DYNAMICS

Force:-
 A force is push or pull, exerted by one object on another.
 The rate of change of momentum is called force.
 SI Unit of force is newton(N).
 Force is vector quantity.
 Force can be measure by using spring balance (Newton Meter)
Types of Forces:-
Contact Forces
Normal reaction Friction Tension
The push exerted by a surface on The force that opposes or tends to The pull exerted by a stretched
an object pressing on it – this push oppose motion between surfaces spring, string or rope on a object
is always perpendicular to the in contact. attached to it.
surface.
Non-contact Forces
Gravitational Force Electric Force Magnetic Force
The pull exerted by the Earth’s The attractive (i.e. pull) or The attractive (i.e. pull) or
gravity on any object (i.e. weight). repulsive (i.e. push) forces repulsive (i.e. push) forces
between electric charges. between magnets.
Balanced Forces:-
If the resultant force acting on an object is zero, we say the forces acting on the object are balanced.
i.e. resultant force is zero, acceleration is equal to zero.

Object at rest will remain at rest. Object in motion will remain in motion at constant
velocity

(Newton’s First Law of Motion)

Unbalanced Forces:-

If the resultant force acting on an object is not zero, we say the forces acting on the object are unbalanced.

i.e. resultant force is not zero, acceleration is not equal to zero.

Object at rest will start moving. Object in motion will change its velocity (i.e. speed and/
or direction.

★ Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion For an object of a constant mass, the product of its mass and acceleration
gives the resultant force that acts on the object, i.e. F = ma.

★ A resultant force of 1 N produces and acceleration of 1 m s-2 on a mass of 1kg.

★ Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Action and reaction forces act on mutually opposite bodies.
Effects of Forces:-

★ A body at rest moves.

★ A moving body increases in speed.

★ A moving body decreases in speed.

★ A moving body changes direction.

Cause of Friction:-

★ Surface is irregularities catch onto one another, causing surfaces to resist motion.

★ Molecules in materials have a tendency to stick to each other when materials are pressed or rubbed
together.
Advantages of Friction:-

★ We can walk without slipping.

★ Moving vehicles are able to slow down when needed.

Disadvantages of Friction:-

★ Friction causes wear and tear in moving parts of machine.

★ Cars are less efficient by up to 20%.

Methods of Reducing Friction:-

★ Using highly polished surface for moving parts.

★ Using a layer of lubricants between moving parts.
★ Using ball bearings to enable surface to roll over.
★ Making the aerodynamic shapes of moving objects.

Effects of Friction on the Motion of Vehicle

Tyres Surface and Road Conditions:-

★ More tyre surfaces have more frictional force acting on it and vise versa.
★ If the road is having rough surface more frictional forces will be there and vise versa.

Thinking Distance:-

Is the distance covered by the object before the breaks are applied.

★ If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, thinking distance will be less.
★ If the vehicle is having less tyre surface, thinking distance will be more.
★ If the road is having rough surface, thinking distance will be less.
★ If the road is having smooth surface, thinking distance will be more.
★ If the vehicle having more mass, thinking distance will be more.
★ If the vehicle having less mass, thinking distance will be less.
★ If the vehicle travels with high speed, thinking distance will be more.

Breaking Distance:-

Is the distance covered by the object after the breaks are applied.

★ If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, breaking distance will be less.
★ If the vehicle is having less tyre surface, breaking distance will be more.
★ If the road is having rough surface, breaking distance will be less.
★ If the road is having smooth surface, breaking distance will be more.
★ If the vehicle having less mass, breaking distance will be less.
★ If the vehicle having more mass, breaking distance will be more.
★ If the vehicle travels with high speed, breaking distance will be more.

Stopping Distance:-

Is the sum of thinking distance and breaking distance.

Breaking Force:-

Is the amount of force applied to stop the object.

★ If the vehicle is having more tyre surface, less breaking force is required to stop the vehicle and vice
versa.
★ If the road is having rough surface, less breaking force is required to stop the vehicle and vice versa.
★ If the vehicle having more mass, more breaking force is required to stop the vehicle and vice versa.
★ If the vehicle travels with high speed, more breaking force is required to stop the vehicle and vice versa.

ADDITION OF PARALLEL VECTORS

Resultant Vectors:

Is a vector whose effect is equal to the combined effect of all the vectors which are to be added.

Addition of Parallel Vectors:

When two vectors are parallel (same or opposite direction) they will be added through simple addition
depending upon the direction of vectors.

Addition of Non-Parallel Vectors:

When two vectors are non-parallel (not in the same straight line) they will be added by two methods. The
parallelogram method and the tip-to-tail method.

Parallelogram Method:-

 Choose and appropriate scale.

 Draw arrows to represent the vectors.
 Complete the parallelogram.
 The resultant vector will be represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram.

Tip-To-Tail Method:-

 Choose and appropriate scale.

 Draw an arrow to represent one of the vectors.
 Join the tail of second vector to the head of 1st vector along with its given direction.
 The tail of the resultant vector will be joined to the tail of first vector and the tip of the resultant vector
will be join the tip of the second vector.