ AB = ¶)˛!õ ~ÓÇ OB = ú¡∫– ï!Ó˚ñ ‘OAB = T'

%˛ã T'
. ú¡∫ OB ì˛¶
. . sin T' = = x ! ¶¶)˛!õ
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA
cosT' =
¶))˛!õ = AB O B
x!ì˛¶%˛ã OA ú¡∫
tanT ' , cosecT ' , secT ' , cot T ' !òˆÏã !ú!Ö–

292
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸ Î!î AC ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ú¡∫y ¢%ˆÏì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yïy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ á%!v˛¸!›˛ Î!î xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
60ž ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ á%!v˛¸!›˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ AB v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– A
AB .
sinT = . . AB = ACîsinT
AC
. T
. . ì˛Öò Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò Óy ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ACîsinT v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– C B
6 !Ñ˛hs$˛ sinT T !Ñ˛ sin ~ÓÇ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú⁄
T ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ sineÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ Ó˚˛) ô "sinT"– !Ñ˛hs˛$ sin Á TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú sinTÈ òÎ˚– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ cosT , cos ~ÓÇ TÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ü%íö˛ú òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xòƒ ¢Ñ˛ú !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ~Ñ˛£z Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚–
xyÎ≈¶˛R (500 A.D.) ≤ÃÌõ sinÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ xyÎ≈¶˛ˆÏRÓ˚
Ñ˛yã xyÓ˚!Ó Á úy!ì˛ò ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– úy!ì˛ò ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ (Sinus) ü∑!›˛
ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 'Sinus' ü∑!›˛ 'Sine'
ü∑ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ £Î˚– £zLjÏÓ˚ã ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó≈K˛yò# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Edmund Gunter
(1581±1626) ≤ÃÌõ ¢Ç!«˛Æ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ 'Sin' ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
7 SinTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓÜ≈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !úÖÓ⁄

ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ãòƒñ (sinT)2 = sin 2T ˆúÖy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ (sinT)2 z sinT2
xò%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôñ (cosT)2 = cos2T , (tanT)3 = tan3T £zì˛ƒy!î–
cosecT= (sinT)±1 ˆúÖy ÎyÎ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ cosecTz sin±1T S~ˆÏÑ˛ Sin inverse T Óúy £Î˚–V
sinT=
ú¡∫ ñ ... sinT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !Ñ˛ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄
x!ì˛¶%˛ã
T=
ú¡∫
ú ∫ ó ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ú¡∫ñ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
x!ì˛¶%˛ã
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ sinTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÓ òy–
8 cosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !Ñ˛ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. DÈÁ E î%!›˛ ~õò ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí ˆÎ sin D = sin E ó ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ D = E
ï!Ó˚ñ ABC ~ÓÇ PQR R î%!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã– ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ ‘BCA= D; PQR
!e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑PQR = 90ž ~ÓÇ ‘QRP = E A
P

¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ' ABC ÈÙȈì˛ñ sinD = AB AC

ó
PQ
Q D E
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã PQR
R ÙÈ~ñ sinE =
PR B Q
C R
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ sinD = sinE , ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AB =
AC PR
PQ
Q
Óyñ AB =
PQ PR
AC
= k Sï!Ó˚V (k>0)
... AB = k.PQ ~ÓÇ AC = k.PR
... BC = AC2±AB2 ~ÓÇ QR = PR2±PQ2
ACð±AB
± ð k PQð
P k PRð±PQð . AB = AC = BC
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BC
QR
= = = =kk . .
PQ PR QR
PR
Rð± PQð PR ±PQ
2 2
PRð±PQð
... ' ABC a' PQR ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘BCA = ‘QRP ... D = E l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ sinD = sin 45ž £ˆÏúñ D = 45ž l sinD = sin E £ˆÏú v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ sin !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy–
Ñ˛yÓ˚í sinD = sin îD òÎ˚– ì˛y£z ÎÖòñ sinD = sin E ì˛Öò D = E ~¶˛yˆÏÓ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy– ~›˛y ¶%˛ún

293
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. sin(90ž±T) = sin2T È£ˆÏúñ TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ÎÖò 2T ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí–
sin(90ž±T) = sin2T
Óyñ 90ž±T = 2T
.
Óyñ 3T = 90ž . . T = 30ž
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. 5T ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ tan5T=tan(60ž+T) £ˆÏúñ TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖÓ ı ¢yïyÓ˚íì ñ (i) sin2Tz 2sinT
sinD D
(ii) z
sinE E
~ÓÇ (iii) sinDr sinEz sin (Dr E)
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Cosine, tangentt £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ~£z !òÎ˚õÜ%!ú ≤ÈÏÎyブ

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4.  ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏã T ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ sin T  12

13
£ˆÏúñ tanT ~ÓÇ
cos TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– A
12 ú¡∫
sinT = =
13 x!ì˛¶%˛ã
T
C B
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ‘BCA = T
ï!Ó˚ñ ú¡∫ AB = 12kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC = 13kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ k>0n
.
. . ¶)˛!õ BC = AC2±AB2 = (13k)2±(12k)2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 169k2 ±144k2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= 5kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
. ú¡∫ 12k 12
. . tanT= = =
¶)˛!õ 5k 5
cosT=
¶))˛!õ = 5k = 5
x!ì˛¶%˛ã 13k 13
8
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. T~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ tanT 15 £ˆÏúñ sinT Á cos TÈÙÈÓ˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ
sin2Tcos2T  A

ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚Ó ‘ABC = 90ž ~ÓÇ‘ACB = T

. . tanT = AB 8
. T
= B
BC 15 C
ï!Ó˚ñ ú¡∫ AB = 8k ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õõ BC = 15k ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ k>0 n
... x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC = AB2+BC2 = (8k)2 + (15k)2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ = 64k2 +225k2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
= 289k2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ = 17kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . sinT= ú¡∫ = 8k = 8
x!ì˛¶%˛ã 17k 17
cosT=
¶))˛!õ = = l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
x!ì˛¶%˛ã
. . sin 2T+ cos 2T = ( 17 ) + (17) = 289 + 289 =
8 2 15 2 64 225
.
l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
.
. . sin2T cos2T  l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

294
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Î!î tanT  43 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sinTcosT  75 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 13 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛
Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 5 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ sinC + sinAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– C
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC
‘C ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ú¡∫ AB
~ÓÇ ‘AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ú¡∫ BC A B
AB BC AB+BC 5
... sinC + sinA = AC +
AC
=
AC
=
13
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ AB = x ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ BC = (5±x) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏã !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ
x2 +(5±x)2 = ( 13 )
2

Óyñ x2 +25+x2 ± 10x = 13

Óyñ 2x2 ±10x+12 = 0
Óyñ x2 ±5x+6 = 0
Óyñ x2 ±3x±2x+6 = 0
Óyñ x(x±
x 3) ±2(x±
x 3) = 0
Óyñ (x±3) (x±2) = 0
£Î˚ñ x±3 = 0 ... x = 3
xÌÓyñ x±2 = 0 ... x = 2
Î!îñ AB = 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò BC = (5±3) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ = 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ sinC = AB
AC
=
3 BC
~ÓÇ sin A = AC =
2
13 13
... sinC + sinA = 3 + 2 = 5
13 13 13
xyÓyÓ˚ñ AB=2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏú BC= ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛Öò sinC+sinA = l~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÓÏ ˚ !ú!Ön
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î (sinC±sinA) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ì˛y£ˆÏú !Ñ˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó òy !ÓÑ˛“ ≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚
¢y£yˆÏ΃ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ì˛y Î%!=˛¢£ !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 23.1
1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã AB=10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ ¶)˛!õ BC= 8 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ú¡∫
AC=6 ˆ¢!õ.– ‘ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Sine ~ÓÇ tangenttÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– A

2. ˆ¢yõy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘ABC=90ž, AB=24 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ
BC=7 ˆ¢!õ.– !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ sinA, cosA, tanA Á cosecAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !ú!Ö– C B

3. Î!î ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘C=90ž, BC=21 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AB=29 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
sinA, cosA, sinB Á cosBÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7
4. Î!î cosT =
25
£Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú T ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

295
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
5. Î!î cotT=2 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú tanT Á secT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 1+tan2T=sec2T
6. cos T=0.6 £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (5sinT±3tanT) = 0
4
7. Î!î cotA= £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú cosA ~ÓÇ cosecAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
7.5
1 + cot2 A = cosec2A
8. Î!î sin C = 23 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ cosCîcosecCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y ì˛y Î%!=˛ ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(i) tanAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ¢Ó≈îy 1 xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ÓˆÏv˛y¸–
(ii) cotAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ¢Ó≈îy 1 xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y–
4
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ sinT = £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
3
122
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí D ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ secD = £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5
5
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí E(Beta)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ cosecE = £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
13
3
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ cosT = £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï%Ó˚y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yú– ¢ÓyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸£z xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸!äÈú–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢ì˛#ˆÏüÓ˚ á%!v˛¸ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ v˛zˆÏv˛¸!äÈú–
xyã xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xy§Ñ˛Ó
Sˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃V ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 30ž Óy 45ž Óy
60ž ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
xyüy ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC xy§Ñ˛ú xyÓ˚ ‘ABC=90ž ~ÓÇ ‘BCA ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 45ž
9 xyõyÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BCA ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
A
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘ABC=90ž ~ÓÇ ‘BCA=45ž
.
. . ‘CAB = 45ž
.
. . 'ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã– 45ž
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BC=BA C B
ï!Ó˚ñ BA=BC=a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . AC2 =AB2+BC2 =a2+a2 = 2a2
.
. . AC = a 2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
sin ‘ BCA = sin45ž =
ú¡∫ = AB = a = 1
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC a 2 2
cos ‘ BCA = cos45ž =
¶)˛) !õ = BC = a = 1
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC a 2 2
tan ‘ BCA= tan45ž =
ú¡∫ = AB = a = 1
¶)˛!õ BC a
1 1 1
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ cosec45ž = sin45 ž
= 2 , sec45ž = = 2 ~ÓÇ cot45ž =
tan45ž
=

xy!õ 30º Á 60º ˆÑ˛yímˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

296
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

xy!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ã ABC xy§Ñ˛úyõ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí [60ž/45ž]
. A
. . ‘A = ‘B = ‘C = 60ž
A ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BC Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– 30ž
0
.
. . 'ABD # 'ACD l 'ABD Á 'ACDÈÙÈˆì˛ ‘ADB = ‘ADC = 90ž, 60ž
60
‘ABD = ‘ACD= 60ž ~ÓÇ AB = AC. B D C
.. . 'ABD # 'ACD SA-A-S ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚Vn
.
. . BD=DC ~ÓÇ ‘BAD=‘CAD
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ABD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãó ‘ADB=90ž, ‘DBA=60ž ... ‘BAD=30ž
.
ï!Ó˚ñ AB=2aa ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ . . BC=2a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ BD = 12 BC= a ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
... ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AD = AB2±BD 2 = (2a)2±a2
= 4a2±a2 = a 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
ú¡∫
ú BD a 1
sin30ž = = = =
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AB 2a 2
cos30ž =
¶)˛!õ = AD = a 3 = 3
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AB 2a 2

tan30ž =
ú¡∫ = BD = a = 1
¶)˛!õ AD a 3 3
1
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ cosec30ž = , sec30ž = ~ÓÇ cot30ž = tan30ž
= 3 l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön

ú¡∫
ú AD a 3 3
sin60ž = = = =
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AB 2a 2

cos60ž =
¶)˛!õ = BD = a = 1
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AB 2a 2
tan60ž =
ú¡∫ = AD = a 3 = 3
¶)˛!õ BD a
1
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ cosec60ž = sin60ž
= l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
1 1 1
sec60ž = = 2 ~ÓÇ cot60ž = =
cos60ž tan60ž 3

10 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ õyò Î!î Ñ˛õü Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z
¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏÓ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö– A

ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíó ‘BCA ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛õü Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ú
Îì˛«˛í òy ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚– C B

297
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
A

A
A
A
B A
C B C B C C B C B
!â˛ˆÏe ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘BCA AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Îì˛£z Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈ AÈÙÈ!Ó®% ì˛ì˛£z B !Ó®%Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏFäÈ xÌ≈yÍ ì˛ì˛£z AB Óy£%Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ A !Ó®% ≤ÃyÎ˚ B !Ó®%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏú ‘BCA AÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0žž £Î˚ ~ÓÇ AC Á AB Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ‘BCA AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0žžÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xy¢ˆÏú AB Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚–
. . sin‘BCA= AB
.
AC
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £ˆÏÓ ÎÖò ‘BCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ ‘BCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ÎÖò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚ ì˛Öò AC Á BC Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚–
BC
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ cos‘BCA= AC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚ ÎÖò ‘BCAÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 0žÈÙ ~Ó˚ ÈÑ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ~£z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢ÇK˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
sin0º = 0 ~ÓÇ cos0º = 1
. . tan0ž = sin0ž 1
.
= 0 ~ÓÇ cot0ž = ñ Îy x¢ÇK˛yì˛
cos0ž tanž
1 1
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ cosec0ž = sinž ñ Îy x¢ÇK˛yì˛ ~ÓÇ sec0ž = cosž =1

Î!î v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BCA ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò Ñ˛õü Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90ž ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
A
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò ‘BCA ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ õyò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ ˆî!Ö–
ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yíñ
C B
‘BCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛õü Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ú Îì˛«˛í òy ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ £Î˚–
A A A A
A

B B B B
C C B C C
C
!â˛ˆÏe ˆîÖ!äÈñ ‘BCAÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Îì˛£z ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏFäÈ ‘CABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
ì˛ì˛£z Ñ˛ˆÏõ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0ž ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏFäÈ ~ÓÇ C !Ó®% B !Ó®%Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õü ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ CB Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Ñ˛õü ≤ÃyÎ˚ ü)ˆÏòƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ AC Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛õü ≤ÃyÎ˚ AB Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏFäÈ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe sin‘ACB= AB AC
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏÓ ÎÖò ‘BCAÈ~Ó˚ õyò 90žÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cos‘BCA= BC AC
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏÓ ÎÖò ‘BCAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90žÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏÓ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ¢ÇK˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
sin90ž = 1 ~ÓÇ cos90ž = 0
sin90ž
Îy x¢ÇK˛yì˛ ~ÓÇ cot90ž = cos90ž
.
. . tan90ž = cos90 ž sin90ž
=0
cosec90ž Á sec90žÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

298
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

ˆ˛ôúyõñ
T T ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ S S S S
0º Óy 0 30º Óy 45º Óy 60º Óy 90º Óy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 6 4 3 2
ˆÑ˛yíyò%˛ôyì˛
1 1 3
sinT 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cosT 1 0
2 2 2
1
tanT 0 1 3 x¢ÇK˛yì˛
3
2
cosecT x¢ÇK˛yì˛ 2 2 1
3
2
secT 1 2 2 x¢ÇK˛yì˛
3
1
cotT x¢ÇK˛yì˛ 3 1 0
3
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ T ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò 0ž ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 90ž Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ sinTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 0 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 1 £Î˚ ~ÓÇ cosTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 0 £Î˚–
xyÓ˚Á ˆîÖ!äÈñ 0º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 90º ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ü)òƒñ ïòydÑ˛ Óy x¢ÇK˛yì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛
}íydÑ˛ £Î˚ òy–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ T ¢Ó≈îy ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú }íydÑ˛
£ˆÏÓ òy–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. Ó˚#òyÓ˚ á%!v˛¸!›˛ Î!î 150 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ¢%ˆÏì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ Áv˛¸yˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ á%!v˛¸!›˛ Î!î xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ 60ž ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ á%!v˛¸!›˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò Óy ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ñ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘ABC=90žñ AC=150 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ¢%ˆÏì˛y¢ˆÏõì˛ á%!v˛¸
~ÓÇ ‘BCA = 60ž
AB = Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò Óy ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛yíyò%˛ôyì˛!›˛ ˆòÓ ˆÎÖyˆÏò AB Á AC xyˆÏäÈ–
l... AC ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ãyòyn A
AB
ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ sin60ž =
AC
Óyñ 23 = 150AB
!õ›˛yÓ˚
60ž
60
Óyñ 2AB = 150 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
C B
Óyñ AB = 15002 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 75 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
... á%!v˛¸!›˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò Óy ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 75 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛§zâ%˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ–
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 9. Î!î á%!v˛¸!›˛ 120 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ¢%ˆìÏ ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ Áv˛¸yˆÏòy £ˆÏì˛y ~ÓÇ á%!v˛¸!›˛ xò%¶˛) !õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 30ž ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú á%!v˛¸!›˛ Ó˚#òyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò Óy ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

299
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
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≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. PQR ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘Q ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ~ÓÇ ‘P=30žó RQ=6 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ PQ Á PR
Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
R
RQ
Q
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã PQR
R ÙÈ~ñ tan30ž =

6 ˆ¢!õ.
PQ
Óyñ 1 = 6PQ 3 ž
30
ˆ¢!õ.
ˆ¢!õ .
. . PQ = 6 3 ˆ¢!õ. P Q
3
RQ
Q
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã PQR
R ÙÈ~ñ sin30ž =
PR
Óyñ = 6ˆ¢!õ
1 ˆ¢!õ. .
2 PR
R
. . PR = 12 ˆ¢!õ.
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ PR2 = PQ2+RQ2
= (6 3 ˆ¢!õ.)2 + (6 ˆ¢!õ.)2
= 108 ˆ¢!õ.2 +36 ˆ¢!õ.2
= 144 ˆ¢!õ.2
.
. . PR = 12 ˆ¢!õ.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– AB=5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AC=10 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ‘BCA
Á ‘CAB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
AB=5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AC=10 ˆ¢!õ. !õ. A

5 ˆ¢!õ.
¢
AB 5 1 1 0ˆ
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙȈÏì˛ñ sin‘BCA= AC = 10 = 2 = sin30ž
. C B
. ‘BCA = 30ž
.
. . ‘CAB = 90ž±30ž =
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– AB=7 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AC=7 2 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ
‘BCA Á ‘CAB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sin2 30ž + cos230ž = 1
sin230ž+cos230ž = (12) + (
2

2
3
) 2
=
1 3
+ = 1 l≤Ãõy!íì˛n
4 4
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ tan2 60ž +1 = sec2 60ž l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AD õïƒõy £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ sin‘BAD = cos‘DBA.
ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AD õïƒõy– A
.
. . AD A BC ~ÓÇ ‘BAD = ‘DAC
..
ABD ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ~ÓÇ ‘DBA=60ž l . ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ãn
.
. . ‘BAD = 30ž
. . sin‘BAD = sin30ž = 21 ~ÓÇ cos‘DBA = cos60ž = 21
.
B D C
.
. . sin‘BAD = cos‘DBA l≤Ãõy!íì˛n

300
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ 1±tanð30ž

1+tanð30ž
= cos60ž
2
§ ·
1± ¨ 1 ¸ 1± 1
1±tanð30ž © 3 ¹ = 3 = 2 î 3 = 1 =cos60ž
=
1+tanð30ž 1+ 1 3 4 2
2
§ ·
1+ ¨ 1 ¸ 3
© 3¹
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ tan260ž±2sin60ž = 3±cot30ž l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
5cos 2 ʌ +4sec 2 ʌ ±tan 2 ʌ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 3 6 4
2 ʌ 2 ʌ
sin +cos
6 6
2 ʌ 2 ʌ 2 ʌ
5cos +4sec ±tan 2 2 2
3 6 4 = 5cos 60ž+4sec 30ž±tan 45ž
sin 2 ʌ +cos 2 ʌ sin 2 30ž+cos 2 30ž
6 6
2
2
§ ·
5 1 + 4 ¨ 2 ¸ ±(1) 2 5 + 16 ±1 15+64±12
2 © 3¹ 7
= =4 3 = 12 = 67 = 5
2
1+3 4 12 12
1 + § 3·
2

¨ ¸ 4 4 4
2 © 2 ¹
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. sin(A+B)=1 ~ÓÇ cos(A±B)=1 ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ 0ž < (A+B) < 90ž ~ÓÇ A t B; A Á B
ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sin(A+B)=1 = sin90ž
.
. . A+B = 90ž
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cos(A±B)=1 = cos0ž
.
. . A±B = 0ž
A+B = 90ž
A±B = 0ž
2A = 90ž
.
. . A = 45ž ~ÓÇ B = 90ž±45ž = 45ž
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. T(0ž < T < 90ž) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ sin2T±3sinT+2 = 0 ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sin2T±3sinT+2 = 0
Óyñsinn2T±2sinT±sinT+2 = 0
Óyñ sinT(sinT±2)±1(sinT±2)= 0
Óyñ (sinT ±1)(sinT±2) = 0
£Î˚ñ sinT ±1 = 0 ... sinT = 1ó
xÌÓyñ sinT ± 2 = 0 ... sinT = 2
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ sinT ÈÙ~Ó˚ õyò 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ sinT = 1 = sin 90ž ... T = 90ž

301
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. T(0ž < T < 90ž)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyò/õyòÜ%!úÓ˚ ãòƒ 2sinTcosT = cosT ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2sinTcosT = cosT
Óyñ 2sinTcosT ±cosT = 0
Óyñ cosT (2sinT ±1) = 0
£Î˚ñ cosT = 0 xÌÓyñ 2sinT ±1 = 0
.
cosT = 0 £ˆÏúñ cosT = 0 = cos90ž . . T = 90ž
xyÓyÓ˚ñ 2sinT ±1 = 0 £ˆÏúñ sinT = 12 = sin30ž ... T = 30ž
... T = 90ž Óy T = 30ž õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 2sinTcosT = cosT £ˆÏÓ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ 2sinTcosT = cosT v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ cosT !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ü%ï% ˛ôy£z T =30žñ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xòƒ õyò!›˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ˆÜú òy ˆÑ˛ò ˆî!Ö–
TcosT = cosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ cosT !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôy£zñ 2sinT =1
.. . sinT = 1 = sin30ž ... T = 30ž
2
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖyˆÏò cosT z0 òÎ˚– ì˛y£z cosT myÓ˚y v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ~Ó˚ ãòƒ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 23.2
. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ãyòyúyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ£z ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 60ž ˆÑ˛yˆÏí Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ– õ£z!›˛ 2 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y
£ˆÏú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Á£z ãyòyúy!›˛ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2. ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– AB = 8 3 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ BC = 8ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ‘ACB Á
‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B = 90ž, ‘A = 30ž ~ÓÇ AC = 20 ˆ¢!õ.– BC ~ÓÇ AB Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˜îá≈ƒ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. PQR R ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘Q = 90žñ ‘R = 45ž ó Î!î PR = 3 2 !!õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú PQ Á QR
Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
SiV sin2 45ž ± cosec2 60ž + sec2 30ž SiiV sec2 45ž ± cot2 45ž ± sin2 30ž ± sin2 60ž
SiiiV 3tan2 45ž ± sin2 60ž ± 13 cot2 30ž ± 18 sec2 45ž
SivV 43 cot2 30ž + 3 sin2 60ž ± 2cosec2 60ž ± 34 tan2 30ž
1 cos30ž
3
SvV 1 + tan60ž SviV cot2 30ž ± 2cos2 60ž ± 34 sec2 45ž ± 4sin2 30ž
sin45ž cos30ž
2
SviiV sec2 60ž ± cot2 30ž ± 2tan30žcosec60ž
0 cosec6
1+tanð30ž
tan60ž±tan30ž
SviiiV1+tan60 žtan30ž
+ cos60žcos30ž + sin60žsin30ž

SixV 1±sinð30ž
sin 30
î
cos 60 cos 30
cosð60ž+cosð30ž
1+sinð45ž cosecð90ž±cotð90ž
· (sin 60ž tan 30ž)

302
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

6 . ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
2tan30ž
SiV sin2 45ž + cos2 45ž = 1 (ii) cos 60ž = cos2 30ž ± sin2 30ž SiiiV 1±tanð30ž = 3
1+cos30ž 2tanð30ž
(iv) = sec 60ž + tan 60ž SvV 1±tanð30ž +sec245ž±cot245ž = sec60ž
1±cos30ž
SviV tan24S sin 3S tan 6S tan2 3S = 112 SviiV sin3S tan 6S + sin 2S cos 3S = 2sin24S

7. (i) xsin45ž cos45ž tan60ž = tan2 45ž ± cos60ž £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SiiV x sin 60ž cos2 30ž = tanð45ž sec60ž
cosec60ž
£ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SiiiV x2 = sin230ž + 4cot245ž ± sec2 60ž £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
8. x tan 30ž + y cot 60ž = 0 ~ÓÇ 2x ± y tan 45ž = 1 £ˆÏúñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
9. Î!î A = B = 45ž £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
SiV sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
SiiV cos (A+B) = cos A cos B ± sin A sin B
10. SiV ABC ¢õÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ BD ~Ñ˛!›˛ õïƒõy– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ tan‘ABD = cot‘BAD
SiiV ABC ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB=AC ~ÓÇ ‘BAC=90ž ; ‘BACÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õ!mÖu˛Ñ˛
Ñ BC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛
D !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ñ sec‘ACD
sin‘CAD
= cosec2 ‘CAD

11. T S0ž < T < 90žV ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò õyò/õyòÜ%!úÓ˚ ãòƒ 2cos2 T ±3cos T +1 = 0 ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï% !ÓüyÖ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC xy§Ñ˛ú ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
11 xyã xyõÓ˚y !ÓüyˆÏÖÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!úÓ˚

õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– C

ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
... !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ AB2+BC2 = AC2 (i)
(i) òÇ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚!îˆÏÑ˛ AC myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
2
š
ABð BCð ACð A B
+ =
ACð ACð ACð

Óyñ ( AC ) + (AC ) =1
AB ð BC ð

... sin2A + cos2A = 1 (I)

ˆîÖ!äÈñ (I) òÇ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛ A ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÈÏÎyムÎÖò 0ž< A<90ž
!Ñ˛hs$˛ (I) òÇ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
(I) òÇ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xˆÏ¶˛î–

303
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
(i) òÇ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚!îˆÏÑ˛ AB2 myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– C
AB2+BC2 = AC2
ABð BCð ACð
Óyñ AB + =
ð ABð ABð
... 1+tan2A = sec2A (II) A B
(II) òÇ xˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî A=0ž Á A=90ž Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
A=0ž £ˆÏú II òÇ xˆÏ¶˛î!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ A=90ž £ˆÏú tanA x¢ÇK˛yì˛–
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎÖyˆÏò 0ž< A<90ž
1+tan2A = sec2A (II)

!Ñ˛hs$˛ (i) òÇ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚!îˆÏÑ˛ BC2 myÓ˚y ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
AB2+BC2 = AC2 C

Óyñ ABð +
BCð ACð
=
BCð BCð BCð
Óyñ ( AB ) +1= ( AC )
ð ð
BC BC
A B
... cot2A +1 = cosec2A (III)

(III) òÇ xˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî A=90ž Á A=0ž Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–

A=90ž £ˆÏú (III) òÇ xˆÏ¶˛î!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ A=0ž £ˆÏú cotA x¢ÇK˛yì˛–
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú õyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎÖyˆÏò 0ž< A< 90ž
1+cot2A = cosec2A (III)

xy!õ (I)ñ (II) Á (III) òÇ xˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yíyò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛
ˆÑ˛yíyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(I) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ sin2A + cos2A = 1

... sinA = 1±cos2A ~ÓÇ cosA = 1±sin2A

ˆÑ˛Óúõye ïòydÑ˛ õyò ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúyñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 0ž< A<90ž
(II) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 1+tan2A = sec2A

... secA = 1+tan2A ~ÓÇ tanA = sec2A±1

ˆÑ˛Óúõye ïòydÑ˛ õyò ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúyñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 0ž< A<90ž
(III) òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ 1+cot2A = cosec2A

... cosecA = 1+cot2A ~ÓÇ cotA = cosec2A±1

ˆÑ˛Óúõye ïòydÑ˛ õyò ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúyñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 0ž< A< 90ž

304
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 22. 0ž < T < 90ž £ˆÏúñ sinT = 0.5 ~ÓÇ cosT = 0.6 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !Ñ˛òy Î%!=˛¢£ !ú!Ö–
sinT=0.5 ... sin2T= 0.25
cosT= 0.6 ... cos2T= 0.36
sin2T + cos2T = 0.25 + 0.36 = 0.61
!Ñ˛hs$˛ 0ž < T < 90ž £ˆÏú sin2T+ cos2T= 1
... sinT =0.5 ~ÓÇ cosT=0.6 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. 0ž < T < 90ž £ˆÏúñ sinT= 23 ~ÓÇ cosT= 13 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !Ñ˛òy Î%!=˛¢£ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. 0ž < T < 90ž £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sinT + cos T>1
ï!Ó˚ñ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí–
A
ï!Ó˚ñ ‘BCA=T lˆÎÖyˆÏò 0ž < T < 90žn
AB BC
sinT = ~ÓÇ cosT = AC
AC
AB B BC AB+BC
sinT + cosT = + = T
AC AC AC C B
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ AB+BC>AC ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ AB+BC
AC
>1
... sinT + cos T >1
(i) tan T =
ú¡∫ (a) Î!î ú¡∫ > ¶)˛!õ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
ú¡∫ >1
¶)˛!õ ¶)˛!õ
(b) xyÓyÓ˚ Î!î ú¡∫ < ¶)˛!õ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
ú¡∫ <1 £Î˚ñ
¶)˛!õ
(c) ÎÖò ú¡∫ = ¶)˛!õ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
ú¡∫ =1 £Î˚–
¶)˛!õ
ì˛y£z tanT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!üñ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ~ÓÇ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
T=
tanT 2 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !Ñ˛⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 2 >1ñ ì˛y£zñ tanT = 2 £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
x!ì˛¶%˛ã x!ì˛¶%˛ã
(ii) cosecT = ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ x!ì˛¶%˛ã > ú¡∫ñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ >1
ú¡∫ ú¡∫
cosecT T = 3 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !Ñ˛⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 3 >1 ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ cosecT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 3 £ÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. xy!õ cotTÁ secT ˆÑ˛ñ sinT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sin2T + cos 2T = 1
Óyñ cosT = 1±sin2 T
1±sin 2ș
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ cotT = cosT
sinT
=
sinș
1 1
secT = =
cosT 1± sin2T
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. xy!õ cotTÁ cosecT ˆÑ˛ñ cosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

305
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
8
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. Î!î tanT= 15 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú sinT È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
8
T=
15
xyõÓ˚y ãy!òñ sec2T = 1+tan2T = 1+ ( 15
8
) = 1+ 225
64 289
2
=
225
.. . secT = 17
15
. . . cosT = 15
17
2
15 = 289±225 = 64 = 8
... sinT = 1± cos2T = 1± 17 289 289 17
8
tanT 15 8
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy£zñ sinT = secT = 17 = 17
15 A
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– ï!Ó˚ñ ‘ACB=T
8
... tanT= ú¡∫ = 15
¶)˛!õ
ï!Ó˚ñ AB=8kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ BC=15kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ SˆÎÖyˆÏò k > 0V T
C B
ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ AC2=AB2+BC2 = (8k ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ )2+(15k ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ )2
= 64k2 ÓÜ≈~Ñ˛Ñ˛ +225k2 ÓÜ≈~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ = 289k2 ÓÜ≈~Ñ˛Ñ˛
.
. . AC=17kk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
AB 8k
sinT =
AC
=
17k
... sinT = 8 17
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. Î!î tanT= 43 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (sinT+cosT)È ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
p
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. sinA= ±q £ˆÏúñ tanA, cotA Á secAÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
p p
q q p q p
tanA = sinA = sinA = = = î =
cosA 1±sin 2 A 2 2
q ±p 2 q 2
q ±p 2
q ±p2
2

1± §¨ ·¸
p
q
© ¹ pq2

2
§p·
1± ¨ ¸
cosA 1±sin 2
A ©q¹ q 2 ±p 2 q q 2 ±p 2
cotA = = = = î =
sinA sinA p q p p
q

q
secA = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 =
cosA 1±sin 2 A 2
q 2 ±p 2 q 2 ±p 2
1± §¨ ·¸
p
q
© ¹ q

306
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı PQR ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘Q ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– P

ï!Ó˚ñ ‘PRQ = A
sin A =
ú¡∫ = p
x!ì˛¶%˛ã q
ï!Ó˚ñ PQ = pkk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ PR=qkk ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò k > 0ñ A
R Q
PQR R !e¶%˛ˆÏãñ QR2 = PR2±PQ2 = q2k2 ±p
± 2k2 = k2(q2 ±p
± 2)
... QR = k q2±p ± 2
PQ pk p 1 = 1 q 2 ± p2
tanA = = = cotA = =
QR k q ± p
2 2
q ± p2
2 tanA p p
q 2 ± p2
qk q
secA = PR = =
QR k q 2 ± p 2 q2 ± p2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. Î!î cotT= xy £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ x cosT±y sinT= xð±yð
x cosT+y sinT xð+yð
x cosT±y
± sin T
Óyõ˛ô«˛ = 
x cosT+y sinT
x cosș ± y sinș
sinș sinș
= lúÓ Á £Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ sinT !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zn
x cosș  y sinș
sinș sinș
x 2 ±y 2
xî x ±y
x cotș ± y y y x 2 ±y 2
= = = 2 2 = 2 2 = v˛yò˛ô«˛
x cotș + y xî x +y x +y x +y
y y
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı (I) cotT = xy Óyñ cosTsinT y
=
x

T
... cosT
x
=
sinT
y
= k Sï!Ó˚V ˆÎÖyˆÏò k!0
.. . cosT=xk ~ÓÇ sinT=yk
k x 2 ±y 2 x 2 ±y 2
. xcosș±ysinș = xîxk±yîyk = =
. . xcosș+ysinș xîxk+yîyk k x 2 +y 2 x 2 +y 2

x cosT x
T = y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ = ˛ôy£zñ
sinT y
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı
!Ñ˛hs$˛ cosT = x ~ÓÇ sinT = y ˆúÖy ¶%˛ú– cosT = xk ~ÓÇ sinT = yk !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò k > 0.

!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı (II) cotT= xy Óyñ cosT

sinT y
=
x

Óyñ xy cosT =
sinT yð
xð
Sv˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ xy myÓ˚y Ü%í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zV
Óyñ x cosT+y sinT = xð+yð SˆÎyÜ Á ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zV
± sinT
x cosT±y xð±y
± ð
± sinT xð±y
... x cosT±y  =
± ð
x cosT+y sinT xð+yð

307
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. Î!î sinT+cosT = 57 ~ÓÇ sinTcosT = 25

12
£Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú sinT ~ÓÇ cosTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7
sinT+cosT =
5
. . . cosT= 57 ± sin T (i)
12 7
sinTcosT = ñ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí cosT= ± sin T Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
25 5
(7
sinT î ± sin T =
5
) 12
25
Óyñ 7sinT
5
± sin 2T =
12
25
Óyñ 7sinT ± 5sin 2T = 12 5
Óyñ 35sinT ± 25sin T = 12
2

Óyñ 25sin2T ± 35sinT +12 = 0

Óyñ 25sin2T ± 20sinT ± 15sinT +12 = 0
Óyñ 5sinT (5sinT ± 4) ±3(5sinT ± 4) = 0
Óyñ (5sinT ± 4) (5sinT ± 3) = 0 lv˛zͲôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ӈϟ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôúyõn
£Î˚ñ 5sinT±4 = 0 ... sinT= 54
xÌÓyñ 5sinT±3 = 0 ... sinT= 35
4 7 4 3
sinT = £ˆÏúñ cosT = ± =
5 5 5 5
xyÓyÓ˚ñ sinT = 35 £ˆÏúñ cosT = 75 ± 35 = 45

. . . sinT = 45 3

}
sinT =
5
3 xÌÓy 4
cosT = cosT =
5 5
!ÓÑ˛“ ≤Ãõyí ı (sinT ± cosT)2 = (sinT +cosT)2 ± 4sinTcosT
= (75) ± 4î12
2

25
49 48
= ±
25 25 25
=
1

.. . sinT ± cosT= “ 1
5
sinT + cosT =
7 xyÓyÓ˚ñ sinT + cosT = 75
5
1 1
sinT ± cosT = sinT ± cosT = ±
5 5
8 6
ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ 2sinT
n =
5 2sinT =
5
.. . sin T = 4 ~ÓÇ cosT = 7 ± 4 = 3 .. . sin T = 3 ~ÓÇ cosT = 7 ± 3 = 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

. . . sinT = 45 , cosT = 35 xÌÓyñ sinT = 35 , cosT = 45

308
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. 1+2sinT cosT ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ Ó˚y!ü !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
1+2sinTcosT = sin2T+cos2T+2sinTcosT> ... sin2T+cos2T=1]
= (sinT+cosT)2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. secT+tanT 51

= 2 £ˆÏúñ sinT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
secT±tanT 79
secT+tanT 51 209
=2 =
sec T±tanT 79 79
Óyñ secT+tanT+secT±tanT =
209+79
secT+tanT±secT+ tanT 209 ±79
SˆÎyÜ Á ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zV

Óyñ 2secT =
2tanT 130
288

Óyñ tanT =
130 65
secT 288 144
=
sinT 65
Óyñ cosT î cosT =
144
65
... sinT = 144

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. 5cotT+cosecT 7

= £ˆÏúñ cosTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
5cotT± cosecT 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 35. x=acosT ~ÓÇ y=bsinTÈ £ˆÏúñ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ î%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ T x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
. x
x=acosT. . cosT= a
y
xyÓyÓ˚ñ y=bsinT ... sinT = b
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ sin2T + cos2T= 1
y 2 x 2
. . . ( b) + ( a ) = 1
xð yð
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ að + bð = 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 36. 2x=3sinT ~ÓÇ 5y=3cosTÈ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ î%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ T x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x Á y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !ú!Ö–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 37. x cosT = 3 ~ÓÇ 4tanT = y ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ î%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ T x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á x ~ÓÇ y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !ú!Ö–
3
x cosT = 3 Óyñ cos T = x... secT = x
3
. y
4tanT = y . . tanT =
4
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ sec2T ± tan2T = 1
y 2
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ( x ) ± ( 4 ) = 1
2

3
.. . xð ± yð = 1
9 16
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 38. x = a secT, y = b tanT ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ î%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ T x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

309
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 39. x=acosT+bsinT y=bcosT±asinTÈ £ˆÏúñ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ î%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ T x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x 2+yy2 = (acosT+bsinT)2 +(bcosT±asinT)2
= a2cos2T+ b2sin2T+ 2absinTcosT+ b2cos2T+ a2sin2T±± 2absinTcosT
= a2 (sin2T+cos2T) + b2(sin2T+cos2T)
..
= a2+b2 [ . sin2T+cos2T=1]
... x2+y2 = a2+b2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 40. Î!î sinT + cosecT = 2 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (sin10T + cosec10T)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sinT + cosecT = 2
1
Óyñ sinT + sinT =2

Óyñ sinðT
sinT
+1
1
=2

Óyñ sinn2T+1= 2sinT

Óyñ sin2T ±2sinT +1 = 0
Óyñ (sinT ±1)2 = 0
Óyñ sinT ±1 = 0
. . . sinT = 1
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ cosecT = 1
sin10T + cosec10T
= (1)10 + (1)10
= 1+1
= 2

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 41. Î!î cosT + secT = 2 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (cos11T + sec11T)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 42. Î!î 0ž < D < 90ž £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (4cosec2D + 9sin 2D) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
D + 9sin 2D
= (2cosecD)2 + (3sinD)2
= (2cosecD±3sinD)2 + 2î2cosecDî3sinD
1
= (2cosecD±3sinD)2 + 12 î î sinD
sinD
= (2cosecD±3sinD)2 + 12

ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô)í≈ÓÜ≈ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ õyò 0 Sü)òƒV– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ (2cosecD±3sinD) 2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò)ƒòì˛õ õyò ü)òƒ–
... (4cosec2D+9sin2D) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ õyò 12

310
 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ìÑ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 23.3

4 cosecT
1. (i) sinT= £ˆÏúñ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
5 1+cotT
3 1±sinș = 1
(ii) Î!î tanT= £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ
4 1+sinș 2
8sinT+5cosT
(iii) tanT= 1 £ˆÏúñ 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sin T ± 2cos3T+7cosT
2. (i) cosecT ~ÓÇ tanT ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ sinT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) cosecT ~ÓÇ tanT ÈÙÈˆÑ˛˛ cosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyÏõ !ú!Ö–
3. (i) secT+tanT =2 £ˆÏúñ (secT ±tanT)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) cosecT±cotT = 2 ±1 £ˆÏúñ (cosecT +cotT)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚È õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
(iii) sinT +cosT =1 £ˆÏúñ sinT îcosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) tanT +cotT = 2 £ˆÏúñ (tanT ±cotT)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7
(v) sinT ± cosT = £ˆÏúñ sinT +cosT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
13
1
(vi) sinT cosT = £ˆÏúñ (sinT +cosT) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚È õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2
1
(vii) secT ± tanT =
3
£ˆÏúñ secT ~ÓÇ tanT v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(viii) cosecT +cotT = 3 £ˆÏúñ cosecT ~ÓÇ cotT v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sinT+cosT
(ix) = 7 £ˆÏúñ tanTÈÙÈ~Ó˚È õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
sinT±cosT
cosecT+sinT 5
(x) = £ˆÏúñ sinT ÙÈ~Ó˚È õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
cosecT±sinT 3
5
(xi) secT+cosT = £ˆÏúñ (secT ±cosT) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚È õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
2
9
(xii) 5sin2T+4cos2T = ¢¡ôÑ≈˛!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ tanT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2
100
(xiii) tan T+cot T = £ˆÏúñ tanT+cotT È~ÓÇ tanT±cotT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
2 2
3
tanT ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
13
(xiv) sec2T+tan2T = £ˆÏúñ (sec4T ±tan4T)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
12
4. (i) PQR !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑Q ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– PR= 5 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ PQ±RQ=1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ cosP±cosR
RÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) XYZ !e¶%˛ˆÏ㠑Y ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– XY=2 3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ XZ±YZ=2
± ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ (secX±
X tanX)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. ¢¡ôÑ˛≈Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 'T' x˛ôòÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) x=2sinT, y=3cosT(ii) 5x=3secT, y=3tanT
5
6. (i) Î!î sinD= 13 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ tanD+ secD= 1.5
n
(ii) Î!î tanA= £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú sinA Á secA v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
m

311
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 23
x
(iii) Î!î cosT = £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ xsinT = ycosT
xð+yð
y
að±b
± ð 2ab
(iv) Î!î sinD= £Î˚ ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ cotD=
að+bð að±b
± ð
sinT cosT T x±y
±
(v) Î!î = £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sinT ± cosT =
x y xð+yð
y
1+2x
(vi) Î!î (1+4x )cosA=4x £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ cosecA+cotA =
2
1±2x
að ± bð
7. Î!î x=asin T ~ÓÇ y=btanT £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ xð yð
=1
8. Î!î sin T +sin 2T =1 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ cos 2T +cos 4T =1
9. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
3 1 1 1 1 1
(i) Î!î 3x=cosecD ~ÓÇ x =cotD £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú 3(x2± xð )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) (b) (c) (d)
27 81 3 9
2 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Î!î 2x=secA ~ÓÇ x =tanA £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú 2(x2 ± xð )ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 16
(iii) tanD+cotD=2 £ˆÏúñ (tan13D+cot13D)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) ˆÑ˛yò!›˛£z òÎ˚
(iv) Î!î sinT±cosT=0 (0ž< T < 90ž) ~ÓÇ secT+cosecT=x £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 2
(v) 2cos3T=1 £ˆÏúñ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 10ž (b) 15ž (c) 20ž (d) 30ž

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) Î!îñ 0ž < D < 90ž £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (sec2D + cos2D)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ õyò 2
(ii) (cos0žîcos1žîcos2žîcos3žî.............. cos90ž) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò 1

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) (4
+
sec2T 1+cot2T
1
)
+ 3sin2T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
1
(ii) sin(T±30ž) = £ˆÏúñ cosTÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
2
1
(iii) cos T±sin T = £ˆÏúñ cos4T±sin4TÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
2 2
2
10. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.)
(i) Î!î r cosT=2 3 ñ r sinT=2 ~ÓÇ 0ž< T < 90ž £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú r ~ÓÇT v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) Î!î sinA+sinB=2 £Î˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò 0ž< A< 90ž ~ÓÇ 0ž< B< 90ž ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (cosA+cosB)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) Î!î 0ž< T < 90ž £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú (9tan2T+4cot2T)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) (sin6D+cos6D+3sin2D cos2D) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) Î!î cosec2T =2cotT ~ÓÇ 0ž< T < 90ž £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

312
 ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE

24 ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY
Y ANGLE

xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ÓˆÏv˛¸y õyˆÏ‡˛ ˆÓ˚yã ˆÖúy Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü£z

Ó˚yõ%ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyò Óy!v˛¸– ≤ÃyÎ˚£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ Óú
ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyã xyõÓ˚y ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô§y!â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏú ˆ£úyò !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ£z ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– xyõÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ÓyÜyˆÏò Óú ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú Á£z
õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ÓyÜyˆÏò !܈ÏÎ˚ Óú xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó–
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ õ£z!›˛ Á£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖyÎ˚ õ£zñ ¶)˛!õ Á ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô§y!â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚

xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yíÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !ú!Ö–

ï!Ó˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ AB ˛ô§y!â˛ú BC ¶)˛!õÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ~ÓÇ AC õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒó AC ñ BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ T ˆÑ˛yí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
A
... ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘ABC=90º ~ÓÇ ‘BCA=T
2 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ‘CABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄
‘BCA=T £ˆÏú ‘CAB=90º–T
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ‘BCA Á ‘CAB ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ l˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛/¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛n C B
‘BCA Á ‘CAB î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B=90º
A
ï!Ó˚ñ ‘BCA =T ... ‘CAB=90º–T
. . . sinT = AB ñ cosT = BC ñ tanT = AC
ñ cosecT = AB ñ secT =
AC AC T
BC C B
~ÓÇ cotT = AB
3 xy!õ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ (90º–T) ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú !ú!Ö–
sin(90º–T) = sin‘CAB =
ú = BC
ú¡∫ A
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC
š

¶)˛!õ AB 9 T
90º–
cos(90º–T) = cos‘CAB = =
x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC T
C B
tan(90º–T) = tan‘CAB =
ú¡∫ =
¶)˛!õ
AC
cosec(90º–T) = cosec‘CAB = =
BC

sec(90º–T) = sec‘CAB = =

AB
cot(90º–T) = cot‘CAB = =
BC

313
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 24
4 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BCA Á ‘CAB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛Ü%!ú ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z !ú!Ö–
A
ˆîÖ!äÈñ sin(90º–T) = cosT cos(90º–T) = sinT

š
tan(90º–T) = cotT cot(90º–T) = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n 9 T
90º–
sec(90º–T) = cosecT cosec(90º–T) = l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n T
C B

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Î!î õ£z!›˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 60º ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ Î!î T=60º £Î˚ñ sinT =sin60º = 23
xyÓyÓ˚ñ cos(90º–T) = cos(90º–60º)
3
= cos30º =
2
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ sinT = cos(90º–T)
Î!î T=45º £Î˚ tanT = cot(90º–T) l!òˆÏã Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 0º ~ÓÇ 90ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô)ÓÑ˚ ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xˆÏ¶˛îÜ%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ–
5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ T = 0º ~ÓÇ T = 90º £ˆÏú Ñ˛# ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–
T = 0º £ˆÏúñ tan0º = 0 = cot (90º–0º)
~ÓÇ sec0º = 1 = cosec (90º–0º)
T = 90º £ˆÏúñ tan 90º, sec 90º x¢ÇK˛yì˛–
~ÓÇ T = 0º £ˆÏúñ cot 0º, cosec 0º x¢ÇK˛yì˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. cos 53º
sin 37º
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xyõÓ˚y ãy!òñ cos(90º–T) = sinT
cos 53º = cos (90º–37º) = sin 37º
... cos 53º sin 37º
=
sin 37º sin37º
=1

sec 49º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. cosec 41º
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ cos 55º cos 35º – sin 55º sin 35º = 0
cos 55º cos 35º – sin 55º sin 35º
= cos (90º–35º) cos 35º – sin (90º–35º) sin 35º
= sin 35º cos 35º – cos 35º sin 35º = 0 S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sin43º cos 47º + cos43º sin 47º = 1 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ tan 7º tan 23º tan 60º tan 67º tan 83º = 3
tan 7º tan 23º tan 60º tan 67º tan 83º
= (tan 7º tan 83º) tan 60º (tan 23º tan 67º)
= {tan 7º × (tan(90º–7º)} tan 60º{tan 23º × tan (90º–23º)}
..
= (tan 7º cot 7º) tan60º (tan 23º cot 23º) = 1× 3 ×1 ( . tanT×cotT = 1)
= 3 S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sin 21º + sin 69º = 1
2 2

sin 69º = sin(90º–21º) = cos 21º

.. . sin2 21º + sin2 69º = sin2 21º + cos2 21º = 1 [ ...sin2 T+ cos2 T= 1]

314
 ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE

sec2 150
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ tan 15º + tan 75º =
sec 2 150  1
tan 15º + tan75º
= tan 15º + tan (90º–15º)
1
= tan 15º + cot 15º = tan 15º +
tan 15º l... sec2 T = 1+tan2T
tanð 15º + 1 secð 15º ~ÓÇ tanT= sec2T–1 n
= =
tan 15º secð15º–1 S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. A Á B î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ (sin A + sin B)2 = 1+2sin A sin B
A Á B î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí– (sin A + sin B)2
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ A+B = 90º = (sin A + cos A)2
= sin2 A + cos2 A + 2sin A cos A
... B = 90º – A = 1+2sin A cos A
sin B = sin(90º–A) = cos A = 1+2sin A cos (90º–B)
= 1+2sin A sin B S≤Ãõy!íì˛V
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 9. Î!î secT = cosecM £Î˚ ~ÓÇ 0º<T <90º, 0º<M <90º ì˛y£ˆÏú sin(T+M)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
secT = cosecM
Óyñ secT = sec(90º–M)
Óyñ T = 90º–M ... T + M= 90º ... sin (T + M) = sin90º = 1
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 10. Î!î tan 2A = cot (A–18º) £Î˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò 2A ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yíñ ì˛y£ˆÏú AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
tan 2A = cot(A–18º)
..
Óyñ cot(90º–2A) = cot(A–18º) [ . cot(90º–T) = tanT]
Óyñ 90º–2A = A–18º
Óyñ –2A–A = –90º – 18º
Óyñ .
–3A = –108º . . A = 36º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. Î!î sec 4A = cosec(A–20º) £Î˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò 4A ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yíñ ì˛y£ˆÏú AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
sec 4A = cosec(A–20º)
Óyñ cosec(90º–4A) = cosec(A–20º) [ ... cosec(90º–T) = secT]
Óyñ 90º–4A = A–20º
Óyñ –4A–A = –20º – 90º
Óyñ –5A = –110º ... A = 22º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. cos 43º = x £ˆÏúñ tan 47ƒ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
x xð+yð
cos 43º =
xð+y
yð
xð xð+yð–xð yð
sin 43º = 1– cos2 43º = 1–
2
= =
xð+yð xð+yð xð+yð
y
... sin 43º = lˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ 43º ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yíñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ sin43ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò }íydÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyn
xð+yyð
x
2 2
cos 43º = x +y = x x 2 +y 2
=x
.
. . tan 47º = tan (90º–43º) = cot 43º = ×
sin 43º y 2
x +y 2 y y
x 2 +y 2

315
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 24
A
!ÓÑ˛“ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı
ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ÎyÓ˚ ‘B=90º
47ºº
ï!Ó˚ñ ‘BCA=43ºó ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘CAB = 90º–43º = 47º
x BC
cos 43º = =
xð+yð
y AC
4
ï!Ó˚ñ BC = kx ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ AC = k x2 +yy2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛– ˆÎÖyˆÏò k > 0. C B
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABC ÈÙȈì˛ñ AB = AC – BC = (k x +yy ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ) – (kx ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2 2 2 2 2
Ñ) 2 2

= (k x + k y – k x ) ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ñ = k2y2 ÓÜ≈ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
... AB = ky ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
BC kx x
... tan 47º = AB =
ky y
=
p
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. tan 50º = q £ˆÏúñ cos40ƒ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 24

sin 38º cosec 79º tan 27º

1. õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı (i) cos (ii) (iii)
52º sec 11º cot 63º
2. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎ ı (i) sin 66º – cos 24º = 0 (ii) cos2 57º + cos2 33º = 1
(iii) cos2 75º – sin2 15º = 0 (iv) cosec2 48º – tan2 42º = 1
(v) sec 70º sin 20º + cos 20º cosec 70º = 2
3. Î!î D Á E ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
E
cosE sec D
(i) sin2 D+sin2 E = 1 (ii) cot E+cos E = cosD (1+ sinE) (iii) cosD – cot2E = 1

4. Î!î sin 17º = yx £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sec 17º – sin 73º = xð
y yð–xð
5. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sec2 12º – tan12 78º = 1
tan A
6. ‘A + ‘B = 90º £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ 1+ = sec2 A
tan B
7. ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ cosec2 22º cot2 68º = sin2 22º + sin2 68º + cot2 68º
8. Î!î ‘P + ‘Q = 90º £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ sin P – sinP cosQ = cosP
cosQ
1
9. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ cot 12º cot 38º cot 52º cot 78º cot 60º =
3
10. O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AOB ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ C ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%–
~ÓyÓ˚ A, C; B, C ~ÓÇ O, C Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy£z ˆÎñ
(i) tan‘ABC = cot‘ACO (ii) sin2‘BCO + sin2‘ACO = 1
(iii) cosec2‘CAB–1= tan n2‘ABC
11. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e– A, C Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
1
(i) tan‘ACD = cot‘ACB (ii) tan2‘CAD + 1 = 2
sin ‘BAC

316
 ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE

12. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) (sin 43º cos 47º + cos 43º sin 47º) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin4º (d) cos4º

(ii) ( tan 35º cot 78º

+
cot 55º tan 12º
) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(iii) {cos (40º+T)– sin(50º–T )}ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 2cosT (b) 7sinT (c) 0 (d) 1

(iv) ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶˛%ã– sin B+C

2 = ( )
(a)sin A
2 (b) cos A2 (c) sin A (d) cos A

(v) A+B=90ƒ ~ÓÇ tan A= 34 £ˆÏúñ cot BÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò

(a) 43 (b) 34 (c) 53 (d) 54

(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı

(i) cos 54º ~ÓÇ sin 36º ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ¢õyò–
(ii) (sin 12º– cos78º) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛õ õyò 1.

(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı

(i) (tan 15º×tan 45º×tan 60º×tan 75º)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(ii) (sin 12º×cos 18º×sec 78º×cosec 72º)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(iii) A ~ÓÇ B ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ sin A =
13. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.) :
(i) sin 10T = cos 8T ~ÓÇ 10T ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ tan 9T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) tan 4T×tan 6T =1 ~ÓÇ 6TïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2sin 2 63º+1+2sin 2 27º
(iii) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3cos217º–2+3cos 2 73º
(iv) (tan 1º × tan 2º × tan 3º .................. tan 89º) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) sec 5A = cosec (A+36ƒ) ~ÓÇ 5A ïòydÑ˛ ¢)∏ˆÏÑ˛yí £ˆÏúñ AÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

317
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25

25 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á î)Ó˚c

APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
ü%üòˆÏ
òˆì˛
ì v˛
v z ôˆÏ
ôˆÓ˚Óy=
y=˛ QR Co d !›˛ˆÏ
Code
ode !›˛ˆÑ˛
Ñ˛ fl˛Ò˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏ
Ñ˛ˆÓ˚Ó˚y–
HEIGHTS & DISTANCES
xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ÓˆÏv˛¸y õyˆÏ‡˛ ˆÓ˚yã !ÓÑ˛yˆÏú ˆÖúy Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆ¢£z õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yõ%ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÜyòÓy!v˛¸– !Ñ˛ä%È î)ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚
ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛z§â%˛ ÌyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy xyˆÏäÈ– xyõÓ˚y
õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ Á£z õyˆÏ‡˛ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸y£z– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò£z ¢ì˛#ˆÏüÓ˚
á%!v˛¸ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ Á£z v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÖy
ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÎyÎ˚–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ CE ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛!›˛ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏú ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ–
C
AB xyõyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ xy!õ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏú ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy!ä xy äÈ–
ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyAÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy!õ BE î)Ó˚ˆÏc xy!äÈñ AD Á BE ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇÇü ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú– xy!õ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% AC ˆÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆîÖ!!äÈ–
2 ~£z AC ˆÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
T D
~£z AC ˆÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ î,!T˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy [Line of Sight] Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óhfl$˛ ˆîˆÏÖò ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆâ˛yÖ Á Á£z Óhfl$˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ˆÓ˚Öy£z £ˆÏúy B !â˛e (i) E
î,!T˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy– lLine of Sightn
ˆîÖ!äÈ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y ˆîÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyÓ˚ î,!T˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ˚Öy AC xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚Öy ADÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí (T) Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
3 ~£z TˆÑ˛yí!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

~£z ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí [Angle of Elevation] Óúy £Î˚–

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ÎÖò ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óhfl$˛ ˆîˆÏÖòñ ì˛Öò ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
î,!T˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyÌy v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
4 !Ñ˛hs˛$ xy!õ Î!î ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ C !Ó®%ˆì Ï ˛ ÌyÑ˛ì˛yõ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ AB xÓfiÌyˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy
xyõyÓ˚ Órï%Ó˚ õyÌyÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛yì˛yõ ì˛Öò Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yí ˆ˛ôì˛yõ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ xyõyÓ˚ Órï% ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ AB xÓfiÌyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ– xy!õ ãˆÏúÓ˚ F C
›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ C !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ A !Ó®% ˆîÖ!äÈ– T
ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyõyÓ˚ î,!T˛ ˆÓ˚Öy CA xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ˆÓ˚Öy
CF ÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ T ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– l... ‘DAC=T ñ CF|| AD,
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ‘DAC = ‘FCAn
5 ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ T ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄ A D
~£z ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí [Angle of Depression] Óúy £Î˚–
B E
!â˛e (ii)

318
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APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ÎÖò ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óhfl$˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ î,!T˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy
xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
C
ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyÌy ò#â%˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
6 !â˛e (i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Ö–

ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y CE= CD+DE

= CD+AB
T
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ADCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘D=90º A D
v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘DAC =T
B E
... !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ AC xÌÓy ADÈÙÈÓ˚ õyò ãyòy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
7 Î!î T =30º ñxÌ≈yÍ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º ~ÓÇ AD=120 !õ›˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ãˆÏúÓ˚
›˛ƒyAÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõyÓ˚ î)Ó˚c 120 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ACDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ (‘D=90º) ; CD !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛
xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆòÓ ˆÎÖyˆÏò CD Á AD xyˆÏäÈ–
CD CD
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ACDÈÙȈì˛ñ tanT = AD Óyñ tan 30º = 120 !õ.
CD 1
Óyñ 120 !õ. = 3
... CD = 120 40×3 !õ.
!õ.
= = 40 3 !õ.
3 3
... ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = l40 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ + xyõyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y (AB)n
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ !ú!Ö–
(i) xyõyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ì˛yÓ˚ î)Ó˚c !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(ii) ÎyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ì˛yÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
(iii) ~ÓyÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ–
8 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Î!î T =30º ~ÓÇ AC=150 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
C
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ACDÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘D=90º ó CD !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~õò !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆòÓ ˆÎÖyˆÏò CD Á AC xyˆÏäÈñ
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí## ' ACD ÈÙȈì˛ó sin30º = CD
AC
1 CD T
Óyñ =
2 150 !õ. A D
150 !õ.
Óyñ CD = = 75 !õ. B E
2
... ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ãˆÏúÓ˚ ›˛ƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = l75 !õ›˛yÓ˚ + AB n
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ı !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È Óúy òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ v˛zߨ!ì˛ Óy
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓñ Á£z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈ!Ó xy§Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ~£z
¢õ¢ƒyÜ%!úˆÏì˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% !£¢yÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÜyäÈñ hfl˛Ω˛ñ úy£z›˛ÈÈÙȈ˛ôyfi›˛ £zì˛ƒy!î ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

319
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. Ó˚#ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ xyˆÏäÈ– ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Á£z ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º £ˆÏúñ Ó˚#ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Á£z òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l 3 =1.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn
ï!Ó˚ñ AB òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Îy ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ– B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ C
!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ C !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ A !Ó®%Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
A Á C !Ó®%mÎ˚ Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘B=90º ~ÓÇ ‘ACB=60º
... ‘ACBÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¶)˛!õ BC=12 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABCÈÙȈì˛ñ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy£zñ
tan‘ACB = tan 60º =
ú¡∫ = AB = AB
¶)˛!õ BC 12 !õ.
AB
Óyñ tan 60º = 12 !õ. A

AB
Óyñ 3 =
12 !õ.
Óyñ AB = 12 3 !õ. = 12×1.732 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
= 20.784 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V 60º
.. . òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = 20.784 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V–
B C

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏú 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. Üì˛Ñ˛yú G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ úy£z›˛ÈˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛ õâ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ˛ôyî!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ
fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 45º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– úy£z›˛ˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ú¡∫y !äÈú !£¢yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l 2 =1.414 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn
ï!Ó˚ñ AB ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ úy£z›˛ˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ õâ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ C !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¶)˛!õ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
... AO = OC = x !õ. Sï!Ó˚V
... AB = AO + OB = CO+OB A
.. . OBC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ‘B=90ºñ
BC=4 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Á OC= x !õ.
BC 4
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí## ' OBC ÈÙȈì˛ñ cos 45º = OC =x

Óyñ 1 = 4x ... x = 4 2
2 O
... OC = 4 2 !õ. = 4×1.414 !õ. = 5.656 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
.
'OBC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ñ ‘OCB = 45º . . ‘BOC = 90º – 45º = 45º
x
... BO = CO = 4 !õ.
... úy£z›˛ÈˆÏ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = (4+5.656) !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V 45º
C
B
= 9.656 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V

320
 ˛!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚

˜îá≈ƒ 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– ì˛yúÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeñ AB ì˛yúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ BC ì˛yúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚
˜îá≈ƒ ÎÖò ‘ACB=60º
AB A
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABCÈÙȈì˛ñ tan 60º = BC
AB
Óyñ 3 =
12 !õ. 60º
Óyñ AB = 12 3 !õ. B 12
12 !õ › yÓ˚ C
!õ›˛yÓ

... ì˛yúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 12 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z ì˛yúÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ SÎyÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 12 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚V äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÖò 36 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ 12 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ AB ì˛yúÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ BC ÎÖò 36 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ì˛Öò ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí T
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABCÈÙȈì˛ñ tan T = AB
BC
=
122 3 122 3
36
=
12×3
=
1
3 A
1 .
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ tanT = = tan 30º . . T = 30º
3 12 3 !õõ›˛›˛yÓ
˛yÓÓ˚
... ì˛Öò ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º T
B C
36 !õ›› yÓ
!õ›˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏú 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y úy!‡˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. £§y¢Öy!ú ˆ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ÖyˆÏúÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ¢õ#Ó˚íˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢
ˆ¢yãy¢%!ã ÖyˆÏúÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ úy£z›˛ˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛ ˆîÖ!äÈú– ¢õ#Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚
˛ôyî!Ó®%Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Î!î 30º £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Î!î 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Öyú!›˛
Ñ˛ì˛ â˛Áv˛¸y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l 3 =1.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn
ï!Ó˚ñ AB !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸!›˛ ~ÓÇ CD ˆ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛ BC â˛Áv˛¸y ÖyˆÏúÓ˚ î%£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !‡˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
¢õ#Ó˚í A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ CD ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyî!Ó®% CÈÙȈÏÑ˛ 30º xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖ!äÈú–
... ‘EAC = 30º lï!Ó˚ñ AE || BC n
... ABC ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ˆ˛ôúyõ ÎyÓ˚ ‘B =90ºñ AB=10 !õ›˛yÓ˚ !õ
E
.
~ÓÇ ‘ACB = ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ‘EAC l . AE || BC n. A
30º
... ‘ACB = 30º D
õ›˛yyÓ˚Ó˚

AB 10 !õ.
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABCÈÙȈì˛ñ tan 30º = BC = BC
100 !õ›

C
1

1 10 !õ.
Óyñ = B
3 BC
. . . BC = 10 3 !õ. = 10×1.732 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
= 17.32 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
.. . Öyú!›˛ 17.32 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V â˛Áv˛¸y–

321
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òî#Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ Î!î v˛z§â%˛ xRy!úÑ˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ òî#Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Á£z
xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õy˛ôÓ ˆî!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ AB xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = x !õ›˛yÓ˚
Î!î òî#Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ B !Ó®%Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ òî#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ C !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚
â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45º ~ÓÇ C !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ BC ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇü ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ D !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ A
xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y x !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ï!Ó˚ñ òî#Ó˚ ≤ÃfiÌ (BC) = y !õ›˛yÓ˚
... ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABC ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 45º = AB BC
Óyñ 1 = yx
45º 300º
30
... x = y B C D
xyÓyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ABD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 30º = AB =
AB
BD BC+CD
... 1 = x y+14
3
Óyñ y +14 = x 3
Óyñ x+14 = x 3 [ ... x=y]
Óyñ x ( 3 –1) = 14

14 14 3+1
... x = =
3 –1 3–1 3+1
14 (1.732+1)
( )
=
3–1
= 7×2.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚V = 19.124 S≤ÃyÎ˚V C
... xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 19.124 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V–
45º
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ˛ô§yâ˛ì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛
õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45º ~ÓÇ õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
60º £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l 3 =1.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn 45º
A P
AB 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ˛ô§yâ˛ì˛úy Óy!v˛¸ ~ÓÇ CD õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y––
60º
AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ C !Ó®%Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45º Á õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚
ôyîˆÏîü D !Ó®%Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º.
. . . ‘PAC = 45º ~ÓÇ ‘PAD = 60º [ ï!Ó˚ñ AP || BD]
.
‘PAD = ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ‘ADB [ ... AP || BD] . . ‘ADB = 60º
ï!Ó˚ñ õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y CD=x !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ BD=y !õ›˛yÓ˚ = AP
AB = 18 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ CP = (x–18) !õ. 60º
B D

322
 ˛!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

AB C
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'ABD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 60º = BD
18 45º
Óyñ 3 =
y
... y = 18 = 6 3
3
CP
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# 'APC ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan ‘PAC = AP 45º

Óyñ tan 45º = x–18 x–18 A P

=
y 6 3 60º
x–18
Óyñ 1=
6 3
Óyñ x– 18= 6 3
Óyñ x =18+6 3 = 6 (3+ 3 )
Óyñ x = 6 (3+1.732) S≤ÃyÎ˚V
Óyñ x = 6 ×4.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚V ... x = 28.392 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
... õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 28.392 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V 60º
B D

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ úƒy¡ôÈˆÏ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y Á
˛ôyî!Ó®%Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30º ~ÓÇ 60ºó úƒy¡ôÈˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
ï!Ó˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ñ AB = 11 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸
CD = úƒy¡ôȈÏôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = x !õ›˛yÓ˚ Sï!Ó˚V
AB ÙÈ~Ó˚ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ úƒy¡ôˆÏ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y C !Ó®%Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º ~ÓÇ A !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ úƒy¡ôˆÏ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚
˛ôyîˆÏîü D !Ó®%Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º
... ‘PAC = 30º ~ÓÇ ‘PAD = 60º lï!Ó˚ñ AP||BD ~ÓÇ DCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó!ï≈ !ïìì˛yÇü CP n
.
AB=PD=11 !õ.ñ CD=x !õ. . . PC = (11– x) !õ. A P
ï!Ó˚ñ BD = y !õ. = AP 30º
PD 11 60º
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã APD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 60º = AP =
y
C
Óyñ 3 = 11 y
... y = 11 (i)
3
PC
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã APC ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 30º = AP
Óyñ 1 = 11– y
x
3 60º
Óyñ y = 11 3 – x 3 B D

Óyñ 11 = 11 3 – x 3 l(1) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zn

3
Óyñ 11 = 33–3x
Óyñ 3x = 22 ... x = 22
_
3
=7
1
3
.. . úƒy¡ôȈÏôyfi›˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 7 1 !õ›˛yÓ˚–
3

323
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. 60 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xRy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y Á ˛ôyîˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛
ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30º Á 60º £ˆÏúñ ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. 600 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òî#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ áy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ˆòÔÑ˛y î%!›˛ xyúyîy x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖ òî#Ó˚
Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚Áòy !îú– Î!î ≤ÃÌõ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ òî#Ó˚ ~˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 30º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛
≤ÃÌõ ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 90º ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔäÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ˆòÔÑ˛yî%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l 3 =1.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn
ï!Ó˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ òî#Ó˚ XY ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ O !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ áy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˆòÔÑ˛y OA ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ òî#Ó˚
x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ PQÈÙÈ~Ó˚ A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y OB ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚–
... ‘YOA=30º ñ ‘AOB=90º ; O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ABÈÙ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ OD ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
B D A
... ‘AOD= 60º ~ÓÇ ‘DOB=30º P Q
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã AOD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 60º = AD OD
600 !õ›˛yÓ˚

AD 30º
Óyñ 3 = 600 !õ. 90º
.. . AD = 600 3 !õ. 60º
X 30º
Y
O
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã BOD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 30º = BD
OD
Óyñ 1 = 600BD
3 !õ.
Óyñ BD = 600
!õ. 600 3 !õ.
=
3 3
= 200 3 !õ.
AD+BD = (600 3 + 200 3 ) !õ.
AB = 800 3 !õ. = 800 ×1.732 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V = 1385.6 !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V
.. . Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏú ˆòÔÑ˛y î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c £ˆÏÓ 1385.6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ~Ñ˛!›˛ 150 !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ î%˛ÈÙÈ ôyˆÏü !‡˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¢õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛Ω˛ xyˆÏäÈ– hfl˛Ω˛
î%!›˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ hfl˛Ω˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60º Á 30º
£ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– B D

ï!Ó˚ñ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ¢õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛Ω˛–

ï!Ó˚ñ AB = CD = h !õ›˛yÓ˚–
h !õ. h !õ.
ï!Ó˚ñ AC Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó®% O
ï!Ó˚ñ OA= x !õ. ... OC = (150–x) !õ. 60º 30º
A x !õ. O C
... ‘AOB=60º ~ÓÇ ‘COD = 30º (150–x) !õ.
AB h
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã AOB ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ tan 60º = AO =x

Óyñ 3 = h ... x = h x
(i)
3

324
 ˛!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã COD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ B D

CD h
tan 30º ==
OC 150–x
Óyñ 1 = 150–x
h
h !õ. h !õ.
3
Óyñ 150–x = h 3 60º 30º
. . . x = 150 – h 3 (ii) A x !õ. O C
(150–x) !õ.

... (i) Á (ii) òÇ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ h = 150 – h 3

3
Óyñ h = 150 3 – 3h
Óyñ 4h = 150 3 ... h = 15004 3 = 752 3

... ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 752 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy!Ö ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ˆÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ 200 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î!«˛í!îˆÏÑ˛
Îy!FäÈú– õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ 30º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôú– 3 !õ!ò›˛
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ î!«˛í!îˆÏÑ˛ 45º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôú– xy¢ß¨ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ á^˘›˛yÎ˚
Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– l 3 = 1.732 S≤ÃyÎ˚Vn
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏüy¶˛ò ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ 30º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí A !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôú ~ÓÇ 3 !õ!ò›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
45º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí B !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôú–
ï!Ó˚ñ AO = x !õ. ~ÓÇ BO = y !õ.
.
P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PO ú¡∫– . . PO = 200 !õ.
... ‘XPA=30º ñ ... ‘APO = 90º–30º = 60º ó
... ‘BPY=45º ñ ... ‘BPO = 90º – 45º = 45º
x !õ. O y !õ. B
¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã APOÈÙÈˆì˛ A
x
tan ‘APO = tan 60º =
200
x . 200 !õ.
Óyñ 3 = 200 . . x = 200 3

¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã BPOÈÙȈì˛

y 30º 45º
tan ‘BPO = tan 45º = 200
X P Y
y
Óyñ 1 = 200 ... y = 200
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x+y = 200 3 + 200 = 200 ( 3 +1) = 200×2.732 = 546.4
3 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ ÎyÎ˚ 546.4 !õ›˛yÓ˚
546.4 !õ.
1 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ ÎyÎ˚
3
546.4
60 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ ÎyÎ˚ 3 × 60 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 10928 !õ›˛yÓ˚ = 10.928 !Ñ˛!õ.
.. . xy¢ß¨ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ö!›˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ 11 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚–

325
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 25 ü%òˆÏ~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏú 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚
x@˘Ã¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Î!î 60º £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. ¢)ˆÎÏ Ó≈ ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÖò 30ºº ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚– hfl˛Ω˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
3. 150 !õ. ú¡∫y ¢%ˆÏì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– á%!v˛¸!›˛ Î!î xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
60º ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú á%!v˛¸!›˛ õy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ òî#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˆ¢yãy¢%!ã x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ö§%!›˛ ˛ô§%ì˛úyõ– ~ÓyÓ˚ òî#Ó˚
˛ôyv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ Á£z Ö§%!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 7 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ òî#Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîü
60º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òî#!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛!ú@˘Ãyö˛ˆÏ˛ôyfi›˛ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õâ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 3
!õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 30º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛ õy!›˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õâ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
6. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ Óy!v˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÌõ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Î!î õ£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏú ˆ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛
ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 30º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ õ£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛£z ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !mì˛#Î˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏú
úyÜyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 60º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SiV õ£z!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SiiV !mì˛#Î˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ£z!›˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y Ñ˛ì˛ î)ˆÓÏ ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
SiiiV Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ â˛Áv˛¸y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
SivV !mì˛#Î˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ õ£z!›˛Ó˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
7. Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢õì˛ˆÏú xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®Ó˚% ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
60º £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z !Ó®% Á !â˛õ!òÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ Á£z !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á 24
!õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !â˛õ!òÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
l 3 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy¢ß¨ õyò 1.732 ïˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò îü!õÑ˛ fiÌyò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xy¢ß¨ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚n
8. ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 60º £ˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ö§%!›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚–
Ö§%!›˛!›Ó˚˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
l 3 = 1.732 ïˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò îü!õÑ˛ fiÌyò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xy¢ß¨ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚n
9. 9 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú 30 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÓ˚ !â˛õ!òÓ˚
v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30º £Î˚– !â˛õ!òÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
10. ~Ñ˛!›˛ úy£z›˛ £yv˛z¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ î%!›˛ ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ õyhfl$˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Î!î ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60º Á 30º £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚ ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ õyhfl$˛ú Î!î úy£z›˛ £yv˛z¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 150
!õ›˛yÓ˚ î)Ó˚ˆÏc ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú î)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ õyhfl$˛ú úy£z!›˛ £yv˛z¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ î)Ó˚ˆÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ úy£z›˛È
È£yv˛z¢!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
11. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô§yâ˛ì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Á ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60º Á 30º ; Óy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 16 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ õò%ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ Óy!v˛¸!›˛
õò%ˆÏõr›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–

326
 ˛!eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

12. 250 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y ¢%ˆÏì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ á%!v˛¸ Áv˛¸y!FäÈ– ¢%ˆÏì˛y!›˛ ÎÖò xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 60º ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢%ˆÏì˛y!›˛ ÎÖò xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 45º ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe á%!v˛¸!›˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%!v˛¸!›˛ ˆÓ!ü v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
13. v˛zˆÏv˛¸y ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò Îye# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏü £yÁv˛¸y ˆfi›˛üò!›˛ ~ÓÇ !‡˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
˛ôyˆÏü ü!£î !õòyÓ˚!›˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60º Á 30º xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyò– Á£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏv˛¸yãy£yã!›˛ Î!î
545 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú £yÁv˛¸y ˆfi›˛üò Á ü!£î !õòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î)Ó˚c !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
14. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyˆÏî 3.3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
~£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ x!¶˛K˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
˛ôì˛yÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú ü%òˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ QR Code !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
˛ôì˛yÑ˛y î[˛!›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸y Á ˛ôyîˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
50º Á 45º £Î˚– !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– lï!Ó˚ñ tan 50º = 1.192n
15. î%!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 180 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Á 60 !õ›˛yÓ˚– !mì˛#Î˚ hfl˛Ω˛!›˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚
v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º £ˆÏúñ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
16. ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45º £ˆÏúñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÏì˛ˆÏú xÓ!fiÌì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Îy £Î˚ñ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
30º £ˆÏúñ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ 60 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü £Î˚– hfl˛Ω˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
17. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õì˛ˆÏú xÓ!fiÌì˛ xò%¶˛) !õÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ ˚ yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
50 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~!܈ÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30ºº ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 60º £ˆÏúy– !â˛õ!òÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
18. 126 ˆv˛!¢!õ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zÕ‘¡∫ Ö§%!›˛ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î%õˆÏv˛¸ !܈ÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü Ñ˛yì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÎ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 30º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ö§%!›˛!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î%õˆÏv˛¸ !܈ÏÎ˚!äÈú
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
19. õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆõy!£ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zv˛¸hs˛ ˛ôy!ÖˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã̈Ïõ v˛z_Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ 30º v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ~ÓÇ
2 !õ!ò›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î!«˛í!îˆÏÑ˛ 60º v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôú– ˛ôy!Ö!›˛ Î!î ~Ñ˛£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ 50 3
!õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ár›˛yÎ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
20. 5 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚úÁˆÏÎ˚ Á¶˛yÓ˚!ÓˆÏã î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ x!õì˛y!î!î ≤Ã̈Ïõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛ΔˆÏòÓ˚ £z!OòˆÏÑ˛
!ÓˆÏãÓ˚ ~˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ 30º xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏúò– !Ñ˛hs$˛ 2 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛ ˛ôÓ˚£z Á£z £z!OòˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏãÓ˚ Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ 45º
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏúò– ˆ›˛Δò!›˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ !õ›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö–
21. ~Ñ˛!›˛ òî#Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ú¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ¢ì%˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ì%˛!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òî#Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸
ïˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È î)ÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¢ì%˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!›˛ 45º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôyv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á 400 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚
¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¢£z ≤Ãyhs˛!›˛ 30º ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ì%˛!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
22. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ xÓ!fiÌì˛ 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ £z›˛¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ ˛ôyîˆÏîü Á x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30º xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Á 60º v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚– £z›˛¶˛y›˛yÓ˚ !â˛õ!òÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ £z›˛¶˛y›˛y Á Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
23. ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸yãy£y㠈̈ÏÑ˛ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚ ö˛úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60º Á 30º
£ˆÏúñ v˛zˆÏv˛¸yãy£yã!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ (i) ÎÖò ö˛úÑ˛ î%!›˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸yãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛ñ
(ii) ÎÖò ö˛úÑ˛ î%!›˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸yãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏü xÓ!fiÌì˛–

327
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 25
24. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (V.S.A.)
(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q.) ı
(i) õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyÓy£zú ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º ~ÓÇ ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z !Ó®%Ó˚ î)Ó˚c 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
(a) 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó (b) 10 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó (c) 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó (d) 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚
3

5 !õ›˛yÓ˚
(ii) T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ÈÙÈ (a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) 75º
T
5 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
(iii) !ì˛òì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy:ˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆîÖˆÏú Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á
Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy:!›˛Ó˚ î)Ó˚c ¢õyò £Î˚ ì˛y £ˆÏúyñ
(a) 15º (b) 30º(c) 45º (d) 60º
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 100 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚– ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyî!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yÁÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏú äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ 3 Ü%í £ˆÏúñ ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛£z òÎ˚
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) 'ABC ~Ó˚ ‘B=90º, AB=BC £ˆÏúñ ‘C=60º.
(ii) PQ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yñ QR
R ¶)˛!õ– P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ R !Ó®%Ó˚ P S
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ‘SPR ; ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ‘SPR = ‘PRQ.
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı Q R
(i) ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 30ºÈ Ȉ̈ÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 60º £ˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
ôyÎ˚– S£…y¢/Ó,!ÂïV
(ii) ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45ºÈ £ˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôyˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ì˛yÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ–
(iii) ÎÖò ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 45ºÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ–
25. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ (S.A.) :
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ á%!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí 60º ~ÓÇ ¢%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 20 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ á%!v˛¸!›˛ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛
v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ãyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ«˛e ABC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ã AC ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
AB=50 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ ‘C ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyäÈ õâ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶)˛!õ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈ ˆÎ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚ î)Óc˚ ~ÓÇ Óì≈˛õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ¢õyò– ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ x@˘Ã¶˛yÜ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È !£¢yÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iv) ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ‘B=90º, AB ÈÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ D ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ˆÎ
AB : BC : BD = 3 : 1 : 1, ‘ACD ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 1 £ˆÏúñ ¢)ˆÎÏ Ó≈ ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

328
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

26 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı Üv˛¸ ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò

STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yõ˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆâ˛ÔÓ˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏv˛¸ î%!›˛ â˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò

Ö%Ó ¶˛yˆÏúy õyˆÏòÓ˚ â˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ˆîyÑ˛yò ~ÓÇ xòƒ!›˛ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yò– !îˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
¢Ñ˛ú ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Á£z î%!›˛ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò Ö!Ó˚jyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛v˛¸ ˆúˆÏÜ£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
¢%ì˛˛ôy Á£z î%!›˛ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò
Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !£¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢%ì˛˛ôyÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ˆ¢£z !£¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ î%!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V äÈÑ˛ñ
321, 352, 388, 410, 480, 400, 475, 415, 345, 360
445, 390, 552, 495, 570, 530, 436, 580, 510, 462
437, 491, 498, 460, 372, 463, 458, 515, 464, 428
Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V äÈÑ˛ñ
315, 420, 480, 530, 580, 315, 360, 440, 480, 465
530, 465, 580, 360, 420, 360, 480, 530, 580, 360
440, 420, 360, 480, 530, 420, 580, 530, 465, 420
1 !Ñ˛hs$˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yò ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó%G˛Ó⁄ xÌ≈yÍ î%!›˛
ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó ˆî!Ö–
xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ãòƒ ~õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó Îy ¢¡ô)í≈ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïc
(Representative) Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
2 ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ãòƒ ~£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÎÜ%!ú ¢¡ô)í≈ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïc Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢Ü%!ú ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛
ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xÓfiÌyò (Central position)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z Á£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛ (Measure of Central tendency) Óúy £Î˚–
3 ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xÓfiÌyò ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ó%!G˛⁄
ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ |ïπ≈Ñ˛õyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yãyˆÏú õyˆÏG˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy / ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ xÓfiÌyòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
xÓfiÌyò Óúy £Î˚–
õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ (i) Üv˛¸ (Mean) (ii) õïƒõy (Median) (iii) ¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ Óy ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò (Mode)
4 ¢%ì˛˛ôyÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ (Mean)!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ 30 !îˆÏò !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ £Î˚ = x1+x 2+x 3+ ......... +x 30
ˆÎÖyˆÏò x1=321 ›˛yÑ˛yñ x2 =352 ›˛yÑ˛yñ x3=388 ›˛yÑ˛y , ........, x30=428 ›˛yÑ˛y
... ˆõy›˛ úy¶˛ = (321+352+388+........+428) ›˛yÑ˛y
= 13502 ›˛yÑ˛y
... !ÓõúÑ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ = 13502 ››˛yÑ˛y30
˛yyÑ˛y
yÑ˛ = 450.06 ›˛yÑ˛y = 450 ›˛yÑ˛yS≤ÃyÎ˚V–

329
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Üv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ (Arithmetic mean) Óúy £Î˚– ü%ï% Üv˛¸ ÓúˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛£z Ó%!G˛–
x â˛ˆÏ ú Ó˚ n !›˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyò x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 , ......,x n ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ x– £ˆÏ ú ñ
x +x +x +.....+x n
x– = 1 2 3
n
–
x ˆÑ˛ ˛ô!v˛¸ x -bar.
5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !úÖÓ⁄
x1 +x 2 +x 3 +.....+x n 1 n
–
x= = ¦ xi
n n i=1

~ÖyˆÏò ¦ !â˛£´!›˛ !@˘ÃÑ˛ Óí≈ ~ÓÇ Óúy £Î˚ Capital Sigma ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ¢õ!T˛–
10 10

ì˛y£ˆÏú ¦ xi Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄ ¦ (10 î i ) Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄

i=1 i=1
10

¦ x = x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x +x
10

i=1
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. ¦ (10 îi) = (10î1)+(10î2)+.....+(10î10)
i=1
= 10î(1+2+3+.....+10)
= 10î55 = 550
xy!õ ¢%ì˛˛ôyÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢yÓ˚!í-1 (Table – 1)
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 315 360 420 440 465 480 530 580 ˆõy›˛
S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V (x i)
!îò¢ÇÖƒy (f i) 2 5 5 2 3 4 5 4 30

~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄ xÌ≈yÍ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Üv˛¸ õyò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ˆî!Ö– xÌ≈yÍ x!Óòƒhfl˛ (Ungrouped) ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ›˛yÑ˛y (x i ) !îò ¢ÇÖƒy (ffi ) x i fi
315 2 630
360 5 1800
420 5 2100
440 2 880
465 3 1395
480 4 1920
530 5 2650
580 4 2320
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i =30 ¦ f i x i = 13695
¦ fi x i
... Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üv˛¸úy¶˛ = ¦ f = 13695 30
›˛yÑ˛y = 456.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
i

... ˆîÖ!äÈñ ¢%ì˛˛ôyÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÏ ì˛Ìƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚# Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Üv˛¸ ˆÓ!ü !äÈú–

330
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
x â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚Î%=˛ Üv˛¸ (Weighted mean) Óúy £Î˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ Î!î x â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ x1 , x2 , x3 ..... xn õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ f1 , f2 , f3 ..... fn £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú
x1f1  x 2 f 2  x 3f3  .......  x n f n ¦ fi x i
x– v˛z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚Î%=˛ Üv˛¸ £ˆÏÓ Î!îñ x– = £Î˚–
f1  f 2  ......  f n ¦ fi
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛õyïƒ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ üy!Ñ˛úˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 40 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ÁˆÏîÓ˚ Üv˛¸ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
!ü«˛yÌ≈≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 2 6 8 12 7 3 2
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sˆ¢!õ.V 90 97 110 125 134 140 148

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (ffi ) x i fi

Sˆ¢!õ.V (x i )
90 2 90î2 = 180
97 6 97î6 =
110 8 110î8 =
125 12
134 7
140 3
148 2
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i =40 ¦ f i x i = 4796
¦ fi x i
... !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Üv˛¸ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y = ¦ f = 4796
40
ˆ¢!õ. = 119.9 ˆ¢!õ.
i
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. !ÓüyˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 30 ãò äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ¶)˛ˆÏÜyú ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ £ˆÏúyñ
61, 78, 80, 77, 80, 69, 73, 61, 82, 78, 79, 72, 78, 62, 80
71, 82, 73, 66, 73, 62, 80, 74, 78, 62, 80, 66, 70, 79, 75
¶)˛ˆÏÜyú ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
xy!õ ¢yÓ˚ ! í -1 (Table-1) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢% ì ˛ôyÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚!í-2 (Table – 2)
xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ x!Óòƒhfl˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí S›˛yÑ˛yV !îò¢ÇÖƒy (ffi )
(Ungrouped) ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ (Grouped) ì˛ˆÏ̃ !ú!Ö 300 - 350 2
350 - 400 5
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ 50. 400 - 450 7
xy!õ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 450 - 500 7
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– 500 - 550 5
ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í 550 - 600 4
xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïc Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~õò ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄ ˆõy›˛ 30
ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆÎñ !Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú
ˆ¢£z ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õïƒõyò Óy ˆ◊!í õÏÑ˛ÓÓ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆÑ˛w#¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
Á£z ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ïÓ˚y £Î˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò
ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ = !ò¡¨ ˆ◊!í ¢#õyòy ` v˛zFⲠˆ◊!í ¢#õyòy
2

331
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. xy!õ Table-2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á
Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
¢yÓ˚!í-3 (Table – 3)
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !îò¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ x i fi
S›˛yÑ˛yV S˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy fi V (x i )
300 - 350 2 325 650
350 - 400 5 375 1875
400 - 450 7 425 2975
450 - 500 7 475 3325
500 - 550 5 525 2625
550 - 600 4 575 2300
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 30 ¦ f i x i = 13750
¦ fi x i
... úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = ¦ f = 13750
30
›˛yÑ˛y = 458.33 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V
i

6 ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z òì%˛ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z òì%˛ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Direct Method) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ x!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ 456.50 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ !Óòƒhfl˛
ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ 458.33 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V–
7 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~õò xyúyîy õyò ˆÑ˛ò ˆ˛ôúyõ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛⁄
Table-2 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃ ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈñ ì˛y£z !Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢ß¨ õyˆÏò (approximate)
Üv˛¸ 458.33 ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ x!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ õyò 456.50 !‡˛Ñ˛–
8 !Ñ˛hs$˛ x i ~ÓÇ f i ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ö%Ó ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏú ì˛Öò x i ~ÓÇ f i ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú !òˆÏÎ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ã!›˛ú Á ¢õÎ˚¢yˆÏ˛ô«˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¶%˛ú £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Óòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z xyÓ˚Á ¢£ˆÏã ~ÓÇ
Ñ˛õ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ˆî!Ö–
f i ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ x i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ õyò !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ òì%˛ò x i ˛ôyÓ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó–
ì˛y£z ≤Ã̈Ïõ x i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ x i ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ x i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z !ò!î≈T˛ x i ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Á£z !ò!î≈T˛ x i Îy ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ x i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ (Assumed mean) Óúy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ "a" !â˛£´ myÓ˚y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ~£z ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !£¢yÓ xyÓ˚Á ¢£ã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~£z Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ (Assumed mean) -a ÈÙÈˆÑ˛
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ x1, x2, ...... xnÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ x i ˆÑ˛ˆÏw xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
... Table-3ÈÙÈ~ ï!Ó˚ñ a=425 Óy a=475

332
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. xy!õ a=425 ïˆÏÓ˚ñ d i = x i – a = x i – 425 !úˆÏÖ Table – 1 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ –
¢yÓ˚!í-4 (Table – 4)
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !îò¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ (d i = x i – a) d i fi
S›˛yÑ˛yV S˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy fi V (x i ) d i = (x i – 425)
300 - 350 2 325 –100 –200
350 - 400 5 375 –50 –250
400 - 450 7 425 = a 0 0
450 - 500 7 475 50 350
500 - 550 5 525 100 500
550 - 600 4 575 150 600
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i =30 ¦ f i d i = 1000
– ¦f d
... v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ d = ¦ if i = 1000 30
= 33.33 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
i
–
1 0 ~£z d ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
–
d i £ˆÏúy ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ x i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ a ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ [Deviation] ~ÓÇ d £ˆÏúy !Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛Ó˚ Üv˛¸ [Mean of the Deviation]–
– –
11 ~Öò xyõÓ˚y x Á d ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

d=
¦ fi d i = ¦ f i (x i –a)
¦ fi ¦ fi
=
¦ fi x i – ¦ fi a
¦ fi
¦ fi x i – ¦ fi a ¦ fi x i – a ¦ fi
=
¦ fi ¦ fi
=
¦ fi ¦ fi l... a ïÓ%Ñ˛n
d = x–a
Óyñ x = a + d
Óyñ x = a + ¦
fid i
¦ fi –
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = a + d = (425+33.33) S≤ÃyÎ˚V = 458.33 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
... Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 458.33 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V–
12 ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢£ˆÏã ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Asumed Mean Method) Óy ¢Ç!«˛Æ
˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Short Method) Óy !Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Deviation Method) Óúy £Î˚–
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Direct Method) Óy Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Asumed Mean
Method) ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢yÇÖƒõyò ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏú Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸
ôÂï!ì˛ (Asumed Mean Method)ÈÙÈˆì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛–
xy!õ ¢yÓ˚!í 3ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ a=325ó lxÌÓy a=375 Óy a=475 Óy a=525 Óy a=575n !òˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ (Asumed Mean) ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ܈Ïv˛¸Ó˚ õyò ~Ñ˛£z £ˆÏÓ– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

333
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈ Table-4ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy
50 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü%!íì˛Ñ˛– ì˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ d i ÈÙȈÏÑ˛ 50 !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !£¢yÓ!›˛ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢£ã
£Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ d i ÈÙȈÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ (h) !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢£ˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚–
¦f u
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. Table-4 ÈÙȈ̈ÏÑ˛ u– = ¦ if i !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò u i = xi –h a ñ ~ÖyˆÏò a=425 ~ÓÇ h=50
i

xi – a
úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !îò¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ (d i = x i – a) ui = fi u i
50
S›˛yÑ˛yV S˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy fi V (x i ) d i = x i – 425
300 - 350 2 325 –100 –2 –4
350 - 400 5 375 –50 –1 –5
400 - 450 7 425 0 0 0
450 - 500 7 475 50 1 7
500 - 550 5 525 100 2 10
550 - 600 4 575 150 3 12
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i =30 ¦ f i u i = 20
¦f u
... ˆ˛ôúyõñ u– = ¦ if i = 2030
=
2
3
i
– –
1 3 xy!õ u Á x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

x –a
fi u i ¦ f i ( h )
i
¦ ª x i –a º
u=
¦ fi
=
¦ fi «' u i = h »
¬ ¼
¦ f x –a
= 1u i i
h ¦ fi
ª ¦ f x a ¦ fi º
= 1 u« i i –
h ¬ ¦ fi ¦ fi »¼
u = 1 u x–a
h
Óyñ h u = x – a
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ x– = a + h u–
¦f u
... x– = a + h ¦ if i
i

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢ xyüyÑ˛y!Ñ˛õyÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üv˛¸ úy¶˛ = (425+50î 23 ) ›˛yÑ˛y
= 458.33 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V
.. . ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ܈Ïv˛¸Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z õyò ˆ˛ôúyõ–
14 ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Á ¢£ˆÏã ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Step-deviation method) Óúy £Î˚–
1 5 Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ (Step-deviation) ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ !Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈îy ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛⁄

Î!î ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÈÙȘÏîá≈ƒ ¢õyò £Î˚ xÌÓy ¢Ñ˛ú d i ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛

334
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛–

... ˆ˛ôúyõñ (i) ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Á Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ܈Ïv˛¸Ó˚
õyò ¢õyò–
(ii) Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úì˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛ô–
(iii) Î!î ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Üíòy
¢£ã £ˆÏÓ–
(iv) xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ x¢õyò £ˆÏú ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ
Î!î ¢Ñ˛ú d i ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. xy!õ Á ¢ì˛#ü xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ 50 !›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£ !Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äȈÏÑ˛
!úˆÏÖ!äÈñ ˆ¢£z äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
!Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 85–105 105–125 125–145 145–165 165 – 185 185–205
S£zv˛z!ò›˛V
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 3 12 18 10 5 2
xy!õ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 50 !›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆâÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ !ú!Öñ
!Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛
S£zv˛z!ò›˛V S˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy fi V (x i )
85 - 105 3 95
105 -125 12 115
125 - 145 18 135
145 - 165 10 155
165 - 185 5 175
185 - 205 2 195
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 50
ï!Ó˚ñ a =155 ~ÓÇ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ◊!ò ˜Ïîá≈ƒ h =20
... d i = x i –155 ~ÓÇ u i = xi –20
155
55
ïˆÏÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !ú!Ö–

!Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ d i = x i – 155 u i = xi –20155 fi x i fi d i fi u i

˛ô!Ó˚õyí S£zv˛z!ò›˛V ¢ÇÖƒy Sfi V (x i )
85 - 105 3 95 – 60 –3 285 –180 –9
105 -125 12 115 –40 –2 1380 –480 – 24
125 - 145 18 135 – 20 –1 2430 –360 –18
145 - 165 10 155 0 0 1550 0 0
165 - 185 5 175 20 1 875 100 5
185 - 205 2 195 40 2 390 80 4
ˆõy›˛ 50 6910 –840 –42
.. v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ ¦ f = 50, ¦ f x = 6910, ¦ f d = –840 ~ÓÇ ¦ f u = – 42
i i i i i i i

335
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
¦ fi x i
. . . ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = ¦ f = 6910
50
£zv˛z!ò›˛› = 138.2 £zv˛z!ò›˛
i

¦f d
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = a + ¦ if i =155+ ( –840)
50
)
£zv˛z!ò›˛
i

= 155 – 16.8 = 138.2 £zv˛z!ò›˛

¦f u
xyÓyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = a + ¦ if i î h
i
– 42
= 155 + ( ) î20 £zv˛z!ò›˛
50
= 155 – 16.8 = 138.2 £zv˛z!ò›˛
... !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ 50 !›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸
138.2 £zv˛z!ò›˛–

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. Ó˚ˆÏõü ì§˛y!ì˛Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ì§˛yì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò 35 ãò

ì§˛y!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚V ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈ–

xyÎ˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V 2500 - 3000 3000 - 3500 3500 - 4000 4000 - 4500 4500 - 5000
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 3 6 9 12 5
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
~ÓÇ h =500 ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛lStep-deviation n˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xi – 3750
xyÎ˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ ui = f i ui
500
Sˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚V Sf i V (x i )
2500 - 3000 3 2750 –2 –6
3000 - 3500 6 3250 –1 –6
3500 - 4000 9 3750 0 0
4000 - 4500 12 4250 1 12
4500 - 5000 5 4750 2 10
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 35 ¦ f i u i = 10
¦f u
... xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = 3750 ›˛yÑ˛yy + 500 î ¦ if i ›˛yÑ˛y
i
10
= 3750 ›˛yÑ˛y + [500î ] ›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
35
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 7. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 7 5 6 12 8 2

336
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

£yˆˆÏì˛ÑÑ˛ú
úˆÏÏõ
xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 40 ãò Órï%Ó˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á Á£z ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ܈Ïv˛¸Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚
Á£z 40 ãò Órï%Ó˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 54 £Î˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏÓ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆ◊!í 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 7 11 k 9 13

xi – 50
ˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ fi xi ui = fi ui
20
S fi V (x i )
0 - 20 7 10 70 –2 –14
20 - 40 11 30 330 –1 –11
40 - 60 k 50 = a 50k 0 0
60 - 80 9 70 630 1 9
80 - 100 13 90 1170 2 26
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 40+k ¦ f i x i = 2200+50k ¦ f i u i = 10
¦ fi x i xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ¦f u
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = ¦ f = 2200+50k
40+k ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = a+ ¦ if i î h
i i

10
üì≈˛yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ 2200+50k
40+kk
= 54 54 = 50 +
40+k
î20
2200 + 50k = 2160 + 54k 200
Óyñ Óyñ 4=
40+k
Óyñ 50k – 54k = 2160 – 2200 Óyñ 40+k = 50
Óyñ – 4k = – 40 ... k = 10
... k = 10
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 25 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 5 k 15 16 6
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 10. õy!Ó˚Î˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ xAÑ˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ £ˆÏúyı
ò¡∫Ó˚ 0 xÌÓy 10 xÌÓy 20 xÌÓy 30 xÌÓy 40 xÌÓy 50 xÌÓy
0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚ 40 36 22 11 2 0
¢ÇÖƒy
xy!õ xAÑ˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

337
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
≤Ã̈Ïõ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 40 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# 0 Óy 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
~ÓÇ 36 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈# 10 Óy 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
. . . 0 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ (40–36) ãò =4 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ 10 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ (36–22) ãò =14 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#
... ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ £ˆÏúy ı
ò¡∫Ó˚ 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 4 14 11 9 2
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ 25 ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õ !Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
xi –25
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy Sò¡∫Ó˚V ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Sfi V ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ (x i ) ui =
10
fi ui
0 - 10 4 5 –2 –8
10 - 20 14 15 –1 –14
20 - 30 11 25 0 0
30 - 40 9 35 1 9
40 - 50 2 45 2 4
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 40 ¦ f i u i = –9
¦f u
!òˆÏí≈Î˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = 25 +10 î ¦ if i = 25+10 ( –9
40
) = 25–2.25 = 22.75
i

... 40 ãò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎyÜ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üv˛¸ 22.75

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 11. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ È ı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 12 20 14 6 5 3
≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÜ%!ú ˆ◊!íÈÙÈxhs˛¶%≈˛=˛–
ì˛y£z ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÈÙÈxhs˛¶)≈˛ì˛ ˆ◊!íÜ%!ú ˆ◊!íÈÈÙÈÓ!£¶%≈˛=˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !úˆÏÖ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛
Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ 44.5 ï!Ó˚– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ◊!í ˜Ïîá≈ƒ ShV = 10
x –a
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ [ui = i ] fi ui
h
Sf i V (x i ) x –44.5
ui = i
10
20 - 29 19.5 - 29.5 12 24.5 –2 –24
30 - 39 29.5 - 39.5 20 34.5 –1 –20
40 - 49 39.5 - 49.5 14 44.5 0 0
50 - 59 49.5 - 59.5 6 54.5 1 6
60 - 69 59.5 - 69.5 5 64.5 2 10
70 - 79 69.5 - 79.5 3 74.5 3 9
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 60 ¦ f i u i = –19
¦f u
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ = 44.5 +h î ¦ if i = 44.5 + (10 î –19
60
)= l!òˆÏã !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ön
i

338
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 12. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚È– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 -54
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 10 12 15 5 3 5

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 13. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 52 ãò äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ Üv˛¸ ò¡∫Ó˚
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Á Ñ !“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
äÈye ¢ÇÖƒy 4 7 10 15 8 5 3
ò¡∫Ó˚ 30 33 35 40 43 45 48
ï!Ó˚ñ Ñ !“ì˛ Üv˛¸ (a) = 40
ò¡∫Ó˚ äÈye ¢ÇÖƒy f i xi (d i = x i – a) fi di
(x i ) Sf i V d i = (x i – 40)
30 4 120 –10 –40
33 7 231 –7 –49
35 10 350 –5 –50
40=a 15 600 0 0
43 8 344 3 24
45 5 225 5 25
48 3 144 8 24
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 52 ¦ f i x i = 2014 ¦ f i d i = – 66

≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Üv˛¸ ò¡∫Ó˚ = 2014

52
= 38.73 S≤ÃyÎ˚V

¦f d
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ Üv˛¸ ò¡∫Ó˚ = a + ¦ fi i
i

– 66
= 40 +
52
66
= 40 –
52
= (40 – 1.27) S≤ÃyÎ˚V
= 38.73 S≤ÃyÎ˚V

339
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 26.1

1. xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ 40 ãò Órï%Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈñ
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäÈÓ˚V 15 16 17 18 19 20
Órï%Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 4 7 10 10 5 4
xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ Üv˛¸ ÓÎ˚¢ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 50 !›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ!äÈ–
¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy 2 3 4 5 6 7
ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 6 8 14 15 4 3
Á£z 50 !›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üv˛¸ ¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Ö–

3. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 20.6 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ a ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
â˛ú (x i) 10 15 a 25 35
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (f i) 3 10 25 7 5

4. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 15 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ p ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ı
â˛ú 5 10 15 20 25
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 6 p 6 10 5

5. Ó˚£õì˛â˛yâ˛y ì˛yÓ˚ 50 !›˛ ÓyˆÏ: !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xyõ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zÑ˛y!Ó˚ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓò– Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ÓyˆÏ:
Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú xyõ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !úÖúyõ–
xyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 50 - 52 52 - 54 54 - 56 56 - 58 58 - 60
ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 6 14 16 9 5
xy!õ Á£z 50 !›˛ ÓyˆÏ: Üv˛¸ xyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– SˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛V

6. õ!£î%ú ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ 100 ãò ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !úÖú– Á£z 100 ãò ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ Üv˛¸
ÓÎ˚¢ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö– SˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛V
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 12 8 22 20 18 20

7. ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(i) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 6 10 6 4
(ii) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 10 16 20 30 13 11

340
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

8. Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(i) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 0 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 120 120 - 160 160 - 200
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 12 20 25 20 13

(ii) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 55 - 65 65 - 75
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 10 8 12 6

9. Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

(i) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 120 120 - 150
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 12 15 20 25 8

(ii) ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 0 - 14 14 - 28 28 - 42 42 - 56 56 - 70
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 7 21 35 11 16

10. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 24 £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ p ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy Sò¡∫Ó˚V 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
äÈye ¢ÇÖƒy 15 20 35 p 10

11. xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢¶˛yÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆî!Ö Á Üv˛¸ ÓÎ˚¢ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäÈÓ˚V 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59
ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 10 12 15 6 4 3

12. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy 5 - 14 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 3 6 18 20 10 3

13. äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Î!î ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !ò¡¨Ó˚)˛ô £Î˚Èı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy Sò¡∫Ó˚V 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ
äÈye# ¢ÇÖƒy 5 9 17 29 45

14. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ 64 ãò äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üv˛¸ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy Sò¡∫Ó˚V 1-4 4-9 9 - 16 16 - 17
äÈye 6 12 26 20

341
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
Üì˛Ñ˛yú xyõÓ˚y ˆõy›˛ îüãò Órï% ¢§yì˛Ó˚yÜy!äÈ !G˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛«˛í õãy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– Üyòñ xyÓ,!_ Á ܈ϓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚ÎyÎ˚# ˛ôy!ÖˆÏîÓ˚
Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛Á ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– xyõyÓ˚ Órï% !õì˛y Á ¢ãú !Ñ˛ä%È ÖyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÁ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
Á£z ÖyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ ¢yïƒõˆÏì˛y ›˛yÑ˛y !îúyõ–
xyõÓ˚y îüãˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ !îúyõ10 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 15 ›˛yÑ˛yñ14 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 20 ›˛yÑ˛yñ12
›˛yÑ˛yñ 18 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 22 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 24 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 200 ›˛yÑ˛y–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xyõÓ˚y ܈Ïv˛¸ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y !îúyõ !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö–
xyõÓ˚y ܈Ïv˛¸ !îúyõ = 10+15+14+20+12+
10
18+22+24+100+200
›˛yÑ˛y = ›˛yÑ˛y
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy˛ôÑ˛–
1 7 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 43.5 ›˛yÑ˛y– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~!›˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆò£z–

≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õyòÜ%!úÓ˚ î%£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î!î xòƒyòƒ õyòÜ%!úÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xì˛ƒ!ïÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛y¸ Óy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y £Î˚ ì˛Öò xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy–
18 ì˛Öò ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yò õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
Á£z¢Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ õïƒõy (Median) ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
19 !Ñ˛hs$˛ õïƒõy (Median) Ñ˛#⁄
õïƒõyy õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy˛ôÑ˛–
≤Ãî_ x!Óòƒhfl˛ Ó˚y!üì˛ÌƒˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛õ Óy xïÉÑ˛õ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢yãyˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õïƒõyò Óy î%!›˛ õïƒõyˆÏòÓ˚
Üv˛¸£z £ˆÏúy Ó˚y!üì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy (Median)–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ ≤Ãî_ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
10, 12, 14, 15, 18 , 20 , 22, 24, 100, 200
20 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ≤Ãî_ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢yãyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õïƒõyò î%!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy 18 Á 20 ˆ˛ôúyõ–
Ó˚y!üì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ï!Ó˚ñ x â˛ú/â˛úÓ˚y!üÓ˚ n !›˛ õyò x1 , x2 , x3 , ....... xn õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛õ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôúyõñ
x1 , x2 , x3 , ....... xn lˆÎÖyˆÏòñ x1 < x2 < x3 ....... < xn n
lõyòÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
(i) Î!î n xÎ%@¬ (Od
(Odd) £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú (n+1
2
) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò!›˛£z õïƒõy–
... õïƒõyy = x n+1 ñ ÎÖò n xÎ%@¬
2

(ii) Î!î n Î%%@¬ (Even

(Even) £Î˚ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ õïƒõyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe (2n) ÈÙÈì˛õ ~ÓÇ (2n +1) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò
î%£z!›˛Ó˚ Üv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõy !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
xn + xn
+1
... õïƒõyy = 2
2
2
ñ ÎÖò n Î%@¬

342
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 10, 12, 14, 15, 18 , 20 , 22, 24, 100, 200 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy = 10
... ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe õïƒõy ( 10 ) ì˛õ Á ( 10 +1) ì˛õ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ Üv˛¸–
2 2
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = 18+20
2
0
= 19
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 14. xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Órï%Ó˚ Áãò ò#ˆÏⲠ!úˆÏÖ!äÈñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚
õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
32 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 30 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 38 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 40 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 36 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 45 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ
50 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 52 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 40 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 65 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 54 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.
Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ Áãò õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£z Èñ
30 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 32 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 36 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 38 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 40 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 40 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 45 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 50 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 52 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ
54 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.ñ 65 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.
~ÖyˆÏòñ n = 11 xÌ≈yÍ n xÎ%@¬–
ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy = ( n+1
2
) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò = ( 11+1
2
1
) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò = 6 ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò = 40 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 15. xyõÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z õyˆÏ¢ fl˛%ÒˆÏú v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ !îò¢ÇÖƒy !úˆÏÖ!äÈ– ˆÎõòñ 20 !îòñ 25 !îòñ
10 !îòñ 18 !îòñ 21 !îòñ 18 !îòñ 16 !îòñ 22 !îò– xy!õ Órï%ˆîÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ !îò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

10 !îòñ 16 !îòñ 18 !îòñ 18 !îòñ 20 !îòñ 21 !îòñ 22 !îòñ 25 !îò

~ÖyˆÏòñ n = 8 xÌ≈yÍ n Î%@¬–
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = 1 {( 8 ) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò + ( 8 +1) ÈÙÈì˛õ õyò}
2 2 2
=
1
2
{
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õyò + ˛ôM˛õ õyò }
1
= [ 18 !îò + 20 !îò] = 19 !îò
2
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. î%!›˛ Ñ˛Óy!v˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õƒyˆÏⲠ≤ÃyÆ ˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛ ò#ˆÏⲠˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
(ii) 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 15, 16, 17, 19, 25 l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 17. !òÎ˚yõì˛â˛yâ˛yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò ˛äÈÎ˚Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢!Ó!üT˛ 100 !›˛ Óú xyˆÏäÈ– Á£z ÓúÜ%!úÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò !ò¡¨Ó˚)˛ô ı
Óƒy¢ S!õ!õ.V 44 45 46 47 48 49
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy SÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyV 12 15 23 20 15 15
xy!õ ~£z 100 !›˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
~ÖyˆÏòñ n = 100 xÌ≈yÍ n Î%@¬–
... õïƒõy = ( n) ÈÙÈì˛õ Á ( n +1) ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ Üv˛¸
2 2
= 50 ÙÈì˛õ Á 51 ÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ Üv˛¸

343
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ S!õ!õ.V ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy
44 12
45 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 12+15=27
46 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 27+23=50
47 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 50+20=70
48 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 70+15=85
49 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 85+15=100
... ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ hfl˛Ω˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ S!õ!õ.V ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
44 12 12
45 15 27
46 23 50
47 20 70
48 15 85
49 16 100 = n
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ 50 ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í 46
~ÓÇ 51ÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í 47
... õïƒõy = 46+47 = 46.5
.. . !òÎ˚yõì˛â˛yâ˛yÓ˚2 ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ 100 !›˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ õïƒõy 46.5 !õ!õ.–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ !òÎ˚yõì˛ â˛yâ˛yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ 50 % ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 46.5 !õ!ú!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ~ÓÇ 50 % ÓˆÏúÓ˚
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 46.5 !õ!ú!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
â˛ú (x i ) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) 4 2 4 7 6 5 5 4 2
≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Èı
â˛ú (x i ) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (ff i ) Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
25 4 4
26 2 6
27 4 10
28 7 17
29 6 23
30 5 28
31 5 33
32 4 37
33 2 39=n

344
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

~ÖyˆÏòñ n = 39 xÌ≈yÍ n xÎ%@¬–

... õïƒõy = (n+1 ) ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í
2
39+11
= ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í = 20 ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í
2
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ 18 ÈÙÈì˛õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 23 ÈÙÈì˛õ ¢Ó ˛˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z õyò 29.
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = 20 ÈÙÈì˛õ ˛ôî = 29
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 19. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
â˛ú (x i ) 1 2 3 4 5 6
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) 8 12 16 19 21 24

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ 100 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y (I.Q. test) Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò
äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈñ
Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛ (x i ) 75 - 85 85 - 95 95 - 105 105 - 115 115 - 125 125 - 135
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) 9 12 27 30 17 5
xy!õ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ 100 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%ÂïƒyˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛–
~£z !Óòƒhfl˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛ (x i ) Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
75 Óyy 75 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y
9
!Ñ˛hs$˛ 85 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y
95 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y 9+12=21
105 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y 21+27= 48
115 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y 48+30=78
125 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y 78+17=95
135 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y 95+5=100
... ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆ˛ôúyõñ
Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛ (x i ) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
75 - 85 9 9
85 - 95 12 21
95 - 105 27 48
105 - 115 30 78
115 - 125 17 95
125 - 135 5 100 = n
~ÖyˆÏòñ ˆõy›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy = n = 100

345
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã̈Ïõ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 2n ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyò Óy ÓˆÏv˛¸y
£ˆÏÓ ˆî!Ö–
n 1000
= = 50
2 2
... 105-115 ˆ◊!í!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 78 Îy 50 xˆÏ˛ô«˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü–
21 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~£z 105-115 ˆ◊!í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
105-115 ˆ◊!í!›˛ ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy ˆ◊!í (Median Class)–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ õïƒõy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
õïƒõy ˆ◊!í!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢)e!›˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
n ±cf
õïƒõy = l + 2 f [ îh ]
ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ l = õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ò¡¨ ˆ◊!òÈÙÈ¢#õyòyñ n = ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ¢ÇÖƒyñ f = õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
cf = õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyñ h = õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ
n ±cf
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = l + 2 f[ ]
î h l~ÖyˆÏòñ l = 105, n =100, cf = 48, f =30, h =10n

100 ± 48
= 105 + 2 [30
]
î 10
50 ± 48
= 105 + î10
30
= 105 + 0.66 = 105.66
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛ 105.66ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ~ÓÇ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ó%ÂïƒyAÑ˛
105.66 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 20. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 45 ãò äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z
ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ !úÖúyõ–
ò¡∫Ó˚ (x i ) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39
äÈye# ¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) 4 5 7 8 7 5 6 3
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!íÜ%!ú ˆ◊!í xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ ܇˛ˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ–
... ≤Ã̈Ïõ äÈÑ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!í Ó!£¶)≈˛ì˛ ܇˛ˆÏò !ú!Ö ~ÓÇ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !ú!Ö–
ò¡∫Ó˚ (x i ) ± 0.5-4.5 4.5-9.5 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5
äÈye# ¢ÇÖƒy 4 5 7 8 7 5 6 3
(ff i)
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ 4 9 16 24 31 36 42 45=n
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V

346
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

~ÖyˆÏò n = 45 ñ ... n2 = 22.5

22.5 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 24 ~ÓÇ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆ◊!í (14.5 -19.5)
... õïƒõy ˆ◊!í (Median class) = (14.5 -19.5)
n ±cf
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = l + [ 2 f ] î h l~ÖyˆÏòñ l = 14.5, n =45, f = 8, cf =16, h =5n
45 ±16
= 14.5 + 2
8
[ î5 ]
= 14.5 + 4.06
= 18.56
... xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ äÈye# 18.56 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÑ˛ äÈye# 18.56 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü ò¡∫Ó˚
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˆî!Ö ~ÓÇ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚ 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 8 10 24 16 15 7

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 22. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ
!ü«˛yÌ≈# ¢ÇÖƒy 8 15 29 42 60 70

≤Ãî_ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ ˛ôy£zñ

≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ (x i ) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (ff i ) l!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyn Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 8 8
10 - 20 7 15
20 - 30 14 29
30 - 40 13 42
40 - 50 18 60
50 - 60 10 70= n
. n
n = 70 ñ . . = 35
2
35 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (30-40) ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ õïƒõy ˆ◊!í!›˛ £ˆÏúy (30-40)
n ±cf
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = l + [ 2 f ] î h l~ÖyˆÏòñ l = 30, n = 70, cf = , f =13, h =10 n
= l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy 34.6

347
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy 525 £ˆÏúñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñÈ ÎÖò ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 100
ˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
0 - 100 2
100 - 200 5
200 - 300 x
300 - 400 12
400 - 500 17
500 - 600 20
600 - 700 y
700 - 800 9
800 - 900 7
900 - 1000 4
≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (ff i ) Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
0 - 100 2 2
100 - 200 5 7
200 - 300 x 7+x
300 - 400 12 19 + x
400 - 500 17 36 + x
500 - 600 20 56 + x
600 - 700 y 56 + x + y
700 - 800 9 65 + x + y
800 - 900 7 72 + x + y
900 - 1000 4 76 + x + y = n
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ n = 100, ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ 76 + x + y = 100 ... x + y = 24 (i)
xyÓyÓ˚ ñ˛ õïƒõy = 525
... õïƒõyÓ˚ ˆ◊!í!›˛ 500 - 600
n ±cf
. . . 525 = l + [ 2 f ] î h l l = 500, n = 100, cf = 36+x, f =20, h =100 n

Óyñ 525 = 500 + [50 ± (36+x)

( +x))
20
] î 100
Óyñ 525 ± 500 = (14 ±x)5
Óyñ 5(14±x) = 25
Óyñ 14±x = 5 ... x = 9
(i) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£zñ x + y = 24
Óyñ y = 24 ± x = 24 ± 9 = 15 ... x = 9 ~ÓÇ y = 15
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 24. Î!î ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy 28.5 £Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 60 ˛£Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú x Á y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í xhs˛Ó˚ 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 5 x 20 15 y 5

348
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%̊ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ 0-10 10-30 30-60 60-70 70-90
äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 15 25 30 4 10

≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ (x i ) äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V

0 - 10 15 15
10 - 30 25 15 + 25 = 40
30 - 60 30 40 + 30 = 70
60 - 70 4 70 + 4 = 74
70 - 90 10 74 + 10 = 84 = n
n = 84 ñ . .
. n = 42
2
42ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (30-60) ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖ!äÈ ¢Ó ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò òÎ˚– ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆòÓ⁄
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ h = õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ì˛y£z ¢Ó ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ ¢õyò òy £ˆÏúÁ õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆòÓ–
n
±cf
... õïƒõy = l + [ 2f
]îh l... l = 30, 2n = 42, cf = 40, f =30, h = 30n

= 30 +
42± 40
30
[ ] î 30 = 30 + 2 = 32 ò¡∫Ó˚
xÌ≈yÍñ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye# 32ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye# 32ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü
ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 26.2
1. õï%ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üì˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛Î˚úkï xÌ≈ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V £ˆÏúyñ 107, 210, 92, 52, 113,
75, 195 ; !ÓÑ˛Î˚úkï xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôü%Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V £ˆÏúyñ 6, 10, 5, 4, 9, 11, 20, 18; ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. 14 ãò äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ £ˆÏúyñ 42, 51, 56, 45, 62, 59, 50, 52, 55, 64, 45, 54, 58, 60 ;
≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. xyã ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛›˛ ˆÖúyÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÒyÓ˚ £ˆÏúyñ
7 9 10 11 11 8 7 7 10 6 9
7 9 9 6 6 8 8 9 8 7 8
!Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛›˛ ˆÖúyÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ 70 ãò äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Áãò S!Ñ˛@˘Ãy.V 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
äÈye ¢ÇÖƒy 4 6 8 14 12 10 11 5
6. òˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ S!õ!õ.V ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ S!õ!õ.V 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 3 4 10 15 25 13 6 4

349
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
7. õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 7 44 35 16 9 4 1
8. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ 40 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£ !›˛!ö˛ò ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏúyñ
!›˛!ö˛ò ÖÓ˚ⲠS›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70
!ü«˛yÌ≈# 3 5 6 9 7 8 2
!›˛!ö˛ò ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
9. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sˆ¢!õ.V 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170
äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 6 10 19 22 20 16 7
10. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 7 10 15 10 8 5
11. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 5 6 15 10 5 4 3 2
12. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 2 3 6 7 5 4 3
13. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õy 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 10 15 20 15 4

14. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 15. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy 32 £ˆÏúñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
ò¡∫Ó˚ äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÎÖò ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛ 100ó
10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 12 ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 22 0-10 10
30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40 10-20 x
40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 60 20-30 25
50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 72 30-40 30
60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 87 40-50 y
50-60 10
70ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 102
80ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 111
90ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 120

350
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

xyã xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú òyòyò xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ îyîy Á !î!îÓ˚y ˆ¢£z
˛ôyì˛yÜ%!ú ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
xyõÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È Órï%Ó˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ Á£z ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
ˆõˆÏ˛ô ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈñ
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190
S!õ!õ.V S≤ÃyÎ˚V
˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 4 6 10 14 6 6 4
xy!õ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛
!
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
xY
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ 52
˜îá≈ƒ !õ!õ. Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ x
48
S≤ÃyÎ˚V (x i ) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy x
120 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 0 44
130 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 4 40 x
140 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 10
150 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 20 n 36

n
x
Áãy£z¶˛ S«˛%oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

160 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 34 32

170 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40
180 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 46 28
190 ÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 50 24
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ 130, 140, 20 x
150, ..... 190 ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏ õ 16
ˆ◊!íÙÈí ¢#õyyòyÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛¢#õyòy–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ 12
x
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy äÈÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ 8
ˆúÖ!â˛e xAÑ˛ò !Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó⁄
4 x
v˛z¶˛Î˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆfl˛Òú
ïˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ÈÈ¢#õyòyˆÏÑ˛ x x!
xò%¶)˛!õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚Öy xÌ≈yÍ xÈÙÈx«˛ O 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 X
v˛zFâ˛¢#õy
n

ÓÓ˚ y ÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏ î Ó˚ xò% Ó ˚ ) ˛ ô

Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚Öy Óy yÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !òˆÏîü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛z¶˛Î˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òú ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãˆÏò
xyúyîyÁ ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ (130, 4), (140, 10), (150, 20), (160, 34),
(170, 40), (180, 46), (190, 50) !Ó®%Ü%!ú äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛!ÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ 120ÈÙÈÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 0ñ ì˛y£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó®% !£¢yˆÏÓ S120, 0V fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆfl˛Òú äÈyv˛¸y Öy!ú £yˆÏì˛ Sfree handV
!Ó®%Ü%!ú Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö– x ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 1 !õ!õ.
~ÓÇ y ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 2 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 1 !›˛ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ !Ó®%Ü%!ú
fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ !Ó®%Ü%!ú Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆ˛ôúyõ–

351
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
22 ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆúÖ!â˛e ˆ˛ôúyõ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
Ñ ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆúÖ!â˛e ÓÑ ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÑ ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy
(Cumulative frequency curve) Óy Áãy£z¶˛ S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V (Ogive of the Less
than type) Óúy £Î˚–
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈ 120, 130,
˜îÏá≈ƒ !õ!õ. Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛
140, 150, 160, 170 Á 180 ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ˆ◊!íÜ%!úÓ˚ !ò¡¨ÈÙÈ¢#õyòy–
S≤ÃyÎ˚V (x i ) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
120ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 50 !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆúÖ!â˛e Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
130ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 46 xy§Ñ˛Ó⁄
140ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 40 v˛z ¶ ˛Î˚ xˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈ T ˛ ˆfl˛Òú ïˆÏ Ó ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚
150ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 30 !ò¡¨ÈÙÈ¢#õyòyˆÏÑ˛ xò%¶˛) !õÑ˛ ˆÓ˚Öy xÌ≈yÍ x ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
160ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 16 xò%Ó˚)˛ô Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚Öy Óy y ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
170ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 10 !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– l~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ v˛z¶˛Î˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òú
180ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 4 xyúyîyÁ ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚n
190ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 0
!

xY
52
x xy!õ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
48 Ñ ˛õˆÏÎ Ô!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ ¢ ÇÖƒyÓ˚
x
44 ˆúÖ!â˛e xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚
Á Ñ˛# ˛ôy£z ˆî!Ö–
40 x
x ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚
n 36 «%˛oì˛õ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

32 Áãy£z¶˛ SÓ,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V ˜îá≈ƒ = 1 !õ!õ. ~ÓÇ y ÈÙÈx«˛

x ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈ÏãÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ
28
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 2 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ =
24 ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ 1 !›˛ ˛ôyì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ (120,
20 50), (130, 46), (140, 40),
(150, 30), (160, 16),
16 x (170, 10) Á (180, 4)
12 !Ó®%Ü%!ú fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛!ÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
x ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ 190 ÙÈ ~ Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü
8
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 0ñ ì˛y£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó®%
4 x !£¢yˆÏÓ S190, 0V fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛!Ó˚
x x ! Á !Ó®%Ü%!ú Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
O 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 X ÓÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆ˛ôúyõ–
n

v˛zFâ˛¢#õy

352
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÃyÆ ÓÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy [Cumulative frequency curve (of more
than type)] Óy Áãy£z¶˛ SÓ,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V [Ogive (of more than type)]

ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Áãy£z¶˛ ~Ñ˛£z ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏFäÈ–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Áãy£z¶˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõyÓ˚ õyò ˛ôyÓ !Ñ˛òy ˆî!Ö–

!
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ xY
˜îÏá≈ƒ !õ!õ. Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ 52
S≤ÃyÎ˚V ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy x
48
120ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 0 x
130ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 4 44
140ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 10
40 x
150ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 20
160ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 34 n 36
x

n
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

170ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40 32
Áãy£z¶˛ S«˛%oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
180ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 46
190ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 50 28
24 P

20 x
16
12
x
8
4 x
M
x x!
O 120 130 140 150 n 160 170 180 190 X
153.6 v˛zFâ˛¢#õy
n

~ÖyˆÏò ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy n = 50

... n = 25
2
... Áãy£zˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V y ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛ (0, 25) !Ó®%!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú
¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ›˛yòúyõ Îy Áãy£z¶˛ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PM ú¡∫ ›˛yòúyõ Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–

~£z M !Ó®%Ó˚ ¶)˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õyò£z !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy–

... õïƒõy = 153.6 !õ!õ.

353
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
xyõyÓ˚ Órï% xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚y ì˛yÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
Áãy£z¶˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Áãy£z¶˛˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõyÓ˚ õyò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄

! xY
52
x x
48
x x
44
40 x x

n 36
x
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

32
x
28
24
20 x
16 x

12
x x
8
4 x x
x x x!
O 120 130 140 150 n 160 170 180 190 X
153.6 ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒS!õ!õ.V
n

Áãy£z¶˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ ›˛yòˆÏúñ x x«˛ Á úˆÏ¡∫Ó˚
ˆäÈî!Ó®%Ó˚ ¶%˛ã£z £ˆÏúy õïƒõy–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Áãy£z¶˛ î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PM ú¡∫ ›˛yòúyõ Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
M !Ó®%Ó˚ ¶%˛ã 153.6 !õ!õ.S≤ÃyÎ˚V £ˆÏúy õïƒõy–

354
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 26. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z Áãy£z¶˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆ◊!í 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 7 10 23 50 6 4

≤Ã̈Ïõ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ˆ◊!í 0ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ
«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ 0 7 17 40 90 96 100
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
äÈ Ñ ˛ Ñ˛yÜˆÏ ã Ó˚ x xˆÏ « ˛Ó˚
!

«%˛oì˛õ ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ xY

Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ 100 x
y ÙÈxˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ «% ˛ oì˛õ x
90 x
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
= 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ (10, 7), 80
(20, 17), (30, 40),
(40, 90), (50, 96) ~ÓÇ 70
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

(60, 100) !Ó®%Ü%!ú fiÌy˛ôò

60
n

Ñ˛!Ï Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ ü °Ï !Ó®% Áãy£z¶˛ S«˛%oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V

!£¢yˆÏÓ S0, 0V fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
50 P
Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏí≈Î˚
Áãy£z ¶ ˛ S«% ˛ oì˛Ó˚ ¢) â ˛Ñ˛V 40 x
ˆ˛ôúyõ– ~ÖyˆÏ ò ˆõy›˛
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (n) = 100 30
... n2 = 50
20
x

10 x
M
x x!
O 10 20 30 n 40 50 60 70 X
32
n

v˛zFâ˛¢#õy

... yÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ (0, 50) !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Áãy£z¶˛ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PM ú¡∫ ›˛yòúyõ Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ M !Ó®%Ó˚ fiÌyòyAÑ˛ (32, 0)
... Áãy£z¶˛ ˆÌˆÏÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôúyõñ õïƒõy = 32

355
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ ı ≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Á Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆ◊!í Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!í «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
ˆ◊!í ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
0-10 7
0 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 100 0 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 0
10-20 10
20-30 23 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 93 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 7
30-40 50 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 83 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 17
40-50 6 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 60 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40
50-60 4 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 10 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 90
50 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 4 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 96
60 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü 0 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 100
!

xY
100 x x
x
x
90 x
x ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ
x
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ 80
˜îá≈ ƒ = 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
n 70
y ÈÙÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ «%˛oì˛õ
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£% Ó ˚

60 x
˜îá≈ƒ = 1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ñ
Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Á «%˛oì˛Ó˚ 50 P
¢) â ˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z ¶ ˛ xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– 40 x
lÓ,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛
30
xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ (0, 100),
(10, 93), (20, 83), 20
(30, 60), (40, 10), x
(50, 4) !Ó®%Ü%!ú ~ÓÇ x
10 x
!ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó®% S60, 0V äÈÑ˛ M x
x x x!
Ñ˛y܈Ïã fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%=˛ O 10 20 30 n 40 50 60 70 X
Ñ˛Ó˚úyõn 32
n

v˛zFâ˛¢#õy
Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ Á «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x ÈÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PM ú¡∫ ›˛yòúyõ Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
ˆîÖ!äÈñ M !Ó®%Ó˚ fiÌyòyAÑ˛ (32, 0)
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = 32
¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n

356
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõ!v˛ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ!üÑ˛y ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ 200 ãò ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò
äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800
˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ 20 30 28 26 24 22 18 32
¢ÇÖƒy
Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ 400ÙÈ~Ó˚ 450ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 500ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 550ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 600ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 650ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 700ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 750ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 800ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ
«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ 0 20 50 78 104 128 150 168 200
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
x ÙÈxˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ «% o ìõ
ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚
!

˜îá≈ƒ = 5 ò¡∫Ó˚ ~ÓÇ y xY

xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ «%oìõ ÓÜ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ 200 x
1 !›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ = 2 ãò
˛ôÓ˚ # «˛yÌ≈ # ïˆÏ Ó ˚ (450, 180
20), x
(500, 50), (550,78), 160
x
(600,104), n 140
(650,128),(700,150),
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy

x
(750, 168) Á (800,
n

120 Áãy£z¶˛ S«˛%oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V

200) !Ó®%Ü%!ú fiÌy˛ôò
Ñ˛!Ï Ó ˚ Á !ÓˆÏ ü °Ï !Ó®% 100 x
P
!£¢yˆÏ Ó S 400, 0 V
fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 80 x
Áãy£z¶˛ S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V
ˆ˛ôúyõ– 60
x
~ÖyˆÏò ˆõy›˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#
40
(n) = 200 ãò
.. . n = 100 20 x
2
... (0, 100) !Ó®% !îˆÏÎ˚ M
x x!
x ÙÈxˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚ y ú O 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 X
592.3
n

¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Áãy£z¶˛ˆÏÑ˛ P v˛zFâ˛¢#õy

!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ OX ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ PM ú¡∫ ›˛y!ò Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– M
!Ó®%Ó˚ fiÌyòyAÑ˛ (592.3)
... õïƒõy = 592.3

357
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
xy!õ xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ Á «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈî!Ó®%Ó˚
¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõyñ
n ±cf
õïƒõy = l + 2 f[ îh]
100±78
= 550 + î 50
26
22 î50
= 550 +
26
550
= 550 + = 550 + 42.3 = 592.3
13
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Á «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á
õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 2 8 12 24 34 16 4

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 26.3

1. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 100 !›˛ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜î!òÑ˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyÈñ
≤Ã!ì˛ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300
úy¶˛ S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V
ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 10 16 28 22 18 6
≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. !òˆÏÓ!îì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñœ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ 35 ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ £ˆÏúyñ
Áãò 38ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 42ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 44ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 46ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 48ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 52ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
S!Ñ˛@˘ÃyV Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ 0 4 6 9 12 28 32 35
¢ÇÖƒy
≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy S«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆúÖ!â˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. ˆ◊!í 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 10 15 8 3 5
≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy SÓ,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛V ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã Áãy£z¶˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚–
4. ˆ◊!í 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 12 14 8 6 10
≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ Á Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Áãy£z¶˛ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛y܈Ïã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õïƒõy
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

358
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

xyã 5 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ !ü«˛Ñ˛!îÓ¢– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y

~£z ÓäȈÏÓ˚Á xyõÓ˚y !îò!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
~ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎñ
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y ˆ◊!íÜ%!úÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
ÎyÓ Á !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ Ñœ˛y¢ ˆòÓ–
xÌ≈yÍ Üyòñ òyâ˛ñ xyÓ,!_ñ xy§Ñ˛yñ x!¶˛òÎ˚ñ Ñ%˛£zã £zì˛ƒy!î
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õyÏõ !îò!›˛ xyòˆÏ® Ñ˛y›˛yÓ–
xyõÓ˚y °Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 36 ãò äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyò !ì˛ò!›˛ îˆÏú
¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ îˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ 10 !›˛ õãyÓ˚ ï§yïyÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ !úÖˆÏì˛ Óúúyõ–
2 3 ≤ÃÌõ îˆÏúÓ˚ 12 ãˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛Ü%!ú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !úÖú ˆî!Ö–

≤ÃÌõ îˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛Ü%!ú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏúyñ
4, 6, 5, 4, 7, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 4
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ܇˛ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 2 3 4 5 6 7
¢ÇÖƒyy (x i )
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (ff i ) 2 1 5 2 1 1
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ ÚÚ 4 !›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈÛÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~õò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü– xÌ≈yÍñ
4 ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü–
2 4 v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í!›˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í!›˛Ó˚

¢ˆÏÓπ≈yFⲠ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆ¢£z ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆ¢£z ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Á£z ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ Óy
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò (Mode) Óúy £Î˚–
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò õïƒÜy!õì˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õy˛ôÑ˛– ~!›˛ Ö%Ó ¢£ˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ãyõyñ ã%ˆìÏ ˛y £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ â˛y!£îy xò%ÎyÎ˚# ãyõyñ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ Á
ã%ˆìÏ ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆõˆÏΈ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ã%ˆìÏ ˛yÓ˚ ¢y£zã 5 ~Ó˚ â˛y!£îy ˆÓ!ü– xÌ≈yÍ
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó%G˛úyõ 4 £ú ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò–
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ 12 ãò äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ 100!›˛ õãyÓ˚ ï§yïy !îúyõ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏúyñ
2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 8, 2, 5, 9, 5, 2
xy!õ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyy (x i ) 2 3 4 5 8 9
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (ff i ) 4 1 1 4 1 1
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ 2 !›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 4 ãò äÈyeäÈye#– ~ÓÇ 5 !›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 4 ãò
äÈyeäÈye#–
2 5 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò Ñ˛# £ˆÏÓ⁄

≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 2 !›˛–

... ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 2 Á 5

359
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
26 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 2 !›˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄
ˆÎ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò 1 !›˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ (Unimodal) ~ÓÇ ˆÎ
ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò 2 !›˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !mÈÙȶ)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ Óy î%£z ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ (Bimodal) ì˛Ìƒ Óúy £Î˚–
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ 12 ãò äÈyeäÈye# xòƒ 10 !›˛ õãyÓ˚ ï§yï§yÓ˚ Îì˛Ü%!ú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !îú ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú £ˆÏúyñ
4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 7
xy!õ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Á ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyy (x i ) 4 5 6 7
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy (f i ) 3 3 3 3
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ 4, 5, 6 Á 7 ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ 3 ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
... ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 4, 5, 6 Á 7 ó ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy£z ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyòñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ Óúy
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ˆò£z–
xÌ≈yÍ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ â˛ì%˛¶)≈˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ (Tetramodal)– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%!ú ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓπ≈yFⲠ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ˆ¢£z ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó£%¶)˛!Î˚Ϥ˛Ñ˛ (Multimodal) ì˛Ìƒ ÓˆÏú–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 29. !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï xyõÓ˚y 10 ãò Órï% ¢yõyòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ÖyÁÎ˚y îyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ â§˛yîy
ì%˛úúyõ– xyõÓ˚y !îúyõñ
16 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 15 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 11 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 12 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 15 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 15 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 15 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10 ›˛yÑ˛y
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ⧲yîy S›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚V ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ïπ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy£zñ
10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16
... ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!üÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ SxÌ≈yÍ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyV l!òˆÏã !ú!Ön
... ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 15.
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. xy!õ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ÌƒÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 2, 3, 5, 6, 2, 4, 2, 8, 9, 4, 5, 4, 7, 4, 4
(ii) 11, 27, 18, 26, 13, 12, 9, 15, 4, 9
(iii) 102, 104, 117, 102, 118, 104, 120, 104, 122, 102
(iv) 5, 9, 18, 27, 15, 5, 8, 10, 16, 5, 7, 5
(i) ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!ú õyˆÏòÓ˚ |ï≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ ˛ôy£zñ
2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ˆîÖ!äÈñ 4 ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!üÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
... ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = 4
(ii), (iii) Á (iv) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì˛ÌƒÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 100 ãò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ Üì˛ õyˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
!Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ !îò¢ÇÖƒy 6-10 10-14 14-18 18-22 22-26
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 8 28 34 18 12
v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

360
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

27 !Ñ˛hs$˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ü%ï%õye ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆîˆÏÖ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó⁄
!Óòƒhfl˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆ¢!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
2 8 ˆÎ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Óúy £Î˚⁄

¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!í [Modal class] Óúy £Î˚–

Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!í (14-18)
2 9 !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!í !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ⁄
ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò Á£z ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏz ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ˛ôyÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚
¢y£yˆÏ΃ñ
f ±f
!òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = l + ( 2f 1±f ±f
0
)îh
1 0 2

~ÖyˆÏòñ l = ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ò¡¨ ¢#õyòy–

h = ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒ–
f 1 = ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy–
f 0 = ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy–
f 2 = ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy–
Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈñ 100 ãò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ Üì˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyòñ
f1 ± f 0
1
( 0 2
)
= l + 2f ±f ±f î h l~ÖyˆÏòñ l =14, f 1 = 34, f 0 = 28, f 2 = 18, h = 4n

= 14 + (2î34
34±28
±28±18
)î4
6î4 12
= 14 + = 14 + = 15.09 S!îòVl≤ÃyÎ˚n
22 11
!Ñ˛hs˛$ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúÖÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ ˆî!Öñ
l~!›˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ xhs˛¶˛≈% =˛ òˆÏ£n
v ˛z ôˆÏ Ó˚Ó ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ ¢ ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈ Ñ ˛!›˛
v˛
!

xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúˆÏÖÓ˚ õyÏõ ≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Y

x
Ñ˛Ó˚ ú yõ– ¢ÇÖƒyÜ% Ó ˚ % õ yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ 40
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e ABCD S˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏeV A D
32
AF Á ED Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÎyÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ E P
P !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– 24
F
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy

x ÙÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ PM ú¡∫ 16

xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ Îy x ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÑ˛ M !Ó®%ˆÏì˛
ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ú– M !Ó®%Ó˚ fiÌyòyAÑ˛ (15, 0) 8
.. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò = 15 S≤ÃyÎ˚V B M C
O x !
.. . xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 X
!Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò 15
≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˆ˛ôúyõ– v ˛˛
z ô!fiÌ!ì ˛Ó˚ !îò¢ÇÖƒy

361
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãî_ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¡∫Ó˚ 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 9 10 18 14 10 6 3
≤Ãî_ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 18
... ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!í (12-16)
f1 ± f 0
... ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = l + ( 2f ±f ±f ) î h l~ÖyˆÏòñ l =12, h = 4, f 1 = 18, f 0 = 10, f 2 = 14n
1 0 2

= 12 + ( 2î18
18±10
±10 ±14
)î4
8
= 12 + î4
36 24
8î4 8
= 12 + = 12 + = 14.66 ò¡∫Ó˚l≤ÃyÎ˚n
12 3
.. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = 14.66 ò¡∫Ó˚l≤ÃyÎ˚n
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 33. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ!Óòƒy!¢ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ı l!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚n
ˆ◊!í 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 2 6 12 24 21 12 3
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 34. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zߨÎ˚ò Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ 200 ãò ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy 30 38 70 42 20
xy!õ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ì˛Ìƒ!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõy Á ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V ˆ◊!í õïƒÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy «%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
(x i ) S¢î¢ƒ ¢ÇÖƒy fi V Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ u i = xi 10 – 45
fi u i
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
20 - 30 25 30 30 ±2 ± 60
30 - 40 35 38 68 ±1 ± 38
40 - 50 45 70 138 0 0
50 - 60 55 42 180 1 42
60 - 70 65 20 200 2 40
ˆõy›˛ ¦ f i = 200 ¦ f i u i = ±16
ï!Ó˚ñ Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ = 45
¦f u
!òˆÏíÎ≈ ˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ (Arithmetic Mean) = A + ¦ if i î h
i

±16
= {45 + ( ) î10} ÓäÈÓ˚
200
4
= (45 ± ) ÓäÈÓ˚
5
= 44.2 ÓäÈÓ˚

362
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE
.n
n = 200 . . = 100
2
... (40-50) ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õïƒõy xyˆÏäÈ–
n
.. . !òˆÏí≈Î˚ õïƒõy = l + 2 ±cf î h
( )
f
200 ± 68
2 32
= 40 + 70 î10 = 40+ = 40+4.57 = 44.57 ÓäÈÓ˚l≤ÃyÎ˚n
7
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ!äÈñ
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!í (40-50)
f ±f
... !òˆÏí≈Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = l + ( 1 0 ) î h
2f1 ±f 0 ±f 2
70 ± 38 32
= 40 + î10 = 40+ î 10 = 45.33 ÓäÈÓ˚l≤ÃyÎ˚n
2î70 ±38 ±42 60
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 35. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãî_ Ó˚y!üì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
õyò 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 70ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 80ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛õ
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 16 40 76 96 112 120 125
≤Ã̈Ïõ ≤Ãî_ Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ˆ◊!í ¢#õyòy SõyòV ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
10˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 4
10 - 20 16 ± 4 = 12
20 - 30 40 ± 16 = 24 ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!í!›˛ £ˆÏúy (30-40)
30 - 40 76 ± 40 = 36 f1 ± f 0
40 - 50 96 ± 76 = 20
... ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò (
= l + 2f ±f ±f î h
1 0 2
)
50 - 60 112 ± 96 = 16 36 ± 24
= 30 + î10
60 - 70 120 ± 112 = 8 2î36 ±24 ±20
70 - 80 125 ± 120 = 5 12
= 30+ î 10
72 4
12 30
= 30 + î10 = 30 +
28 7
= 30 + 4.29
= 34.29l≤ÃyÎ˚n
.l .. h ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚% õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!í ˜îá≈ƒñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÈÙȘîá≈ƒ
¢õyò òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z 10 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ~£z ˆ«˛ˆÏe (0-10) ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy– 10 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ£z ˆúÖy £Î˚–n
õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛¶)≈˛=˛ òÎ˚–
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõy Á ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ ± ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = 3 SˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ ± õïƒõyV
... ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò = 3 î õïƒõy ± 2 î ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸

363
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í
xïƒyÎ˚ ı 26

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!Ö 26.4

1. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ 16 ãò Órï%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îÏò fl˛%ÒˆÏú Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Á xòƒyòƒ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃyÆ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyíÈñ
15, 16, 17, 18, 17, 19, 17, 15, 15, 10, 17, 16, 15, 16, 18, 11
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
2. ò#ˆÏⲠxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sˆ¢!õ.V £ˆÏúyñ
131, 130, 130, 132, 131, 133, 131, 134, 131, 132, 132, 131, 133,
130, 132, 130, 133, 135, 131, 135, 131, 135, 130, 132, 135, 134, 133
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
3. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(i) 8, 5, 4, 6, 7, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3,
3, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 3, 4
(ii) 15, 11, 10, 8, 15, 18, 17, 15, 10, 19, 10, 11,
10, 8, 19, 15, 10, 18, 15, 3, 16, 14, 17, 2
4. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ã%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ã%ˆÏì˛y !Ó!Ñ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò
ì˛y!úÑ˛y £ˆÏúyñ
¢y£zã (x i) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy (ff i) 3 4 5 3 5 4 3 2
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
5. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÈÏÓ!üÑ˛y ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ÓÎ˚¢ SÓäȈÏÓ˚V 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26
˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 45 75 38 22 20

6. ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ 80 ãò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆî!Ö
Á ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ò¡∫Ó˚ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 2 6 10 16 22 11 8 5

7. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ˆ◊!í 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 5 12 18 28 17 12 8

8. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–

ˆ◊!í 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95-104
ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 8 13 19 32 12 6
l¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ı ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ¢ÇÓ!úì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ò¡¨ ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛y£z ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyˆÏÑ
ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–n

364
 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ%˚ yò
STATISTICS : MEAN, MEDIAN, OGIVE, MODE

9. x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ïõ≈# ≤ß¿ ı

(A) Ó£%!ÓÑ˛“#Î˚ ≤ß¿ (M.C.Q) ı
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒõy ˆÎ ˆúÖ!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y £ˆÏúyñ (a) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy
ˆÓ˚Öy (b) ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ó£%¶%˛ã (c) xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúÖ (d) Áãy£z¶˛
(ii) 6, 7, x, 8, y, 14 ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%!úÓ˚ Üv˛¸ 9 £ˆÏúñ (a) x+y=21 (b) x+y=19 (c) x±y=21 ±
(d) xx±±y=19
(iii) 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ì˛ˆÌ
Ï ƒ 35 òy ÌyÑ˛ˆú
Ï õïƒõy Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ (a) 2 (b) 1.5 (c) 1 (d) 0.5
(iv) 16, 15, 17, 16, 15, x, 19, 17, 14 ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 15 £ˆÏú x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 15 (b) 16
(c) 17 (d) 19
(v) |ïπ≈Ñ˛õyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yãyˆÏòy 8, 9, 12, 17, x+2, x+4, 30, 31, 34, 39 ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy 24 £ˆÏúñ
x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò (a) 22 (b) 21 (c) 20 (d) 24
(B) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y !ú!Ö ı
(i) 2, 3, 9, 10, 9, 3, 9 ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 10
(ii) 3, 14, 18, 20, 5 ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy 18
(C) ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
(i) ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò £ˆÏúy ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛–
±
(ii) x1, x2, x3 ........ xn ~Ó˚ Üv˛¸ x £ˆÏúñ ax1, ax2, ax3 ........ axn ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Üv˛¸ ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò az0
(iii) Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ Ó˚y!üì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÈÙȘîá≈ƒ
–
10. ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ı
(i) ˆ◊!í 65-85 85-105 105-125 125-145 145-165 165-185 185-205
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 4 15 3 20 14 7 14
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äȈÏÑ˛Ó˚ õïƒõy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ v˛zïπ≈ ˆ◊!íÈÙÈ¢#õyòy ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !ò¡¨
ˆ◊!íÙÈ¢#õyòyÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(ii) 150 ãò xƒyÌ!ú›˛ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £yv≈˛ú ˆÓ˚¢ Îì˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò
äÈÑ˛ ò#ˆÏⲠˆîÁÎ˚y xyˆÏäÈ–
¢õÎ˚ Sˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛V 13.8-14 14-14.2 14.2-14.4 14.4-14.6 14.6-14.8 14.8-15
xƒyÌ!úˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 2 4 5 71 48 20
14.6 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ãò xƒyÌ!ú›˛ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ ¢¡ôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ Üv˛¸ 8.1ñ ¦ f i x i = 132+5kk ~ÓÇ ¦ f i = 20 £ˆÏúñ k ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
x ± 25
(iv) Î!î u i = i
10
ñ ¦ f i u i = 20 ~ÓÇ ¦ f i = 100 £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ±x ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
(v) ò¡∫Ó˚ 10ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 20ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 30ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 40ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 50ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ 60ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õ
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 3 12 27 57 75 80
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò ˆ◊!í!›˛ !ú!Ö–

365
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö (LET'S MATCH)

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 1
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 1. SivV !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚– SvV !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚–
4. x2+2x–24=0, ≤ÃfiÌ = x !õ›˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ1.1 [Page : 4]
1. SiVñ SiiiV 2. SiV 3. x 4. SiV 2 SiiV 1 SiiiV 2x2 + 9 = 0 (iv) 6x2+13x+8 = 0; 6, 13, 8
3

5. SiV x2 + x – 42 = 0 ; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ x ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy–

SiiV x2 – 36 = 0 ; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ 2x – 1 Á 2x + 1 Ñ˛!õÑ˛ xÎ%@¬ ¢ÇÖƒy–
SiiiV x2 + x – 156 = 0 ; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ x Á x + 1 Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy–
6. SiV x2 + 3x – 108 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ ≤ÃfiÌ = x !õ›˛yÓ˚–
SiiV x2 + 4x – 320 = 0ó ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ x !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. !â˛!òÓ˚ õ)úƒ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y–
SiiiV x2 + 5x – 750 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ ≤Ã̈Ïõ ˆ›˛Δò!›˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÓÜ x !Ñ˛!õ./ár›˛y
SivV x2 + 100 x – 33600 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ Ñ˛Î˚õ)úƒ x ›˛yÑ˛y–
SvV 5x2 – 21x – 20 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ !fiÌÓ˚ ãˆÏú ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓÜ x !Ñ˛!õ./ár›˛y
SviV x2 – x – 6 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ õ!£õ ~Ñ˛y x ár›˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SviiV x2 – 5x + 6 = 0; ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ îüÑ˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ xAÑ˛!›˛ x
SviiiV 2x2 + 85x – 225 = 0ó ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚yhfl˛y!›˛ x !õ›˛yÓ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y–
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. –4 13. a+b
b 2
ab Á a+b 15. x = – 9 ~ÓÇ x = 9
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ1.2 [Page : 10]
1. SiV òy SiiV òy SiiiV òy SivV £§ƒy 2. SiV – 16 SiiV 2a2 3. a = 3ñ b = – 6
4. SiV y = – 6 ~ÓÇ y = 6 SiiV x = 3 ~ÓÇ x = – 3 SiiiV x = – 6 ~ÓÇ x = 22
SivV x = – 3 ~ÓÇ x = 3 SvV x = – 6 ~ÓÇ x = 6 SviV x = – 15 ~ÓÇ x = 12
SviiV x = 12 ~ÓÇ x = 2 SviiiV x = 0 ~ÓÇ x = 23 SixV x = – 9 ~ÓÇ x = 7
SxV x = – 4 ~ÓÇ x = 3 SxiV x = – 1 ~ÓÇ x = 1 SxiiV x = 0 ~ÓÇ x = 1
SxiiiV x = – 7 ~ÓÇ x = 0 SxivV x = – 68
9 ~ÓÇ x = 3 SxvV x = 6 ~ÓÇ x = 9
SxviV x = – a ~ÓÇ x = – b SxviiV x = 2a ~ÓÇ x = 3a SxviiiV x = – (a+b) ~ÓÇ x = a
SxixV x = – 2 ~ÓÇ x = 7 SxxV x = 0 ~ÓÇ x = 2ab – bc – ca
a + b – 2c
SxxiV x = 3 ~ÓÇ x = 2
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 18. 8 xÌÓy 9

366
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ1.3 [Page : 13]

1. 6 ~ÓÇ 9 2. 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 3. 3 4. 20 !Ñ˛!õ./ár›˛y 5. ˜îá≈ƒ = 50 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ ≤ÃfiÌ = 40 !õ›˛yÓ˚
6. 5 xÌÓy 9 7. 20 !õ!ò›˛ ~ÓÇ 25 !õ!ò›˛ 8. 6 !îò 9. 30 ›˛yÑ˛y
10. SAV SiV b (ii) c (iii) b (iv) a (v) b SBV SiV !õ̃yñ SiiV !õ̃y
(C) SiV ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ SiiV x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 SiiiV 0 Á 6
11. SiV a = – 4 (ii) 3 SiiiV 1 (iv) 1x – x = 20 9 ; ˆÎÖyˆÏò x ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü (v) a=1, b=12

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 26. 11 Á 13 30. SvV ÈÙÈ1 Á 12 SviV 1 Á 72 SviiV 1 Á 2

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ1.4 [Page : 22]

1 . SiV òy– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚– SiiV ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í– SiiiV – 2
2. SiV –4 Á 13 SiiV –1 Á –1 SiiiV 18 Á 32 SivV –1 Á 13 SvV Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z–

SviV – 12 Á 35 SviiV Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z SviiiV 3––5 2 Á 3++5 2 SixV – 78 Á 32

3. SiV 10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 24 ˆ¢!õ. Á 26 ˆ¢!õ. SiiV 3 SiiiV 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚/ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛ SivV 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ SvV 10
SviV 18 SviiV 135 !Ñ˛!õ./ár›˛y SviiiV 60 !Ñ˛!õ./ár›˛y SixV 80 ›˛yÑ˛y
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 31. SivV Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò 33. 25 9
2 36. SiiV ¢õ!T˛ = 4 ñ Ü%íö˛ú = –25 38. 3
41. 3abc–b³
c³
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ1.5 [Page : 29]
1 . SiV Óyhfl˛Ó Á x¢õyò– SiiV Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò– SiiiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z– SivV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyhfl˛Ó Ó#ã ˆò£z–
2. SiV ± 14 SiiV 2425 SiiiV 16 (iv) 9 (v) 2 Á 1 (vi) – 1 Á 1
8 2 2
3. SiV x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 (ii) x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 (iii) x2 + x – 12 = 0 (iv) x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
4. –3 8. SiV 34 98 2 98
25 (ii) – 125 (iii) 3 (iv) 75 10. x + px + 1 = 0 11. x + x + 1 = 0
2 2

12. SAV SiV c SiiV c (iii) a (iv) d (v) c SBV SiV !õ̃y SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ SCV SiV 2ı3 SiiV a SiiiV 0
13. SiV x2 – 14x + 24 = 0 (ii) – 32 (iii) ± 8 (iv) – 12 (v) 12

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 2
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 30 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 81 ›˛yÑ˛y 4. 1200 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 1500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1700 ›˛yÑ˛y
10. 93.75 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 593.75 ›˛yÑ˛yó 0.01 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 146.01 ›˛yÑ˛yó 456.50 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 5021.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
13. 400 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 7300 ›˛yÑ˛y 16. 840 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 19. 312 ÓäÈÓ˚ñ 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ 23. SiV 5 SiiV 2
26. 400 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 8 30. 90,000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 97,500 ›˛yÑ˛y 32. 6087.50 ›˛yÑ˛y
34. 3,00,000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 2,00,000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1,20,000 ›˛yÑ˛y

367
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ2 [Page : 46]

1. 7200 ›˛yÑ˛y 2. 48 ›˛yÑ˛y 3. 1060 ›˛yÑ˛y 4. 3584 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 8000 ›˛yÑ˛y 6. 37800 ›˛yÑ˛y
7. 16 23 ÓäÈÓ˚ 8. 6 14 9. 170 ›˛yÑ˛y 10. 6 14 11. 3 12 ÓäÈÓ˚ 12. 5 ÓäÈÓ˚ 13. 5000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 6
14. 3ı4 15. 9 12 16. ÓƒyˆÏAÑ˛ 60000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ 40000 ›˛yÑ˛y
17. 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y 18. 20837.50 ›˛yÑ˛y 19. 9 ÓäÈÓ˚ 20. 80,000 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 60,000 ›˛yÑ˛y
21. SAV (i) c (ii) c (iii) b (iv) c (v) b SBV (i) ¢ì˛ƒ SiiV !õ̃y SCV SiV v˛z_õí≈
prt
SiiV 100 (iii) 12 12 % 22. SiV 16 SiiV 24000 ›˛yÑ˛y SiiiV 8 (iv) 6 32 (v) 240 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 3
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ3.1 [Page : 52]
1. AO, CO, PO, QO 2. (i) x¢ÇÖƒ (ii) Óƒy¢ (iii) Ó,_yLjÏü (iv) ˆÑ˛w (v) ¢õyò (vi) Óƒy¢yï≈
(vii) ÓˆÏv˛¸y 4. (i) ¢ì˛ƒ (ii) ¢ì˛ƒ (iii) ¢ì˛ƒ (iv) ¢ì˛ƒ (v) !õ̃y (vi) !õ̃y (vii) !õ̃y (viii) ¢ì˛ƒ
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 6. 30 ˆ¢!õ. 8. 7 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ3.2 [Page : 65]
1. 3 ˆ¢!õ. 2. 24 ˆ¢!õ. 3. 5.8 ˆ¢!õ. 4. 3 ˆ¢!õ. 5. 30 ˆ¢!õ. 6. 3.25 ˆ¢!õ. 10. 13 ˆ¢!õ.
16. (A) (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) a (v) b (B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (iii) !õ̃y
(C) (i) 1 : 1 (ii) ˆÑ˛wÜyõ## 17. (i) 16 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 9.6 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 6 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 8 ˆ¢!õ.
(v) 10 ˆ¢!õ.
xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 4
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü ı 2. 1440 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 4. 864 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 7. 9 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 10. 640 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.ñ Ñ˛ˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 8 6 ˆ¢!õ.
18. 9 á^˘›˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ4 [Page : 74]
2. ì˛úÜ%!ú — ABCD, EFGH, ADFE, BCGH, ABHE, DCGF,
ïyÓ˚Ü%!ú — AB, BC, CD, DA, EF, FG, GH, HE, AE, DF, BH, CG.
ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%Ü%!ú — A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
3. 5 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 4. 512 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚ 5. 150 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 6. 96 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 7. 125 áò ˆ¢!õ.
8. 216 áò ˆ¢!õ. 9. 6 ˆ¢!õ. 10. 8ı1 11. 352 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 12. 200 @˘Ãyõ 13. 75
14. 75 ˆ¢!õ. 15. 18 !ú›˛yÓ˚ 16. 26.25 áò ˆ¢!õ.ñ 1.5 ˆ¢!õ. 17. 2 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 18. 1 59 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚
19. 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 20. ˜îá≈ƒ 20 ˆv˛!¢!õ. Á ≤ÃfiÌ 15 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ òyñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
1500 !ú›˛yÓ˚– 21. 1 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 8 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 22. 5 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 775 ›˛yÑ˛y 50 ˛ôÎ˚¢y
23. 7 á^˘›˛y 24 !õ!ò›˛ñ 5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 24. (A) (i) b (ii) b (iii) d (iv) c (v) d SBV (i) !õ̃y
SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ SCV (i) 4!›˛ (ii) 2 SiiiV áòÑ˛ 25. (i) 6 (ii) 3.5 (iii) 125 (iv) 6 ˆ¢!õ.
SvV 96 ÓÜ≈ !õ.

368
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 5
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. y : x 6. 14 Á 21 9. 1 : p2q2r2 11. 24 : 35 13. 20 : 36 : 45 17. 50 : 19
19. 247 : 778 21. 9

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ5.1 [Page : 82]

1. (i) 2 : 9, úá% xò%˛ôyì˛
ì (ii) 3 : 5, úá% xò%˛ôyì˛
ì (iii) 1 : 1, ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛
ì (iv) 20 : 1, Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛
2. (i) 1000p : q (ii) ~Ñ˛£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyòˆÏú (iii) ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛
ì (iv) 1 : abc (v) y² : xz (vi) 1 : xyz
3. (i) 36 : 77 (ii) 1 : 1 4. (i) 48 : 49 (ii) 16 : 35 (iii) 3 : 4 : 6 (iv) 8 : 12 : 21

5. (i) 9 : 10 (iii) 86 6. (i) 40 : 19 (ii) 9 : 4

8. (i) 58 (ii) bm – an
m – n (iii) 1

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 25. ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ xyˆÏäÈ 26. ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ 29. ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# 31. 84 33. 20
34. 5 : 10 : : 6 : 12 ; 6 : 5 : : 12 : 10; 10 : 5 : : 12 : 6 36. 3 38. òy– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ñ 3+10 = 6+7
40. 48 ›˛yÑ˛y 42. 16 pq3 44. 1.5 46. xyz
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ5.2 [Page : 87]
3 yz³
z
1. (i) 12 (ii) 75 2. (i) 20 (ii) 22.8 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. (iii) x (iv) p³ + q³ 3. (i) 20 (ii) 1.5
q²r²
r
(iii) p³ (iv) (x + y)4(x - y)2 4. (i) 20 (ii) 4.5 (iii) x²y² (iv) x² – y²
qr – ps
5. ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈Ñ˛ 6. 2 7. 162 8. 3 9. 6 10. q+r–p–s

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ5.3 [Page : 97]

6. (vi) 2 12. (A) (i) a (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) d (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (ii) ¢ì˛ƒ
(C) (i) 4 (ii) 12 21 (iii) – 6 13. (i) 11 (ii) 87 (iii) 17 : 7 (iv) x = 8, y = 18 (v) 3 : 2

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 6
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. 1102.50 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 1576.25 ›˛yÑ˛y 7. 102.50 ›˛yÑ˛y 10. 2300 ›˛yÑ˛y 12. 34719.24
14. 3200 ›˛yÑ˛y 19. 6000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 7% 21. 8 % 23. 2 ÓäÈÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ6.1 [Page : 112]
1. 5886.13 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V 2. 6298.56 ›˛yÑ˛y 3. 247.20 ›˛yÑ˛y 4. 8850.87 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 90405 ›˛yÑ˛y
6. 15000 ›˛yÑ˛y 7. 8ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 8. 25ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 9. 25ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 10. 67.50 ›˛yÑ˛y 11. 76.25 ›˛yÑ˛y

369
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

12. 16ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 13. 30ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y 14. 933.60 ›˛yÑ˛y 15. 565 ›˛yÑ˛y 16. 1250 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 4%
17. 70ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 6% 18. 489.60 ›˛yÑ˛y 19. 480.57 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V 20. 8% 21. 2 ÓäÈÓ˚
22. 10% 23. 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ 24. 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ 25. 252.20 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 1852.20 ›˛yÑ˛y
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 27. 102900 ›˛yÑ˛y 29. 506250
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ6.2 [Page : 117]
1. 10609 2. 84896640 3. 72900 ›˛yÑ˛y 4. 3200 ãò 5. 12000 6. 532.4 Ñ%˛£z. 7. 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚
8. 3429.50 ›˛yÑ˛y 9. 58.32 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 10. 3000 11. 1536 12. 131220 ›˛yÑ˛y 13. 75
14. 33750 15. 40960 16. SAV (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) d (v) a SBV (i) !õ̃y SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ
r ) –n ›˛yÑ˛y
SCV (i) ¢õyò SiiV ¢õ£yÓ˚ SiiiV £…y¢ 17. SiV 5 (ii) 2n (iii) 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y SivV v (1 –100
r ) –n
(v) p (1 + 100

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 7
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 7.1 1. Ó,_fiÌ, AQB 2. ST, ‘SLT, L SNT
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 7.2 3. (a) (i) ˆÑ˛wfiÌÌ (ii) ‘APB (iii) AQB, Ó,_fiÌÌ (iv) APB, òÎ˚Î (v) ‘ADB, AQB
(b) (i) ‘ACB, ‘ADB (ii) ‘ACB, ‘ADB, òÎ˚

!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 5. (i) x=60 (ii) y=120
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ7.1 [Page : 126]
1. 65º, 25º 2. 125º 3. 144º 4. 55º, 110º 5. 160º 14. (A) (i) d (ii) a (iii) b (iv) c (v) c
(B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ (ii) ¢õyò
ò (iii) 120º 15. (i) x=40, y = 80 (ii) 40º
(iii) 120º (iv) 5 ˆ¢!õ. (v) 40º
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 8. (ii) x=60
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ7.2 [Page : 132]
1. 40º, 60º, 180º 2. ‘BAC = 45º, ‘APC = 45º 12. (A) (i) d (ii) d (iii) c
(iv) b (v) d (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (ii) !õ̃yy (C) (i) ¢õyò
ò (ii) ¢õÓ,_fiÌÌ (iii) ¢õyò
13. (i) ‘CDE = 30º (ii) 78º (iii) 80º (iv) 64º (v) 4 ˆ¢!õ.

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ7.3 [Page : 138]

1. (ii) 10. (A) (i) d (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c (v) c (B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí
(ii) fiÌ)úˆÏÑ˛yíí (iii) ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛
Ñ 11. (i) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 2.5 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 2r ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 30º (v) 60º

370
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 8
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 616 ÓÜ≈ !õ. 4. 187 ÓÜ≈ ˆv˛Ñ˛y!õ. 6. 6.4 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 28.05 ›˛yÑ˛y
11. 2.541 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 12.705 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 13. 188.65 áò ˆ¢!õ. 16. 360 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ8 [Page : 146]
1. SiV 3 SiiV 1ó2 3. 18 ˆ¢!õ. 4. 1232 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ.ó 1100 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 325 @˘Ãyõ 6. 4.05 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
7. 6.468 !ú›˛yÓ˚ 8. 2310 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!ú›˛yÓ˚ 9. 3.2 ˆ¢!õ. 10. 14 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 11. 180 ˆ¢!õ.
12. 5.6 ˆv˛!¢!õ.ñ 25 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 13. 5829.12 ›˛yÑ˛y 14. 5 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 15. 7 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
16. 15840 !ú›˛yÓ˚ó 21120 !ú›˛yÓ˚ 17. SiV 277.2 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. SiiV 55.44 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. 18. 168 !›˛
19. SAV (i) c (ii) b (iii) b (iv) c (v) a SBV SiV !õ̃y SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ SCV (i) lb (ii) 5 SiiiV 4
20. SiV 7 !õ›˛yÓ˚ SiiV 2 SiiiV 396 áò ˆ¢!õ. SivV 9ı32 SvV 62 12 % £…y¢

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 9
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. 48 , 277, 75 6. 3 2 , – 2, ü%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚í# 9. 4 3 11. 21+5 5
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ9.1 [Page : 153]
1. (i) 5 7 (ii) 8 7 (iii) 6 3 (iv) 5 5 (v) 5 119 5. 5 3 – 2
6. (a) 5 – 3 (b) 4 –2 3 (c) 4+2 3 + 5 + 7 (d) 15 – 4 11 (e) 7 – 10
(f) 5 + 3 Á 5– 3 [xòƒ v˛z_Ó˚Á £ˆÏÓ]
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. 6 2 +2 14 –2 10 –3– 7 + 5 18. 7 , k 7 (k ~Ñ˛!›˛ xü)òƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒyy)
20. 7+ 3 , –7– 3 22. 15 – 3 , 3 – 15 25. (i) 2– 3 (ii) 5 + 2
4 15 42
(iii) – 5 – 7 (iv) 6 – 11 (v) – 5 28. , 30. (i) 14 + 8 3
15 2
(ii) 4+ 15

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ9.2 [Page : 157]

1. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 15 15 (d) 3 (e) ± 23 2. (a) 7 2 (b) 12 (c) 15
(d) 3 2 + 10 (e) – 1 (f) 24+8 6 +2 15 + 3 10 (g) 4 3. (a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 3 [xòƒ v˛z_Ó˚Á £ˆÏÓ] (d) 2 – 5 (e) 14 (f) 2+ 3 4. 9+4 5 ; – 2+ 7
5. (i) – 5 + 2 ; 5 – 2 (ii) 13– 6 ; –13+ 6 (iii) – 8 – 3; 8 + 3
(iv) 17 + 15 ; – 17 – 15 6. (i) 2 + 3 (ii) 51 ( 10 – 5 + 30 ) (iii) 2 + 3
(iv) 14 (3 7 + 35 + 3 3 + 15 ) (v) 19
1 (6 10 + 2 5 + 3 2 + 1) (vi) 5 + 2 6

7. (i) 6 + 10 – 3 2 – 5 (ii) – (4+ 6 ) (iii) 3

371
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

(5  2 5)
8. (i) – (ii) 21 (9 2 –8 5 )
2
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 32. 25 34. 6 3 – 4 2 36. 2 2 , 18 3 , 4 6
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ9.3 [Page : 161]
6
1. (a) (i) 1 (ii) 0 2. (a) (b) 0 (c) 4 6 (d) 0 3. 0
3
4. (i) 2 6 (ii) 2 7 (iii) 26 (iv) 50 7 5. (4x2 – 2), x = ±2
5 5 9 5
6. (i) 113 (ii) (iii) 158 (iv)
27 20
7. (a) (i) 2 3 (ii) 14 (iii) 30 3 (iv) 2 (b) 37 9. 5 + 3
10. (A) (i) c (ii) a (iii) b (iv) a (v) b (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (ii) !õ̃yy (C) (i) xõ)úî (ii) – 3 –5
(iii) xò%Óı˛#
11. (i) 6 (ii) 10 + 8 (iii) a + b Á a – b [ˆÎÖyˆÏò a õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ b ü%Âï !máyì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚í#] (iv) 2 2 (v) 1

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 10
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ10 [Page : 169]
1. ‘SQP = 65º, ‘RSP = 70º 2. 35º 3. 40º, 25º 17. (A) (i) c (ii) c (iii) d (iv) c
(v) d (B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) ¢õÓ,_fiÌ
Ì (ii) xyÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ (iii) ¢õÓ,_fiÌ
18. (i) x = 60 (ii) ‘QBC = 100º, ‘BCP = 96º (iii) ‘DPC = 40º, ‘BQC = 20º
(iv) ‘BED = 80º (v) ‘BED = 20º

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 11
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 11 1. ãƒy 2. ˆÑ˛w 3. ¢õyò 4. ˛Óƒy¢yï≈
xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 12
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 1540 ›˛yÑ˛y 4. 1437 13 áò ˆ¢!õ. 7. 10.5 ˆ¢!õ. 10. 1ı4
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ12 [Page : 183]
1. 1386 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 2. 2.8 ˆ¢!õ. 3. 179 23 áò ˆ¢!õ. 4. 11498 23 áò ˆ¢!õ. 5. 1ı9 6. 9 ˆ¢!õ.
7. 38.808 áò ˆ¢!õó 55.44 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 8. 8!›˛ 9. 6 ˆ¢!õ. 10. 970 ›˛yÑ˛y 20 ˛ôÎ˚¢y 11. 36ı25
12. S2 2 – 1Vı 1 13. 2460.92 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 14. 5122!›˛ 15. (A) (i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) a
(B) (i) !õ̃y SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ SCV (i) ˆÜyúÑ˛ SiiV 1 SiiiV 12
16. SiV 4.5 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ (ii) 6 ˆ¢!õ. SiiiV 2 : 3 (iv) 36 S (v) 125

372
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 13
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 4. 92 , y = 92 x , x = 256 1 1 2 ò 27. 8 !›˛
81 5. £§ƒyñ x v y 10. 12 á^˘›˛yy 19. 5 5 !îò
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ13 [Page : 195]
5 1
1. AvB, 2 2. xv y 3. (i) 168 !Ñ˛!õ. (ii) 6 !›˛› (iii) 10 ãò ò 4. (i) x=4 (ii) 2
3y
(iii) x = 10z , 9 5. (iii) a v d1 (iv) ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛Ó˚ Ü%íö˛ú
ú 1 8. 5 !îòò 9. 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
10. y = 2x – 3x 12. 16250 ›˛yÑ˛yy 13. 5 : 9 14. 15
16. (A) (i) d (ii) d (iii) b (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) z (ii) yn (iii) x
17. (i) y2 = 4ax (ii) 1 (iii) ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî (v) 8 : 27

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 14
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı
2. ¢%ˆÏúÖy ˛ôyˆÏÓ 3500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ ãÎ˚òyú ˛ôyˆÏÓ 3150 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ !üÓ% ˛ôyˆÏÓ 4900 ›˛yÑ˛y 5. 14100
›˛yÑ˛yñ15900 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 13200 ›˛yÑ˛y 8. õò#°Ïy ˆîˆÏÓò 2300 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚ãì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò 4600 ›˛yÑ˛y
10. !òˆÏÓ!îì˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓ 3250 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ v˛zõy ˛ôyˆÏÓ 2925 ›˛yÑ˛y–
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ14 [Page : 202]
1. xyõyÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 6,300 ›˛yÑ˛y Á õyúyÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 10,500 ›˛yÑ˛y
2. !≤ÃÎ˚õñ ¢%!≤ÃÎ˚y Á Ó%ú%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 900 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 600 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 1500 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
!£¢yˆÏÓ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. õy¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 5000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á ˆüy¶˛yÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 7500 ›˛yÑ˛y
4. !ì˛òÓrï%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 600 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 700 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ
5. î#˛ô%Ó˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 4700 ›˛yÑ˛yñ Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 4400 ›˛yÑ˛y Á ˆõáyÓ˚ ú¶˛ƒyÇü 5300 ›˛yÑ˛y
6. !ì˛ò Órï% ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 2240 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 2800 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 3360 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôyˆÏÓò
7. !ì˛ò Órï%Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3600 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 4800 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓó 6ı8ı5
8. !ì˛ò Órï% ˛ôyˆÏÓò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 10560 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 10274 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 8426 ›˛yÑ˛y
9. ≤Ãî#˛ôÓyÓ% ˛ôyˆÏÓò 12956 ›˛yÑ˛y Á xy!õòy!Ó!Ó ˛ôyˆÏÓò 14760 ›˛yÑ˛y
10. !òÎ˚yõì˛â˛yâ˛y úy¶˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò 10000 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó#!î!î úy¶˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò 90000›˛yÑ˛y
11. ◊#Ñ˛yhs˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò 15660 ›˛yÑ˛yñ ˜¢ö%˛!jò ˛ôyˆÏÓò 19575 ›˛yÑ˛y Á !˛ô›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓò 3915 ›˛yÑ˛y–
12. 5 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
13. !ì˛òãò õ,Í!ü“# ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äȈÏúò ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 36500 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 35000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 39500 ›˛yÑ˛y
14. 6800 ›˛yÑ˛y 15. ˛ô)ãy ˛ôyˆÏÓ 2550 ›˛yÑ˛yñ v˛z_õ ˛ôyˆÏÓ 2610 ›˛yÑ˛yñ ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ 300 ›˛yÑ˛y
16. SAV SiV b (ii) a (iii) c (iv) a (v) a SBV (i) !õ̃y SiiV !õ̃y SCV (i) î%£z SiiV ¢Ó˚ú SiiiV !õ◊
17. SiV 1500 ›˛yÑ˛y (iiV 8:12:15 (iii) 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y SivV 480 ›˛yÑ˛yy (v) 4000

373
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 15
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ15.1 [Page : 209]
1. 48º
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı 15.1 1. 12 ˆ¢!õ. 2. 5 ˆ¢!õ. 3. ‘APB = 60º, ‘APO = 30º
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ15.2 [Page : 218]
1. 15 ˆ¢!õ. 2. 60º 11. (A) (i) a (ii) d (iii) a (iv) d (v) c (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒ (ii) !õ̃y
(C) (i) ˆäÈîÑÑ˛ (ii) 4 (iii) !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ 12. (i) 30º (ii) 14 (iii) 2 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (v) 12 ˆ¢!õ.
xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 16
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 9 37 ÓÜ≈ !õ. 4. 1178 47 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 6. 1100 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. 8. 25 ˆ¢!õ.
10. 577.5 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. 14. 6ı25
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ16 [Page : 227]
1. 1131.43 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚Vñ 1838.57 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V 2. SiV 1.232 áò !õ. SiiV 1617 áò !õ›˛yÓ˚
3. 1571 37 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.ñ 2828 47 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.ñ 6285 57 áò ˆ¢!õ. 4. 452 47 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.ó 402 27 áò ˆ¢!õ.
5. 13 ˆ¢!õ. 6. 38.5 ÓÜ≈ !õ. 7. 866.25 ›˛yÑ˛y 8. 12 ˆ¢!õ.ó 314 27 áò ˆ¢!õ. 9. 4 !õ.ñ 37 57 áò !õ.ñ
211.20 ›˛yÑ˛y 10. 15 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 11. 14 ˆ¢!õ.ó 17.5 ˆ¢!õ. 12. 74.18 áò !õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚Vó 80.54 ÓÜ≈ !õ.S≤ÃyÎ˚V
13. (A) (i) c (ii) d (iii) a (iv) d (v) b SBV (i) !õ̃y SiiV ¢ì˛ƒ SCV (i) BC (ii) 3V V
A (iii) 3 : 1
14. (i) 5 ˆ¢!õ. SiiV 2ı1 SiiiV 3ó SivV 19 SvV 9ı8

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 18
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ18.1 [Page : 235]
1. (i) ¢î,ü (ii) ¢î,ü (iii) ¢õÓy£%£% (iv) ¢õyòñ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛#
2. (i) ¢ì˛ƒ (ii) !õ̃yy (iii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (iv) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (v) !õ̃y
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 6 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ18.2 [Page : 244]
1. (i) 6 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
Ñ (ii) 9 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ (iii) 4 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛Ñ 2. (i) òyy (ii) £§ƒy 11. (A) (i) b (ii) c (iii) d (iv) a
(v) d (B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ (ii) ¢õyò ò (iii) ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
12. (i) ¢õ!mÓy£% !e¶%˛ã (ii) 3 : 5 (iii) x = 9 (iv) x = 4 , y = 16
15
3 (v) 1
3

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ18.3 [Page : 253]

1. ≤ÃÌõ ˆãyv˛¸y ¢î,ü 2. ‘A = 40º 3. 42 !õ›˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 21. 10.8 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ18.4 [Page : 259]
1. 12.8 ˆ¢!õ. 2. BD = 8 ˆ¢!õ., AB = 4 5 ˆ¢!õ. 7. (A) (i) c (ii) b (iii) c (iv) a (v) d
(B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (iii) !õ̃yy (C) (i) xò%Ó˚)˛ô (ii) 5.4 8. (i) 12 ˆ¢!õ. ii) 40 ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) 16 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 8 ˆ¢!õ. (v) 50º

374
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 19
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. 7 ˆ¢!õ.
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ19 [Page : 265]
1. 693 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy. 2. 20 ˆ¢!õ. 3. 5 ˆ¢!õ. 4. 3ı4 5. 4096 !›˛ 6. 60 !›˛ 7. 19404 áòˆÏ¢!õ.
8. 3ı4 9. 8!›˛ó 4.851 áòˆÏv˛!¢!õ. 10. 50.4 ˆ¢!õ. 11. 12 ˆv˛!¢!õ. 12. 14 ˆ¢!õ. 13. 2.1 ˆv˛!¢!õ
14. 1ı2ı3 15. 30 13 ˆ¢!õ. 16. 3.08 áò !õ. 0.84 áò!õ. 17. SAV (i) a (ii) b (iii) b (iv) d (v) a
SBV (i) !õ̃yy (ii) !õ̃yy (C) (i) ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚Ó (ii) ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚Ó (iii) ¢õyò
18. SiV 5 ˆ¢!õ. (ii) 1 : 2 (iii) 3 : 1 : 2 (iv) 1 : 3 (v) 2 : 1

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 20
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. S6 7. S8 12. 52 ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yò 16. 62º 32' 33'' Óy 35S
44 18. 94º 27' 24''
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ20 [Page : 276]
1. (i) 13º 52' SiiV 1º 45' 12'' SiiiV 6' 15'' SivV 27º 5' SvV 72º 2' 24''

2. SiV 3S (ii) 3S
S S
5S S
2S S 25SS 47 6041S
4 (iii) – 6 (iv) 5 (v) 8 (vi) – 72 (vii) 160 S (viii) 27000
3. 2S 2S S 5S 5S S 4S S 5S
5 , 5 , 5 4. 81º, 9º 5. 100º , 9 6. 75º, 60º ; 12 , 3 7. 9 8. 16 9. 75º, 12
10. á!v˛¸Ó˚ ѧ˛y›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ 2ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ xyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 195º ˆÑ˛yí v˛zͲôߨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–

11. ‘ABD = S 3S S 3S 2S S S S
8 , ‘BAD = 8 , ‘CBD = 8 , ‘BCD = 8 12. 3 , 6 , 6 13. 60º, 3
14. (A) (i) d SiiV d SiiiV b (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒ (i) !õ̃y (C) SiV ï%ÓÑ˛

SiiV 57º 16' 22'' S≤ÃyÎ˚V SiiiV 5S S 5S

8 15. SiV 180 SiiV 26º 24' 45''' (iii) 18
(iv) 200 ˆ¢!õ. (v) – S 6

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 22
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ22 [Page : 289]
1. (i) ~Ó˚ !e¶%˛ã!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã £ˆÏÓ– 2. 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 3. 16 ˆ¢!õ. 15. (A) (i) c (ii) c (iii) b
(iv) b (v) c (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒ (ii) !õ̃yy (C) (i) ¢õ!T˛Ó˚Ó (ii) 8 (iii) 5 16. (i) 90º (ii) 26 ˆ¢!õ.
(iii) 5 3 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 90º (v) 2.4 ˆ¢!õ.

375
Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ îüõ ˆ◊!í

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 23
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 3. 15º
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ23.1 [Page : 295]
1. 35 , 34 7 , 24 , 7 , 25 3. 21 , 20 , 20 , 21
2. 25 25 24 7 29 29 29 29
24 24
4. sin T = 25 , tan T = 7 , cosec T = 24 25 , sec T = 255 , cot T = 7
7 24
5 8 , cosec A = 17 8. 5
5. tan T = 12 , sec T = 7. cos A = 17 15
2 2
9. SiV !õ̃y SiiV !õ̃y SiiiV !õ̃y SivV ¢ì˛ƒ SvV !õ̃y SviV ¢ì˛ƒ
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. 60 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 12. 45º, 45º
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ23.2 [Page : 302]
1. 3 2. ‘ACB = 60º, ‘BAC = 30º 3. BC = 10 ˆ¢!õ., AB = 10 3 ˆ¢!õ.
4. PQ=QR=3 !õ. 5. (i) 12 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) 313 (v) 6+3 6 (vi) 0 (vii) 0
5 1
(viii) (ix) 1 7. SiV (ii) 2 23 (iii) ± 12 8. 13 , – 13 11. 0º, 60º
2 3 3
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı
cosT 1
≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 23. òy 26. cotT
t = , cosecT = 28. 75 34. 12
1– cos T
2
1– cos T
2

y²
36. 4x2 + 25y2 = 9 38. x²
a² – b² = 1 41. 2

Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ23.3 [Page : 311]

1 sinT
1. SiV 57 SiiiV 2 2. (i) cosecT= , tan T =
sinT 1– sin2T
1 1–cos²T
SiiV cosecT== , tanT =
cosT
1– cos2T
3. SiV 12 (ii) 2 + 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 0 (v) 1317 (vi) 2 (vii)) 2 , 1 SviiiV 2 , 1
3 3 3 3
4 2
(ix) 43 (x) 12 (xi) 32 (xii) 1 (xiii)) ,± xÌÓyñ 3 , 1 SxivV 12
13
3 3 3
1 1 y²
4. (i)) (ii)) 5. SiV x²
4 + 9 = 1 (ii) 25x – y = 9
2 2
5 3
6. SiV n , m²+n² 9. (A) SiV c (ii) a (iii) c (iv) d (v) c
m²+n² m
SBV (i) ¢ì˛ƒ SiiV !õ̃y SCV (i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 21

10. SiV 4, 30º (ii) 0 (iii) 12 (iv) 1 (v) 45º

376
 ˛!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
LET'S MATCH

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 24
p
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 1 13.
p²+q²
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ24 [Page : 316]
1. SiV 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 12.(A) (i) b (ii) c (iii) c (iv) b (v) a (B) (i) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (ii) !õ̃y
(C) (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) cos B 13. (i) 1 (ii) 9ƒ (iii) 3 (iv) 1 (v) 9ƒ

xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 25
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 2. 20 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 5. 30º 10. 40 !õ›˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ25 [Page : 325]
1. 20 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 2. 3 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 3. 75 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 4. 21 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 5. 8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 24 !õ›˛yÓ˚
6. (i) 4 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ (ii) 2 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ (iii) 2(3+ 3 ) !õ›˛yÓ˚ (iv) 6 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 7. 20.784 !õ›˛yÓ˚
8. 7.098 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 9. 19 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 10. 450 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 150 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 11. 64 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 16 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
12. 125 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 125 2 !õ›˛yÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 13. 2180 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 14. 17.19 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V
15. 30º 16. 81.96 !õ›˛yÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V 17. 25 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 18. 42 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 42 3 ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚
19. 6 !Ñ˛!õ./á^˘›˛y 20. 11.83 !õ›˛yÓ˚/ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛[˛ S≤ÃyÎ˚V 21. 200( 3 +1))!õ›˛yÓ˚ 22. 600!õ›˛yÓ˚ñ 15 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚
23. (i) 250 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ (ii) 500 3 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 24.(A) (i) b (ii) a (iii) c (iv) c (v) a (B) (i) !õ̃y
(ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (C) (i) £…y¢ (ii) ¢õyò ò (iii) ˆÓ!ü 25. (i) 30 !õ›˛yÓ˚Ó (ii) 60ƒ (iii) 45ƒ (iv) 15ƒ (v) 30ƒ
xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 26
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 9. 18 12. 36.4
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ26.1 [Page : 340]
1. 17.43 ÓäÈÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V 2. 4.24 3. 20 4. 8 5. 54.72 6. 43.4 ÓäÈÓ 7. (i) 25 (ii) 40.3
8. (i) 100.89 S≤ÃyÎ˚V (ii) 51.5 9. (i) 75.75 (ii) 36.24 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 10. 20 11. 41.1 ÓäÈÓ
12. 35.67 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 13. 31.67 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 14. 11.69 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 16. (i) 10 (ii) 12.5 19. 4 21. 29.17 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 24. x = 8, y = 7
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ26.2 [Page : 349]
1. 107 ›˛yÑ˛yy 2. 9.5 ÓäÈÓ 3. 54.5 4. 8 5. 47 !Ñ˛@˘Ãy 6. 22 !õ!õ. 7. 2 8. 53.33 ›˛yÑ˛y S≤ÃyÎ˚V
9. 153.41 ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V 10. 35.67 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 11. 19.67 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 12. 18.36 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 13. 83 14. 40
15. x = 9, y = 16
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 28. 70.59 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ26.3 [Page : 358]
2. 46.69 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 4. 138.57 S≤ÃyÎ˚V
!òˆÏã Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı 30. (ii) 9 (iii) 102, 104 (iv) 5 33. 14.4
Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ26.4 [Page : 364]
1. 15 ›˛yÑ˛y, 17 ›˛yÑ˛yy 2. 131 ˆ¢!õ. 3. (i) 4 (ii) 10, 15 4. 4,6 5. 18.90 ÓäÈÓ˚ S≤ÃyÎ˚V
6. 21.76 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 7. 17.38 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 8. 78.44 S≤ÃyÎ˚V 9. (A) (i) d (ii) b (iii) d (iv) a (v) b
(B) (i) !õ̃yy (ii) !õ̃y (C)(i)ˆÑ˛w#ÎÎ (ii) a. x– (iii) ¢õyò 10.(i)20 (ii)82 (iii)6 (iv)27 (v) 30–40

377
 Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïyhs˛Ó˚ (Terminology of Mathematics)
xï≈Ó_ , - Semicircle Üv˛¸ - Mean
xïõí≈ Óy ˆîòyîyÓ˚ - Debtor ˆÜyúÑ˛ - Sphere
x!ïÓ,_yÇü - Major Segment áòÑ˛ - Cube
x!ïâ˛y˛ô - Major Arc â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î - Compound Interest
xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio â˛y˛ô - Arc
xhs˛Ó≈_ , - Incircle ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÓ,_Ñ˛úy - Minor Sector
xï≈ˆÜÏ yúÑ˛ - Hemisphere ì˛ú - Surface
xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ - Partnership Business !ì˛Î≈Ñ˛ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y - Slant Height
x!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ - Ungrouped Data !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ - Trigonometry
xÓò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Angle of Depression !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í - Quadratic Equation
xyÎ˚ì˛áò - Rectangular Parallelopiped or !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# - Quadratic Surd
cuboid ˜îá≈ƒ - Length
xyÎ˚ì˛ò - Volume î,!T˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy - Line of Sight
xyÑ˛yÓ˚ - Size òõ%òy - Sample
xyÑ,˛!ì˛ - Shape !òÓ˚˛) ôÑ˛ - Discriminant
xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏúÖ - Histogram ˛ô!Ó˚!ï - Circumference
xy¢ú - Capital/Principal ≤ÃfiÌ - Breadth
v˛z_õí≈ Óy ˛ôyÁòyîyÓ˚ - Creditor ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛# - Edge
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y - Height ˛ô)Ó˛≈ ôî - Antecedent
v˛z_Ó˚ ôî - Consequent ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Frequency
v˛z˛ôâ˛y˛ô - Minor Arc ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy Ó£%¶%˛ã - Frequency Polygon
v˛zߨ!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Angle of Elevation ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãò - Frequency Distribution
v˛z˛ôÓ,_yÇü - Minor Segment ì˛y!úÑ˛y - Table
v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ - Theorem ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yí - Complementry Angle
~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,_ - Concentric Circles ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Lateral
~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Alternendo Surface
Ñ˛í≈ - Diagonal Ó£%˛ôî# ¢ÇÖƒyõyúy - Polynominal
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Üv˛¸ - Assumed Mean ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Curved
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Cumulative Frequency Surface
Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy - Cumulative frequency Ó#ã - Root
ˆÓ˚Öy curve or ogive Ó,_ - Circle
Ñ˛õÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Step-deviation method Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e - Circular Region
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô - Measures of Central tendency Ó,_â˛y˛ô - Arc
Ü%Ó˚%xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Greater Inequality Ó,_yÇü - Segment

378
Ó,Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy
_Ñ˛úy - Sector ˆ◊!í ¢#õyòy - Class boundary
ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó,_Ñ˛úy - Major sector ˆ◊!íõïƒÑ˛ - Mid value of the
Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã - Cyclic Quadrilateral class

Óƒy¢ - Diameter °Ï!T˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Sexagesimal system

Óƒy¢yï≈ - Radius ¢õyïyò - Solution

!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ - Inverse Ratio ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î - Simple interest

˜Ó°Ïõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of inequality ¢Ó≈¢õ Ó,_ - Equal circles

!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Óy Óƒhfl˛≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Invertendo ¢õÓ,_fiÌ - Concyclic

Óƒhfl˛ˆÏ¶˛î - Inverse variation ¢õ!mÓy£% ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ - Isosceles Trapezium

Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆäÈîÑ˛ - Secant ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Whole surface area

Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ - Circular system ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ - Proportion

!Óòƒhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ - Grouped data ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï - Uniform rate of

growth
Ó£%¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ - Multimodal
¢õ£yÓ˚ £…y¢ Óy x˛ôâ˛Î˚ - Uniform rate of
¶)˛!õ - Base
decrease or
¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú - Area of the Base depreciation
¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Dividendo
¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Addendo
ˆ¶˛î - Variation
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò Óy ¶)˛!Î˚¤˛Ñ˛ - Mode
ˆ¶˛î ï%ÓÑ˛ - Variation constant
¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!í - Modal class
¶˛yÓ˚Î%=˛ Üv˛¸ - Weighted mean
¢¡ôyîƒ - Construction
õyey - Dimension
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ - Tangent
õ)úïò - Capital/Principal
fl˛ôü≈!Ó®% - Point of contact
õõyò%˛ôyì˛# - Mean Proportional
¢î,ü - Similar
õïƒõy - Median
¢î,üì˛y - Similarity
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Óy - Compound ratio or Mixed ratio
¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# - Equiangular
!õ◊ xò%˛ôyì˛
¢yõƒyò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Equality
ˆÎyÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Componendo
¢yÇÖƒõyò - Numerical value
ˆÎyÜÈÙȶ˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y - Componendo and Dividendo
¢Ó,!Âïõ)ú - Amount
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˆ¶˛î - Joint variation
¢%î - Interest
ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ - Arithmetic mean
¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚ - Rate of Interest
Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò - Statistics
úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ - Ratio of Less Inequality
ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà - Right circular cylinder
ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ - Right circular cone
ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó^˘›˛ò - Distribution of profit
ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% - Vertex
üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈!Ó®% - Apex
ˆ◊!í ¢#õy - Class limit

379
 !ü Ö ò ˛ô Ó˚y õ ü≈
x ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õ Ó˚˛) ôˆÏÓÖ˚ y SNCFV ÈÙÈ 2005ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ~£z ˆÎ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ã#Óò Á !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó≈îy ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ò!Ì !òˆÏîü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ü«˛y ˆÎò ˆÑ˛Óúõye Ó£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òy £Î˚– ü%ïõ% ye Ó£z ˆÌˆÏ Ì Ñ˛
!ü«˛y £ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ Óy!v˛¸ ~ÓÇ ¢õy㠈̈ÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚– ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õ ˛˛Ó˚˛) ôˆÏÓÖ˚ yÓ˚
~£z õ)ú î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z Óì≈˛õyò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õñ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!ⲠÁ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ò!Ì xyÓ˚Á ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ü ˆîÎ˚ ˆÎ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ !ü«˛y ˆÎò !Ó°ÏΈ˚ ÑÏ ˛!wÑ˛ òy £Î˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ӰψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ˆ¢ ˆÎò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ö§ˆ% ã
Ï ˛ôyÎ˚–
x xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎÖò ~£z ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ~£z ò#!ì˛ Á ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xò%ïyÓò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
x Óì≈˛õyˆÏò !ü«˛y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛– !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ õye– xÌ≈yÍ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎ ãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Óy!v˛¸ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüñ ¢õyã
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z !üˆÏÖ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆ¢›˛y !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ãyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆ¢£z !ӰψÏÎ˚
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ x!ã≈ì˛ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ ˆÖÎ˚yú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ !â˛hs˛y Óy Î%!=˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ˆÎò õ%=˛ !â˛hs˛yÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈îy ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò–
x ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ õye– ~Ñ˛õye ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ òÎ˚– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ !ü«˛y ÎyˆÏì˛ xyò®îyÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ !üÖò ¢Ω˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£y΃ ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãˆÏò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ â˛y!£îyõˆÏì˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õ¢ƒy !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y
ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆ◊!í xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yò x¢¡ô)í≈ òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
x Ü!íì˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÎò õ)ì≈˛ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Óõ)ˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy ãß√yÎ˚– ì˛y òy £ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ü!íì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛
¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
x !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎò ˆÎ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏy òy
xïƒyÎ˚ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏú ¢!Ñ˛Î˚ì˛y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ SActivityV õyÏõ ˆ¢£z xïƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ õˆÏò
Î%!=˛˛ô)í≈ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚˚ ãß√ ˆîò– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !â˛hs˛y Á Î%!=˛Ó˚ fl˛∫FäÈì˛y xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÎò ˆ¢ !Óõ)ì≈˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
x !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎò ú«˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖò !ü«˛yÌ≈# ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏã !òˆÏã£z Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ xïƒyÎ˚ !üÖˆÏì˛ ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ÎÖò ˆ¢ Á£z xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü !üÖˆÏì˛ Óyïy≤ÃyÆ £Î˚ ì˛Öò£z ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆÎò ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢
¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ !òˆÏã£z Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚–
x !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xïƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ≤Ã̈Ïõ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü“ ÓúˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ã̈Ïõ !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%G˛ˆÏì òy
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏFäÈ–
x îúÜì˛ !ü«˛í !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !üÖˆÏò ΈÏÌT˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £Î˚– !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆ¢!îÑ˛!›˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò–
x Óì≈˛õyò !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Óy !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ ãyòyˆÏòy òÎ˚ñ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏì˛ K˛yò ܇˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/
!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ú«˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈# K˛yò ܇˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú£z ˆ¢ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ü!íì˛ Ö%§ãˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
Ü!íì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyò®îyÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
x !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÎyˆÏì˛ õˆÏò õˆÏò ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xAÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Sõyò¢yAÑ˛V ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎò ΈÏÌT˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú
Ó˚yˆÏÖò– Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ü«˛yÌ≈# Î!î õyò¢yAÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüˆÏÖ ì˛y£ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !â˛hs˛yñ Î%!=˛ Á Üíòy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
«˛õì˛y ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚–
x !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xïƒyÎ˚ ˆüÖyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Á£z xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ ˆÏÓò˚
ÎyˆÏì˛ Á£z xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ Îì˛Ü%!ú ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓÜ%!ú£z ˆ¢ ˆüˆÏÖ– ˆÎõòñ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙÙÙÈ
1V !máyì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
2V !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
3V !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ax2 + bx + c = 0 (az 0) ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy–

380
Óyh4flV˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí az 0 ˆúÖy £Î˚ ˆÑ˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
5V ax2 + bx + c = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí a=0 £ˆÏú ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ !Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
6V v˛zͲôyîÑ˛ !ӈϟ’°Ïí ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
7V !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ¢Ó≈îy Ñ˛!›˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
8V !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
9V ◊#ïÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
10V !òÓ˚)˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò ü)òƒ Óy ü)ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏú Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy–
11V î%!›˛ Ó#ã ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy–
x ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Open endedd ≤ß¿ ÌyÑ˛y ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
a˛V ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ܇˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
bV õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3:2:5 £ˆÏú ˆõy›˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õyò ˆúˆÏÖy–
cV ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤ÃfiÌ Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy !úˆÏÖ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÎ!›˛ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–
dV !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆúˆÏÖy ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛–
x ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y xyÏÓ˚Á ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛§yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚˚ xyÓ˚!£ì˛ K˛yò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ !Ñ˛òy Ó%G˛ˆÏˆì˛
¢%!Óïy £ˆÏÓ–
x Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y !ü«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎò òy Ó%ˆÏG˛ õ%ÖfiÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆÎò ˆ¢ Î%!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ò £Î˚–
!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ΈÏÌT˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yˆÏÖò–
x ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õ¢ƒy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü«˛yÌ≈#˚ ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò â%˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ӈϢ òy ÌyˆÏ Ì Ñ˛–
ˆÎ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ Ó%ˆÏG˛ ~!܈ÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!‡˛òì˛Ó˚ Î%!=˛ !ò¶≈¶ Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy
!îˆÏÎ˚ ~!܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò– xyÓ˚ ˆÎ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏFäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Î%!=˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Á£z xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢yõ̃≈≈ Ñ˛yõƒ ˆ¢›˛yÎ˚
ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäyˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
1. ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆÓyv≈˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yv˛z!™ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õ Á ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yõO¢ƒ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚Á ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õ Á ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!!ââ˛ˆÏˆì˛
ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
2. ~Ñ˛yîü ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏAÜ ¢yõO¢ƒ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ü!íˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È òì%˛ò xïƒyÎ˚ ¢ÇÎ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
3. îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ÚÜ!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÛ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!›˛Ü!íì˛ñ Ó#ãÜ!íì˛ñ ãƒy!õ!ì˛ñ ˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ñ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò xïƒyÎ˚Ü%!ú
xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆò£z– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ˛ôy!›˛Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó#ãÜ!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xïƒyÎ˚ Óy ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚Î=% ˛– ˆÎõò â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò ãyòy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò– !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢î,üì˛y ãyòy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
xÌ≈yÍ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢)e õ%ÖfiÌ !ÓîƒyÓ˚ SRote LearningV v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ò £Î˚ ˆãˆÏò ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚
ì˛y£z Ü!íˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÖyÓ˚ xïƒyÎ˚Ü%!ú ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yãyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
4. ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!ì˛¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ß¿ ˆîÁÎ˚Îy
xyˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !܈ÏÎ˚ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy ¢¡ô)í≈ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Á£z
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y Ö%Ó ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5. ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Á Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Î%!=˛˛ô)í≈ xyò®îyÎ˚Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z!!››˛ˆÏÑ˛
ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛Ó˚Á ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ãyòyˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛ ¶˛!ӰσˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£z!›˛ !òÖ§%ì˛ Á
¢Ó≈yAÜ#í ¢%®Ó˚ £Î˚–

381
 ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
õy¢ xïƒyÎ˚
1 ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í (QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH ONE VARIABLE)
January 2 ¢Ó˚ú ¢%îÑ˛°Ïy (SIMPLE INTEREST)
3 Ó,_ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (THEOREMS RELATED TO CIRCLE)
4 xyÎ˚ì˛áò (RECTANGULARR PARALLELOPIPED ORR CUBOID)
5 xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛ (RRATIO AND PROPORTION)
February
6 â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢õ£yÓ˚ Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢
(COMPOUND INTEREST AND UNIFORM RATE OF INCREASE ORR DECREASE)
7 Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (THEOREMS RELATED TO ANGLES IN A CIRCLE)
8 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà (RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER)
March
9 !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# (QUADRATIC SURD)
10 Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (THEOREMS RELATED TO CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL)
11 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ Á xhs˛Ó≈,_ xAÑ˛ò
(CONSTRUCTION : CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMCIRCLE AND INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE)

April 12 ˆÜyúÑ˛ (SPHERE)

13 ˆ¶˛î (VVARIATION)
14 xÇü#îy!Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ (PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS)
15 Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (THEOREMS RELATED TO TANGENT TO A CIRCLE)
May & 16 ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ (RIGHT CIRCULARR CONE)
June 17 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò˛ (CONSTRUCTIONN : CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE)
18 ¢î,üì˛y˛ (SIMILARITY)
19 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áòÓhfl˛% ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy (R
REAL LIFE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DIFFERENT SOLID OBJECTS)
July 20 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛ ı ˆÑ˛yí ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy (TRIGONOMETRY : CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE)
21 ¢¡ôyîƒ ı õõyò%˛ôyì˛# !òí≈β˚ (CONSTRUCTIONN : DETERMINATION OF MEANN PROPORTIONAL )
22 !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ (PYTHAGORAS THEOREM)
23 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ Á !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xˆÏ¶˛îyÓ!ú
August (TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES)
24 ˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyì˛ (TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTRARY ANGLE)
September 25 !eˆÏÑ˛yí!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ ı v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á î)Ó˚c
& (APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS : HEIGHTS & DISTANCES)
October
26 Ó˚y!ü!ÓK˛yò ı˛Üv˛¸ñ õïƒõyñ Áãy£z¶˛ñ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Óõ
%˚ yò (STATISTICS : MEANN , MEDIANN , OGIVEE , MODE)

382
 Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy
≤ÃÌõ˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ü!íì˛
òõ%òy ≤ß¿˛ôe
¢õÎ˚Èı 1 á^˘›˛y 30 !õ!ò›˛ ˛ô)í≈õyò : 40

1. ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yı 1×6=6

(i) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%î ¢õyò £Î˚È
(a) 1 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (b) 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (c) 3 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ (d) 4 ÓäȈÏÓ˚

(ii) 5 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ xy¢ú Á ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 10 : 3 £ˆÏúñ Ó!°Ï≈Ñ˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚È
(a) 3 (b) 30 (c) 6 (d) 12

(iii) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚È

(a) 2x–3x2 = 3x2+5 (b) (2x+3)2 = 2(x2–5)
(c) ( 3x+2)
3x 2 = 3x2–7 (d) (x–2)2 = 5x2+2x–3

(iv) Î!î 4x2 +6kx+9=0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 2 xÌÓy 0 (b) –2 xÌÓy 0 (c) 2 xÌÓy –2 (d) ˆÑ˛Óúõye 0

(v) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ‘OAB= 50º ~ÓÇ C Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó®% £ˆÏúñ ‘ACB ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyòÈ
(a) 50º (b) 40º (c) 80º (d) 100º

(vi) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Á CD î%!›˛ ¢õyò ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ãƒy– ‘AOB=70º £ˆÏúñ ‘CODÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 110º (b) 70º (c) 35º (d) 80º

2. !ò¡¨!˛ú!Öì˛ ≤ß¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı 2×5=10

3
(i) Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % ¢Ó˚ú¢%ˆÏî Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ ¢%î xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ 5 xÇü £ˆÏÓ⁄
(ii) p:q = 5:7 ~ÓÇ p–q = –4 £ˆÏúñ (3p–2q)ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛⁄
(iii) O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ãƒy ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– Î!î AB=10 ˆ¢!õ.ñ CD=24
ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ AB Á CD ãƒy î%!›˛Ó˚ î)Óc˚ 17 ˆ¢!õ. £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ –
D
A
(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
)
º
35

5 º
)7 x
B
C
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 512 áò ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

383
3. Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 10 % â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 1,00,000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 1,33,100 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ⁄
xÌÓy
~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 20 % £yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚– ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 28.8 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúñ
2 ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ÜyäÈ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 5

4. ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı lˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛n 3×1=3

3 = 4, (xz – 1)
(i) (2x+1) + 2x+1 2
(ii) (x–2) (x–4) + (x–4) (x–6) + (x–6)1(x–8) + 31 = 0, (x z 2, 4, 6, 8)
1 1

5. ¢%úì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ã ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 13 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îˆÏ≈áƒÓ˚
xhs˛Ó˚ 7 ˆ¢!õ.– ¢%úì˛yÓ˚ xy§Ñ˛y ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 4
xÌÓy
Î!î î%£z xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïòydÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z£yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Ü%íö˛ú 189 £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ !mÜ%í £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xAÑ˛!›˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ
Ñ Ó˚y–
6. a, b, c Á d Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ (a2+b2+c2) (b2+c2+d2) = (ab+bc+cd)2
xÌÓy

a= 5+1 ~ÓÇ ab = 1 £ˆÏúñ a + b ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

( ) 3
5–1 b a

7. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ¢ß√%Ö ˆÑ˛wfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á£z â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó,_fiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ !mÜ%í–
xÌÓy
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ Óƒy¢ òÎ˚ ~Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãƒyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Î!î Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wÜyõ# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛˛ôÓ˚
v ú¡∫ £ˆÏÓ–
v˛ 5

8. 21 ˆv˛!¢!õ. î#á≈ñ 11 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ≤Ãühfl˛ ~ÓÇ 6 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ܶ˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛y xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ãú˛ô)í≈ xyˆÏäÈ–
~Öò Á£z ˆâ˛ÔÓyFâ˛yÎ˚ Î!î 21 ˆ¢!õ. Óƒy¢ ~ÓÇ 20 ˆ¢!õ. v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ 1000!›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆâ˛yà ¢¡ô)í≈
v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ãúì˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ ˆv˛!¢!õ. v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢ˆÏÓ⁄
xÌÓy
~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3 : 1ó ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚
xyÎ˚ì˛ò 1029S áò ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛⁄ 4

!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
1. (i) a (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) b (vi) b 2. (i) 6 ÓäÈÓ˚ (ii) 2 (iii) 13 ˆ¢!õ. (iv) 70º (v) 384 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
3. 3 ÓäÈÓ˚ xÌÓyñ 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ 4. (i) x=0 ~ÓÇ x=1 (ii) x=5 ~ÓÇ x=5 5. 12 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ. xÌÓyñ 3
6. xÌÓyñ 7 8. 3 ˆv˛!¢!õ. xÌÓyñ 1232 ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.

384
 Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy !mì˛#Î˚˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ü!íì˛
ˆ◊!í ÈÙÈ îüõ
òõ%òy ≤ß¿˛ôe
¢õÎ˚ ı1 á^˘›˛y 30 !õ!ò›˛ ˛ ô)í≈õyò : 40
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yı 1×7=7
(i) 5x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ!T˛
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 51 (d) 52
(ii) ¢õ#Ó˚ 4000 ›˛yÑ˛y 3 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ x!õì˛y 3000 ›˛yÑ˛y 5 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ú¶˛ƒyÇü ¢õ#Ó˚ Á x!õì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ó!^˘›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y £ˆÏúyñ
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4
(iii) x vy1 ~ÓÇ y = 52 ÎÖò x = 5ó x = 61 £ˆÏúñ yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò

(a) 31 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 18

(iv) ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏe O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ AB Óƒy¢– ‘ADC = 140º ~ÓÇ
‘CAB = xº £ˆÏúñ xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò
(a) 80 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 30
(v) Î!î !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛Ω˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ 20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫y v˛zÕ‘¡∫ úy!‡˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
50 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Á 10 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
(a) 1200!õ. (b) 2500!õ. (c) 25!õ. (d) 1000!õ.
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 15 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 16 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ
üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
(a) 120S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (b) 240S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (c) 136S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. (d) 130S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ.
(vii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú 147S ÓÜ≈ ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Á£z xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚
Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
(a) 14 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 7 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 21 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 7.5 ˆ¢!õ.

2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃÏŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı 2×4=8

SiV A v C 1 ~ÓÇ C v1 £ˆÏúñ A ~ÓÇ BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
B
SiiV ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
SaV ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !¶˛ß¨ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÓˆÏú–
SbV î%!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ.– Ó,_î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ Ó!£Éfl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛wmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c ˆ¢!õ.–
SiiiV~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú S ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ì˛ò V £ˆÏúñ Vð Sñ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò SÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y ˆúˆÏÖy–

385
 SivV~Ñ˛!›˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú ì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ 5 Ü%í– üAÑ%˛!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Á ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏïÓ≈ ˚
˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ˆüy¶˛yñ õyõ%î Á Ó˚yˆÏÓÎ˚y ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 3000 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 3500 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 2500 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢y
xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ì˛yÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ˆÎ ˆõy›˛ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ 13 xÇü ì˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xÓ!üT˛ xÇü ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– Î!î ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 810 ›˛yÑ˛y
úy¶˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤ÈÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄ 5
xÌÓy
üy!Ñ˛ú Á õ£%Îy˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 30,000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 50,000 ›˛yÑ˛y õ)úïò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢y xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
6 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ üy!Ñ˛ú xyÓ˚Á 40,000 ›˛yÑ˛y ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ú!@¿ Ñ˛Ó˚úñ !Ñ˛hs˛$ õ£%Îy˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò 10,000 ›˛yÑ˛y
ì%˛ˆÏú !òú– ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Î!î 19,000 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ⁄
4. avb ~ÓÇ bvc £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖyÁ ˆÎñ a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 v abc (a3 +b3 +c3) 3
xÌÓy
¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı x–2 x–2
x+2 + 6 ( x–6) = 1, (x z – 2, 6)
5. ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ Î!î î%!›˛ Ó,_ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!£Éfi̶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú fl˛ôü≈!Ó®%!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w
î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyLjÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌì˛ £ˆÏÓ– 5
xÌÓy
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ˆÎ
î%!›˛ !e¶%˛ã v˛zͲôߨ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ õ)ú !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢î,ü ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚yÁ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢î,ü–
6. ' ABC ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ‘BAC = 1 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí– x!ì˛¶%˛ã BCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ AD ú¡∫– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÎñ 'ABC BCð
'ACD = ACð 3

7. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.8 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Á£z Óy£% ¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ õyò 60º
Á 75ºó Á£z !e¶%˛ã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– lü%ï%õye xAÑ˛ò !â˛£´ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓn 5
xÌÓy
2.5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈!Ó!üT˛ O ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ P ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®%
ÎyÓ˚ O !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c 5 ˆ¢!õ.ó P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ î%!›˛ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– lü%ï%õye xAÑ˛ò
!â˛£´ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓn
8. 3 ˆ¢!õ.ñ 4 ˆ¢!õ. Á 5 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÜyúÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄ 4
xÌÓy
¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 12 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ !Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ì§˛yÓ%
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓÜ≈ !õ›˛yÓ˚ 3.50 ›˛yÑ˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ÖÓ˚Ⲡ£ˆÏÓ ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y⁄
!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
1. (i) d (ii) c (iii) c (iv) c (v) d (vi) c (vii) b 2. (i) AvB (ii) a. ˆäÈîÑ˛ b. 9 ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 36S
(iv) 2:1 3. 270 ›˛yÑ˛yñ 300 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 240 ›˛yÑ˛y xÌÓyñ üy!Ñ˛ú ˛ôyˆÏÓ 10,000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á õ£%Îy˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ 9,000 ›˛yÑ˛y
2
4. xÌÓyñ x=0 ~ÓÇ x= 3 8. 6 ˆ¢!õ. xÌÓyñ 1716 ›˛yÑ˛y

386
 Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ÇÖƒy ì,˛ì˛#Î˚˛˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ˛!õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ü!íì˛
ˆ◊!í ÈÙÈ îüõ
òõ%òy ≤ß¿˛ôe
¢õÎ˚ ı 3 á^˘›˛y ˛ ô)í≈õyò : 90
1.A. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y S¢ÓÜ%!ú ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁV 1×6=6
SiV Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ a % ¢Ó˚ú ¢%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚ b ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ c õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢%îÈ
abc abc abc abc
(a) ›˛yÑ˛y (b) 100 ›˛yÑ˛y (c) 200 ›˛yÑ˛y (d) 120 ›˛yÑ˛y
1200
(ii) kx2 – 5x + k = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ ¢õyò Á Óyhfl˛Ó £ˆÏÓ Î!î kÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò £Î˚
5 2
(a) “ 5 (b) “ (c) “ (d) “ 2
2 5

(iii) D = 90º, E = 30º £ˆÏúñ sin(DE ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò

1 3 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
(iv) O ˆÑ˛w!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó!£ÉfiÌ P !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ PA xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy–
PA = 4 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ OP = 5 ˆ¢!õ. £ˆÏúñ Ó,_!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ
(a) 5 ˆ¢!õ. (b) 4 ˆ¢!õ. (c) 6 ˆ¢!õ. (d) 8 ˆ¢!õ.

SvV î%!›˛ áòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 8 : 125 £ˆÏúñ áòÑ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛È
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 4 : 25 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 2 : 25
(vi) 8, 15, 10, 11, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õïƒõy
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 11.5 (d) 11

B. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃÏŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ SˆÎȈÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛V 1×5=5

(i) p ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 6 õy¢ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ 2r% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆîÏ n ÓäȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï p(1+ r )2n ›˛yÑ˛y–
SiiV aÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 50% = bÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 20% = cÈÙÈ~Ó˚ 25% £ˆÏú a : b : c = 2 : 5 :
SiiiV SinA = 12 ~ÓÇ CosB = 12 £ˆÏúñ (A + B) ~Ó˚ õyò
(iv) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,_ˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚–
(v) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ r ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
ÓÜ≈~Ñ˛Ñ˛–
(vi) ˆÎ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò 2 !›˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶)˛!Î˚T˛Ñ˛ ì˛Ìƒ Óúy £Î˚–
C. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃÏŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒ òy !õ̃y ˆúˆÏÖy SˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛V 1×5=5
SiV ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü#îy!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ñ xõú Á ˆv˛!¶˛ˆÏv˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ õ%úïˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 3:2:5
£ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ú¶˛ƒyÇü Ó!r›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 5:2:3 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛–

387
 SiiV A, BÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– B, CÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ A, CÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ–
SiiiV D+E= 90º £ˆÏúñ SinðD + SinðE = 1
(iv) ABC Á DEF !e¶%˛ã î%!›˛Ó˚ ‘A=‘D, ‘B=‘F ~ÓÇ ‘C = ‘E £ˆÏúñ AB AC BC
DE = DF = EF
SvV î%!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 2 : 3 £ˆÏúyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚
xò%˛ôyì˛ 4 : 9
SviV Ñ˛õˆÏÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ˆúÖ!â˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ≤ß¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı SˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy îü!›˛V 2×10=20
(i) Óy!°ÏÑ˛ 5% â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆîÏ !Ñ˛ä%È ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäȈÓÏ ˚ â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï ¢%î 615 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏúñ xy¢ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ –
(ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ã!òˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓäÈÓ˚ 10% £yˆÏÓ˚ £…y¢≤ÃyÆ £Î˚– !ã!ò¢!›˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyòõ)úƒ 162 ›˛yÑ˛y
£ˆÏú– 2 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ !ã!ò¢!›˛Ó˚ îyõ Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SiiiV x Á y î%!›˛ â˛úÓ˚y!ü– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ õyòÜ%!ú £ˆÏúy ı
x = 6, y = 9; x = 4, y = 6; x = 12, y = 18; x = 3.6, y = 5.4; x Á y ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛#Ó˚)˛ô
ˆ¶˛î ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y Î%!=˛¢£ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
1 1
SivV x2 + 8x + 2 = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã D Á E £ˆÏúñ ( D + ) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
E
(v) ~Ñ˛£z ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆâ˛yà Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ áòö˛ú ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
Á v˛zââ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
(vi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 144S áòˆÏ¢!õ £ˆÏúñ ~Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛⁄

(vii) 17 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Óƒy¢yï≈ !Ó!üT˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãƒyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c 8 ˆ¢!õ.– ãƒy!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ
!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
(viii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w O ~ÓÇ AOC Óƒy¢– B Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó®% ~ÓÇ ‘ACB=50ºó
AT Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ A !Ó®% fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò B Á T !Ó®% AC ÓƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ xÓ!fiÌì˛– ‘BATÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚–
(ix) ABC !e¶%˛ˆÏã BC Óy£%Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy AB Á AC Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ D Á E !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– AD : DB = 5 : 4 £ˆÏúñ AE : AC Ñ˛ì˛⁄
(x) tanT.tan2T = 1 £ˆÏúñ cos2T ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛⁄
(xi) ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 14 ˆ¢!õ.– Á£z Ó,ˆÏ_ 66 ˆ¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,_â˛y˛ô myÓ˚y ï,ì˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
ˆÑ˛yí!›˛Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛⁄
(xii) xi 3 5 8 9 11 13
fi 6 8 5 p 8 4
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Üv˛¸ 8 £ˆÏúñ pÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

388
3.Ó
Óyhfl˛ÓÓÓy!°Ï y £yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏî 2 ÓäȈÏÓ˚ 60,000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ)ú â˛Ñ˛Ó,!Âï 69,984 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓ⁄
Ç≈ÑÖ˛ ƒÑ˛ì˛
¢¢ÇÖƒy 5
xÌÓy
ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã̈Ïõ xÓ˚%í Á xãÎ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 24ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á 30ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ̶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ¢y ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xÓ˚%í xyÓ˚Á 12ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y Á£z ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ õ)úïò ˆîÎ˚– ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Á£z
ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚ 14ñ030 ›˛yÑ˛y úy¶˛ £ˆÏúy ~ÓÇ xÓ˚%í 7ñ130 ›˛yÑ˛y ú¶˛ƒyÇü ˆ˛ôú– xÓ˚%í Ñ˛ì˛ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yˆÏÎ˚
›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
1 1 1 1
4. ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı a+b+x = a + b + x , [xz0, – (a+b)] 3
xÌÓy
!fiÌÓ˚ ãˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ 8 !Ñ˛!õ./á^˘›˛y– ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ 5 á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xò%Ñ)˛ˆÏú 15 !Ñ˛!õ. ~ÓÇ
ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛ˆÏú 22 !Ñ˛!õ. ˆÜˆÏúñ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓÜ Ñ˛ì˛ !äÈú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5 – 3 3 2 2
5. ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı + 3
3+ 2 2+ 5 3+ 5
xÌÓy
Î!î 5 ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 12 !îˆÏò 10 !Óáy ã!õÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ 18 !Óáy ã!õÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛
9 !îˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò ì˛y ˆ¶˛îì˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ay–bx cx–az
x bz–cy x y z
6. Î!îñ = = £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ = = 3
c b a a b c
xÌÓy

a, b, c Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# £ˆÏúñ ˆîÖyÁ ˆÎñ a 2 b 2 c 2 §¨ 13 + 13 + 13 ·¸ = a 3 +b3 +c3

©a b c ¹
7. !˛ôÌyˆÏÜyÓ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôyîƒ!›˛ !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Á ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 1+4
xÌÓy
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˆÑ˛yíÜ%!ú ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛– 5
8. ABCD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yõ ÎyÓ˚ AB || DCó ABÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓÖ
˚ y AD Á BCÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ
E Á F !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ AE : ED = BF : FC 3
xÌÓy
Î!î ABCD Ó,_fiÌ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ AB = DC £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ AC = BD
9. ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ 222 ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– lü%ï%õye xAÑ˛ò !â˛£´ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓn 5
xÌÓy
~Ñ˛!›˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 6.5 ˆ¢!õ. ~ÓÇ Á£z Óy£% ¢Çú@¿ ˆÑ˛yí î%!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô 50º Á
75ºó Á£z !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛Ó,≈_ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– lü%ï%õye xAÑ˛ò !â˛£´ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓn

10. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı 3×2=6

(i) xÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
S S 3 S S
(x+1) cotð = 2cosð + secð + 4sinð
6 3 4 4 6
(ii) ˆîÖyÁ ˆÎñ cosecð 22º cotð 68º = sinð 22º + sinð68º + cotð t 68º
x
(iii) Î!î cosT = £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖyÁ ˆÎñ x sinT = y cosT
xð+y yð

389
11. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı 4×2= 8
(i) ~Ñ˛!›˛ xï≈ˆÏÜyúÑ˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ üAÑ%˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õ ¢õyò Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÁ ¢õyò £ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛
Á ÓÑ˛ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ì˛⁄
(ii) 4.2 ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚!Ó!üT˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ áòÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛y‡˛ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
!òˆÏÓ˚›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ üAÑ%˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
(iii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y v˛z£yÓ˚ Óƒy¢yˆÏï≈Ó˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ !mÜ%í– Î!î v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 6 Ü%í £ˆÏì˛yñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò 539 áò ˆv˛!¢!õ. ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛y– ˆâ˛yà!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
12. !õ!£Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛ô§yâ˛ì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏú õò%ˆõÏ ˆÏr›˛Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí Á ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛
ˆÑ˛yí ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 60ºº Á 30ºº £Î˚ó Óy!v˛¸!›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Î!î 16 !õ›˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ õò%ˆõÏ ˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛⁄ 5
xÌÓy
¢)ˆÎÏ Ó≈ ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÖò 45º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 60ºÈÙÈˆì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛!ú@˘Ãyö˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 4
!õ›˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚– v˛zß!¨ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yí ÎÖò 30º £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò Á£z ˆ›˛!ú@˘Ãyö˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ –
13. ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy 2!›˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁı 4×2= 8
(i) üy!Ñ˛úÓyÓ% ì˛yÓ˚ 500!›˛ ÓyˆÏ: !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xyõ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy£zÑ˛y!Ó˚ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓò– Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú
ÓyˆÏ: Ñ˛ì˛Ü%!ú xyõ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äȈÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy–
xyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 50 - 52 52 - 54 54 - 56 56 - 58 58 - 60
ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 5 14 16 10 5
Á£z 50 !›˛ ÓyˆÏ: Üv˛¸ xyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
(ii) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õïƒõy !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yı
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y Sˆ¢!õ.V 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165
äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 7 12 20 24 20 17

(iii) ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÜ%Ó˚%õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yı

ˆ◊!í 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy 5 12 18 28 17 12 8

!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!Ö
1. A. (i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) c (v) b (vi) d B. (i) 100 (ii) 4 (iii) 90º (iv) ˆäÈîÑÑ˛ (v) 3Sr2
(vi) !mm C. (i) !õ̃y (ii) ¢ì˛ƒƒ (iii) ¢ì˛ƒ (iv) !õ̃y (v) ¢ì˛ƒ (vi) ¢ì˛ƒƒ 2. (i) 6000 ›˛yÑ˛y (ii) 200 ›˛yÑ˛y
(iii) ¢Ó˚úˆÏ¶˛îñ x Á yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ ïÓ%Ñ˛ (iv) – 4 (v) 3 : 2 (vi) 12 ˆ¢!õ. (vii) 30 ˆ¢!õ. (viii) 50º
1 S
3S
(ix) 5 : 9 (x) 2 (xi) (xii) 10
2
3
3. 8% xÌÓyñ 5 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 4. x= –a ~ÓÇ x= –b xÌÓyñ 15 !Ñ˛!õ./á^˘›˛y
5. 0 xÌÓyñ 12 ãò 10. (i) 0 11. (i) 2 : 1, 2 : 1 (ii) 19.404 áò ˆ¢!õ. (iii) 7 ˆv˛!¢!õ.
12. 64 !õ›˛yÓ˚ xÌÓyñ 6( 3 +1) !õ›˛yÓ˚ 13. (i) 54.84 (ii) 152.29 ˆ¢!õ. S≤ÃyÎ˚V (iii) 17.38 S≤ÃyÎ˚V

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