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SR.NO.
TOPIC
1. AI M
2. INTRODUCTION
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC
- INDUCTION
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1""~ 4. MAGNETIC FLUX

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5. PRINCIPLE
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6. THEORY
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:t 7. LENZ'S LAW

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8. ELECTRIC GENERATOR

9 ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER
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~ 10. OBSERVATION
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ta 11. CONCLUSION
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12. APPLICATION IN REAL LIFE
fe 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 AIM
To study the phenomenon of
Electromagnetic Induction
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INTRODUCT]ON
1

Electro Magnet:
in which the
An electromagnet is a type of magnet
current. The
ma gn eti c field is produced by electric
rent is turned
ma gn eti c field disappears when the cur
off .

Indu ction:
a conductor by
This process of generating current in
gnetic field is
placing the co nd uc tor in a changing ma
called induction.

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 Electromag netic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field .
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic
field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).

Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf

is induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor
change.

Magnetic Flux:

. Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic

flux density and the area normal to the field through
which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its
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S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
Normal to A
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<I> = BA cos 0 = B1 A

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Coil start

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-- coil
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 2N2222A TRANSISTOR

 r.
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)
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is a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
"I stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of
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electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current, it is said to induce the current.
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THEORY
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery
of induction in 1831 though it may have been
antic ipate d by the work of Francesco Zantedeschia in
1829 . Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
simil ar discovery, but did not publish his findings until
later.

Induced e.m.f:
If magn etic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f.
will be generated in the coil. This effec t was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831 . Faraday discovered that an
e.m.f. could be generated either by:

• moving the coil or the source of flux relative to

each other.

i-By changing the magnitude of the source of

magnetic flux.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is

changing.
 Coll 1 Coi1 2 /

B
....
/1 changing /~ induced..

Galvanometer

Workin g and Construction

Current is produced in a conduct or when it is moved through a
magneti c field because the magnetic lines of force are applying
a force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them
to move. This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conduct or in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no physical
connect ion between the conduct or and the magnet. The current
is said to be induced in the conduct or by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take
place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must
be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximu m force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is
moving in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the
instrume nt used to measure current) indicates when there is
current in the conductor.
 Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced
emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always
acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In
the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the
induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing,
the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field
to try to keep it constant.

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B .1B
--+--
8 B-+-
B-
1ndLJr.e11
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~ Lenz's Law

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Appli cation of Ele ctrom agnetic

Induction
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circ uit and a magnetic field is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When
a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor,
or vice versa, an elec trom otiv e force is created. If the
wire is connected through an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of mot ion to electrical energy.

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Carb on
brush
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brush

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Path of mot ion~ Coil rotated by

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Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible
for electrical transformers. When the electric current in a
loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this
magne tic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d<t>s/dt.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transfo rmer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an
electrical load, current will flow.

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Prlmarv Secondary
windin!J winding
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Primary
current
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me,• -,'
~agneuc
Secondary
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Primary
voltage
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v,. Secondary
voltage

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Electric Transformer
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~ OB,S ER VA TION
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i Mag net is moved at certain rate and certain voltage
is produced.
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r-• • Mag net is moved at faster rate and creating a
I~ greater induced voltage.
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has greater num ber of turn and greater voltage is
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induced .
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CON CLUSION
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
ninete enth century, describes a very impor tant electro-
magn etic concept. Although its mathe matica l
representations are crypt ic, the essence of Faraday's is
not hard to grasp: it relates an in duced electric potential
or voltage to a dynam ic magnetic field. This concept
has many fa r-reac hi ng ramific ations t hat touch our lives
in many ways : from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile comm unicat ions, to electricity to
power our homes . We can all appreciate the profound
impac t Faraday's Law has on us.
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A pp lic at io n of El ec tro m ag ne tic

In du ct io n in Re al Li fe
applied
The prin cip les of ele ctro ma gne tic induction are
in ma ny dev ice s and systems, including:

~ Ele ctri cal gen era tor s

~ Ind uct ion mo tor s
• Ind uct ion sealing
• Ind uct ive cha rgin g
~ Tra nsf orm ers
~ Wir ele ss ene rgy tra nsf er
~ Wir ele ss cha rge r
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Ph~·sic Textbook ~(~E RT
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• ht1ps :t/ aplu,ph _, ~ic~ .coru

• httv, : l' r1.,,ikiru·ilia. (1r!!J'

• (;ooolc Search En(Jine

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