electronics

Article
Toward a Substation Automation System Based on IEC 61850
Shantanu Kumar 1 , Ahmed Abu-Siada 1, * , Narottam Das 2,3 and Syed Islam 4

1 School of Electrical Engineering, Computing, Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University,

Perth, WA 6845, Australia; [email protected]
2 School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
[email protected]
3 Centre for Intelligent Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University,
Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
4 School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University,
Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-892-667-287

Abstract: With the global trend to digitalize substation automation systems, International Electro
technical Commission 61850, a communication protocol defined by the International Electrotechnical
Commission, has been given much attention to ensure consistent communication and integration of
substation high-voltage primary plant assets such as instrument transformers, circuit breakers and
power transformers with various intelligent electronic devices into a hierarchical level. Along with
this transition, equipment of primary plants in the switchyard, such as non-conventional instrument
transformers, and a secondary system including merging units are expected to play critical roles
due to their fast-transient response over a wide bandwidth. While a non-conventional instrument
transformer has advantages when compared with the conventional one, extensive and detailed
performance investigation and feasibility studies are still required for its full implementation at



a large scale within utilities, industries, smart grids and digital substations. This paper is taking

 one step forward with respect to this aim by employing an optimized network engineering tool to
Citation: Kumar, S.; Abu-Siada, A.; evaluate the performance of an Ethernet-based network and to validate the overall process bus design
Das, N.; Islam, S. Toward a Substation requirement of a high-voltage non-conventional instrument transformer. Furthermore, the impact
Automation System Based on IEC of communication delay on the substation automation system during peak traffic is investigated
61850. Electronics 2021, 10, 310. through a detailed simulation analysis.
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics
10030310 Keywords: substation automation system; intelligent electronic devices; non-conventional instru-
ment transformer; digital protection; international electrotechnical commission
Academic Editor: Gabriele Grandi
Received: 29 December 2020
Accepted: 23 January 2021
Published: 28 January 2021
1. Introduction
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
Identification and rapid isolation of faulty zones in power system networks are among
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
the essential features of a smart protection system. A proper intelligent protection system
published maps and institutional affil- must respond extremely fast to restore the isolated faulty zones to reduce unplanned
iations. outages and improve network reliability. The affected feeders, incomers and bus sections
must be returned to a healthy state while keeping the network stability intact. This can
be achieved by adopting a robust communication protocol between the protection system
and the primary assets in the switchyard. Until now, most of the present high-voltage (HV)
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
switchyard equipment communicates with the control room through a supervisory control
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
and data acquisition (SCADA) system, remote terminal unit (RTU) and human machine
This article is an open access article
interface (HMI) using a distributed network (DNP3) protocol as shown in Figure 1. RTU is
distributed under the terms and a microprocessor device that acts as a gateway between the field device and control room
conditions of the Creative Commons HMI. It collates information from switchyard plants and propagates telemetry information
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// to the control room. However, these modes of communications exhibit some short comings
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ that limit their wider applications in future digital substation automation systems. The
4.0/). DNP3 communication protocol based on IEEE 1379-2000 is susceptible to poor network

Electronics 2021, 10, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030310 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

 tributed network (DNP3) protocol as shown in Figure 1. RTU is a microprocessor de-
vice that acts as a gateway between the field device and control room HMI. It collates
information from switchyard plants and propagates telemetry information to the con-
trol room. However, these modes of communications exhibit some short comings that
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 2 of 16
limit their wider applications in future digital substation automation systems. The
DNP3 communication protocol based on IEEE 1379-2000 is susceptible to poor net-
work security which makes it more prone to hacking and is complex to implement
security which makes it more prone to hacking and is complex to implement due to the
due to the strict cybersecurity measures that should be adopted [1]. Moreover, this
strict cybersecurity measures that should be adopted [1]. Moreover, this conventional
conventionalcommunication
communication is much
is much slower
slower thanthan a fiber
a fiber optic optic (FO)
(FO) or or Ethernet
Ethernet modeon the
mode based
based on theIECIEC61850
61850 standard [2]. IEC 61850 features several advantages over
standard [2]. IEC 61850 features several advantages over the conventionalthe
conventionalprotection
protection scheme
scheme including
including faster
faster data data transmission,
transmission, reduced
reduced secondary second-
cables and lower
engineering efforts [3].
ary cables and lower engineering efforts [3].

FigureFigure 1. DNP3
1. DNP3 Communication
Communication withwith
HVHV apparatusininthe
apparatus thecontrol
control room
room using
usingHMI.
HMI

During disturbances and fault events, the digital protection scheme publishes and sub-
During disturbances and fault events, the digital protection scheme publishes
scribes data packets to trigger the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) as per the IEC61850-
and subscribes 9-2 data packets
standard, whichtoistrigger
similar the
to a intelligent
conventionalelectronic devices
relay sending (IEDs)
analogue as per
tripping signals
the IEC61850-9-2
to thestandard, which
circuit breaker (CB)isinsimilar to a conventional
a traditional protection system relay
[4].sending analogue
Conventional instrument
tripping signals to the circuit
transformers (CITs) breaker
are prone(CB) in a traditional
to several protection system
types of electro-mechanical faults,[4]. Con-
which not only
cause unnecessary disruption to the electricity grids, but
ventional instrument transformers (CITs) are prone to several types of electro-me- also pose significant environmen-
tal hazards, such as fire, gas or oil leakage in the switchyard or operational plant. Original
chanical faults, which not only cause unnecessary disruption to the electricity grids,
equipment manufacturers have addressed these issues by introducing non-conventional
but also poseinstrument
significant environmental hazards, such as fire, gas or oil leakage in the
transformers (NCITs). The application of NCIT in conjunction with merging
switchyard or units (MUs) and plant.
operational IEDs inOriginal
the process equipment manufacturers
of bus topology has providedhave addressed
a solution to the legacy
these issues by introducing
issues of CITs to a non-conventional
large extent [5]. The iron instrument transformers
core of CITs (NCITs).
is the main source The
of inaccuracies
due to hysteresis characteristics [6]. On the other hand,
application of NCIT in conjunction with merging units (MUs) and IEDs in the process digital instrument transformers,
of bus topologyi.e., NCITs with FO in
has provided a the secondary
solution to theside, offer many
legacy issuesadvantages
of CITs to such as rapid
a large data com-
extent
munication; extensive bandwidth; reduced weight, cost and maintenance; safe and reliable
[5]. The iron core of CITs is the main source of inaccuracies due to hysteresis charac-
performance with high accuracy; no saturation effect due to the non-existence of an iron
teristics [6]. On
coretheandother
abilityhand, digital
to perform instrument
under thermal and transformers, i.e., NCITs with FO
mechanical stresses.
in the secondary Unlikeside, offer many advantages such as rapid data communication;
the CITs, in the event of inadvertent disconnection of secondary wirings ex- at
the NCIT terminal box, the plant does not encounter catastrophic failure. These features
make NCIT suitable for future power system protection, measurement, automation and
control. The basic principle of the NCIT transducer with an FO is shown in Figure 2a. In
this system, the magnetic field produced around a current-carrying conductor is tapped by
a sensor which propagates optical data over an FO to another sensor that re-converts the
optical data to the electrical signal and feeds it to the IED actuating element. Unlike CITs,
 at the NCIT terminal box, the plant does not encounter catastrophic failure. These
features make NCIT suitable for future power system protection, measurement, au-
tomation and control. The basic principle of the NCIT transducer with an FO is shown
in Figure 2a. In this system, the magnetic field produced around a current-carrying
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 3 of 16
conductor is tapped by a sensor which propagates optical data over an FO to another
sensor that re-converts the optical data to the electrical signal and feeds it to the IED
actuating element. Unlike CITs, power capacity does not have an impact on the phys-
power
ical capacityof
dimension does
thenot haveAs
NCIT. an such,
impact theonoverall
the physical dimension
dimension and of the NCIT.
weight of anAs such,
NCIT
are approximately 30% lower than those of the CITs [7]. A typical HV NCIT in an airof
the overall dimension and weight of an NCIT are approximately 30% lower than those
the CITs [7].
insulated A typical(AIS)
substation HV NCIT in aninairFigure
is shown insulated
2b. substation (AIS) is shown in Figure 2b.

Figure 2. (a) Block diagram of NCIT (b) Installation of a light weight NCIT in an operational switchyard [4].
Figure 2. (a) Block diagram of NCIT (b) Installation of a light weight NCIT in an operational switchyard [4].
Rogowski coil and NCIT technology has been successfully adopted in gas and air
insulated substations.
Rogowski coil andInNCIT
addition, the use of
technology hasFObeen
technology reduces
successfully cables and
adopted wires
in gas andin
the secondary system and facilitates reliable operation and rapid fault diagnosis.
air insulated substations. In addition, the use of FO technology reduces cables and With
superior
wires technology
in the secondaryand a negligible
system footprint,reliable
and facilitates NCIT leveraging
operation onandFO and fault
rapid process bus
diag-
technology could potentially eliminate most of the structural, electrical
nosis. With superior technology and a negligible footprint, NCIT leveraging on FOand mechanical
failures, which are currently attributed to the CIT physical structure. However, in order
and process bus technology could potentially eliminate most of the structural, electri-
to have unwavering confidence in the technology and for its mass deployment in the
cal and mechanical failures, which are currently attributed to the CIT physical struc-
transmission and distribution substations, NCIT along with the secondary peripherals and
ture. However,
topologies into
needs order to have
undergo unwavering
extensive confidence
performance in theand
evaluation technology and for its
validity checks.
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of a process bus protection system which derives
signals from current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) in an HV switch-
yard. These analogue inputs are fed into an MU, which converts it to digital data packets
that are transmitted over an FO to the relay control room via switches and IEDs. Sampled
values (SVs) and generic object oriented substation events (GOOSE) carry data packets with
appropriate byte size under a healthy scenario. However, the status of the byte size changes
in the event of a fault which activates a trip command to the CB. The SV is encrypted
data in multicast mode published to multiple IEDs in a certain time interval with two
dependent factors: measured signal frequency and sample per period (SPP). The two SPP
values defined in IEC 61850-9-2 LE are 80 and 256. As an example, if the frequency is 50 Hz
 Electronics 2021, 10, 310 4 of 16

and the time interval is 80 ms, the SPP shall be recorded as 1/50/80 which is equivalent to
250 µs. The SV publishes and receives packets within a local area network (LAN).
At the onset of the IEC 61850 standard, the utility communication architecture group
developed an implementation guideline for the digital interface with instrument trans-
formers using IEC 61850-9-2 [8].
Figure 3a shows the analogue output of a CIT carried over the secondary wiring to
the relay terminals (at 1 A, 110 V), which exhibits complexity in using secondary copper
cables with switchyard trenches. On the other hand, Figure 3b exhibits a significant
saving in copper wiring in the secondary circuit by using FO. It is possible to retrofit all
conventional substations and transmit digital signals over FO and Ethernet without the
need for replacing the primary asset, i.e., CIT. This not only reduces the physical dimension
of the trench, but also reduces the effort in tracing physical issues arising from loose
connections due to heating effects at the termination end [9]. In Figure 3b, fault finding
in the loop becomes much easier due to the significant reduction in nodes and secondary
wirings. Additionally, the application of MU and process bus architecture reduces the
diagnostic effort by analysing data packets such as GOOSE and SV signals to IEDs passing
via switches [10]. However, digital topologies suffer from some issues related to their
performance, published data, end-to-end delays, latency and stripping off the trails in a
virtual local area network operating in an interoperability environment and large byte size
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18
data compression. These issues need to be addressed properly by performing validation
tests before the mass deployment of digital topologies. This paper is aimed at investigating
some of these issues through a laboratory-based set-up analysis.

Marshalling
CT Box
Secondary Links Conventional
Links
Secondary copper
Links Conventional CT copper cable cable
Links
R
Links
VT e P
Secondary l L
Links Links
a C
Links
Conventional VT copper cable y
Links Links

Field Equipment
(a) Conventional Relay Wiring
Marshalling
CT Box
Secondary
Links

I
M FO Cable S
VT U E
Secondary D A
S
Links
FO Cable

Field Equipment

(b) Non-Conventional IED Wiring

Figure 3. (a) Parallel wiring from CITs to a relay in a conventional set up, (b) Reduced wiring in
Figure 4. (a) Parallel wiring from CITs to a relay in a conventional set up, (b) Reduced wiring in
NCIT and MU to digital IED in a process bus architecture.
NCIT and MU to digital IED in a process bus architecture.

In a recent substation project implemented by Transgrid utility in Australia, sub-

stantial saving has been achieved in terms of decreased switchgears and protection
cabinets, lower control cabling and reduction in engineering efforts. Reports indicate
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 5 of 16

Figure 4. Process bus architecture encompassing NCIT and MU [10].

Figure 3. Process bus architecture encompassing NCIT and MU [10].
In a recent substation project implemented by Transgrid utility in Australia, substantial
saving has been achieved in terms of decreased switchgears and protection cabinets, lower
control cabling and reduction in engineering efforts. Reports indicate a cost reduction of
about 11% in the process bus topology, a reduction of 93% on the secondary cable trenches
and a 43% saving in the relay control panels compared with a similar relay control room in a
conventional substation, besides significant savings in engineering man hours. In addition,
periodic monitoring of NCITs is much easier due to the absence of mineral insulating oil
and SF6 gas [11].
Table 1 exhibits the communication and data exchange architecture from a typical HV
switchyard to the secondary equipment in the relay control room, routed via various stages
from field devices to the control secondary assets. MU digital data packets are published
and subscribed by the IEDs in a process bus architecture from Sr. No. 1 to 7 [12,13].

Table 1. Data flow from the field to control room in an SAS topology [3].

Label Name of the Function

1 Circuit Breakers, Transformers CT and VT communication at the process level
2 Data exchange between the process and bay level
3 Data exchange between the bay and station level
4 Data exchange between the substation and the local control room
5 Direct data exchange between the bays, especially for fast functions such as interlocking

Figure 5 shows a block diagram of a typical substation automation system (SAS) in

which equipment in the switchyard such as transformers, CBs, CTs and VTs communicate
at the process level, i.e., function label 1. This equipment also communicates with the
 interlocking

Figure 5 shows a block diagram of a typical substation automation system (SAS)

in which equipment in the switchyard such as transformers, CBs, CTs and VTs com-
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 municate at the process level, i.e., function label 1. This equipment also communicates 6 of 16
with the actuators and sensors at the process level at which the analogue signals are
converted by MUs to digital signals and transmitted to the IEDs and control devices
at actuators
the bay level, i.e., function label 2. Some of the SAS devices have the bay and pro-
and sensors at the process level at which the analogue signals are converted by
cess level functions
MUs to digital signals embedded in theto same
and transmitted the IEDsdevice. Digital
and control packets
devices at thearebaythen
level,sent to
substation
i.e., function IEDs
labelat2.the station
Some of the level, i.e., function
SAS devices have the label
bay and 3. process
Faults,level
tripsfunctions
and breaker
embedded in the same device. Digital packets are then sent to substation
availability signals are sent from the station level to the local control room IEDs at the stationlocated
level, i.e., function label 3. Faults, trips and breaker availability signals
within the substation premise, i.e., function label 4. These events are also viewed are sent from the at
station level to the local control room located within the substation premise, i.e., function
the remote-control room end simultaneously (function label 5). Breaker trips and iso-
label 4. These events are also viewed at the remote-control room end simultaneously
lator operations
(function label 5).can be initiated
Breaker by toggling
trips and isolator in the
operations can local control
be initiated or remote-control
by toggling in the
rooms.
local control or remote-control rooms.

Local Control Room Remote Control Room

4 5

Station Level Substation IEDs

3 3 3

Bay Level Protection and Control Protection and Control

2 2
Process Field Process Units Sensors and Actuators
Level

1 1
Switchyard HV
Equipment
Figure 5. Functional communication in an SAS at various levels [11].
Figure 5. Functional communication in an SAS at various levels [11].
Depending on the speed and the events, messages in an SAS network are classified as:
• Depending on the speed
Fast messages—trip, and block-encompassing
start, stop, the events, messages in an
GOOSE SAS1)network are classi-
(type
fied
• as:Medium messages—MMS message but non-time critical (type 2)
• Low speed messages—slow automation control, event record transmission such as
• Fast messages—trip,
pressure start,(type
and temperature stop,3)block-encompassing GOOSE (type 1)
• Raw data message—Cyclic data message such as SV sent to IEDs (type 4)
• File transfer message—File transfer messages wherein the bulk of data messages are
transferred as recorded files, information files and setting files (type 5)
• Time synchronization messages—periodic messages for the internal clocks of IEDs
(type 6)
Table 2 shows the time taken for data exchange within the SAS network which can be
categorized into periodic, random and burst data.
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 7 of 16

Table 2. Message type and performance transmission duration [12].

Message Type Duration (ms)

High-speed messages (type 1) <10
Maximum Speed Messages (type 2) <100
Low-speed messages (type 3) <500
Raw data sample (type 1) <10
File transfer fluctuate (type 5) >1000
Time Synchronization messages (type 6) >1000

In the periodic data transmission, the information of the switch status and analogue
data are transmitted in the station level monitoring devices, and the quantity of such data
varies from one topology to another. In a random data stream, the data frames are short
in length. This real-time data packet contains switching operation commands and time
synchronization. In a burst data stream, data messages carry information packets such
as switch position, node failures and multi fault signals. The requirement of the message
transmission time of frame sizes between devices and equipment is given according to IEC
61850-9-2 as summarized in Table 2 [14–20].
In a process bus architecture, analogue current and voltages from CIT are fed into
the MUs to convert the analogue signals to digital data packets and broadcast these to the
IEDs via switches. Digitized SV packets originating from MUs are carried over an Ethernet
network located in the switchyard with an accuracy of ± 4 µs of the communication
network with no more than a 2 µs delay based on IEC 61850-5. Considering the advantages
of NCIT over CIT, it is worth evaluating the performance of this primary plant substation
asset [21–25].
There are few shortcomings encountered when IEC 61850-9-2 is adopted, such as
issues with interoperability, latency during high traffic, compressing large byte sizes and
clogging of data packets at the nodes arising mainly due to the mismatch of communication
technologies of different manufacturers. This has resulted in a delay of data transmission
from field to control rooms which may seriously compromise the reliability of the entire
protection system [26–30]. Although individual equipment in the network may have
passed the certification requirement of IEC 61850, as a group of types of equipment in an
SAS, these secondary protection assets may not perform at the desired communication
level due to proprietary issues. This is mainly because different protection IEDs have
non-standardized algorithms and no ability to comprehend and process large byte sizes
within the stipulated time. This uncertainties and dilemma have resulted in slowing down
their large-scale implementation and call for more investigations from researchers and
manufacturers [31–48].

2. Laboratory-Based Performance Evaluation of NCIT and CIT

Figure 6 shows the setup of the used test apparatus in an HV laboratory. The equip-
ment was placed in the testing laboratory and cordoned off prior to testing with reduced
voltage and current. A close-up view of the setup with the bus bar connected to the pri-
mary terminal is shown in Figure 7. The test condition in a real-life scenario was set up to
measure the DC offset values. The NCIT equipment chosen for the test is a 132 kV voltage
with a peak fault withstand capability of 63 kA for 1 sec, Class 5P.
 2. Laboratory-Based Performance Evaluation of NCIT and CIT
Figure 66 shows
Figure shows the
the setup
setup ofof the
the used
used test
test apparatus
apparatus inin an
an HV
HV laboratory.
laboratory. TheThe
equipment was
equipment was placed
placed in
in the
the testing
testing laboratory
laboratory and
and cordoned
cordoned off
off prior
prior to
to testing
testing with
with
reduced voltage and current. A close-up view of the setup with the bus bar
reduced voltage and current. A close-up view of the setup with the bus bar connected connected
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 to the
to the primary
primary terminal
terminal is
is shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 7.
7. The
The test
test condition
condition in
in aa real-life
real-life scenario
scenario
8 of 16
was set up to measure the DC offset values. The NCIT equipment chosen
was set up to measure the DC offset values. The NCIT equipment chosen for the test for the test
is a 132 kV voltage with a peak fault withstand capability of 63 kA for 1 sec,
is a 132 kV voltage with a peak fault withstand capability of 63 kA for 1 sec, Class 5P. Class 5P.

Figure6.6.Laboratory
Figure Laboratoryset-up
set-upofofaa132
132kV
kVNCIT.
NCIT.
Figure 6. Laboratory set-up of a 132 kV NCIT.

Figure 7. Close-up view of the 132 kV NCIT head with bus bar.
Figure7.7.Close-up
Figure Close-upview
viewof
ofthe
the132
132kV
kVNCIT
NCIThead
headwith
withbus
busbar.
bar.

Figure 8 shows the equivalent circuit of the above setup in which the auxiliary switches
were placed between the source and the NCIT/CIT. In Figure 8, Xs is the source inductive
reactance and OCT is the optical current transducer. The calculated composite error is
1.42% and the peak error is 1.82%. This error aligns well with the tolerable limit stipulated
in sections 3.3.4 and 13.1.3 in the IEC 60044-8 standards.
 Figure 8 shows the equivalent circuit of the above setup in which the auxili
switches were placed between the source and the NCIT/CIT. In Figure 8, Xs is
source inductive reactance and OCT is the optical current transducer. The calcula
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 composite error is 1.42% and the peak error is 1.82%. This error aligns9wellof 16 with

tolerable limit stipulated in sections 3.3.4 and 13.1.3 in the IEC 60044-8 standards.

Xs Metering Aux Ckt

Switch Bkr OCT

Vd
G Source

Shunt

Figure 8. Equivalent circuit diagram for the conducted experiment.

Figure 8. Equivalent circuit diagram for the conducted experiment.
The DC offset and fault response time were plotted and compared with an equivalent
ThekVDC
132 offset and
NCIT/CIT fault response
as shown in Figures 9time were
and 10, plotted and
respectively. It cancompared
be observedwith
that an equ
alent 132 kV NCIT/CIT as shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. It can the
the technical performance of the NCIT is marginally better than that of the CIT for be observ
decaying DC offset with a better response time for a single-phase fault scenario. The delay
that time
the of
technical
the NCIT performance of the
in a test environment is <NCIT is marginally
100 µs which better
complies with than
the IEC that of the C
61850-9-2
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER for the
REVIEW decaying
guidelines. DC11offset
Figure shows with a better
the frequency response
response time forof aa single-phase
characteristic 132 kV NCIT is fault s
11 of 18
within the acceptable upper and lower band error limit when tested
nario. The delay time of the NCIT in a test environment is < 100 µs which comp within a frequency
band 48 Hz to 62 Hz for a 0.2 class CT.
with the IEC 61850-9-2 guidelines. Figure 11 shows the frequency response charact
istic of a 132 kV NCIT is within the acceptable upper and lower band error limit wh
tested within a frequency band 48 Hz to 62 Hz for a 0.2 class CT.

Figure 9.
Figure 9. Decaying
Decaying DC
DC offset
offset of
of 132
132 kV
kV NCIT
NCIT (Blue)
(Blue) vs.
vs. 132
132 kV
kV CIT
CIT (Red).
(Red).
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 10 of 16

Figure 9. Decaying DC offset of 132 kV NCIT (Blue) vs. 132 kV CIT (Red).

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

Figure 10. Comparison of 132 kV NCIT (Blue) vs. 132 kV CIT (Red) in a single-phase fault condition.
Figure 10. Comparison of 132 kV NCIT (Blue) vs. 132 kV CIT (Red) in a single-phase fault condition.

Figure 11. Frequency

Figure responseresponse
11. Frequency of a 132-kV
of aNCIT.
132-kV NCIT.

Based on
Based onthe
theNCIT
NCITelectrical characteristics
electrical shown
characteristics above
shown and the
above andfeedback from utility
the feedback from
operators, NCIT comprises the following features:
utility operators, NCIT comprises the following features:
• Superior electrical performance in protection and measurement over CIT
•• Superior electrical
Significant performance
reduction in protectionand
in project, engineering andasset
measurement overcosts
management CIT
•• Significant reduction
Environmentally in project,
friendly withoutengineering and asset management costs
oil or gas leaks
• Environmentally friendly without oil or gas leaks
• Interoperable with other manufacturers IEDs and peripherals
• Reliability, availability and ease of diagnostics
• 1/3rd the weight of an equivalent CIT
 Electronics 2021, 10, 310 11 of 16

• Interoperable with other manufacturers IEDs and peripherals

• Reliability, availability and ease of diagnostics
• 1/3rd the weight of an equivalent CIT

3. Optimized Network Engineering Tool

Models for the MU, IED and CB are simulated using the optimized network engineer-
ing tool (OPNET) which can simulate field devices connected by virtual FO to estimate the
communication mean delay, delay variation, traffic lost, latency and traffic load of the data
stacks at nodes of the device in bits/sec within an SAS scheme. The OPNET parameter,
process, node and project editors are organized to achieve accurate modelling tasks.
In the parameter editor, the media access control (MAC) address, destination address,
start time, inter-arrival time and packet size are determined. The process editor deals with
the logic flow, behaviour, protocols, processes, application algorithm and queues and uses
a finite state machine (FSM) and state transition diagrams (STD). A typical project editor
shown in Figure 12 encompasses the process and interconnecting nodes that represent the
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
electrical power equipment. The overall simulation model of a typical project in a ring 13 of 1
topology is shown in Figure 12 with the number of IEDs connected as the case would be in
a typical digital HV substation. The overall model is tested on a 100-baseT model network.

Figure 12. Typical

Figure projectproject
12. Typical editor in an OPNET
editor environment.
in an OPNET environment.

IEC 61850-9-2 based communication performance is evaluated in a process bus archi-

IEC 61850-9-2 based communication performance is evaluated in a process bu
tecture using the OPNET simulator. The evaluation of end-to-end (ETE) delay with MU,
architecture
IED using
and CB linked the
up is OPNET
necessary forsimulator. The evaluation
the SAS network. This providesofanend-to-end
indication of(ETE)
the dela
with MU,
latency in theIED and CB and
transmitting linked up isofnecessary
receiving SV frames for
thatthe SAS
travel network.
from This provides
the field devices to a
indication
the protectionofIEDs
theprior
latency in the implementation.
to practical transmitting and receiving of SV frames that trave
from the field devices to the protection IEDs prior to practical implementation.
4. OPNET Simulation Results and Discussion
Figure 13 shows a single line diagram of a 132/22 kV High Voltage (HV) zone substa-
4. OPNET Simulation Results and Discussion
tion that comprises two line incomers CB11 and CB6 on the 132/22 kV transformer bays
T1 andFigure 13 shows
T2 respectively, a single22line
6 outgoing diagram
kV feeders of abreakers
circuit 132/22arekVdesignated
High Voltage (HV) zon
CB2, CB3,
substation
CB4 for bus Athat
and comprises twofor
CB8, CB9, CB10 linebusincomers CB11 and
B, 1 bus coupler CB5 atCB6 onand
22 kV. thetwo
132/22
22 kVkV trans
line incomers respectively. The dotted line represents 22 kV switchboard in the
former bays T1 and T2 respectively, 6 outgoing 22 kV feeders circuit breakers are des substation
HV room. The system under study have analogue voltage and current in the bus being
ignated CB2, CB3, CB4 for bus A and CB8, CB9, CB10 for bus B, 1 bus coupler CB5 a
fed into a line MU from NCIT. In these 2 x line incomers, NCIT and MU are located in
22 outdoor
the kV. andHV two 22 kV line
switchyard incomers
connected withrespectively. TheThe
the IEDs with FO. dotted lineeach
SV from represents
MU is 22 kV
switchboard
transmitted as aintype
the4substation
message to HV
IEDsroom. The system
at a specified under
sampling ratestudy
at 100 have
baseTanalogue
speed. volt
age and
Table current
3 shows in the of
an overview busthebeing fed into
equipment a lineinMU
connected from
the 132 kV NCIT.
simulatedInsubstation.
these 2 x line in
comers, NCIT and MU are located in the outdoor HV switchyard connected with th
IEDs with FO . The SV from each MU is transmitted as a type 4 message to IEDs at
specified sampling rate at 100 baseT speed. Table 3 shows an overview of the equip
ment connected in the 132 kV simulated substation.
 switchboard in the substation HV room. The system under study have analogue volt-
age and current in the bus being fed into a line MU from NCIT. In these 2 x line in-
comers, NCIT and MU are located in the outdoor HV switchyard connected with the
IEDs with FO . The SV from each MU is transmitted as a type 4 message to IEDs at a
Electronics 2021, 10, 310
specified sampling rate at 100 baseT speed. Table 3 shows an overview of 12
theof 16
equip-
ment connected in the 132 kV simulated substation.

CB11 CB6

132/22kV 132/22kV
Delta- Star Delta- Star
Transformer (T1) Transformer (T2)

CB1 CB7

22 kV, 31.5 kA for 1 sec

CB5

CB2 CB3 CB4 CB8 CB9 CB10

Figure 13. Single

Figure lineline
13. Single diagram ofof
diagram a a132/22
132/22kV
kVzone
zonesubstation.
substation.

Table 3. IED configuration in the 132 kV Substation.

Bay Name MU Protection IED CB IED Number of Bays Total

132 kV Line incomer 2 2 2 2 8
Transformer - 2 2 2 6
22 kV incomer - 2 2 2 6
22 kV Feeder - 14 - 14 14
Bus section - 1 1 1 3

The overall SAS network is connected to the HV CIT feeding current and voltage
signals to the MU. The MU processes these analogue signals and converts them into digital
data packets. The digital packets are transmitted over the FO network from the switchyard
to the IEDs located in a local control room within the substation precinct.
Mal-operation of IEDs may cause a delay in the data transmission. The LAN speed
considered in the simulation is 100 Mb/s for the ETE delay performance analysis which
is widely accepted in the industry as the optimum performance speed over a digital
network. It is worth noting that ETE refers to the time required for digital packets to
reach the destination of a subscribing IED, from the starting point of a publishing IED.
The digital protection system must undergo validation in a laboratory set up before large-
scale deployment in HV and LV substations. The proposed OPNET model was tested
in a laboratory set up, and the performance of the digital protection scheme with NCIT
was analysed based on an actual 132/22 kV air insulated substation. The load in the
communication traffic was calculated by multiplying the sampling rate, number of phases,
number of data points and number of destinations.
Figure 14 shows the performance of SV (red plot) versus GOOSE (blue plot) when the
LAN speed is operating at 100 Mb/s speed. This was simulated for data communication
capability during a peak traffic of 350 kbps. As per IEC 61850-5, a message must be ensured
during all operating conditions within the substation. The SV messages from NCIT to the
IEDs and GOOSE transmission within the IEDs are critical frames as these would affect
protection due to latency, delay and queuing. Table 4 lists the parameters used in the
OPNET simulation.
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 18
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 13 of 16

Figure 14. Comparison of ETE delay of data packets for

for SV
SV (Red)
(Red) and
and GOOSE
GOOSE (Blue)
(Blue) messages.
messages.

Table 4.
Table 4. Parameters
Parameters for
for simulation
simulation in
in OPNET.
OPNET

Events Events 2,600,486 2,600,486

Average Speed (events/sec) (events/sec)
Average Speed 3,696,351 3,696,351
Time elapsed (ms) 1
Time elapsed (ms) 1
Duration of simulation (Hr) 1
Duration of simulation (Hr) 1
Discrete Event Simulation (DES) Log 2 entries
Discrete Event Simulation (DES) Log 2 entries
Communication LAN speed (Mbps) 100
Communication LAN speed (Mbps)
Traffic (kbps) 100 350
Traffic (kbps)
Average loss of SV packets per second 350 4
Sampling
Average loss of SV packets rate (Hz)
per second 4 4800
Sampling rate (Hz) 4800
Discrete Event Simulation was run on OPNET for both SV and GOOSE. It can be
observed from Figure 14 that the GOOSE messages take a longer time to broadcast
Discrete Event Simulation was run on OPNET for both SV and GOOSE. It can be
and publish to the IEDs as compared to SV messages. Table 5 shows the average and
observed from Figure 14 that the GOOSE messages take a longer time to broadcast and
maximum
publish ETEIEDs
to the delays of SV obtained
as compared to SV using OPNET
messages. simulation
Table are average
5 shows the much lower than
and max-
those of
imum ETEthedelays
GOOSE of messaging
SV obtainedwhich
usingincreases due to passage
OPNET simulation through
are much various
lower than nodes
those
in the SAS scheme.
of the GOOSE messaging which increases due to passage through various nodes in the
SAS scheme.
Table 5. SV and GOOSE message ETE delay in OPNET simulation.
Table 5. SV and GOOSE message ETE delay in OPNET simulation.
LAN Speed Sampling Rate SV Message ETE Delay (µs) GOOSE Message ETE Delay (µs)
LAN(Mbps)
Speed (Sample/s)
Sampling Rate Min Ave.Delay (µs)
SV Message ETE Max Min Ave ETE DelayMax
GOOSE Message (µs)
100
(Mbps) 4800
(Sample/s) 122
Min 130
Ave. 138
Max 149
Min 167
Ave 185
Max
100 4800 122 130 138 149 167 185
In the studied substation communication network, the preferred data communi-
cation rate of 100 Mb/s is chosen with a sampling frequency of 4800 Hz. It is observed
In the studied substation communication network, the preferred data communication
that SV packets encountered fewer delays travelling from the field to IEDs, while
rate of 100 Mb/s is chosen with a sampling frequency of 4800 Hz. It is observed that SV
GOOSE messages were delayed due to traffic, which is mainly due to priority tagging.
packets encountered fewer delays travelling from the field to IEDs, while GOOSE messages
The losses
were delayedencountered
due to traffic,inwhich
the SV packets
is mainly were
due negligible.
to priority Simulation
tagging. The lossesresults attest
encountered
Electronics 2021, 10, 310 14 of 16

in the SV packets were negligible. Simulation results attest that ETE and latency to IEDs
were well within the acceptable IEC 61850-9-2 guideline (below 4 µs) when tested with a
LAN speed of 100 Mbps and sampling rate of 4800 sample/s.
The obtained results attest to the superior performance of the NCIT in future digital
substations. In addition, it is envisaged that NCIT along with IEC 61850 will have wide
applications in the control, protection, condition monitoring and asset management of
smart grids, wind energy conversion systems and flexible ac transmission systems [44–48].

5. Conclusions
NCIT technology is widely gaining acceptance over CIT for a future digital substation
paradigm. However, the performance of NCIT with respect to protection comprises some
limitations that need to be fully addressed prior to its large-scale deployment in the industry.
The NCIT and MU devices complement each other and form an integral part in the SAS
digital network. Experimental results indicate the superior performance of NCITs in a
process bus implementation compared with CITs. OPNET simulation software is employed
to model the physical devices within the substation and evaluates their performance for
latency along with the ETE delay for SV in a process bus system. Simulation results indicate
that a 132 kV NCIT performs better than CIT through key performance indices such as ETE,
latency, DC offset and frequency response. The model developed and results tabulated
encourage the utility and industry users to replace CITs with NCITs for existing and future
substations.

Author Contributions: S.K. conducted the experimental testing, simulation analysis and drafted the
first version of the paper under the supervision of A.A.-S., N.D. and S.I. who analysed the obtained
results, checked, reviewed and edited the final version of the paper. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the support provided by
ABB, GE, Siemens, Schneider, SEL and Omicron Australia for their support and contribution towards
the progress to obtain these experimental results in the Curtin University IEC61850 Lab., Perth,
WA, Australia.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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