Differential Equations, Homework 9

Calum Taylor
November 19, 2024

1 Section 7.6 Problems

1.1 7.6.2(b)
 
′ 2 −5
x = x
1 −2
 
2−λ −5
=0
1 −2 − λ
5 + (−4 + λ2 ) = 0
λ = i, −i
For λ = i:  
2−i −5
1 −2 − i
 
2+i
v1 =
1
For λ = −i:  
2+i −5
1 −2 + i
 
2−i
v2 =
1
Therefore the complex-valued solution is
 
2 + i (0+i)t
x= e
1
 
2+i
= (cos t + i sin t)
1
 
2 cos t + i cos t + 2i sin t − sin t
=
cos t + i sin t
Distributing the real and imaginary sections, we get that the general solution is
   
2 cos t − sin t cos t + 2 sin t
x = C1 + C2
cos t sin t

1
1.2 7.6.6
 
−3 0 2
x′ =  1 −1 0 x
−2 −1 0
 
−3 − λ 0 2
 1 −1 − λ 0  = 0
−2 −1 −λ
(−3 − λ)(−1 − λ)(−λ) + 2(−1 + 2(−1 − λ)) = 0
(λ + 2)(λ2 + 2λ + 3) = 0
√ √
λ = −2, −1 + 2i, −1 − 2i
For λ = −2:  
−1 0 2
1 1 0
−2 −1 2
 
2
v1 = −2
1
√
For λ = −1 + 2i:  √ 
−2 − 2i 0
√ 2
 1 − 2i 0√ 
−2 −1 1 − 2i
 √ 
2 − √2i
v2 = −1 − 2i
3
Therefore, the general solution is
   √ 
2 √ 2 − √2i
x = C1 e−2t −2 + C2 e(−1+ 2i)t −1 − 2i
1 3
   √ 
2 √ √ 2 − √2i
= C1 e−2t −2 + C2 e−t (cos( 2t) + i sin( 2t)) −1 − 2i
1 3
   √ √ √   √ √ √ 
2 2 cos( √2t) + √2 sin( √2t) − √2 cos( √2t) + 2 sin(√ 2t)
= C1 e−2t −2 + C2 e−t − cos( 2t) +√ 2 sin( 2t) + C3 e−t  − 2 cos( 2t)√− sin( 2t) 
1 3 cos( 2t) 3 sin( 2t)

1.3 7.6.7
   
−5
1 1
x′ = x, x(0) =
−3
1 1
 
1−λ −5
=0
1 −3 − λ
2 + 2λ + λ2 = 0
λ = −1 + i, −1 − i
For λ = −1 − i:  
2+i −5
1 −2 + i
 
2−i
v1 =
1

2
Therefore, the general solution is
 
−t 2−i
x = e (cos t − i sin t)
1
   
−t 2 cos t − sin t −t − cos t − 2 sin t
= C1 e + C2 e
cos t − sin t
Solving for the initial conditions:      
1 2 −1
= C1 + C2
1 1 0
C1 = 1, C2 = 1
Therefore, the solution is
   
−t 2 cos t − sin t −t − cos t − 2 sin t
x=e +e
cos t − sin t
 
−t cos t − 3 sin t
=e
cos t − sin t
As t goes to ∞, x goes to 0.

1.4 7.6.8
   
′ −3 2 1
x = x, x(0) =
−1 −1 −2
 
−3 − λ 2
=0
−1 −1 − λ
5 + 4λ + λ2 = 0
λ = −2 + i, −2 − i
For λ = −2 + i:  
−1 − i 2
−1 1−i
 
1−i
v1 =
1
Therefore, the general solution is

−2t 1−i
x = e (cos t + i sin t)
1
   
−2t cos t + sin t −2t − cos t + sin t
= C1 e + C2 e
cos t sin t
Solving for the initial conditions:      
1 1 −1
= C1 + C2
−2 1 0
C1 = −2, C2 = −3
Therefore, the solution is
   
−2t cos t + sin t −2t − cos t + sin t
x = −2e − 3e
cos t sin t
 
−2t cos t − 5 sin t
=e
−2 cos t − 3 sin t
As t goes to ∞, x goes to 0.

3
2 Section 7.7 Problems
2.1 7.7.1
 
′ 3 −2
x = x
2 −2
a)  
3−λ −2
=0
2 −2 − λ
−2 − λ + λ2 = 0
λ = 2, −1
For λ = 2 :  
1 −2
2 −4
 
2
v1 =
1
For λ = −1 :  
4 −2
2 −1
1
v2 = 2
1
Therefore, the fundamental matrix is
e−t
 2t 
2e
Ψ=
e2t 2e−t
b)    
2 1
x = C1 e2t + C2 e−t
1 2
   
1 0
Set x(0) = , : For first set:
0 1
2 1
C1 = , C2 = −
3 3
For second set:
1 2
C1 = − , C2 =
3 3
Therefore:
4 2t 1 t
− 23 e2t + 23 et
 
ψ= 3e − 3e
2 −t
2 2t
3e − 3e − 31 e2t + 43 e−t

2.2 7.7.13