UNIT-3

INTRODUCITON TO ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

Android is Linux- based Operating System for mobile devices.

Android specially developed for application. There are more than
4, 00, 000 in android market. The android is an open source.

Origin of Android
Android was found in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy
Rubin, Rich Minor, Nick Sears and Chris White who work at
"Google" to develop. Android was purchased by Google in August,
2005 for 50 million. The open hand set alliance, a group of several
companies was formed in 5 November, 2007. Android beta released
on 12 November, 2007.

Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

It's consortium of several companies. This group companies are
allowed to use source code of Android and develop applications

Features of Android
 Android can run multiple apps at the same time.
 Also support optimised graphic, VGA, 2D graphics and 3D
graphic.
 Android has better app market.
 Android lets you change your setting faster.
 It gives you more option to fit your budget.
 Android keeps information visible on your home screen.
 Android also support Java applications.

Versions of Android

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 S.N. Versions Code Name Release Date
1. Android 1.0 - 23 September 2008
2. Android 1.1 - 9 February 2009
3. Android 1.5 Cupcake 30 April 2009
4 Android 1.6 Donut 15 September 2009
5. Android 2.0 Éclair 26 October 2009
6. Android 2.2 Froyo 20 May 2010
7. Android 2.3 Gingerbread 6 December 2010
8. Android 3.0 Honeycomb 10 May 2011
9. Android 4.0 Ice cream sandwich 19 October 2011
10. Android 4.1,4.2,4.3 Jelly bean 13 July 2012
11. Android 4.4 Kit Kat 31 October 2013
12. Android 5.0 Lollipop 4 November 2014
13. Android 6.0 Marsh mellow 2 October 2015
14. Android 7.0 Nougat 22 August 2016
15. Android 8.0 Oreo 21 August 2017
16. Android 9.0 Pie 6 August 2018
17. Android 10.0 Quince 3 September 2019
18. Android 11.0 Red velvet cake 8 September 2020
19. Android 12.0 Snow cone 4 October 2021
20. Android 13.0 Tiramisu 16 August 2022

Features:
1. Android 1.0
 Android market allowing application downloads and updates
through the market application.
 Web browser to show zoom and open full HTML and XHTML
web pages, multiple pages show windows ("cards").
 Camera supports however this version lacked the option to
change the camera's resolution, white balance, quality, etc.
 Access to web email servers, supporting POP3, IMAP4 and
SMTP.

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  Google sync allowing management all over the air
synchronization of Gmail, people and calendar.
 Instant messaging and MMS.
 Other application includes alarm clock, calculator, dialer
(phone), home screen (launcher), pictures (Gallery) and settings.
 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support.

2. Android 1.1
 Details and reviews available when a user searches for
businesses on MAPS.
 Longer in call screen, timeout by default when using the speaker
phone, plus the ability to show/hide the dial pad.
 Ability to save attachments in message.
 Support added for marquee in system layout.

3. Android 1.5 (Cupcake)

 Released on April 30, 2009.
 Added auto rotation option.
 Copy and paste features added in the web browser.
 Increased speed and performance but not up to required level.
 Animated screen transitions.

4. Android 1.6 (Donut)

 Released on September 15, 2009.
 Voice search and search-browser added.
 Faster OS boot times and fast web browsing experience.
 Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion.

5. Android 2.0,2.1 (Éclair)

 Released on October 26, 2009.
 Bluetooth 2.1 support.
 Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard with smarter
dictionary.

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  No Adobe flash media support.

6. Android 2.2 (Froyo)

 Released on 20 May, 2010.
 Speed, memory and performance optimization.
 Support for android cloud to device messaging (C2DM)
service, enabling push notifications.
 Improved application launcher with shortcuts to phone and
browser applications.
 USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality.
 Support for numeric and alpha numeric password.

7. Android 2.3 (Gingerbread)

 Released on 6 December, 2010.
 Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and
speed.
 Support for extra large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA
and higher).
 Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a
word by press holding copying and pasting.

8. Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)

 Released on 10 May, 2011.
 Added system bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status
and soft navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the
screen.
 Redesigned the keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and
accurate on larger screen sizes.
 Support for external keyboard and pointing devices.
 Increased ability of application to access files on SD card, e.g.
for synchronization.

9. Android 4.0 (Ice cream sandwich)

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  Released on 19 October, 2011.
 Easier to create folders with a drag and drop style.
 Ability to access applications directly from the lock screen.
 Face unlocks handsets using facial recognition software.

10. Android 4.1 (Jellybean)

 Released on 13 July, 2012.
 Smoother user interface.
 Bi-directional text and other language support.
 Ability to turn off notification on an application specific basis.

11. Android 4.4 (Kit Kat)

 Released on 31 October, 2013.
 Optimization for performance on devices with lower
specifications including RAM support and "low RAM" device
ATP.
 New framework of UI transition.
 GPS support.

12. Android 5.0 (Lollipop)

 Released on 4 November, 2014.
 Support for 64-bit CPUs.
 Support for print previews.
 Guest logins and multiple user accounts are available on more
devices, such as phones.
 Smart lock features.

13. Android 6.0 (Marsh mellow)

 Released on 2 October, 2015.
 Native fingerprint reader support.
 Direct share features for target specific sharing between apps.
 Renamed "Priority" made to "Do Not Disturb" mode.

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  USB-C support.
 No screen rotation during touch.

14. Android 7.0 (Nougat)

 Released on 22 August, 2016.
 Support for file-based encryption.
 Ability to zoom in the screen.
 New data saver, mode, which can force apps to reduce
bandwidth usages.
 Battery usage alerts.

15. Android 8.0 (Oreo)

 Released on 21 August, 2017.
 Picture-in-picture support.
 Restricted settings by regrouping sections into similar entries.
 2 times faster boot time compared to Nougat according to
Google, testing on their pixels devices.
 Downloadable fonts.
 Wi-Fi assistant.

16. Android 9.0 (Pie)

 Released on 6 August, 2018.
 New user interface for quick settings menu.
 A “screenshot” button has been added to the power options.
 Redesigned volume slider.
 Battery percentage now shown in always-on display.
 Auto-brightness feature modifies screen brightness based on
user habits.

17. Android 10 (Quince)

 Released on 3 September, 2019.
 New permission required to access location in background and
to access photo, video and audio files.

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  Background apps can no longer jump into the foreground.
 Sharing shortcuts, which allow sharing context with a contact
directly.
 New system-wide dart theme/mode.

18. Android 11 (Red velvet cake)

 Released on 8 September, 2020.
 Screen recorder.
 New permission control.
 One-time permission.
 Permission auto-rest.

19. Android 12 (Snow cone)

 Released on 4 October, 2021.
 Easies Wi-Fi sharing.
 Scrolling screenshot.
 One handed mode.
 Extra, Dim reduces brightness below minimum level.
 Privacy dashboard.

20. Android 13 (Tiramisu)

 Released on 15 August, 2022.
 Apps are now required to request permission from the user
before they ate able to send notifications.
 Support for Bluetooth LE audio and the LC3 audio codec.
 ART update with a new garbage collector utilizing the Linux
user fault system call.

Android Development Tool-kit

The android development tool let you to create interactive and
powerful application for android platform. The tool can be generally
categorized into two types:-
 SDK tools

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  Platform tools

SDK tools
SDK tools are generally independent platform and are required no
matter which android platform you are working on when you install
the android SDK into your system. These tools are automatically
installed.

The list of SDK tools are as follows:-

 Android
This tool lets you manage AVDs, projects and the installed
components of the SDK.

 ddms
This tool let you to debug android application.

 Emulator
This tool lets you to test your applications without using the
physical device.

 SQLite
SQLite lets you to excess the SQLite data files created and used
by android applications.

 ADB(Android Debug Bridge)

It is a versatile command line tool that lets you to communicate
with an emulator instance or connected android.

Working Mechanism of Android

Android operating system is a stack of computer components which is
roughly divided onto five sections and four main layers as shown
above in the architecture diagram.

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 1. Linux Kernel
2. Libraries
3. Android runtime
 Core libraries
 Dalvik virtual machine
4. Application layer
5. Application frame work

Application
Application framework
Libraries Android Runtime
Linux Kernel

Linux Kernel:
At the bottom of the layers is Linux 3.6 with approx. 115 patches.
This provides level of abstraction between the device hardware and its
contain all the essentials hardware drivers like camera, keyboard,
display etc. also, the kernel handles all the thing that Linux is really
good at such as networking and a vast array of device drivers which
tale the pain out of the interfacing to peripheral hardware.

Libraries:
On top of Linux kernel, there is also a set of libraries including open-
sources web browser engine wen kit, well known as library libc,
SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing
of application data, libraries to play and record audio and video, SSL
libraries responsible for Internet security, etc.

Android libraries:

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This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific
to Android development. A summer of some key core Android
libraries available to the Android developer is as follows.

 Android.app
 Android.content
 Android.database
 Android.opengl
 Android.OS
 Android.text
 Android.view
 Android.widget
 Android.webkit

Android runtime:
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second
layer from the bottom. This section provides a key component called
Dalvik Virtual Machine, which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine
specially designed and optimized for Android.

The Dalvik Virtual Machine enables every Android application to run

in its own process with its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine.
The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries, which
enable Android application developers to corite Android applications
using standard Java programming language.

Application framework
The Application framework layer provides many higher-level services
to applications on the form of Java classes. Application developers are
allowed to make use of these services in their applications.

The Android framework includes the following key services:

 Activity Manager

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  Content Provider
 Resource Manager
 Notifications Manage
 View System

Application
You will find all the Android application at the top layer. You will
write your application to be installed in this layer only. Examples of
such applications are Contact Books, Browser, Games, etc.

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