2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing Conference

Design and control of grid connected PV / Wind

Hybrid system using 3 level VSC
Divya Betha1 Majji Satish1 Dr. Sarat Kumar Sahu2
1. P. G Student, MVGR College of Engineerning, Vizianagram, A.P, India, bethadivya16@[Link]
1. P. G Student, MVGR College of Engineerning,Vizianagram, A.P, India, majji.satish486@[Link]
2. Professor, MVGR College of Engineerning,Vizianagram, A.P, India, [Link]@[Link]

Abstract integration increments or the grid is not sufficiently strong

The demand for the electricity was gradually increasing enough to handle rapid changes in generation levels. The
during the past years causing imbalance in the existing utility power generated by PV array system is very low during bad
power grid which leads to several problems like load shedding weather conditions and zero during nights in order to
and unbalanced voltage which ultimately affect the end
overcome this drawback PV system has to be integrated with
consumers. In order to overcome this situation the usage of non
conventional energy sources have become research hotspot wind energy system and storage systems.
during the past decade. In his context autonomous PV and wind In general the available wind is dynamically varies
integrated hybrid systems have been found economically viable with reference to time. So, the output of wind energy system
alternative to supply energy continuously to the numerous deficit will not have fixed magnitude of voltage and frequency. The
customers. Individual configuration of solar or wind power leads wind turbine generator which generates AC voltage can be
to fluctuations in system. When combined together will provide a transformed to DC by using uncontrolled rectifier and then, be
reliable and sustainable source with constant flow energy. PV regulated using a step up converter. Further, 3 phase 3 level
and Wind energy systems are combined at the DC bus and its VSI can be used to connect the systems to the grid through LC
voltage is magnified to required level by using DC- DC Step-Up
filter. The major challenge of integrating multiple energy
converter. This paper deals with common grid perturbations like
balanced voltage dips, unbalances voltages and harmonic system arises from its control and protection mechanisms. The
distortions. The generated output power from the PV/wind active and reactive power flows from the converter can be
system is fed to all connected loads. Under surplus power regulated by controlling magnitude and phase of the converter
condition excess power is fed to the utility grid. This paper output voltages relative with grid parameters. The active
presents integrated hybrid system model in MATLAB/ power flow can be controlled by regulating the phase
SIMULINK environment. difference and reactive power flow is by adjusting the
Keywords— photovoltaic (PV); maximum power point tracking magnitude of inverter output voltage with reference of grid
(MPPT); voltage source converter/ inverter (VSI); non- voltage. The reliability to deliver continuous supply to load is
conventional energy sources(NCES); MATLAB/Simulink .
more for grid connected mode since the utility grid always
acts as a backup. High power losses are produced due to the
I. INTRODUCTION
usage of more power converter in the system. This paper deals
The fast degrading rates of conventional energy sources
with technical challenges and possible opportunities for
and the increasing rates of environmental pollution has
integrated of multiple Renewable energy sources (RES).
strongly forced the researchers to concentrate on the available
non-conventional energy sources (NCES). So Distributed
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
generation(DGs) started playing a vital role in power
The wind and PV array are considered as inputs to
production, which can decrease global warming due to their
the proposed architecture. The major challenge of integrating
advantageous like eco-friendly, omnipresent, cost effective
wind/PV system is arises from its control mechanism. A dc-dc
maintenance and have longer life. The integration of two or
step up converter topology is used to connect the integrated
more non-conventional sources of energy together to develop
energy system to dc link. Various energy sources are
a Hybrid system is an best option available for interfacing
integrated to the DC bus to minimize the system complexity
distributed generators (DGs) with the grid to deliver power to
and its cost. The dc output voltage of step up converter is
all connected consumers and also to the existing grid .
given as the input to the 3-phase 3- level inverter, to get
These hybrid systems can be standalone or can be
required magnitude of ac voltage. The energy available from
grid connected. The Grid integrated wind and PV
the sun is dynamically varies throughout the year. In cloudy
configuration can provide reliable power to all the connected
days/night the magnitude of irradiance is not sufficient to
loads. During shortage of power from this hybrid system the
generate the energy to the connected load.
loads are directly connected to the existing power grid. Wind
In such conditions the required energy is supplied
and solar based power is normally irregular and can create
from wind turbines or peak load power plants connected to the
technical challenges to the power supply in the grid
power grid. During normal operation integrated system plays a
particularly when the measure of solar and wind power
dominant role and utility grid acts as a backup. The 3 phase

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DOI 10.1109/IACC.2017.94
inverter ‘s AC output voltage is stepped up to required
voltage magnitude using a transformer and fed to the grid via
LC filter to give a ripple free voltage. This proposed = rotor swept area
methodology helps to improve the customer reliability to the The power ( developed by blades of the rotor from wind
required standards. The integrated system approach is is the algebraic difference of up and downstream of wind
validated under the resistive, Resistive & inductive (RL) and powers.
dynamic load.
…………….(i)
= up and down wind velocity at the starting of the
blades of the rotor

Mass flow rate of the wind =

Substitute the value of in equation (i)

Now

Fig. 1. Pictorial representation of grid connected PV/wind system

The wind power generated from PMSG is given to the = the power co-efficient of wind turbine.
uncontrolled rectifier before integrating to the PV arrays.
Integrated DC output is then step uped to the desired level (Cp) is dependent on two parameters namely the tip speed
using a dc-dc step up converter and controlled to obtain the ratio (λ) and blade pitch angle (β). The generated output power
maximum power then connected to a DC bus. The inverter in watts
placed at grid side is provided with PWM control mechanism
which injects active power to the Utility grid with negligible ηw, ηg = efficiencies of turbine ,generator.
reactive power. Here, λ, β being the tip speed ratio and pitch angle
respectively.
III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WIND TURBINE
Wind turbine system captures the wind’s kinetic energy To get maximum power from the wind turbine pitch angle
and gets its power with the help of aerodynamically structured (β=0°) is maintained at 0°, power coefficient is kept at
blades and changes it to rotating mechanical energy which is maximum value and rotor speed is adjusting to the optimum λ
coupled to an electrical generator. value. If the rotor speed is to be increased, the output power is
Mathematical representation of wind turbine plays a vital kept lower than captured value and vice versa.
role in understanding the response of the wind turbine over its
region of operating. Wind turbine’s performance is dependent IV. MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
on Local weather conditions, actual installation weight and
modeling of turbine blades. The magnitude of kinetic energy In general PV cell is a semiconductor device. This
of wind striking the blades of a wind turbine can be diode has got a p-n junction which acts as a current source
represented by the equation, when exposed to light (irradiance) separates positive and
negative charge carriers in the presence of an electric field and
produces power. Power delivered by a solitary PV cell is
= mass of air striking the blades of wind turbine insufficient commercial purposes. Thus, we connect a number
of PV cells in arrangement (for voltage improvement) and in
= speed of the wind in parallel (for current improvement) can get the desired power.
V = density of air A basic identical PV circuit model is given by an ideal current
source in parallel with a real diode, a series and shunt
resistance as shown in Fig. 1. The ideal current source
develops output in accordance to the solar irradiance exposed
on it.

Fig.2 wind turbine Basic model

The extracted output from wind in watts is expressed as

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 converter are utilized as ‘step up’ to the source voltage to a
higher level. Thus, DC-DC step up converter [1] is controlled
to track maximum power output and to magnify the terminal
voltage to a reasonable value of PV in order to incorporate
with the grid.

Fig.3. Equivalent model of a PV cell.

The PV cell works on photoelectric effect principle Fig.4. DC-DC step up converter schematic diagram.
which is characterized as a phenomenon in which an electron
gets ejected out from the semi conducting material upon the A boost converter is a ‘Up Converter’ which yields an
exposure to electromagnetic radiation. average dc output voltage prominent than its input dc voltage.
the diode equation given as expression for the current through By applying Kirchoff’s laws to the circuit topologies obtained
a diode as a component of voltage as by switching in between two distinct positions.
a) when switch is closed, procreating an increase in the
(from Kirchhoff’s current law) inductor current
= Diode current; b) When switch is open, procreating a diminish in the
= current in the cell;
inductor current through the diode to the load.
=shunt current
The gain value of DC-DC step up converter varies in
the electrical characteristics of an ideal diode, modeled by the accordance with the duty cycle, which varies the operating
Shockley equation voltage of PV module at maximum power point.

n= diode identity factor close to 1.0;

= diode saturation current; = Step up converter output voltage,
= diode voltage; = Step up converter input voltage,
= thermal voltage given by D= Duty cycle.

B. Three level inverter analysis

In a Multilevel inverter topology IGBT modules are
Ncell = no of series cells in a Photovoltaic module attached in series configuration, taking into consideration of
K (Boltzmann’s constant) =1.381* ; voltage ratings far larger than the reverse blocking voltages if
Q (electron charge)= 1.6022* C IGBT. This unique structure allows them appropriate for high
The current in the PV cell that results from sun voltage and power applications. The objective of Inverter used
in interfacing with the grid network is to inject pure sinusoidal
irradiance is known as the photo current which flows in the
current which can satisfy power quality and efficiency
opposite direction of the forward . Its value remains the
requirements of the load. Voltage source inverter (VSI) is
same regardless to external voltage and subsequently it can be
utilized to convert a relatively steady DC voltage of the PV
measured by the short circuit current (Isc = ). This current
array to three phase AC power.
change linearly with the solar radiation based radiation as
expanded radiation can isolate increased charge carriers.
The complete governing equation for the PV cell model

V. MODELING OF CONVERTERS

A. Boost converter analysis

The power from Photovoltaic array is a non-linear
function of the operating voltage and there is a need of Fig.5. three-level, three phase VSI.
boosting the voltage for supplying adequate load. Boost

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 In three-phase three level inverter each leg made up
of four pairs of IGBT’s. Each phase of the inverter will switch
across different voltage levels (+Vdc/2, 0, -Vdc/2) at any instant
of time. the maximum output voltage of the IGBT is exactly
half of the DC voltage (Vdc/2). The main advantage of this
inverter is its waveform of output voltage is very close to Fig.6. Basic Sinusoidal PWM Topology
sinusoidal waveform with less harmonic content and good
efficiency which leads to reduction of the overall application
cost. The fundamental amplitude of output wave form can be
changed by varying the modulation index and output
In grid-integrated PV system, distinctive inverter frequency can be bought to desired value by changing the
topologies and controllers governed with different suitable frequency of reference wave form. The ratio of carrier and
control strategies for interfacing the PV array to the utility reference wave frequency will have a significant impact on the
grid. Pulse width modulation converter topology has been magnitude of harmonics.
effective and proficient method for generating the switching
pulses at the gate terminals of each IGBT for controlling the Large number of lower order harmonics can be eliminated
current waveform of the inverter to track a predetermined with high frequency carrier wave form ( ) but this will
reference signal to acquire a desired square wave voltage. For produce high switching losses and observable deteriorating of
effective reduction of harmonic distortion high frequency source voltage. In order to overcome this carrier wave
pulse width modulation techniques are more preferable and frequency ( ) is kept at fixed value.
provide load voltage control by consolidating additional
switches to the circuit.
VI. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
C. PWM control technology
For this simulation, sun irradiance(1000 W/m2) and
In general switching phenomenon of inverter is controlled in
wind speed (12 m/sec) constants are being used. It is an
order to obtain the required voltage magnitude at a particular
integrated model of a PV array /wind connected to a DC-DC
frequency. The most commonly used methods for controlling
step up Converter and 3-phase 3-level Voltage Source Inverter
the inverter switching phenomenon are pulse width
(VSI) to a 25-kV Utility grid through. Photovoltaic array
modulation techniques, space vector modulation, control of
delivering a maximum power at a constant of 1000 W/m2 sun
hysteresis. By changing the duration of voltage applying to the
irradiance is connected in parallel with the wind turbine
inverter we can have a good control over the fundamental
connected along 5-kHz step up converter enhancing voltage
components and harmonics
magnitude to 500 V DC. 3-level 3-phase VSI converts the 500
In the simple sinusoidal PWM technique PWM signal is
V DC to 260 V AC maintaining unity power factor with LC
generated by continuously comparing the power frequency
filter across VSC provided for filtering lower order odd
sine wave with high frequency carrier wave and then obtained
harmonics.
PWM signal is used for switching of the inverter. The logic
for switching of individual phases is given as follows
A three-phase coupling step-up transformer of
260V/25kV being connected to 25- kV distribution feeder
along with 120 kV generation system. PV array of the model
uses Soltech modules (1 STH 215P). The array -connected
The fundamental midpoint voltage is modules connected in parallel (40*45*213.15 W= 383.67Kw)
whose model parameters are listed below

Where m is the modulation index m=

TABLE I. Parameters of a PV array 1 Soltech 1 STH 215P

Parameter ratings
Cells per module 60
OC voltage (Voc) V 36.3
SC Current (Isc) A 7.84
maximum power Voltage (Vm) 29
maximum power Current (Im) 7.35

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 Fig.11. waveform of dc voltage given to the 3 level inverter
Fig.8. Simulation model of Grid integrated PV/wind system

In this paper the results of the PV/ Wind integrated The result suggests that the magnitude of voltage at
system simulation model are presented and also the waveform the dc step uping stage in three levels generates about 200
of grid voltage and current is obtained. [Link] level inverter based system provides reactive
power compensation to the grid along with high active
power. This DC-DC converter precisely tracks the duty cycle
continuously to generate the desired voltage and extract
maximum power.

Fig.9. phase voltage waveforms at bus B1

The synchronized grid power along with the

variations in, solar irradiation and load conditions are
considered for the simulation analysis and the results are Fig.12 . waveforms of grid voltage and current
shown in Fig:7
The three levels inverter generates line voltage and
currents shown in Fig:10 which are sinusoidal and balance
with the grid

Fig.10. waveforms of PV panel (V_PV,I_PV,I_d, irr, Temp)

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 renewable energy systems to extract optimum energy. Both
wind PMS generator output is transformed to dc by using a
uncontrolled rectifier and PV panel outputs are integrated and
given to the inverter. The inverter placed at grid side is
provided with PWM control mechanism which injects active
power to the Utility grid with negligible reactive power.
Excellent performance of the inverter with negligible
fluctuation of the DC bus voltage is obtained.

The simulated models were exact and are utilized to

decide the voltage and current characteristics. The dynamic
PV performances were examined under different operating
conditions, the results demonstrated here shows that the DC
voltage extracted from the PV array delivers an AC sinusoidal
Fig. 13 . waveform of the active power at the bus_B1 current at the output of the Voltage source inverter which are
integrated to the PMSG. The simulation of grid systems was
The total generation output of the grid integrated improved the voltage profile and the adequate performance of
hybrid PV /wind system is about 223.36 Kw. Hybrid PV/wind system was analyzed. The harmonic analysis
of the grid voltage and current performed and the THD is
obtained which comes out to be 0.25% and 16.70%.

VIII. REFERENCES

[1] Dr P.S. Bimbhra (2012) ‘Power Electronics’, Khanna publishers, Fourth

edition, pp.127-198.
[2] [Link], “Recent Integration Of A Pv-Wind Energy System With
Enhanced Efficiency,” Indian [Link]. 11 (1): 072-078, 2015
[3] Aditi, [Link], “Performance Analysis of grid connected PV Wind
Hybrid Power System,” International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 1 (2016) pp 706-712
[4] Jitendra Kasera, Ankit Chaplot and Jai Kumar Maherchandani, (2012).
“Modeling and Simulation of Wind-PV Hybrid Power System using
Matlab/ Simulink”, IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical,
Electronics and Computer Science.
[5] Chen et al., “Multi-Input Inverter for Grid-Connected Hybrid PV/Wind
Power System”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, May
2007
[6] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and A.V. Timbus. “Overview of
control and grid synchronization for distributed power generation
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[7] [Link], [Link] and [Link], “Modelling of multilevel
converter,” IEEE Trans. [Link]., vol.44, pp.356-364. Jun.1997.
[8] Akagi H., Ito Y., Zhongqing Y., DC Micro-grid Based Distribution
Power Generation System. The 4th International Power Electronics
andMotionControlConference,2004.IPEMC2004.14-16Aug.2004. Vol.
3, Page(s):1740 - 1745.
[9] J. M. Guerrero, F. Blaabjerg, T. Zhelev, K. Hemmes, E. Monmasson, S.
Jemei, M. P. Comech, R. Granadino, and J. I. Frau, “Distributed
generation: Toward a new energy paradigm,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag.,
Fig.14. FFT analysis of grid voltage and current of proposed system Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 52-64, Mar. 2010.
[10] Green and M. Prodanovic, “Control of inverter-based micro-grids,”
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 1204-1213, Jul.
The Fourier transfer analysis of grid voltage and 2007.
current is done and the harmonics is calculated of both the grid
voltage and current.

VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of a
grid integrated PV /Wind Power System and work has been
evaluated in Matlab/Simulink. The proposed system
architecture provides an elegant integration of the two

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