The Rise Nationalism in Europe

Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

1. From which of the following countries Giuseppe Garibaldi belonged to ?
(2024)
(a) Austria
(b) Italy
(c) Greece
(d) Spain
Answer. (b) Italy
2. Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Read both the statements and choose the correct option. (2024)
Assertion (A): The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after
1871 was Balkan.
Reason (R): A large part of the Balkan was under the control of Ottoman
Empire.
Options:
(a) Both, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both, (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Answer. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
3. Arrange the following events in chronological order and choose the correct
option from the following: (2024)
I. Treaty of Constantinople
III. Unification of Italy
II. Defeat of Napoleon
IV. Unification of Germany
Options:
(a) I, II, IV and III
(b) II, III, I and IV
(c) II, I, IV and III
(d) IV, I, III and II
Answer. Marks to be given if the question has been attempted by the
candidate.
4. (A) How did the ideology of 'liberalism' affect the Europe in early
nineteenth century? Explain.
OR
(B) Explain the process of formation of 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
Answer. (A) How did the ideology of liberalism affect the Europe in the early
nineteenth century? Explain.
i. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth – century Europe were closely
allied to the ideology of liberalism.
ii. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy
and clergical privileges. iii. Politically, it emphasized the concept of
government by consent.
iv. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the
abolition of state – imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital.
v. It also stood for constitution and representative government through
Parliament.
vi. It also stressed the inviolability of private property.
vii. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
viii. Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be Explained.
OR
(B) Explain the process of formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain?
i. Britain was not a nation-state prior to the 18th century. England had people
of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own
cultural and political traditions.
ii. The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance, and power and
extended its influence over other nations of the islands.
iii. In 1688, nation – state with England at its center came to be forged English
parliament seized power from the monarchy.
iv. In 1707 the Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain.’
v. England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres.
vi. British Parliament was dominated by English members.
vii. Thus formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain was not the result of a
sudden upheaval or revolution. It was a long drawn process.
viii. Any other relevant point. Any Five points to be Explained.
1.1 The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
MCQ
1. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of
'Nationalism? (2020)
(a) French Revolution
(b) Russian Revolution
(c) Glorious Revolution
(d) The Revolution of the liberals
VSA (1 mark)
2. Examine the significance of the Statue of Liberty in Frédéric Sorrieu's
paintings, 'The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics: (2020)
3. Which nation was identifiable in the revolutionary tricolour in Sorrieu's
utopian vision? (Al 2019)
4. What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (AI 2015)
SAI (3 marks)
5. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control?
Explain with examples. (Delhi 2019)
6. What was the status of France as a state before 1789? Which two political
and constitutional changes came in the wake of the french Revolution. (2015)
7. What were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to
spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain. (Foreign 2014)
LA (5 marks)
8. "The first clear expression of nationalism came with the 'French Revolution'
in 1789." Examine the statement. (AI 2017)
9. Describe any four measures which were introduced by the French
Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people. (Delhi 2017)
OR
Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries
to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (Delhi
2016)
10. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative
field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments.
(Al 2016)
OR
Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in
the regions under his control. (Delhi 2014)
1.2 The Making of Nationalism in Europe
MCQ
11. Which type of governments were mainly driven in Europe after the defeat
of Napoleon in 1815? (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Conservative
(b) Liberal
(c) Federal
(d) Feudal
12. Which one of the following group of countries collectively defeated
Napoleon in 1815?
(a) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
(b) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Australia
(c) Britain, Russia, Netherlands and Germany
(d) Britain, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy (Term-1, 2021-22)
13. What type of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe? Choose
the appropriate answer from the following: (AI 2014)
(a) Autocratic
(b) Democratic
(c) Aristocratic
(d) Dictatorial
VSA (1 mark)
14. Interpret the concept of 'liberalisation' in the field of economic sphere
during the nineteenth century in Europe. (Delhi 2019, Foreign 2016)
15. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years
following 1815? (2016)
16. What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815? (2016)
17. What was the major change that occurred in the political and
constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe? (Delhi 2015)
18. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists? (Foreign
2015)
SAI (3 marks)
19. Describe the major outcomes of the French Revolution of 1789. (2021 C)
20. Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely
allied to the ideology of liberalism. What did it mean for the middle class in
France? Explain. (2020, 2019 C)
21. Who hosted 'Vienna Congress' in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought
by the 'Vienna Treaty (Delhi 2017)
22. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist
sentiment growing in Europe? Explain. (2015, Foreign 2015)
23. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people
belonging to other parts of Europe. (Delhi 2015) Ev
24. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to
French rule? Explain. (Delhi 2014)
LA (5 marks)
25. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of
repression drove many liberal nationalists underground? Explain. (2016)
26. Describe the impact of Napoleonic reforms on the rest of Europe. (2015)
27. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815? Explain with examples. (AI 2014)
1.3 The Age of Revolutions:1830-1848
MCQ
28. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct
option: (2023)
(I) Napoleonic wars
(II) The Treaty of Vienna
(III) Greek Struggle for Independence
(IV) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire
(a) III, II, I and IV
(b) I, II, III and IV
(c) IV, III, II and I
(d) IV, II, III and I
29. Industrialisation began in which one of the following European countries
in the second half of the eighteenth century? (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Germany
(b) France
(c) Italy
(d) England
30. In which one of the following countries did the first liberalist-nationalist
upheaval take place in July 1830? (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) England
(d) Italy

31. Who among the following remarked "When France sneezes, the rest of
Europe catches cold"? (Term-1, 2021-22, 2020)
(a) Lord Byron
(b) Metternich
(c) Johann Herder
(d) Napoleon
32. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the
statements and choose the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): After Russian occupation in Poland, the Russian language was
imposed on its people.
Reason (R): The use of Polish soon came to be a symbol of struggle against
Russian dominance.
(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the A.
(b) Both A and Rare correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct. (Term-1, 2021-22)
33. Read the facts regarding the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe during
1848 and choose the correct option:
I. Abdication of the monarch
II. Universal male suffrage had been proclaimed
III. Political Rights to women were given
IV. Freedom of the press had been asked for
(a) Only I and II are correct.
(b) Only I, II and III are correct.
(c) Only I and IV are correct.
(d) only I, II and IV are correct. (Term-1, 2021-22)
34. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the
statements and choose the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors in 1845.
Reason (R): Contractors had drastically reduced their payments
(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the A.
(b) Both A and Rare correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct. (Term-1, 2021-22)
35. Which one of the following treaties recognised Greece as an independent
nation? (Foreign 2014)
(a) Treaty of Vienna
(b) Treaty of Constantinople
(c) Treaty of Versailles
(d) Treaty of St. Germain
VSA (1/2 mark)
36. Explain Romanticism as a cultural movement in Europe. (2023)
37. Explain Frederic Sarrieu's dream in the context of democratic and social
republics in France during 1848. (2023)
38. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe
during nineteenth century? (2016)
39. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
(Delhi 2016)
40. What was the major issue taken up by the liberalnationalists?
SAI (3 marks) (2015)
41. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation?
Explain in the context of European Romanticism of the nineteenth century.
(2020)
42. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. (AI
2017)
OR
"The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe".
Support the statement with arguments. (Al 2016)
43. Why in the years after 1848, the autocrats of central and Eastern Europe
began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western
Europe before 1815? Explain. (2016)
44. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815? Explain with example. (2016)
45. Define the term Romanticism. How did it facilitate the promotion of
nationalist sentiment? (2016)
46. "The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars
and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea
of the nation." Elaborate upon the statement. (2016)
OR
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. (Al 2015)
47. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth
century in Europe. (AI 2014)
LA (5 marks)
48. How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among
the educated elite across Europe? Explain. (2020)
49. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.
(Delhi 2017)
50. "The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism in the first half
of the nineteenth century became a narrow creed with limited ends." Examine
the statements. (Foreign 2015)
1.4 The Making of Germany and Italy
MCQ
51. Which of the following is not a part of the 'United Kingdom of Great
Britain'? (Term-1, 2021-22 C)
(a) England
(b) Poland
(c) Scotland
(d) Ireland
52. Who among the following was the architect for the unification of Germany?
(Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Otto Von Bismarck
(b) William I
(c) Frederick III
(d) William II
53. Who among the following had sought to put together a coherent
programme for a unitary Italian Republic during the 1830s? (Term-1, 2021-
22)
(a) Victor Emmanuel I
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) Count Cavour
54. Who among the following was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861?
(Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Charles I
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(d) Nero
55. On which of the following modern aspects did the new Germany place a
strong emphasis? (Term-1, 2021-22)
I.Currency
III. Legal system
II. Banking
IV. Demography
(a) Only I and II are correct.
(b) Only II and III are correct.
(c) Only III and IV are correct.
(d) Only I, II and III are correct.
56. Which one of the following Italian states was ruled by an Italian princely
house? (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Papal State
(b) Lombardy
(c) Venetia
(d) Sardinia-Piedmont
57. Identify the characteristics of Cavour among the following and choose the
correct option: (Term-1, 2021-22)
I. He was an Italian statesman.
II. He spoke French much better than Italian.
III. He was a tactful diplomat.
IV. He belonged to a Royal family.
(a) Only I and II are correct.
(b) Only I, II and III are correct.
(c) Only II, III and IV are correct.
(d) Only I, II and IV are correct.
58. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A)
and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): In Britain, the formation of the nation- state was not result of a
sudden upheaval.
Reason (R): Ethnic groups of Britain extended its influence. (Term-1, 2021 22)
(a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the A.
(b) Both A and Rare correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct.
59. Arrange the following events related to the formation of nation-state of
Britain in chronological order: (2020)
I. Act of Union between England and Scotland.
II. English Parliament seized power from Monarchy.
III. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
IV. Catholic revolt against British dominance.
(a) III-I-II-IV
(b) I-II-III-IV
(c) IV-I-||-|||
(d) II-I-IV-III
60. Who among the following leaders formed a secret society called 'Young
Italy'? (2020)
(a) Victor Emmanuel II
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
61. Why was Otto von Bismarck considered as the chief architect of German
unification? Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) He allianced with Italy and France for the unification process.
(b) He granted autonomy to Prussia with Conservatives.
(c) He carried the nation-building process with the army and the bureaucracy.
(d) He carried Liberalist and Romantic scholars for cultural movement.
(2020)
62. Choose the correctly matched pair from the following: (2020)
(a) Otto von Bismarck - Germany
(b) Napoleon - Spain
(c) Giuseppe Garibaldi - France
(d) Bourbon Kings – Italy
63. Which among the following was the main reason for the weavers to revolt
against contractors in Silesia, in 1845? (Delhi 2014)
(a) Contractors reduced their payments drastically.
(b) They stopped the supply of raw materials to them.
(c) They refused to place orders for finished textiles.
(d) Condition of weavers was very pitiable.
VSA (1 mark)
64. Who was proclaimed as King of United Italy in 1861? (2020)
65. Name the ruler of Prussia who rejected the German Constitution and
joined other monarchs to oppose elected assembly in 1848. (2020)
66. Why was Otto Von Bismarck considered as the architect of the unified
Germany? (2019 C)
67. Who founded the secret society, "Young Italy' during the 1830s? (Delhi
2017) R
68. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871? SAI (3 marks) (2016)
69. Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making
of Germany. (2023, AI 2019)
70. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British
Nation State. (Foreign 2017)
LA (5 marks)
71. Examine the 'Nation State Building' process in Germany after 1848.
(Foreign 2017)
72. Describe the process of unification of Germany. (Delhi 2015)
73. Describe the process of Unification of Britain. (2015)

1.5 Visualising the Nation

MCQ
74. Match the following attributes of allegory of Germania with its significance
and choose the correct option.

1.6 Nationalism and Imperialism

LA (5 marks)
76. Describe the explosive conditions prevailing in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
(2018)
77. Briefly trace the geographical and ethnic variations of Balkan region. Why did
this region become politically very explosive. (2014)

CBSE Sample Questions

1.1 The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
SAI (3 marks)
1. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identify amongst the French
people. (2022-23, 2020-21)
1.2 The Making of Nationalism in Europe
MCQ
2. Who among the following was the founder of "Young Europe' underground
secret society in Berne? (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Otto von Bismark
3. Identify the ideology under which people demanded freedom of markets in
early-nineteenth-century Europe. (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Romanticism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Socialism
(d) Rationalism
SA II (4 marks)
4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven
by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional
institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social
hierarchies, property and the family -should be preserved. Most conservatives,
however, did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days.
Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that
modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the
monarchy. It could make state power more effective and stronger. A modern
army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism
and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815,
representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated
Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress
was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew
up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the
changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The
Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was
restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under
Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to
prevent French expansion in future. Answer the following MCQs by choosing
the most appropriate option.
(i) Which of the following statements correctly about European conservative
describes ideology?
(a) Preservation of believes introduced by Napoleon
(b) Preservation of two sects of Christianity
(c) Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere
(d) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society
(ii) Identify the purpose to convene the Vienna of Congress in 1815 from the
following options?
(a) To declare competition of German unification
(b) To restore conservative regime in Europe
(c) To declare war against France
(d) To start the process of Italian Unification
(i) What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the
appropriate option.
(a) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe
(b) To establish socialism in Europe
(c) To introduce democracy in France
(d) To set up a new Parliament in Austria
(iv) How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the
appropriate option.
(a) With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty
(b) Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy
(c) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe
(d) By giving power to the German confederation (2020-21)
1.3 The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
MCQ
5. Why did the weavers in Silesia revolt against contractors in 1845? Identify
the appropriate reason from the following options. (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) Contractors did not pay their dues
(b) Contractors appointed few on high posts
(c) Contactors used government policies
(d) Contractors gave them loans on high interests
6. Which of the following treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?
(2020-21)
(a) Treaty of Sevres
(b) Treaty of Versailles
(c) Treaty of Lausanne
(d) Treaty of Constantinople
1.4 The Making of Germany and Italy
MCQ
7. Which of the following was the result of the Act of Union, 1707?
(a) Unification of Germany
(b) Unification of the kingdom of Great Britain
(c) Unification of Italy
(d) Unification of Vietnam (Term-1, 2021-22) U
8. Identify the correct statement with regard to the 'Zollverein' from the
following options: (Term-1, 2021-22)
(a) It was a coalition of Prussian states formed to manage political alliances.
(b) Its aim was to bind the Prussia politically into an association.
(c) It was a custom union at the initiative of Prussia.
(d) It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment in Europe.
9. Which of the following countries were involved in the three Wars with
Prussia and ended with victory and unification of Germany?
(a) Austria, Poland and France
(b) Austria, Denmark and France
(c) Austria, Turkey and France
(d) Austria, England and France (Term-1, 2021-22)
10. Identify the correct statement with regard to 'The Act of Union-1707' from
the following options. (2020-21)
(a) The British monarchy surrendered the power to English Parliament.
(b) The British parliament seized power from Ireland.
(c) The formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and
Wales.
SAI (3 marks)
11. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation".
Explain. (2020-21)
1.5 Visualising the Nation
MCQ

1.6 Nationalism and Imperialism

MCQ
13. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct about Balkan nationalism?
(i) The Balkan region became part of the conflict because of the Ottoman
Empire.
(ii) The region comprised of ethnic groups included Greeks, Serbs,
Montenegro, etc.
(iii) British and ethnic nationalities struggled to establish their identity.(Term-
1, 2021-22)
(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (ii) only
(d) (i) only

ANSWERS
Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions
1. (a): French Revolution
2. Statue of liberty is personified as women bearing the Torch of
Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights in the other.
3. France
4. The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
5. As per the Napoleonic code:
(i) All the privileges obtained at birth was dismissed. It established equality
before law.
(ii) Granted right to property to the French citizens and simplified
administration making it more efficient, abolished multiple taxes.
(iii) Improved transportation and business travel and freed peasantry by
abolishing serfdom/feudalism. Weights and measures were standardised.
6. France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an
absolute monarch.
(i) French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a
body of French citizens.
(ii) The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth
constitute the nation and shape its destiny. So, the French revolutionaries
introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
7. As the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe,
students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up
Jacobin Clubs. This spread the ideals of liberalism in different parts of Europe.
Thus, the ideals of freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law,
government by consent etc., spread. With the outbreak of the revolutionary
wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
8. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in
1789. France, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an
absolute monarch.
(i) The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the
French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a
body of French citizens.
(ii) From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various
measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst
the French people.
(iii) The ideas of 'La Patrie' (the fatherland) and 'Le Citoyen' (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(iv) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and
martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v) The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the
destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
9. Measures and practices:
(i) The ideas of 'La Patrie' (the fatherland) and 'Le Citoyen' (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
(iii) The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed
the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all
in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(vi) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common
language of the nation.
10. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field
he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
system more rational and efficient." Napoleon introduced following social and
administrative reforms in Europe:
(i) The Civil Code of 1804, known as Napoleonic code, did away with all the
privileges based on birth.
(ii) Administration became more efficient. Napoleon introduced revolutionary
principles in an administration making it more efficient and rational.
(iii) Secured the Right to Property.
(iv) Simplified administrative divisions.
(v) Abolished feudal system.
(vi) Freed peasants from serfdom and dues.
(vii) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(viii) Transport and communication was improved.
(ix) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found
freedom, uniform laws, standardised weight and the measures facilitated the
movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
11. (a) After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European government were
driven by conservatism. They believed that the established traditional
institutions of state and society should be preserved.
12. (a) In 1815, European powers like, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria
collectively defeated Napoleon.
13. (a): Autocratic
14. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and
the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital in the nineteenth century.
15. The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe in the years following 1815,
was to oppose monarchial form of government. It emphasized the notion of
united community which would have equal rights under a constitution.
16. The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna (1815) was to undo, most of the
changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
17. The French revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the
monarchy to a body of French Citizens.
18. For the new middle classes 'liberalism' stood for freedom for the individual
and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of
government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for
the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property.
19. (i) It resulted in the transfer of power from the King Louis XVI, to the
National Assembly.
(ii) A collective identity of the people developed.
(iii) The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed
the National Assembly.
(iv) Jacobin clubs were set up for the propagation of liberal thoughts.
(v) A new French Flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
(vi) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common
language of the nation.
20. The ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe was closely
associated with the ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes in
Europe:
(i) Liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law.
(ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
(iii) In economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the
abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
21. In 1815, representatives of the European powers
- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - who had collectively defeated Napoleon,
met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by
the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, the Treaty of Vienna was drawn
with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe
during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed
during the French Revolution, was restored to power. France lost the
territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on
the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the
kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north
and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important
new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of
northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by
Napoleon was however, left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of
Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to
restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a
new conservative order in Europe. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were
autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb
activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of
them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books,
plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.
22. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment.
(i) In the economic sphere liberalisation stood for the freedom of markets and
the abolition of state imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. There was a strong
demand of the emerging middle classes of the German speaking regions for
this.
(ii) Napoleon's administrative measures had created a confederation of 39
states. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures. Such
conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the
new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic
territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
(iii) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies
from over thirty to two.
(iv) The creation of network of railways further stimulated mobility,
harnessing economic interest to national unification.
23. The important events of the French revolution that affected other parts of
Europe include:
(i) The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution
and it spread in most parts of Europe.
(ii) The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the
French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a
body of French citizens. This spread the message of rule by people's
representatives.
(iii) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(iv) Acentralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and
dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted. These measures were also implemented in other countries which
came under the occupation of Napoleon.
(v) Knowing about the various changes in France, Jacobian clubs were formed
in various cities of Europe by the educated middle class and students.
24. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations
to French rule were mixed.
(i) Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in
certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were
welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
(ii) But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that
the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political
freedom.
(iii) Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies
required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages
of the administrative changes.
25. (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) Toberevolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose
monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to
fight for liberty and freedom.
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a
necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such individual was the Italian
revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young
Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were
like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider
alliance of nations.
(vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his
model, secret societies were set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland and
Poland.
(vii) Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republic frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as 'the most
dangerous enemy' of our social order.
26. (i) Napoleon was set-about introducing many of the reforms that he had
already introduced in France.
(ii) Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had destroyed democracy in
France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
(iii) The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code did away
with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and
secured the right to property.
(iv) This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch
Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from
serfdom and manorial dues.
(v) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(vi) Transport and communication systems were improved.
27. (i) During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many
liberal-nationalists underground.
(ii) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(iii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose
monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to
fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the
creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
(iv) One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He
became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24,
he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
(v) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, Young Italy in
Marseilles, and Young Europe
in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France,
Italy and the German states.
(vi) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider
alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France,
Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his
vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
28. (b): I, II, III and IV
29. (d): Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth
century. Other country's like France, Germany and Italy, industrialised in the
late nineteenth century.
30. (a) In July 1830, the first liberalist-nationalist upheaval took place in
France. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the
conservative reaction after 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries
who installed a constitutional monarchy.
31. (b) The July Revolution of France sparked an uprising in Brussels and later
in other parts of the Europe. Metternich remarked, 'When France sneezes, the
rest of Europe catches cold.
32. (b) Language played an important role in the development of nationalist
feeling. After the Russian occupation, polish was forced out of schools and
Russian language was imposed. But many people, specially priests and
bishops continued using polish as a symbol of struggle.
33. (a) Matter of extending political rights to women was controversial. They
were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. In Frankfurt
parliament they stood only as observes. Freedom of press had been asked
much before 1848. Liberal-nationalists raised this issue after the conservative
regimes were setup in 1815.
34. (a): Weavers revolted against the contractors in 1845, because the later
had reduced their payments.
35. (b) Treaty of Constantinople.
36. Romanticism, became a cultural movement which helped to develop a
particular kind of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists generally focused on
emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. They criticised reasoning and the
scientific temper.
37. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artists. In the year 1848 he prepared a
series of four prints, in these four print, he visualised his dream of a world
made up of democratic and social republics, as he called them.
38. Freedom of the markets and abolition of state imposed restriction on
movement of goods.
39. Treaty of Constantinople 1832
40. Freedom of the Press
41. Role played by culture in creating the idea of the nation:
(i) Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiment.
(ii) Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason
and science and focused instead of emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(iii) Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a
common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
42. (i) There were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from
rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(ii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from
imports of cheap machine-made goods from England. This was especially so in
textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small
workshops.
(iii) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power,
peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise
of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town
and country.
43. (i) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in
1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise
that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting
concessions to the liberal- nationalist revolutionaries.
(ii) Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and
Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in
Western Europe before 1815.
(iii) Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished. The Habsburg rulers
granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
44. (i) After 1815, many liberal nationalists went underground for the fear of
repression like Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary who founded two
underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe
in Berne. Following the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were set-up
in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
(ii) Romanticism was the cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiment. The Romantics used folk songs, folk
poetry and folk dances to popularize the true spirit of the nation. For example:
Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music
in Poland. He turned folk dances; like polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols.
(iii) Language also played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. For Example: It was mainly used as a weapon of national
resistance when Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian
language was imposed everywhere in Poland.
45. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of nationalists sentiments in the following ways.
(i) Critical approach towards reason and science : Romantic artists criticized
the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuitions and
mystical feeling.
(ii) Folk culture as the spirit of the nation: Johann Gottfried Herder claimed
that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances, the true spirit of nation
could be popularised.
(iii) Emphasis on vernacular language: They gave emphasis on vernacular
language to recover the national spirit and to carry the modern nationalist
message to large audience who were mostly illiterate.
46. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation:
(i) Art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist
feelings.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment. Though they generally criticized the
glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuition
and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective
heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(iii) Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder
claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common
people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that
the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
(iv) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore
ignited the national spirit, and carried the modern nationalist message to
large audiences who were mostly illiterate. This was especially so in the case
of Poland, which had been partitioned.
(v) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of
schools and the Russian language was imposed. Many members of the clergy
in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was
used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction.
47. Some of the prevailing conditions that were viewed as obstacles to
economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes in the 19th
century Europe include -
(i) In a large number of small principalities that formed a confederation of 39
states, Each of them had its own currency, and weights and measures.
(ii) A merchant travelling through Europe even for medium distances had to
cross numerous custom barriers and pay a custom duty of about 5 per cent at
each one of them.
(iii) Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the
goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this
involved time- consuming calculation.
(iv) State imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
(v) Small producers faced stiff competition from import of cheap machine-
made goods.
48. Greek war of independence mobilised the nationalist feeling in Europe
through the following ways:
(i) Greece was viewed as a part of Europe that had been annexed by Ottomons
and now needed to be liberated.
(ii) Greece perceived as the foundation and cradle of civilisation in Europe by
poets and artists and this led to nationalist coneiousness.
(iii) Greek nationalists received support from other Greeks living in exile.
(iv) Many Europeans had a natural sympathy for the ancient Greek civilisation.
(v) Europeans and Greek nationalist were against the Muslim Empire.
49. The four important ideas of Liberal nationalists in the economic sphere
were -
(a) Removal of Internal customs duties.
(b) Reducing the number of currency from 3 to just two.
(c) Implementation of a uniform system of weights and measures. Regional
dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris,
became the common language of the nation, which improved business
communication.
50. Sentiment of Nationalism in the last half of the 19th century.
(i) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant, which led to war.
(ii) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further
their own imperialist aims.
(iii) Source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area called Balkans.
(iv) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with disintegration of
the Ottoman empire made this region very explosive.
(v) One by one, European nationalists broke away from its control and
declared independence.
(vi) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights
on nationality to prove that they were once independent but were subjugated
by foreign power.
(vii) As the different, slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and
independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
51. (b): Poland
52. (a): Otto Von Bismarck led the unification of Germany is 1871. He is known
as the architect of German unification.
53. (c): Giuseppe Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a
unitary Italian Republic. He also formed a secret society called Young Italy to
spread his ideas.
54. (b): In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united italy.
55. (d): The new German state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the
currency, banking, legal and judicial systems.
56. (d): During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into
seven states of which only Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely
house.
57. (b): Cavour did not belong to a Royal family. He belonged to a family that
had served the House of savoy as soldiers and officials.
58. (c): A is correct, but R is incorrect.
59. (d): II-I-IV-III
60. (b): Giuseppe Mazzini
61. (c): He carried the nation-building process with the army and the
bureaucracy.
62. (a): Otto von Bismarck – Germany
63. (a): Contractors reduced their payments drastically.
64. Victor Emmanuel II
65. Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the German constitution and joined other
monarch to oppose elected assembly in 1848.
66. Bismarck was a fearless leader and believed in the urgent need for
unification in Germany. He started with the modernization of the army,
defying the parliament in collecting taxes. His policy came to be known as
'Blood and Iron' policy and earned him the nickname of the 'Iron Chancellor'.
It can be said that unification of Germany happened because of the German
Army.
67. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent
program for a unitary Italian Republic. He formed the secret society called
Young Italy.
68. Kaiser William -I of Prussia.
69. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, many Germans wanted an independent
Germany. The King of Prussia, Kaiser William I, chose Chief Minister Bismarck
to unify Germany under the rule of Prussia.
(i) Bismarck was a fearless leader and believed in the urgent need for
unification in Germany. He started with the modernisation of the army, defying
the parliament in collecting taxes. His policy came to be known as 'Blood and
Iron' policy and earned him the nickname of the 'Iron Chancellor'.
(ii) Bismarck took great efforts to improve the army. With the improved army,
he encouraged the German population of Schleswig and Holstein to revolt
against their ruler Denmark. In 1864, Bismarck joined hands with Austria
against Denmark. Prussia also defeated Austria and formed the North German
Confederation.
(iii) Bismarck was able to keep Italy, Russia (and Napoleon III, of France till
the end) out of war by diplomacy and negotiations.
(iv) The unification of Germany was complete under Kaiser William I in 1871.
Soon Germany emerged as the
leading power in Europe, building a colonial empire to further German
economic interest and increase German influence in the world.
70. Three conditions that led to the emergence of the British Nation state are:
(i) The emergence of the new middle class
(ii) The ideology of liberalism
(iii) The ideas of conservatism and treaty of Vienna.
71. After 1848, nationalism in Europe separated from its association with
democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were mobilised by
conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination
over Europe. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle- class
Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German
confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This
liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined
forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners
(called Junkers) of Prussia. From then Prussia took on the leadership of the
movement for national unification. The chief minister of Prussia, Otto von
Bismarck, was the architect of this process. It was carried out with the help of
the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years - with
Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the
process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was
proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
72. Unification of Germany:
Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class farmers. In 1848,
they tried to unify Germany into a nation. This feeling was repressed by the
combinedforces of the monarchy and the military. From then on Prussia took
on the leadership of unification of Germany. Its Chief Minister, Otto- von
Bismarck was the architect of this process, he took the help of military
and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years ended in Prussian victory and
completed the process of unifications. The Prussian King William-I was
proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871.
73. (i) The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it
was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
(ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in
1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a
nation- state, with England at its center, came to be forged.
(iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in
the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect, that
England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
(iv) Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically
suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered
terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
(v) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or
wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their
homeland.
(vi) The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance
were suppressed.
74. (b): IV III │||
75. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by
personifying a nation. They portrayed a nation as a female figure.
(i) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for
any particular woman in real life.
(ii) It gave an abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
(iii) The female figure became an allegory of the nation.
(iv) In France she was named Marianne and in Germany she was named
Germania.
76. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalist aspirations of the
subject people in Europe to further their own imperialist aims. The spread of
the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the
disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive after
1871. One by one, its European subject nationalities of the Ottoman empire,
broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan people
based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used
history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently
been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the
Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost
independence. This made the Balkans an area of intense conflict. The Balkan
states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more
territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated
because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this
period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power Russia, Germany,
England, Austro- Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other powers
over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a
series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
77. (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation
comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly
known as Slaves.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire while
some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a
complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together
with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights
on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power-Russia, Germany,
England, and Austria-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other
powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led
to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
CBSE Sample Questions
1. (i) The ideas of 'La Patrie' (the fatherland) and 'Le Citoyen' (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard.
(iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed
the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated all in the name
of the nation.
(v) A centralised system of administration was introduced, uniform laws were
made for all citizens. (3 × 1)
2. (b): Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was the founder of
young Italy and later young Europe. (0.80)
3. (b) In Europe, liberalism was the ideology under which people demanded
freedom of markets in early nineteenth century. (0.80)
4. (i) (d): Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state ne society.
(ii) (b): To restore conservative regime in Europe
(iii) (a): To re-establish peace and stability in Europe.
(iv) (c): Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe.
(4 × 1)
5. (a): Earlier, in 1845, weavers in silesia had led a revolt against contractors
who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but
drastically they reduced their payments.
6. (d): Treaty of Constantinople. (0.80) (1)
7. (b): In 1707, the Act of Union with Scotland and England, led to the
formation of the "United Kingdom of great Britain". (0.80)
8. (c): Zollverein was a Custom Union. It was formed in 1834 at the initiative of
Prussia. Most of the German states joined this union.(0.80)
9. (b): Austria, Denmark and France (0.80)
10. (c): The formation of the United Kingdom of great Britain. (1)
11. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states.
(ii) Sardiria-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely state.
(iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of
united Italy.
(iv) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a programme for a unitary
Italian Republic.
(v) The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Through a tactful
diplomatic alliance with France by Chief Minister Cavour. (3 × 1)
12. (c): Name of this image is Germania. The artist prepared this painting on a
cotton banner as it was meant to hang from the ceiling of the church of St. Paul
where the Frankfurt parliament was convened in March 1848. (0.80)
13. (a): A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
The spread of the idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with
the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(0.80)