AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-2

UNIT-1: AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA AND

INTRODUCTION TO AERO ELASTICITY
1. Explain the loads acting on the aircraft
2. Describe different analysis method to determine the life of the aircraft.
3. Explain different design life criteria.
4. Explain fail safe and safe life design with examples.
5. Explain two bay crack criteria with the help of graph.
6. Explain wide spread fatigue damage criteriaand point out the structural components
susceptible to fatigue damage.
7. With the help of collar diagram explain different aeroelastic forces.
8. Define aeroelasticity. What is the important reason for aeroelastic problems?
9. Give few real life aeronautical related examples where aeroelastic problems are
prominent.
10. Give few real life non-aeronautical related examples where aeroelastic problems are
prominent.
11. Explain static aeroelasticity and dynamic aeroelasticity.
12. What is wing divergence? What is aileron control reversal?
13. What is ‘flutter’? What is ‘buffeting’?
14. What are the ways to Prevent instabilities due to aeroelastic
15. What are Influence and stiffness coefficients in aeroelasticity problems.
16. Explain Load Factor.
17. Discuss the general types of loads on aircraft structural components
18. Write a brief note on Design Criteria and Design Life Criteria of Aircraft structures.
19.

UNIT-2: UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING AND SHEAR FLOW IN OPEN

SECTIONS
1. Develop the expression for direct stress for the case of unsymmetrical bending.
2. What is shear centre? Explain
3. Derive an expression for shear flow q for an open section under shear load Sx and Sy.
Also find shear flow for a section with one axis of symmetry.
4. What are the assumptions of symmetric bending? Explain the unsymmetrical bending
with associated equations.
5. Discuss the notations and sign conventions used for forces, moments and
displacements in the study of an arbitrary structural member subjected to loads and
moments.
6. What is shear flow? List the assumptions of shear flow analysis.
7. Write short notes on the following: i. Symmetrical bending ii. Unsymmetrical
bending.
8. Define shear centre and show that e=2A/L for a curved web.
9. Draw bending stress and shear stress distribution for I, T and channel section.
10. Derive an expression for bending in an unsymmetrical section subjected to Mx and
My.
11. Define Neutral axis and give an expression to determine it. Define elastic axis.
12. Write assumptions made in shear flow of thin walled beams.
13. A thin-walled, cantilever beam of unsymmetrical cross-section supports shear loads at
its free end as shown in Fig. 1. Calculate the value of direct stress at the extremity of
the lower flange (point A) at a section halfway along the beam if the position of the
shear loads is such that no twisting of the beam occurs.

14. Figure shows the section of an angle purlin. A bending moment of 3,000 Nm is
applied to the purlin in a plane at an angle of 30 degree to the vertical y axis. If the
sense of the bending moment is such that both its components Mx and My produce
tension in the positive xy quadrant, calculate the maximum direct stress in the purlin,
stating clearly the point at which it acts.

15. Show that the resultant of a constant shear flow acting on the curved web is the
product of the shear flow and the length of the straight line joining the ends of the
web.
16. Calculate the shear flow distribution in the channel section shown in the figure
produced by a vertical shear load of 4.8 kN acting through its shear centre. Assume
that the walls of the section are only effective in resisting shear stresses while the
booms, each of area 300mm2, carry all the direct stresses.
17. A thin-walled cantilever has a constant cross-section of uniform thickness with the
dimensions shown in Fig. It is subjected to a system of point loads acting in the planes
of the walls of the section in the directions shown. Calculate the direct stresses
according to the basic theory of bending at the points 1, 2, and 3 of the cross-section
at the built-in end and halfway along the beam. Illustrate your answer by means of a
suitable sketch. The thickness is to be taken as small in comparison with the other
cross-sectional dimensions in calculating the section properties Ixx, Ixy, and so on.

18. Determine the position of the shear center of the beam section shown in Fig.

19. The cross-section of a beam has the dimensions shown in Fig. If the beam is subjected
to a negative bending moment of 100 kNm applied in a vertical plane, determine the
distribution of direct stress through the depth of the section.
20. Now determine the distribution of direct stress in the beam of problem 19. If the
bending moment is applied in a horizontal plane and in a clockwise sense about Cy
when viewed in the direction yC.
21. The beam section of Example 19 is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kNm
applied in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam but inclined at 30◦ to
the left of vertical. The sense of the bending moment is clockwise when viewed from
the left-hand edge of the beam section. Determine the distribution of direct stress.
22. A beam having the cross-section shown in Fig. is subjected to a bending moment of
1500Nm in a vertical plane. Calculate the maximum direct stress due to bending
stating the point at which it acts.

23. Determine the deflection curve and the deflection of the free end of the cantilever
shown in Fig. The flexural rigidity of the cantilever is EI and its section is doubly
symmetrical.
24. Determine the deflection curve and the deflection of the free end of the cantilever
shown in Fig. The cantilever has a doubly symmetrical cross-section.

25. Determine the deflection curve and the mid-span deflection of the simply supported
beam shown in Fig. The beam has a doubly symmetrical cross-section.

26. Figure shows a simply supported beam carrying a concentrated load W at mid-span.
Determine the deflection curve of the beam and the maximum deflection if the beam
section is doubly symmetrical.

27. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the tip deflection of the
cantilever shown in Fig. The second moments of area of its unsymmetrical section are
Ixx, Iyy and Ixy.

28. Determine the direct stress distribution in the thin-walled Z-section shown in Fig,
produced by a positive bending moment Mx.
29. Find shear flow distribution and shear centre of the cross section, shown in figure.

30. Determine the shear flow distribution in the thin-walled Z-section shown in Fig. due
to a shear load Sy applied through the shear centre of the section.

31. Calculate the position of the shear centre of the thin-walled channel section shown in
Fig. The thickness t of the walls is constant.
32. Derive the equation to find out the shear center of figure shown.

33. Determine the shear flow distribution in the thin walled channel section as shown in
figure due to shear load Sy applied through the shear centre of the beam section.

34. Determine the shear flow distribution in the thin walled open section as shown in
figure produced by vertical shear load Sy applied through the shear centre.
UNIT-3: SHEAR FLOW IN CLOSED SECTIONS AND TORSION OF BEAMS
1. Derive Bredt-Batho formula for a closed section beam.
2. Explain the theory which gives the relation between torque and shear flow. Also
discuss shear flow in closed sections.
3. A thin-walled circular section beam has a diameter of 200mm and is 2m long; it is
firmly restrained against rotation at each end. A concentrated torque of 30 kNm is
applied to the beam at its mid-span point. If the maximum shear stress in the beam is
limited to 200N/mm2 and the maximum angle of twist to 2◦ , calculate the minimum
thickness of the beam walls. Take G=25000N/mm2.
4. The thin-walled box section beam ABCD shown in Fig. is attached at each end to
supports that allow rotation of the ends of the beam in the longitudinal vertical plane
of symmetry but prevent rotation of the ends in vertical planes perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam. The beam is subjected to a uniform torque loading of
20 Nm/mm over the portion BC of its span. Calculate the maximum shear stress in the
cross-section of the beam and the distribution of angle of twist along its length, G =
70,000 N/mm2.

5. A uniform closed section beam, of the thin-walled section shown in Fig. is subjected
to a twisting couple of 4,500 N-m. The beam is constrained to twist about a
longitudinal axis through the center C of the semi-circular arc 12. For the curved wall
12, the thickness is 2 mm and the shear modulus is 22,000 N/mm2. For the plane walls
23, 34, and 41, the corresponding thickness and the shear modulus are 1.6 mm and
27,500 N/mm2. (Note: Gt = constant.) Calculate the rate of twist in radians per
millimeter.

6. A uniform thin walled cantilever beam of closed rectangular cross section is as shown
in figure. The shear modulus G of the top and bottom curves of the beam is 18000
N/mm2 while that of the vertical webs is 26000 N/mm2 and subjected uniformly
distributed torque of 20N/mm along its length. Calculate maximum shear stress
 according to the Bred-Batho theory of torsion. Calculate twist distribution along the
length.

7. Explain the method of determining shear in closed section beams.

8. Determine the sectional properties of the closed section subjected to the torque.
9. Determine the shear flow distribution at the built-in end of a beam whose cross-
section is shown in Fig. All walls have the same thickness t and shear modulus G;
R=200 mm.

10. Discuss shear stress distributions of a closed section beam built in one end and
subjected to bending.

11. A uniform thin-walled beam is circular in cross-section and has a constant thickness
of 2.5 mm. The beam is 2000 mm long, carrying end torques of 450Nm and, in the
same sense, a distributed torque loading of 1.0Nm/mm. The loads are reacted by equal
couples R at sections 500mm distant from each end (Fig.). Calculate the maximum
shear stress in the beam and sketch the distribution of twist along its length. Take
G=30 000N/mm2 and neglect axial constraint effects.
12. Explain shear flow in single cell structure under torsion.
13. Explain shear flow in multi cell structure under torsion.
14. Calculate the maximum shear stress and its angle of rotation θ for the given section.
Assume G of section as 26.3Kpa, torque at section is 3KN-m. Also determine shear
flow(q). t1=0.005m, t2=t3=0.007m.

15. Consider single cell thin walled section shown in figure with the torque T=134000 N-
mm, determine i). The shear flow distribution ii)The Maximum shear stress and its
location iii) The angle of twist if L=100mm, take G=20Gpa.

16. A thin-walled member 1.2 m long has the cross-section shown in Fig. Determine the
maximum torque which can be carried by the section if the angle of twist is limited to
10 degree. What will be the maximum shear stress when this maximum torque is
applied? For the material of the member G = 80 GN/m2.

17. A thin walled steel section shown in figure is subjected to a twist moment T.
Calculate the shear stresses in walls and the angle of twist per unit length of bar.
18. Explain torsion of open section beams.
19. The cold formed section shown in figure is subjected to a torque of 50N-m. Calculate
the maximum shear stress in the section and its rate of twist, G=25000 N/mm2.

20. Determine the maximum shear stress in the channel section shown in figure below
when it is subjected to a CCW torque of 10N-m, G=25000 N/mm2.

21. A torque of 8N-m is applied to the bar with the shown cross section. Determine the
maximum shear stress and angle of twist per unit length. Take G=80Gpa.
 22. Determine the maximum shear stress in the beam section shown in Fig. stating clearly
the point at which it occurs. Determine also the rate of twist of the beam section if the
shear modulus G is 25 000N/mm2.

UNIT-4: STRESS ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS

1. The fuselage section shown in Fig. is subjected to a bending moment of 100 KNm
applied in the vertical plane of symmetry. If the section has been completely idealized
into a combination of direct stress carrying booms and shear stress only carrying
panels, Determine the direct stress in each boom.

2. A wing spar has breadth of 500m at the fixed end and 200mm at the free end carrying
uniformly distributed load of 15 KN/m along the length. Each flange has a cross
section of 500mm2 with top flange being horizontal. If the flanges resist all the direct
loads with spar web effective in shear only, determine the flange loads and shear flow
in the web section.
3. Determine the shear flow distribution in the web of the tapered beam shown in Fig., at
a section midway along its length. The web of the beam has a thickness of 2mm and is
fully effective in resisting direct stress. The beam tapers symmetrically about its
horizontal centroidal axis and the cross-sectional area of each flange is 400mm2.
4. The cantilever beam shown in Fig. is uniformly tapered along its length in both x and
y directions and carries a load of 100 kN at its free end. Calculate the forces in the
booms and the shear flow distribution in the walls at a section 2m from the built-in
end if the booms resist all the direct stresses while the walls are effective only in
shear. Each corner boom has a cross-sectional area of 900mm2 while both central
booms have cross-sectional areas of 1200mm2.

5. Solve above Example by considering the differences in boom load at sections of the
beam either side of the specified section.
6. A wing spar has the dimensions shown in Fig. and carries a uniformly distributed load
of 15 kN/m along its complete length. Each flange has a cross-sectional area of
500mm2 with the top flange being horizontal. If the flanges are assumed to resist all
direct loads while the spar web is effective only in shear, determine the flange loads
and the shear flows in the web at sections 1 and 2m from the free end.

7. Calculate the shear flow distribution and the stringer and flange loads in the beam
shown in Fig. at a section 1.5m from the built-in end. Assume that the skin and web
panels are effective in resisting shear stress only; the beam tapers symmetrically in a
vertical direction about its longitudinal axis.
8. The doubly symmetrical fuselage section shown in Fig. has been idealized into an
arrangement of direct stress carrying booms and shear stress carrying skin panels; the
boom areas are all 150mm2. Calculate the direct stresses in the booms and the shear
flows in the panels when the section is subjected to a shear load of 50 KN and a
bending moment of 100 KNm.

9. The fuselage of a light passenger carrying aircraft has the circular cross-section shown
in Fig. The cross-sectional area of each stringer is 100mm2 and the vertical distances
given in Fig. are to the mid-line of the section wall at the corresponding stringer
position. If the fuselage is subjected to a bending moment of 200 KNm applied in the
vertical plane of symmetry, at this section, calculate the direct stress distribution.

10. The fuselage of above Example is subjected to a vertical shear load of 100 kN applied
at a distance of 150mm from the vertical axis of symmetry as shown, for the idealized
section. Calculate the distribution of shear flow in the section.
11. At a section of fuselage the bending moment due to self-weight was 9.8KNm and due
to symmetrical pull out tail load is 45.1KNm down. The tail load may be assumed to
be acting at 2m away from the section. If the stringers are 16 in number and placed as
shown, with areas of stringers placed symmetrical about yy axis, calculate stress in
stringers.

12. The wing section shown in Fig. has been idealized such that the booms carry all the
direct stresses. If the wing section is subjected to a bending moment of 300 kNm
applied in a vertical plane, calculate the direct stresses in the booms. Boom areas: B1
= B6 = 2580mm2, B2 = B5 = 3880mm2, B3 = B4 = 3230mm2
13. The central cell of a wing has the idealized section shown in Fig. If the lift and drag
loads on the wing produce bending moments of −120000Nm and −30000Nm,
respectively at the section shown, calculate the direct stresses in the booms. Neglect
axial constraint effects and assume that the lift and drag vectors are in vertical and
horizontal planes. Boom areas: B1 = B4 = B5 = B8 = 1000mm2, B2 = B3 = B6 = B7
= 600mm2.

14. Figure shows the cross-section of a two-cell torque box. If the shear stress in any wall
must not exceed 140 N/mm2, find the maximum torque which can be applied to the
box. If this torque were applied at one end and resisted at the other end of such a box
of span 2500 mm, find the twist in degrees of one end relative to the other and the
torsional rigidity of the box. The shear modulus G=26600 N/mm2 for all walls.

15. The cantilever beam shown in figure is uniformly tapered along its length in both x
and y directions and carries a load of 100KN at its free end. Calculate the forces in the
booms and shear flow distribution in the walls at a section 2m from the built in end if
the booms resist all the direct stresses while the walls are effective only in shear. Each
corner both has a cross sectional area of 900 mm2 while both central booms have
cross sectional areas of 1200 mm2.
UNIT-5: JOINTS AND FITTINGS
1. What are the various permanent and detachable fastenings? Give a complete list with
the different types of each category.
2. What are the basic 4 type of failures of the bolts?
3. Show by neat sketches the various ways in which a riveted joint and welded joint may
fail.
4. Illustrate in detail the basic types of failures of the bolted or riveted joints in detail and
find margin of safety.
5. Draw the plan and elevation for the following riveted joints. 1. Single riveted lap joint
2. Double riveted lap joint having zig zag riveting 3. Double riveted lap joint having
chain riveting.
6. Explain the design parameters of the riveted joints.
7. Estimate the strength of fittings in all four modes of failure.
8. Explain the concept of effective width.
9. Explain the joint design considerations in aircraft design.
10. Discuss when riveting is considered advantages in aircraft design and explain design
parameters that are to be considered during design.
11. The fitting shown in Fig. is made of a 1014 aluminum forging, for which allowable
stress in Ft = 450 N/mm2, Fs = 270 N/mm2, and Fbr = 675 N/mm2. The bolt and
bushing are made of steel for which Ft = 860 N/mm2 , Fs = 520 N/mm2, and Fbr =
1275 N/mm2 The fitting resists limit or applied loads of 66,750 N Compression and
53,400 N tension. A fitting factor of 1.2 and a bearing factor of 2.0 are used. Find the
margins of safety for the fitting for various types of failure.
12. The bracket shown in Fig. carries an offset load of 5 kN. Determine the resultant
shear forces in the rivets A and B.

13. Find the resultant force in each rivet of the connection shown in figure.

14. Find the efficiency of the following riveted joints : 1. Single riveted lap joint of 6 mm
plates with 20 mm diameter rivets having a pitch of 50 mm. 2. Double riveted lap
joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets having a pitch of 65 mm. Assume
Permissible tensile stress in plate = 120 MPa Permissible shearing stress in rivets = 90
MPa Permissible crushing stress in rivets = 180 MPa
15. A double riveted lap joint is made between 15 mm thick plates. The rivet diameter
and pitch are 25 mm and 75 mm respectively. If the ultimate stresses are 400 MPa in
 tension, 320 MPa in shear and 640 MPa in crushing, a nd the minimum force per pitch
which will rupture the joint. If the above joint is subjected to a load such that the
factor of safety is 4, fi nd out the actual stresses developed in the plates and the rivets.
16. A single riveted double cover butt joint is used to connect two plates of 15mm thick.
the rivets are 26mm in diameter and are provided at a pitch of 10cm. The allowable
stresses in tension shear and crushing are 130 Mpa 75 Mpa and 150 Mpa. Find the
safe load per pitch length of the joint and efficiency of the joint.
17. A 90 * 50*8 mm angle carrying a load pf 125kN is to be connected to a gusset plate
by welding. If the size of the weld is 6mm and max allowable shear stress in the weld
is 102.5N/mm2, find the lengths of the weld at the top and bottom. The distances
between the neutral axis and the bottom and the top edges of the angle sections are
28.7mm and 61.3mm respectively.