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Lecture 4

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4 views

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

G Abbas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CS110: Fundamentals of Computer

Programming

Course instructor
Dr. Ijaz Khan
Algorithms, pseudo code and flow charts

2
Outline

• Algorithms
• Pseudo code
• Flow charts

3
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS

• A typical programming task can be divided into two


phases:
• Problem solving phase
– produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem
– this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
• Step by step solution of any given problem is know as algorithm
• Implementation phase
– implement the program in some programming language
Steps in Problem Solving

• First produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode)

• Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed algorithm that is
very close to a computer language.

• Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop


algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.
Pseudocode & Algorithm

• Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final grade and indicate


whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as the average of four
marks.
Pseudocode & Algorithm

Pseudocode:
• Input a set of 4 marks
• Calculate their average by summing and dividing by 4
• if average is below 50
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
Pseudocode & Algorithm

• Detailed Algorithm
• Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
endif
Advantages of writing Algorithm

• When we divide the solution into steps it becomes easy for the readers to
understand the process.

• So with the help of algorithms we can make it essay to write solutions of bigger
problems/questions.
The Flowchart

• (Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of operations, as in a


computer program.

• (Technical) Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single


program. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
The Flowchart

A Flowchart
– shows logic of an algorithm
– emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections
– e.g. control flow from one action to the next

• Why flowchart?
– If we convert the algorithm into steps it becomes easy for anyone to understand the step as graphical
representation is way better than textual representation….
Flowchart Symbols

Basic
Example

START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Print “PASS”
endif
N IS Y
GRADE<5
0

PRINT PRINT
“PASS “FAIL”

STOP
Example 2
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
• Input the length in feet (Lft)
• Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30
• Print length in cm (LCM)
Example 2
Algorithm
• Step 1: Input Lft
• Step 2: Lcm  Lft x 30 Flowchart
• Step 3: Print Lcm START

Input
Lft

Lcm  Lft x 30

Print
Lcm

STOP
Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a
rectangle and calculate its area.
Pseudocode
• Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
• Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
• Print A
Example 3

Algorithm START
• Step 1: Input W,L
• Step 2: AL x W Input
W, L
• Step 3: Print A
ALxW

Print
A

STOP
Example 4

• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will


calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax2  bx  c  0

• Hint: d = sqrt (b  4ac ),


2

• and the roots are: x1 = (–b + d)/2a


• and x2 = (–b – d)/2a
Example 4
Pseudocode:
• Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic equation
• Calculate d
• Calculate x1
• Calculate x2
• Print x1 and x2
Example 4

START

• Algorithm:
• Step 1: Input a, b, c Input
a, b, c
• Step 2: d  sqrt ( b  b  4  a  c )
• Step 3: x1  (–b + d) / (2 x a) d  sqrt(b x b – 4 x a x c)
• Step 4: x2  (–b – d) / (2 x a)
x1 (–b + d) / (2 x a)
• Step 5: Print x1, x2
X2  (–b – d) / (2 x a)

Print
x1 ,x2

STOP
Acknowledgement!

Various contents in this presentation have been taken from different


books, lecture notes, and the web. These solely belong to their
owners, and are here used only for clarifying various educational
concepts. Any copyright infringement is not intended.

21

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