0

FLUIDIZED -BED CATALYTIC CRACKING

Submitted To :

Dr. Meh mood Salee m

Submitted By :

F ahe e m H assan
(224 M04 )

Yo u su f Muhammad
(110 M04)

Ah ma d Jeb reel
(144 M04)

Institute Of Chemical Engineering & Technology

University Of The Punjab
Lahore
 1

Contents

Topics Page

1. Scope 01
2. Fluidized Bed Reactor 02
3. Applications 02
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluidized Bed 04
5. Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking (Theory) 05
6. Reactor Design 09
7. Comments 13
8. FORTRAN Programming 15
9. References 17
 2

Scope:

Fluidized bed has a rather turbulent history. It hit the industrial scene in a big
way in 1942 with catalytic cracking, and has since moved into many other
areas. In this assignment we tried to explain what actually a fluidized bed
reactor is, and its basic principle means to say the different situations that occur
during fluidization. Then we gave the industrial applications in petroleum,
petrochemical industry and in other areas across the world. After this we
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fluidize bed. Then we discussed its
design. In the design first the important thing that we felt necessary is the
design procedure or the procedural steps that must be taken into account during
its design. In the procedure we discuss the bed aspect ratio (height to diameter),
catalyst selection and its activity (in case of catalytic reactions) selection of bed
type, distributor design and heat transfer surfaces needed in the bed. After this
we solved a simple design problem related to the design of fluidized bed
catalytic reactor, in which we calculate the following things;

1.) Cross sectional area of the bed

2.) Bed properties e.g. different types of velocities and ratios.
3.) Catalyst activity.
4.) Residence time of catalyst in the reactor.
5.) Overall Rate constant for the reaction.
6.) Length of bed at different situations.
7.) Entrainment.
8.) Spacing in the distributor.
Then we gave comments on our selected problem. At the end we gave
“FORTRAN” program that covers its design with in the boundaries of selected
problem.
 3

Fluidized-Bed Reactor:
A fluidized-bed reactor is a combination of the two most common, packed-
beds and stirred tank, continuous flow reactors. It is very important to chemical
engineering because of its excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics. A
fluidized bed reactor can be seen below

Basic principles:
The solid substrate (the catalytic material upon which chemical species
react) material in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous
plate, known as a distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up
through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place
as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed
bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage
where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the
solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this
minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the
contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an
agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized
bed.Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase
various flow regimes can be observed in this reactor
 4
Current Applications for Fluidized Bed Reactors:
FBRs are everywhere in the Process Industries. They find broad use in the
petroleum and petrochemical industries, as well as numerous chemical
industries.
· Petroleum Applications
· Petrochemical Applications
· Other Applications

Petroleum Applications:
Most of the products below are either fuels or are used in the manufacturing of
fuels.
· Gasoline
. Aviation Fuel
· Diesel Feedstock
· Jet Fuel Feedstock
· Propane
· Butane
· Propylene; For Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Butanes
· Butylene; For Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Butanes
· Isobutane
· Cracked Naphtha
· Gasoline from Methanol
· Fuel Oils from Polyethylene

While fuels from petroleum processing are the major applications of FBR
technology, there are numerous other applications, from Plastics to Rubber.
· Acetone Recovery
· Aniline
· Aniline from Nitrobenzene
· Ethanol from Butadiene
· Polyethylene
· Hydrogen from Steam
· Coal Gasification
· Styrene from Hydrocarbons
· Cracking of Methylcyclohexane
· Maleic Anhydride
· Maleic Anhydride from Benzene and Butylenes
· Vinyl Chloride
· Vulcanization of Rubber
 5
Other Applications:
Here are some other applications of FBR technology.
· Fertilizers from Coal
· Oil Decontamination of Sand
· Industrial and Municipal Waste Treatment
· Radioactive Waste Solidification

Advantages of fluidized bed:

The increase in fluidized bed reactor use in today’s industrial world is largely
due to the inherent advantages of the technology.

Uniform Particle Mixing:

Due to the intrinsic fluid-like behavior of the solid material, fluidized beds do
not experience poor mixing as in packed beds. This complete mixing allows for
a uniform product that can often be hard to achieve in other reactor designs. The
elimination of radial and axial concentration gradients also allows for better
fluid-solid contact, which is essential for reaction efficiency and quality.

Uniform Temperature Gradients: Many chemical reactions produce or require

the addition of heat. Local hot or cold spots within the reaction bed, often a
problem in packed beds, are avoided in a fluidized situation such as a FBR. In
other reactor types, these local temperature differences, especially hotspots, can
result in product degradation. Thus FBRs are well suited to exothermic
reactions. Researchers have also learned that the bed-to-surface heat transfer
coefficients for FBRs are high.

Ability to Operate Reactor in Continuous State: The fluidized bed nature of

these reactors allows for the ability to continuously withdraw product and
introduce new reactants into the reaction vessel. Operating at a continuous
proess state allows manufacturers to produce their various products more
efficiently due to the removal of startup conditions in batch processes.

Disadvantages of fluidized bed:

As in any design, the fluidized bed reactor does have it draw-backs, which any
reactor designer must take into account.
 6
Increased Reactor Vessel Size:

Because of the expansion of the bed materials in the reactor, a larger vessel is
often required than that for a packed bed reactor. This larger vessel means that
more must be spent on initial startup costs.

Pumping Requirements and Pressure Drop:

The requirement for the fluid to suspend the solid material necessitates that a
higher fluid velocity is attained in the reactor. In order to achieve this, more
pumping power and thus higher energy costs are needed. In addition, the
pressure drop associated with deep beds also requires additional pumping
power.

Particle Entrainment:

The high gas velocities present in this style of reactor often result in fine
particles becoming entrained in the fluid. These captured particles are then
carried out of the reactor with the fluid, where they must be separated. This can
be a very difficult and expensive problem to address depending on the design
and function of the reactor. This may often continue to be a problem even with
other entrainment reducing technologies.

Lack of Current Understanding:

Current understanding of the actual behavior of the materials in a fluidized bed

is rather limited. It is very difficult to predict and calculate the complex mass
and heat flows within the bed. Due to this lack of understanding, a pilot plant
for new processes is required. Even with pilot plants, the scale-up can be very
difficult and may not reflect what was experienced in the pilot trial.

FLUIDIZED -BED CATALYTIC CRACKING:

The FCC process employs a catalyst in the form of very fine particles [average
particle size about 70 micrometers (microns)] which behave as a fluid when
aerated with a vapor. The fluidized catalyst is circulated continuously between
the reaction zone and the regeneration zone and acts as a vehicle to transfer heat
from the regenerator to the oil feed and reactor. The hot oil feed is contacted
with the catalyst in either the feed riser line or the reactor. As the cracking
reaction progresses, the catalyst is progressively deactivated by the formation of
coke on the surface of the catalyst. The catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors are
separated mechanically, and oil remaining on the catalyst is removed by steam
stripping before the catalyst enters the regenerator. The oil vapors are taken over-
 7
head to a fractionation tower for separation into streams having the desired
boiling ranges.

The spent catalyst flows into the regenerator and is reactivated by burning off
the coke deposits with air. Regenerator temperatures are carefully controlled to
prevent catalyst deactivation by overheating and to provide the desired amount of
carbon burn-off. This is done by controlling the air flow to give a desired
CO2/CO ratio in the exit flue gases or the desired temperature in the
regenerator. The flue gas and catalyst are separated by cyclone separators and
electrostatic precipitators .The catalyst in some units is steam stripped as it leaves
the regenerator to remove oxygen adsorbed before the catalyst is contacted with
the oil feed.

Design of Reactor in Catalytic Fluidize Bed Cracking:

If the catalyst deactivates rapidly and if regeneration can supply (or removes)
the heat needed (or generated) by the reaction, then a circulation system should
be used for the pilot plant, because the development of a safe, stable steady
state circulation system requires much experience. We should also choose a
catalyst that is resistant to attrition and breakage.
 8
Selection of a Bed Type:

Since circulation systems use the flowing solids for heat control, therefore
freely bubbling beds can be used. In systems with no circulation of solids, heat
exchanger in the reactor is needed and this usually involves bed internals. Thus
circulation systems can have freely bubbling beds or beds with internals to
control the bubble size, whereas beds with batch solids usually have internals
that act both as heat exchanger tubes and as a control for bubble size.

Although numerous freely bubbling beds have been operated commercially,

there is very little information on the effective size of bubbles and on the
relationship between bubble size and conversion in these beds. This is not
serious if the heat transport requirement controls; however it does become a
serious problem if the conversion of reactant controls. Thus if conversion is
expected to be the limiting factor, it is recommended that internals be used to
achieve rational scale-up and also to reduce both the time and cost of
development. If heat transport is expected to control, then freely bubbling beds
can be used.

Bed Aspect Ratio (height-to-diameter ratio):

In a bed with internals the bubble size is close to constant, so for a given weight
of solids and volumetric gas flow rate the aspect ratio has only a small effect on
conversion. However, to avoid possible short circuiting of gas and to insure
good temperature control, very shallow beds should be avoided. As a safe value
the minimum aspect ratio should be unity. For freely bubbling beds a large
aspect ratio gives larger bubbles, more gas bypassing, and lowered conversion.

Actually, with given gas velocity and catalyst size, the reaction rate and bubble
size will determine the bed height while the gas treatment rate fixes the bed
area. For a given gas treatment rate, smaller catalyst particles will lower the gas
velocity and require a shallower bed, whereas larger particles will require a bed
of larger aspect ratio.

Freeboard:

The section of the fluidization vessel between the surface of the dense phase
and the exiting gas stream from the vessel is called the freeboard, and its height
is called the freeboard height. The purpose of the freeboard is to allow the
solids to separate from the gas stream, and as its height is increased entrainment
lessens. Eventually a freeboard height is reached above which entrainment
becomes constant. This is called the transport disengaging height TDH.
 9
If no secondary reaction occurs in the freeboard, then the gas outlet can be
located at the TDH. If secondary reaction do occur, this detrimental effect can
be counted by reducing the freeboard and using more efficient cyclones, or by
quenching the gas stream immediately either with a heat exchanger or direct
injection of diluent’s gas. The latter procedure, however, can result in a
considerable heat loss.

Distributors:

Good distributors such as porous sintered metal or ceramic plates are commonly
used with bench-scale equipment, but they are not normally used in larger units
because of their high cost and poor resistance to the high mechanical and
thermal stresses in large units.

The selection of a good distributor may be of first importance for the success of
the development as a whole. A few additional remarks follow:
1. Thermal expansion of the distributor should be taken into account in design;
otherwise severe stresses may cause troubles.
2. In a bed with internals to limit bubble size, any conventional type of
distributor should operate satisfactorily.
3. In a freely bubbling bed a distributor with relatively small openings should
be used.
4. When a perforated plate is used the orifice openings should be large enough
(0.6 to 2.5) to prevent clogging by the catalyst.
5. It is recommended that the type of distributor intended for the larger units
also be used in the bench scale reactor even though the bench-scale reactor
originally may have used a fine distributor. A comparison of bench scale
performance with the two distributors may be useful.

Activity Level of Catalyst:

In general, catalysts deactivate because of poisoning, aging, or fouling.

Poisoning is usually a slow, irreversible process from which the catalyst activity
can not be recovered or regenerated by ordinary techniques such as burning off
coke. This permanent lowering in activity is frequently caused by small
quantities of impurities in the feed. These may be inorganic or organic salts of
metals such as vanadium, iron nickel, and copper. Aging also is a slow,
irreversible process. This permanent deactivation is attributed to heat induced
changes in physical properties of the catalyst such as sintering. Fouling is
caused by deposition of reaction products on the catalyst surface. Usually this
product is some carbonaceous material in which case the process is called
coking.
 10
When deactivation and regeneration occur we should know their rates and
plan in our experimentation to use catalyst activities comparable with that
expected in the larger units. Incidentally, the cost of the catalyst strongly
influences the activity level at which we can afford to operate. This means that
even in bench-scale operations we may want to use catalyst with far lower
activities than the fresh catalyst.

Control of Size Distribution:

Time and wear gradually break down the particles and move the size
distribution in the bed toward the fines. This is countered by possible
inefficiency in the solids recovery systems, which causes a loss of the fines and
a shift of the size distribution to the coarse. Which way the distribution moves
depends on the friability of the solids and the collection efficiency of the
cyclones and electrostatic precipitators. The proper addition of coarse or fine
solids and adjustment of the cyclone efficiency are used to control the size
distribution in the bed and to keep the bed lubricated with sufficient fines for
good fluidization.

Surface of Heat Exchanger:

Except for small diameter beds, it is recommended that immersed tubes be

used, and if condensation of reacting gases on cold surfaces is no problem, then
the temperature of a hot bed can easily be controlled by adjusting the flow of
vaporizing coolant. Experience shows that hairline cracks are liable to develop
in bent tubes of small radius and since even a small leakage of coolant can
seriously harm a catalytic reaction. Special care should be taken to guard
against this. It is best to construct the heat exchanger to double as internals to
control bubble size. Besides the exchanger tubes, additional internals may also
have to be used. Finally, to allow rapid modification of the exchanger assembly
it is suggested that the assembly be designed to be fitted into the bed from the
top of the reactor vessel.

Reactor Design:
Given Data:

Fs / F1 =23.3
Carbon deposit = 7% of feed oil
2
F1 =55.6 kg/sec, Pd = 50 g-wt / cm =50 cm of H 2O
Conversion of hydrocarbon = X = 63%
Uo = 50cm/sec, s = 2 g/cm 3
 11
m =0.5, mf = 0.55
-1
Umf = 0.4 cm/sec, K3 =8.67 sec
K1 = 0.05 sec-1, K2 =0.04 sec -1
g = 0.002 g/cm3 , Dt = 841 cm
Dp = 0.051 mm, De = 0.2 cm 2/sec
 = 0.0004 g/cm .sec P = 0.96 atm
Dor= 4 cm W = 318 tons = 318000 kg
Db =20 cm. Rb = 0.01

Nomenclature for Solution:

A1= Mean catalyst activity in reactor (dimensionless).
A2= Mean catalyst activity in regenerator (dimensionless).
At= Bed cross-sectional area (cm2 ).
Db= Effective bubble diameter (cm).
Dp= Particle diameter (cm)
Dor= Orifice diameter (cm)
Dt = Bed diameter (cm)
2
De = Effective diffusion coefficient of gas in the emulsion (cm /sec)
m = Void fraction in a packed bed.
mf = Void fraction in the bed at minimum fluidizing condition.
Fs = Circulation rate of solids (kg/sec).
F1 = Feed oil flow rate (kg/sec).
K1 = Rate constant for first order deactivation in the reactor (sec-1).
K2 = Rate constant for first order deactivation in the regenerator (sec-1 ).
K3 = Rate constant at zero time (sec-1).
K4 = Coefficient of gas interchange between bubble and cloud wake region
(sec-1)
K5 = Coefficient of gas interchange between cloud wake region and
-1
emulsion (sec ).
Kr = Rate constant for first order chemical reaction based on volume of
solids (sec -1).
Kf = Dimensionless reaction rate group for the fluidize bed.
L m = Height of fixed bed (cm).
L f = Height of bubbling fluidize bed (cm).
Nor = Number of orifices per unit area of distributor (cm-2 ).
P =Pressure in the reactor (atm).
P = Pressure drop across bed. (atm).
2
Pd Pressure drop across distributor. (g-wt / cm )
Rb = Solids dispersed in bubbles/Volume of bubbles in bed.
Rc = Solids in the cloud-wake region/Volume of bubbles in bed.
Rd = Solids in the emulsion/Volume of bubbles in bed.
 12
Re = Reynolds Number.
T 1 = Mean residence time of catalyst in the reactor (sec).
T 2 = Mean residence time of catalyst in the regenerator (sec).
Uo = Superficial fluid velocity (cm/sec).
Ub = Velocity of a bubble rising through the bed (cm/sec).
Ubr = Velocity of a bubble with respect to emulsion phase (cm/sec).
Umf = Minimum fluidization velocity.
 = Fraction of fluidize bed consisting of bubbles (dimensionless).
3
s = Density of solids (g/cm )
g = Density of gas (g/cm3).
g = Viscosity of gas (g/cm.sec).
W = Weight of solids (tons).
X = Fractional conversion of reactants.
= Vw/Vb = wake volume/bubble volume.
TDH = Transport disengaging height (cm).

Solution:
Cross-sectional area of bed
Dt2
At=
4
8412
At = =555497.2 cm = 5554 m
4
Bed Properties
Ubr = 0.711(gDb) 1/2
Ubr = 0.711(980 20)1/2 = 99.54 cm/sec.
Ub = Uo-Umf +U br= 50-0.4+99.54 = 149.14 cm/sec.
 = (Uo-Umf)/ Ub = (50-0.4)/149.14 = 0.332.
U mf
 D 1 / 2 g 1 / 4 
K4 =4.5 

5.85 e 5 / 4 
 D 
Db  b 
0.2 980 1 / 4 
K4 = 4.5 
0 .4 
1/ 2
-1
 +5.85   20 5 / 4 
= 0.346 sec
20   
mf DeU b
1/ 2
 
K5 = 6.78 
 D3


 b 
1/ 2
0.55 .0.2 149 .14  -1
K5 = 6.78   = 0.307 sec .
 
3
20
Kf = -ln (1-X) = -ln(1-0.63) = 0.99

From graph (1) Vw / (Vw+V b) =0.38 = gives =0.613
(1)
 13
 3U / 
Rc = (1- mf )  mf mf
U (U /  )


 br mf mf 
Rc = (1-0.55)  
3(0.4 / 0.55)
 0.613 
99.54 0.727272 
Rc = 0.28.
1 
R d = (1- mf )  - (Rb+Rc)
 
1 0.332 
R d = (1-0.55)  (0.01 0.28)
 0.332 
R d = 0.615.
T 1= W/Fs = 318000/(23.3 55.6) = 245.47 sec.
T 2 = (K 1/K2) 1/2  T1 =(0.05/0.04)1/2 245 .47 = 274.44 sec.
 K 2 T2 
A1 = 



K1T 1K 2T 2 (K 1 K 2T1T 2 ) 
 0.04 274.44 
A1 
(0.05 245 .47) (0.04274 .44) (0.050.04 245 .47 274.44) 

 

A1 = 0.0695
A2 = A1 (1+K1 T1)
A2 = 0.0695(1+0.05 245.47) = 0.922
-1
Kr = A1 K3 = 0.0695 8.67 = 0.60 sec

Kf U
Lf   b
  Kr
 
 
 
 1 
Rb  
 Kr 1 

 K4 1 
 Rc  
 Kr 1 


 K 5 Rd 


0.99 149.14
Lf  
  0.60
 
 
 
 1 
0.01 
0.6 1
  
 0.346
0.28 
1 
 0 .6 1 
  
 0.307 0.615 
 14

L f 837.22 cm

L f (1 )(1mf )
Lm 
1m
837.22(1 0.332)(1 0.55)
Lm  503 .34 cm
1 0.5

Freeboard

From graph (2) at Dp = 0.051mm,

TDH / Dt = 0.8 gives TDH = 672.8 cm

Pressure drop across bed

P (1m) ( s g ) g Lm
P = (1-0.5)(2-0.002)980 503.34 = 0.486 atm

Entrainment

From graph (3) at Uo= 50 cm/sec and P = 0.96 atm,

F s /A t U o = 3 10 4 g / cm3.

Distributor

Re = Dt g Uo / 
Re = (8410.002 50) / 0.0004 = 2 105
From graph (4) at Re = 2 105 Cd = 0.6
U or = Cd (2 g P d / g)1 / 2
U or = 0.6 (2 50 980 / 0.002) = 4200 cm /sec.
1/2

UO
N or =
 2
D Or U or
4
50 4 2
N or = = 9.5 10 cm
 2
4 4200
4
 15
Comments:

In this example we chose to use a very high gas velocity much in excess of the
terminal velocity of the solids. This has numerous undesirable consequences
such as increased gas bypassing, a large entrainment requiring a more efficient
and expensive separation system, and more violent solid action, which leads to
more attrition and loss of solids. Why not lower the gas velocity, since for the
same bubble size the weight of solids required is roughly independent of gas
velocity? Let us see.
Suppose we take gas velocity equal to 1cm/sec. Then to process the same
amount of fed and to keep the contacting time unchanged, the bed would have
to be shallower and wider, in fact,
Bed diameter = 24.5
Bed height = 7cm
This geometry is most satisfactory, and the only way to keep the aspect ratio
close to unity requires a larger bed with more catalyst. So to keep the aspect
ratio close to unity
We have a choice of
1.) A lower gas velocity, decreased entrainment and attrition, but at the
increased cost of a larger bed.
2.) A lower gas velocity, decreased entrainment and attrition, a minimum of
solids, but at the increased cost of a series of smaller beds.
3.) A gas velocity in a single bed with a minimum of solids, but at an increased
cost due to large entrainment and attrition.
In the above three the last alternative is judged to be the best.
On the other hand if the circulation rate of solids can be raised, the height of
fluidized solids in the reactor, hence the inventory of solids, can be reduced.
Roughly, the reactor size and circulation rate vary inversely proportionally if all
other factors remain unchanged. Unfortunately, however, other factors do enter
the picture. For example, the static head which causes circulation of solids is
strongly dependent on the height of solids in the bed; therefore reducing the
height of a bed will lower the circulation of solids.

Nomenclature for computer program

At = Cross sectional area of bed.
A1 = Mean catalyst activity in reactor.
A2 = Mean catalyst activity in regenerator.
Db = Effective bubble diameter.
Dp = particle diameter.
Dor = Orifice diameter.
Dt = Bed diameter.
De = Effective diffusion coefficient of gas in emulsion.
 16
Em = Void fraction in a packed bed.
Emf = Void fraction in the bed at minimum fluidizing condition.
Fs = Circulation rate of solids.
F1 = Feed oil flow rate.
K1 = Rate constant for first order deactivation in reactor.
K2= Rate constant for first order deactivation in regenerator.
K3 = Rate constant at zero time.
K4 = Coefficient of gas interchange between bubble and cloud wake region.
K5 = Coefficient of gas interchange between cloud wake region and emulsion.
Kr = Rate constant for first order chemical reaction based on volume of solids.
Kf = Dimensionless reaction rate group for fluidize bed.
Lm = Height of fixed bed.
Lf = Height of bubbling fluidize bed.
Nor = Number of orifices per unit area of distributor.
P = Pressure in the reactor.
P1 = Pressure drop across bed.
P2 = Pressure drop across distributor.
Rb = Solids dispersed in bubbles / Volume of bubbles in bed.
Rc = Solids in the cloud wake region / Volume of bubbles in bed.
Rd = Solids in the emulsion / Volume of bubbles in bed.
Re = Reynolds Number.
T1 = Mean residence time of catalyst in the reactor.
T2 = Mean residence time of catalyst in the regenerator.
Uo = Superficial fluid velocity.
Ub = Velocity of a bubble rising trough the bed.
Ubr = Velocity of a bubble with respect to emulsion phase.
Umf = Minimum fluidization velocity.
Uor = Velocity through orifice.
S = Fraction of fluidize bed consisting of bubbles.
Ds = Density of solids.
Dg = Density of gas.
Vg = Viscosity of gas.
W = Weight of solids.
X= Fractional conversion of reactants.
A = = Vw / Vb = Wake volume / Bubble volume.
TDH = Transport Disengaging height.
 17
FORTRAN Programme
read(*,*)N
Pi=3.141542653
g= 980
Do 20 I=1, N
write(*,*)’Enter the values of
Dt,Db,De,Em,Emf,Ds,Dg,Dor,Vg,Uo,W,X,Umf,K1,K2,,P2,P,Dp,K3, Fs’
read(*,*)Dt,Db,De,Em,Emf,Ds,Dg,Dor,Vg,Uo,W,X,Umf,K1,K2,P2,P,Dp,Fs
write (*,*)’Take value of A (alpha) from graph (1) and enter’
read (*,*) A
write (*,*)’Take value of TDH/Dt from graph (2) against Dp and enter’
read (*,*) TDH/Dt
write(*,*)’Find Entrainment from graph (3) against Uo and P
At = (Pi*Dt**2)/4
Ubr = 0.711*sqrt (g*Db)
Ub = Uo-Umf+Ubr
S = (Uo-Umf)/ Ub
K4 = 4.5(Umf / Db)+5.85(De**1/2)(g**1/4) / Db**5/4
K5 = 6.78sqrt (Emf*De*Ub / Db**3)
R1 = Umf / Emf
R2 = Ubr-R1
R3 = (3*R1/ R2)
Rc = (1-Emf)*(R3+A)
R4 = (1-S)/ S
Rd = (1-Emf)*R4-(Rb+Rc)
T1 = W/ Fs
T2 = T1*sqrt (K1 / K2)
A3 = K1*T1
A4 = K2*T2
A5 = A3*A4
A1 = A4 / (A3+A4+A5)
A2 = A1 (1+A3)
Kr = A1*K3
Kf = -alog (1-X)
L1 = (Kr/K5)+(1/Rd)
L2 = Rc+ (1/L1)
L3 = (Kr / K4) + ((1/L2)
L4 = Rb+ (1/L3)
Lf = (Kf/L4)*(Ub/Kr)
Lm = Lf *(1-S)*(1-Emf) / (1-Em)
TDH = (TDH / Dt)*Dt
P1 = (1-Em)*(Ds-Dg)*g*Lm
 18
Re = (Dt*Dg*Uo)/ Vg
write(*,*)’Take value of Cd from graph (4) and enter’
read(*,*)Cd
Uor = Cd sqrt(2*g*P2 /Dg)
U1 = (Pi*Dor**2) /4
Nor = Uo/ (Uor*U1)
write(*,*)’Values ofAt,Ubr,Ub,S,K4,K5,
Rc,Rd,T1,T2,A1,A2,Kr,Kf,Lf,Lm,TDH,P1,Nor are’
write(*,*)At,Ubr,Ub,S,K4,K5,Rc,Rd,T1,T2,A1,A2,Kr,Kf,Lf,Lm,TDH,P1,Nor
20 continue
stop
end.
 19

References:
1.) Daizo Kunii & Octave Levenspiel(1969).”Fluidization Enginering”.Japan:
Toppan Printing.

2.) Howard, J. R. (1989). ‘’Fluidized Bed Technology: Principles and

Application” New York, NY: Adam Higler.

3.) Tavoulareas, S. (1991.) “Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology”.

4.) Thornhill, D. “The Fluidized Bed Reactor”.

5.) Trambouze, P., & Euzen, J. (2004). ‘’Chemical Reactors: from Design to
Operation.’’ (R. Bononno, Trans.). Paris: Editions Technip.