2.

1 Define IoT and list the Characteristics of IoT

Definition: A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identified,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, often communicate
data associated with users and their environment.

 IOT is a network of physical objects or people called “things” that are embedded with
software, electronics, network and sensors that allows these objects to collect and
exchange data.

 IOT refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique identities and are connected to
the internet to facilitate intelligent applications.

Applications of IOT
Characteristics of IOT:

1. Dynamic and self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
condition or sensed environment. Ex: Surveillance cameras
2. Self- configuring: IOT devices may have self configuring capability, allowing large no.
of devices to work together to provide certain functionality.
The devices have the ability to configure themselves, setup the networking, and fetch
latest software upgrade with minimal manual intervention
3. Interoperable communication protocols: IoT Devices may support a number of
interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure
4. Unique identity: Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier (Such as
an IP address). IOT device interfaces allow user to query the device, monitor their status,
and control them remotely
5. Integrated into information network: IOT devices are usually integrated into the
information network that allows them to communicate and exchange the data with other
devices and systems. IOT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe themselves to other
devices or user applications.

Know Things in IOT

1. Refers to the devices which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, Actuating
and monitoring capabilities.

2. IoT devices (The “things”) can exchange data with other connected devices and applications,
or collect data from other devices and process the data locally or send the data to Centralized
servers or cloud based applications back-ends for processing the data, or perform some task
locally and other task within the IoT infrastructure.

Block diagram of an IOT device

3. An IOT device may consists of several interfaces for connection to other devices (wired &
wireless)

1. I/O interface for sensors (UART, I2C, SPI, CAN etc.)

2. Interface for internet connectivity ( USB host, RJ45/Ethernet)
3. Memory & storage interface (SD,MMC,SDIO and NAND/NOR,DDR)
4. Audio/vedio interfaces (HDMI, 3.5 audio, RCA video)
5. Graphic interface (GPU)

4. An IOT device can collect various types of data from the on-board or attached sensors.
The sensed data can be communicated either to other devices or cloud-based servers/storage.
The IOT devices can be connected to actuators that allow them to interact with other physical
quantities in the vicinity of the device

Know IOT Protocols

1. These protocols are used to establish communication between a node device and a
server over the internet.

2. It helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from an IoT device over
the internet.

3. We use different types of protocols that are present on both the server and client-side
and these protocols are managed by network layers like Application, Transport, Network, and
Link layer.

I. Link layer protocols: Determine

1. how the data is physically sent over the network’s physical layer or medium
2. how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device
802.3-Ethernet, 802.11-WiFi, 802.16-Wimax
 II. Network/Internet Layer protocols
1. Responsible for sending of IP datagram from the source network to destination
network
2. Performs the host addressing and packet routing
3. Host identification done using IPv4 and IPv6
III. Transport layer protocols
1. Provide end to end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
network
2. Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control
TCP, UDP
IV. Application layer
1. Defines how the applications interface with the lower layer protocols to send the
data over the network
2. The application data is encoded by the application layer protocol and encapsulated
in the transport layer protocol which provides communication over the network
HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT,XMPP and DDS

Understand Physical design of IoT

A physical design of an IoT system refers to the individual node devices and their protocols that
are utilized to create a functional IoT ecosystem.

Each node device can perform tasks such as remote sensing, actuating, monitoring, etc., by
relying on physically connected devices.

The things/devices in the IoT system are used for:

● Building connections
● Data processing
● Providing storage
● Providing interfaces
● Providing graphical interfaces

IOT Enabling Technologies

I. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

1. Comprises distributed devices with the sensors which are used to monitor the environmental
and physical conditions.
2. A WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator. End nodes have
several sensors attached to them. End node can also act as a router. Routers are responsible for
routing the data packet from end nodes to the coordinator. The coordinator collects the data from
all the nodes. Coordinators also act as a Gateway that connects the WSN to the internet.

ZigBee is one of the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs.

Features: 1. Ability to deploy large no. of low power and low cost sensing nodes
2. The Self organizing capability makes the network robust

Cloud computing:
An approach that involves delivering applications and services over the internet
It involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and
providing these resources as metered service to the users.
Features:
1. The process of provisioning resources is automated. (Can be provided without requiring
interactions with the cloud service provider)
2. Platform independent access of resources. (Uses a standard mechanism that provides access
through variety of client platforms such as laptops, tablets and smart phones etc.)
3. Multi-tenancy in providing resources (multiple customers of a cloud vendor share the same
computing resources, such as servers, while keeping their data separate and secure)
Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms:
1. IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-service)
2. PaaS (Platform-as-a-service)
3. SaaS (Software-as-a-service)

Big Data Analytics:

1. Big data is defined as a collection of data sets whose volume is so large that it is difficult to
store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional data bases and data processing
tools.
2. Big data analytics involves
1. Data cleansing (the process of identifying and fixing incorrect, incomplete, or irrelevant data
in a dataset)
2. Data munging (the process of preparing raw data for analysis or other purposes by
transforming and mapping it into a more useful format)
3. Data processing (the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing large amounts of data to
extract useful information)
4. Visualization (the process of converting large amounts of data into visual formats that are
easy to understand)
Some examples of big data generated by IOT are:
1. Data generated by IOT system for location and tracking of vehicles
2. Health & fitness data generated by wearable fitness band
Characteristics of big data:
1. Volume 2. Velocity 3. Variety

Communication protocols:
1. Enable network connectivity and coupling to applications
2. Allow devices to devices to exchange data over the network
3. Define the data exchange formats, data encoding, addressing schemes for devices and routing
of packets from source to destination.
4. Other functions include sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets

Embedded systems:
1. A computer system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific
task.
2. Key components: MP or MC, memory, networking units, I/O units and storage
Some may have specialized processors such as DSP processor, graphic processor and
application specific processors.

IOT levels and deployment templates

An IOT system comprise of the following components:
1. Device: An IOT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring
capabilities
2. Resource:
Resources are software components on the IOT device
-- For accessing, processing and storing sensor information or for controlling actuators connected
to the device.
---That enable network access for the device.
3. Controller service:
-- It sends the data from device to the web service and receives commands from the application
for controlling device
---It is a native service that runs on the device and interacts with the web services
4. Database:
-- It stores the data generated by the IOT device
---It can be either local or in the cloud
5. Web service:
---It serves as a link between the IOT device, application, database and analysis components
---It can be either implemented using HTTP and REST principles or using Web Socket
protocols.
6. Analysis component:
---It is responsible for analyzing the IOT data and generates result in a form which are easy for
the user to understand
---Analysis of IOT data can be performed either locally or in the cloud
---Analyzed results are stored in the local or cloud databases
7. Application:
---It provides an interface that the user can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IOT
systems.
---It allows the user to view the system status and view the processed data.

IOT Level-1 & Deployment template

--A level-1 IOT system has a single
node/device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis and
hosts the application
---Data storage and analysis is done locally
--monitoring and control is done using web
apps or mobile apps
---suitable for modeling low cost and low
complexity solutions where
the data involved is not big
and the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive
Eg: Home automation

-consists of a single node that allows

controlling the appliances remotely
-device interfaces with the lights and
appliances using electronic relay switches
-status information of each is
maintained in a local database
-REST services deployed locally
allow retrieving and updating the status of
each appliance in the database
-Controller service monitors the
status of each appliance and triggers the
relay switch accordingly
-The application has user interface
for controlling the appliances

IOT Level-2
 -system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis
-data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud based
-suitable where the data involved is big, the primary analysis is not computationally
intensive

Eg: Smart irrigation system

-consists of single node that monitors the soil moisture level and controls the irrigation
system
-device collects soil moisture data from sensors
-the controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels
If the moisture level drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is turned on
Also sends moisture data to computing cloud
-A cloud based REST web service is used to storing and retrieving moisture data
-A cloud based application is used for visualizing moisture levels

IOT Level-3
-has a single node
- Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based
-suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and analysis requirements
computationally intensive

Eg:
Tracking package handling
 -consists of a single node that monitors vibration levels for a package being shipped
-device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors
-The controller service sends the sensor data to the cloud in real time using a web socket
service
-The data stored in cloud and also visualized using cloud based application
-The analysis component in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels become
greater than threshold

IOT Level-4

-has multiple nodes that perform local analysis

- Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based
-It contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud from IoT devices
Observer nodes can process information and use it for various applications; however
observer nodes do not perform any control function
- are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are computationally intensive

Eg: Noise monitoring

-consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring noise levels
-Each node runs its own controller service that sends the data to the cloud
-The data is stored in a cloud database
-The analysis of data collected from number of nodes is done in the cloud
-A cloud based application is used for visualizing the data

IOT Level-5
 - has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node
- The end nodes perform sensing and / or actuation
- Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud
-Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based
-suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive
Eg: Forest fire detection
-consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature,
humidity and CO2
-The ends nodes are equipped with sensors
-The coordinator node collects the data from the end nodes and acts as a gateway that
provides internet connectivity to the IOT system
-The controller service sends the collected data to the cloud
-The data is stored in cloud database
-The analysis of data is done in the computing cloud
-A cloud based application is used for visualizing the data