CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

Chapter 2

Generation &
Measurement of High
Voltages & Currents

𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 → 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 → 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝐸𝐶 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
1

Classification of Tests
Some of the tests are performed during the early stages of
development and production (e.g. through Research and
Development “R&D”), others after production and installation.
– Type tests are performed on each type of equipment
before their supply on a general commercial scale so as to
demonstrate performance characteristics meeting the
intended application. These tests are of such a nature that
they need not be repeated unless changes are made in the
design of the product.
– Routine tests are made by the manufacturer on every
finished piece of product to make sure that it fulfills the
specifications.
– Acceptance and commissioning tests are made by the
purchaser and are self-explanatory. Maintenance tests are
usually carried out after maintenance or repair of the
equipment. 2

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

Test Voltages

The conventional forms of test voltages in

use can be divided into three main groups:
(a) direct voltages,
(b) power-frequency alternating voltages,
(c) impulse voltages, which are divided into
lightning and switching impulses.

Test Voltages

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A) Generation of HVDC

(A.1) Rectification
(A.2) Voltage Doubler Circuit
(A.3) Voltage Multiplier Circuit
(A.4) Electrostatic Machine
“Van de Graaff Generator”

(A) Generation of HVDC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A) Generation of HVDC

(A) Generation of HVDC

Saudi Arabia – Egypt Interconnection

f = 50Hz
V = 500kV 21 km HVDC UGC:
P = 3GW Gulf of Aqaba and
Suez Canal
V = 500 kV
l  1500 km

f = 60Hz
V = 380kV
P = 3GW

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A) Generation of HVDC

(A) Generation of HVDC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A) Generation of HVDC

(A) Generation of HVDC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A) Generation of HVDC

(A.1) Rectification

Half Wave & Full Wave

Rectification

13

f < 1 kHz to limit (wLI) drop 14

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A.2) Voltage Doubler Circuit

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(A.2) Voltage Doubler Circuit, cont’d

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

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(A.3) Voltage Multiplier Circuit

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A.3) Voltage Multiplier

400kVDC
8mA

100kVAC

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20

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

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(3) Calculate the percentage ripple

voltage and the regulation of multi-
stage DC source (eight stages)
operating on 150 Hz supply. The
supply transformer secondary
voltage is 125 kV. If the load current
to be supplied is 5 mA and the
capacitance per stage is 0.05 µF, find
the optimum number of stages for
minimum regulation voltage drop,
the ripple factor (RF), and the open-
circuit (no-load) voltage at this
optimum number of stages.

22

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

23

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In addition, higher frequency causes higher transformer losses

and hence lower transformer efficiency.
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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(A.4) Electrostatic Machine

“Van de Graaff Generator”

9. HVDC source: 10-100 kV

They are useful for energizing particle
accelerators for voltages up to 25 MV.
9 The main advantages are:
• Ripple-free HVDC
• Precision and flexibility.
29

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

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(B) Generation of HVAC

* (B.1) Cascade Transformers
* (B.2) Resonant Transformers
Example: The test voltages for 500 kV (525 kV for UHV) HVAC
systems are:

• One-minute 50 Hz [620-860] kV, i.e. about [1.44-2.00] pu of the

peak phase voltage (429 kV  1 pu).

• BSL: 1050 kVpeak switching impulse, i.e. 2.45 pu of the peak

phase voltage.

• BIL: 1175 kVpeak lightning impulse, i.e. 2.74 pu of the peak phase
voltage.

• BSL = 1050 kVpeak & BIL = [1175-1425] kVpeak OR BIL/BSL= [1.12-

1.36] pu. 32

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B) Generation of HVAC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B) Generation of HVAC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B) Generation of HVAC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B) Generation of HVAC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B) Generation of HVAC

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.1) Cascade Transformers
3 When test voltage
requirements are
2
less than about
300 kV, a single
1
transformer can
be used for test
purposes.

Disadvantages are:
• Single unit construction
becomes difficult and
costly due to the insulation
problem
• Difficult for transportation
and erection.

43

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.1) Cascade Transformer unit with Isolating
3
Transformers Isolating transformers I s1,
Is2 and Is3 are 1:1 ratio
transformers are insulated
2 to their respective tank
potentials and are meant
for supplying the excitation
1 for the second and the
third stages at their tank
potentials.

Advantages are:
• Small unit, i.e. natural cooling.
• Identical units.
• Simple construction and
erection.

Disadvantages are:
• Expensive for huge insulators
used.
• Requires large space.
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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.1) Cascade Transformer: The world’s largest 3 MV HVAC

Today’s Largest
HVAC System 3 MV
@ WEI Istra near
Moscow

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(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformers: Why?
Testing of an HV apparatus or insulation always involves supplying of
capacitive loads with very low power dissipation. Thus, if C is the
capacitance of the test object, V is the rms value of the nominal
output voltage of the transformer at an angular frequency w. then the
nominal rating of the transformer in kVA will be S =K V2 wC, where K
(> 1.0) is a factor to account for any extra capacitance in the test
circuit like that of the measuring capacitance divider etc. K may have
values of the order of 2 or more for very high voltages (> 1 MV).
Typical capacitance values for high capacitance test objects like
power transformers, cables etc. are as follows:
* Power transformers (rating < 1 MVA) 1000 pF
* Power transformers (rating> 1 MVA) 1000-10,000 pF
* High Voltage power cables
(with solid insulation: er > 1) 250-300 pF/m
* High Voltage power cables
(with gas insulation: er = 1) 50-80 pF/m
* Metal Clad substation with
gas insulation (GIS.) 100-10,000 pF 46

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformers, cont’d
Advantages of Resonant Transformers
• Output voltage is pure sine wave.
• Low power loss.
• Controllability of the output voltage because cos f = 1.
• Simple and compact test arrangement.
• Cascading is also possible for MV range.

Disadvantages of Resonant
Transformers
• Requirement of additional variable chokes (reactors)
capable of withstanding the full test voltage and the full
current ratings. (f, C, L)
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(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformers, cont’d

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(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformers, cont’d

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(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformers, cont’d

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(B) Generation of HVAC

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(B) Generation of HVAC

Large power transformer: ratings of more than

1,000 MVA and voltages up to 1,200 kV transformer
with composite-insulator bushings
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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(B) Generation of HVAC

(B.2) Resonant Transformer
400kVrms
500mArms
0.2 MVA

Testing transformer. Compensating reactor. 55

Instrument Transformers: HV CT

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Cost-effective and compact

solutions with combined
instrument transformers

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HV Shunt Reactor

150 MVAr, 400 kV, 50Hz Shunt Reactor

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 CHAPTER 2: Generation & Measurement of High Voltages & Currents

(6) A 100 kVA, 400 V/250 kV

testing transformer has 8 % leakage
reactance and 2 % resistance on 100
kVA base. A cable has to be tested at
500 kV using the above transformer
as a resonant transformer at 50 Hz. If
the charging current of the cable at
500 kV is 0.4 A, find the series
inductance required. Assume 2 %
resistance for the inductor to be used
and the connecting leads. Neglect
dielectric loss of the cable. What will
be the input voltage and power to the
transformer?

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