Class X Session 2024-25

Subject - Science
Sample Question Paper - 2

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.

2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to
attempt only one of these questions.

3. Section A consists of 20 objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each.

4. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the

range of 30 to 50 words.

5. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions should
be in the range of 50 to 80 words.

6. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answers to these questions should

be in the range of 80 to 120 words.

7. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-parts.

Section A
1. A student took Cu, Al, Fe and Zn strips separately in four test tubes labelled I, II, III and IV. He added 10 mL of [1]
freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution to each test tube as shown below:

Black residue would be obtained in test tubes

a) II and IV b) I, II and IV

c) II and III d) III and IV

2. Which of the following metals do not corrode in moist air? [1]

a) Iron b) Silver

c) Copper d) Gold
3. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion? [1]

a) Antacid b) Antiseptic

c) Antibiotics d) Analgesic
4. Which of the following is not an allotropic form of carbon? [1]
 a) Diamond b) Fluorine

c) Graphite d) Fullerene
5. What is shown in the experiment given below: [1]

a) Reaction of metals with salt solutions b) Heating a salt sample on a spatula

c) Action of steam on a metal d) Testing the conductivity of a salt solution

6. If copper is kept open in air, it slowly loses its shining brown surface and gains a green coating. It is due to the [1]
formation of

a) CuCO3 b) CuO

c) CuSO4 d) Cu(NO3)2

7. The structural formula of an ester from which an acid and an alcohol is formed is as follows. Name the acid and [1]
the alcohol.

a) Formic acid, Ethanol b) Ethanoic acid, Ethanol

c) Propanoic acid, Methanol d) Formic acid, Propanol

8. Anaerobic process [1]

a) takes place in yeast during fermentation b) produces ethanol, oxygen, and energy

c) takes place in the presence of oxygen d) produces only energy in the muscles of
human beings
9. The egg of an animal contains 10 chromosomes, of which one is X-chromosome. How many autosomes would [1]
be there in the karyotype of this animal?

a) 9 b) 18

c) 8 d) 20
10. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in [1]

a) Cytoplasm b) Genes

c) Ribosome d) Golgi bodies

11. In a plant, smooth seeds(S) are dominant over wrinkled seeds(s) and green seeds (G) are dominant over yellow [1]
seeds (g). A plant homozygous for smooth and green seed is crossed with a plant having wrinkled and yellow
seeds. The F1 offspring are self crossed to produce F2 generation. If a total of 160 offspring are produced, how

many plants are expected to be having wrinkled and green seeds in F2 generation, according to a typical
Mendelian cross?
 a) 10 b) 90

c) 30 d) 20
12. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the [1]

a) Golgi body b) Mitochondria

c) Chloroplast d) Cytoplasm
13. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is: [1]

a) Non-uniform b) Variable

c) Zero d) Same at all points

14. The elements of electric heating devices are usually made of: [1]

a) nichrome b) bronze

c) argon d) tungsten
15. Use of high temperature for waste disposal is called ________. [1]

a) Composting b) Recycling

c) Landfilling d) Incineration
16. Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items? [1]
a. Grass, flowers and leather
b. Grass, wood and plastic
c. Fruit peels, cake and lime-juice
d. Cake, wood and grass

a) Groups (a), (c) and (d) b) Groups (a), (b) and (c)

c) Groups (a), (b) and (d) d) Groups (b), (c) and (d)
17. Assertion (A): The colour of aqueous solution of copper sulphate turns colourless when a piece of lead is added [1]
to it.
Reason (R): Lead is more reactive than copper, and hence displaces copper from its salt solution.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

18. Assertion (A): Regeneration is getting a full organism back from its body parts. [1]
Reason (R): In grafting, the stock is placed over the scion.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

19. Assertion (A): Two bar magnets attract when they are brought near to each other with the same pole. [1]
Reason (R): Unlike poles will attract each other.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
 c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
20. Assertion (A): The second trophic level of a food chain operating in a grassland is mostly occupied by a [1]
carnivore.
Reason (R): Carnivores feed upon herbivores and are secondary consumers.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
21. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used? [2]
22. What will happen if the fallopian tubes are partially blocked and the ovulated eggs are prevented from reaching [2]
the uterus?
23. Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. Why? [2]
OR
Why is it not advisable to sleep under a tree at night while resting under it during mid-day is not bad?
24. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a concave lens of focal length 15 cm. List four characteristics [2]
(nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the lens.
25. List two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers is essential in an ecosystem. [2]
OR
Microorganisms are often referred to as the 'scavengers of the environment.' Explain.
26. Which part of the eye controls the size of the pupil? [2]
Section C
27. i. Which types of metals can be obtained in their pure form by just heating their oxides in air? Give one [3]
example.
ii. Consider the reaction given below used to obtain Manganese metal in pure form:
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) ⟶ 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) + Heat

a. What type of reaction is it?

b. What is the role of aluminium in this reaction?
28. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium, and aluminium to their respective metals. Why? Where [3]
are these metals placed in the reactivity series? How are these metals obtained from their ores? Take an example
to explain the process of extraction along with chemical equations.
OR
What are the various methods used for concentration of ore/Ore dressing?
29. Define nutrition. What are the different modes of nutrition? [3]
30. i. In humans, if gene B gives brown eyes and gene b gives blue eyes, what will be the colour of eyes of the [3]
persons having the following combination of genes? (a) Bb (b) bb (c) BB
ii. What do you class this trait of eye colour in human? Explain.
31. Distinguish between real image and virtual image. [3]
32. Given in fig. is the circuit diagram in which three resistors of 1Ω, 2Ω and 3Ω are connected to cell of e.m.f. 2V [3]
and internal resistance 0.5 Ω.
i. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
 ii. What is the reading of ammeter and What will be ammeter reading if an exactly similar cell is connected in

series with the given cell ?

33. a. What is the heating effect of electric current? [3]

b. Write an expression for the amount of heat produced in a resistor when an electric current is passed through
it stating the meanings of the symbols used.
c. Name two appliances based on heating effect of electric current.
Section D
34. a. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with the help of chemical equations for each. [5]
b. With a labelled diagram describe in brief an activity to show the formation of an ester.
OR
What are detergents chemically? List two merits and two demerits of using detergents for cleansing. State the reason
for the suitability of detergents for washing, even in the case of water having calcium and magnesium ions.
35. Give reason for the following: [5]
a. During reproduction inheritance of different proteins will lead to altered body designs.
b. Fertilization cannot take place in flowers if pollination does not occur.
c. All multicellular organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through fragmentation or regeneration.
d. Vegetative propagation is practised for growing only some type of plants.
e. The parents and off-springs of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes.
OR
Explain briefly movements in plants.
36. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm. [5]
i. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the image from the lens.
ii. List four characteristics of the image (nature position, size, erect/inverted) in this case.
iii. Draw a labelled diagram to justify your answer of part (ii)
OR
i. What is meant by power of a lens? Define its SI unit.
ii. You have two lenses A and B of focal lengths +10 cm and - 10 cm, respectively. State the nature and power of
each lens. Which of the two lenses will from a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the
lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
Section E
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Copper sulphate crystal contains water of crystallisation when the crystal is heated the water is removed and salt
turns white. The crystal can be moistened again with water. The water of crystallisation is the fixed number of
water molecules present in 1 formula unit of copper sulphate. On heating gypsum at 373K, it loses water
 molecules and became calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

(a) If the crystal is moistened with water, then which colour of the crystal reappears?
(b) What is the commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate?
OR
How many water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate?
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Animals have a nervous system for controlling and coordinating the activities of the body. But plants have
neither a nervous system nor muscles. So, how do they respond to stimuli? When we touch the leaves of a chui-
mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the Mimosa family), they begin to fold up and droop. When a
seed germinates, the root goes down, the stem comes up into the air. What happens? Firstly, the leaves of the
sensitive plant move very quickly in response to touch.
There is no growth involved in this movement. On the other hand, the directional movement of a seedling is
caused by growth. If it is prevented from growing, it will not show any movement.

(a) Write the types of movement.

(b) Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.
(c) What is the function of the nervous system?
OR
How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light
?
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
An insulated copper wire wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube such that its length is greater than its diameter
is called a solenoid. When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces a magnetic field around
it. The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar
magnet. The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. The strong magnetic field
produced inside a current-carrying solenoid can be used to magnetize a piece of a magnetic material like soft
iron when placed inside the solenoid. The strength of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid
is directly proportional to the number of turns and strength of the current in the solenoid.

(a) What would be the strength of the magnetic field inside a long current-carrying straight solenoid?
(b) Which end is north and which end is south pole when current flows through a solenoid?
(c) A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic field B along its axis. If the current is double and
the number of turns per cm is halved, then what will be the new value of the magnetic field?
OR
A soft iron bar is enclosed by a coil of insulated copper wire as shown in the figure. When the plug of the
key is closed, then where would the face B of the iron bar be marked?
 Solution
Section A
1. (a) II and IV
Explanation: Black residue would be obtained in test tubes II and IV because Al and Zn will displace iron from F eSO to 4

form black residue as these are more reactive than iron.

2Al + 3F eSO4 → Al2 (SO4 )3 + 3F e

Zn + F eSO4 → ZnSO4 + F e

2.
(d) Gold
Explanation: Gold is a noble metals i.e., very less reactive metals and hence they do not get corrode easily in moist air.
3. (a) Antacid
Explanation: Antacids are mild bases which are given to a person suffering from acidity as acids reacts with bases to form salt
and water. The excess acid present in the stomach is neutralised by the bases present in antacids and relieve indigestion.
4.
(b) Fluorine
Explanation: Fluorine
5.
(c) Action of steam on a metal
Explanation: Action of steam on a metal.
6. (a) CuCO3
Explanation: Copper gets green coating due to the basic copper carbonate formation and is a mixture of copper carbonate and
copper hydroxide when it reacts with carbon dioxide gas and moisture present in the air. This is called tarnishing of copper.
The reaction is as follows:
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3

7.
(d) Formic acid, Propanol
Explanation: HCOOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O --> HCOOH + CH3 CH2CH2OH
The ester is HCOOCH2CH2CH3. The product HCOOH is formic acid or methanoic acid (carboxylic acid) and CH3
CH2CH2OH is propanol (alcohol).

8. (a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

Explanation: takes place in yeast during fermentation
9.
(b) 18
Explanation: Karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a nucleus of somatic cell. Somatic cells are diploid
cells which make up the body. They have two sets of chromosomes. So, if an egg cell (gamete cell) which is a haploid cell
(with single set of chromosomes)has 10 chromosome, then number of chromosomes present in a somatic cell will be 20
chromosomes . As egg cells are produced by female body, then among 20 chromosomes, two X chromosomes will be sex
chromosome. So, karyotpe of that animals will be showing 18 autosomes.
10.
(b) Genes
Explanation: The characteristics or traits of parents are transmitted to their progeny (offsprings) through genes present on their
chromosomes
11.
(c) 30
Explanation: 30
12.
(d) Cytoplasm
Explanation: When there is a lack of oxygen Breakdown of Pyruvate takes place in the cytoplasm of muscle cells leading to
the formation of Lactic acid.
13.
(d) Same at all points
Explanation: Same at all points
14. (a) nichrome
Explanation: The elements of electric heating devices are made using nichrome.
15.
(d) Incineration
Explanation: Incineration is the process of burning substances under aerobic conditions at high temperature (usually more than
1000oC) in a closed unit called incinerator.
16. (a) Groups (a), (c) and (d)
Explanation:
The waste that is generated may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Substances that are broken down by biological
processes are said to be biodegradable. Grass, flowers, leather, wood, fruit peels, cake and lime-juice are
all biodegradable. Substances that are not broken down by biological processes are said to be non-biodegradable. Plastic is non-
biodegradable. Plastic is inert and persists in the environment for a long time.
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
18.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Regeneration is the process which involves repair of damaged cells/tissue or replacement or redevelopment of
broken body part or reconstruction of whole body from a small body fragment. The simple animals like Hydra and Planaria
show regeneration. It means if Hydra or Planaria somehow get cut into a number of pieces, then each body piece can grow into
a complete organism.
19.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: A is false but R is true.
20.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The second trophic level of a food chain is occupied by herbivores that feed on plants or producers that are
present in first trophic level.
Section B
21. Ethyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Since it has high carbon content, it burns in air with a sooty flame due to the presence of
unburnt carbon in it. Due to its incomplete combustion, heat produced is not sufficient to attain the high temperature needed for
welding. In order to ensure complete combustion and to obtain a high temperature needed for welding, a mixture of ethyne and
oxygen is used.
22. Fertilization may take place but the zygote may develop in the tube instead of uterus.
23. The chlorophyll traps the solar energy and converts it into chemical energy which takes part the dark reaction of photosynthesis to
form glucose. Hence chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
OR
During the day, in presence of sunlight, the plants use up the CO2 and release O2 in the process of photosynthesis. But during
night, plants won’t perform photosynthesis so they are unable to use the CO2 and this further leads to increase in the proportion of
CO2 in the air. During night the trees breathe in oxygen and release CO2. If one sleeps under the trees, the amount of increased
CO2 in the air around will certainly affect the health. So it is inadvisable to sleep under trees during night. He suffers from
suffocation. He feels excess weight on his chest. For this reason, some rural people imagine and fear that ghosts would come and
sit on their chests if they sleep under Peepal or Banyan trees.
24. Object distance, u = -30 cm
Focal length of concave lens = -15 cm
We know that, − = 1

v
1

u
1

1 1 1
− =
v −30 −15

1 1 1
= − −
v 15 30
1 −2−1 −3 −1
= = =
v 30 30 10

v = -10 cm .
Characteristics of image:
i. The image is formed at a distance of 10 cm from the concave lens on the left side.
ii. Image formed is virtual.
iii. Image formed is erect.
iv. The size of the image formed is diminished.
25. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi which helps in the breakdown of organic matter or biomass of dead plants and animals
into simple inorganic raw materials and replenish the environment are termed as decomposers. Their existence is thus, essential in
an ecosystem because
i. They help in the natural replenishment of soil.
ii. They help in keeping the environment clean as they reduce environmental pollution.
OR
Scavangers feed upon discarded and dead waste. Micro organisms are called scavengers of the environment because they
decompose dead bodies of plants and animals present in the soil and help in cleaning the environment by removing waste
products. They lie at the top of food chain.
26. Iris
Section C
27. i. Metals low in activity series can be reduced to pure metals just by heating their oxides in presence of air, example mercury
(Hg):
Heat

2HgO(s) −−→ 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

Mercurous oxide Mercury

ii. a. The given reaction is a displacement reaction.

b. Aluminium is more reactive than manganese used as a reducing agent, as Al is capable of replacing Mn from MnO2.
28. Oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium are very strong oxides as these metals are very reactive metals, but carbon is not a
strong reducing agent and hence carbon cannot reduce the oxide of sodium, magnesium and aluminium to their respective metal.
In the reactivity series, sodium, magnesium and aluminium are placed in the upper portion and they are very reactive in nature and
carbon is less reactive.
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > C > Zn > Fe
Oxides of reactive metals are directly put into the electrolytic reduction process to obtain the pure metal.
For the oxide of a reactive metal like aluminium oxide, as the metal is already in its oxide state so, it is directly put for the
electrolytic reduction process. In this process, graphite electrodes are used as anode and cathode in the electrolytic chamber. Pure
aluminium is attracted to the cathode, which is a lining of graphite. The oxygen is attracted to the anode and bubbles through the
solution.
Cathode reaction: At the cathode reduction of aluminium takes place and aluminium is discharged
Al3+ + 3e- → Al
Anode reaction: At the anode oxidation takes place and oxygen gas is evolved.
2O2- → O2 + 4e-

OR
 Concentration of Ore: The process of removal of unwanted impurities like sand, rocky material, earthy particles etc. from the ore
is called ore concentration or ore dressing. The finely ground ore is concentrated by any of the following processes:
i. Hydraulic washing: This method depends upon the difference in the densities of the ore particles and the impurities (gangue).
The crushed and powdered ore is taken in large wooden tables with small obstacles. A stream of water is passed over the
shaking table. The lighter impurities are washed away with the running stream of water while the heavier ore particles are left
behind. This method of concentration is usually applicable to oxide ores.
ii. Froth floatation process: This method is used for the extraction of those metals in which the ore particles are preferentially
wetted by oil and gangue by water. In this method, the powdered ore is mixed with water containing small quantities of oil
(pine oil m eucalyptus oil) in a large tank (Fig.), The water is agitated by blowing air violently when a froth (or foam) is
formed. The froth carries the lighter ore particles along with it to the surface. The heavier impurities are left behind in water
and these settle to the bottom. Since the ore particles float with the froth at the surface, this process is called froth floatation
process. The froth at the surface is transferred into another tank. The froth is broken by adding some acid and ore particles are
separated by filtration and dried. For example, the froth floatation process is commonly used for the sulphide ores of copper,
zinc, lead et

iii. Magnetic separation: The ores which are attracted by a magnet can be separated from the non-magnetic impurities with the
help of magnetic separation method. For example, this method is used for the concentration of haematite, an ore of iron. It
consists of a leather belt moving over two rollers, one of which is magnetic in nature. This is shown in the figure. The
powdered ore is dropped over the moving belt at one end. At the other end, the magnetic portion of the ore is attracted by the
magnetic roller and falls nearer to the roller while the non-magnetic impurities fall farther off.

29. Nutrition: The sum total of processes by which living organisms obtain food materials and prepare them for use in the growth,
repair and providing energy is termed nutrition.
Nutrition is of two types: 1) Autotrophic nutrition, 2) Heterotrophic nutrition.
1) Autotrophic nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition.
Mostly green plants have the ability to manufacture their own organic food due to the presence of chlorophyll. They take up CO2
and H2O and manufacture carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight process called as photosynthesis. Such organisms are called
autotrophs and their mode of nutrition is called autotrophic.
2) Heterotrophic nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another organism is called heterotrophic
nutrition. In this type of nutrition, the animals derive organic food materials by consuming bodies or products of other living or
dead plants or animals.
30. i. Bb will have brown eyes.
bb will have blue eyes.
BB will have brown eyes.
ii. Eye colour in humans is an inherited trait. These are traits that are present in the DNA of an organism and are passed on to
their progeny.

31. Real Image Virtual Image

1. It is formed by the actual meeting of reflected (or 1. It is formed when reflected (or refracted) rays appear to meet when
refracted) ray. produced backward
 2.It can be obtained on the screen. 2.It cannot be obtained on the screen.

3.It is always inverted. 3.It is always erect.

4.It is formed by concave, convex and plane mirror(or concave and

4.It is formed by concave mirror or convex lens.
convex lens.)
32. ResisOKtance, 1Ω and 2Ω are in series and combined resistance i.e. 1 + 2 = 3Ω in parallel with 3Ω.
Hence total resistance of the combination is = + =
1

R
or R =
1

3
= 1.5Ω
1

3
2

3
3

i. Total resistance of the circuit = R + r = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2Ω

ii. Total current through ammeter = E
=
R + r
= 1A
2

iii. In second case total e.m.f.= 2 + 2 = 4V

Total resistance = 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 2.5Ω
4 40 8
Current through circuit in second case = 2.5
=
25
=
5
= 1.6 A

33. a. When an electric current passes through a conductor (like a high resistance wire) the conductor becomes hot after some time
and produces heat. This is called heating effect of Electric Current.
Ex: A bulb becomes hot after its use for some time. This is because of heating effect of electric current.
b. We Know that
H=P×t
Energy
H= Time
× t

∵ Energy = V.Q
V .Q.t
H= t

H = Vit
∵ V = IR

H = I2Rt
Other form
V
H=V [
R
]t

Where
I = Current
R = Resistance
t = Time
c. Two devices which work on the heating effect of electric current are:
i. Electric heater
ii. Electric iron
Section D
34. Here the difference between esterification and saponification reactions
C2 H5 OH + C H3 C OOH → C H3 C OO C2 H5 + H2 O(esterif ication)
Alcohol Acid Ester W ater

C H3 C OO C2 H5 + N aOH → C2 H5 OH + C H3 C OON a (saponif ication)

Ester Base Alcohol Salt
 Diagram for esterification

Description
1mL ethanol, 1mL glacial acetic acid and a few drops of conc. H2SO4
↓

Warmed in a water bath

↓

Water is poured into the beaker

↓

Fruity smell is produced

OR
Detergents are chemically ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
Merits:
i. Detergents can work well with both hard water and soft water.
ii. Detergents are more effective than soaps.
iii. Detergents contain synthetic chemicals so tend to provide more cleaning power.
iv. Detergents are made with chemical substances so they can be modified for specific purposes such as laundry detergents etc.
v. Detergents are more easily soluble in water.
Demerits:
i. They are expensive.
ii. They can create water pollution.
iii. Detergents are formed with a synthetic chemical with few natural sources therefore they are usually non-biodegradable.
iv. They can cause soil pollution.
v. Detergent poisoning occurs when someone swallows cationic or anionic detergents, reports Medline Plus.
Detergents are suitable for hard water having Magnesium and Calcium ions because they do not form insoluble salts with these
ions.
35. a. Reproduction at its most basic level involves making copies of the blueprints of body design. The DNA in the cell nucleus is
the information source for making proteins. If the information is changed, different proteins will be made. Different proteins
will eventually lead to altered body designs.
b. In flowering plants, male gametes are produced in the pollen grains inside the anther. Pollination brings the pollen grains
having male gametes from the anther to the stigma. Upon successful arrival of pollen grains on the stigma, a pollen tube is
formed where they take male gamete to the female gamete or egg present in the ovule for fertilisation.
c. The body's organs are made of tissue and specialised cells, complex multicellular creatures cannot give birth to new life.
Multicellular organisms cannot reproduce by regeneration of a portion of some tissue because of their high level of
specialisation.
d. Vegetative propagation is the ability of the plants to reproduce by producing new plants from the vegetative plant parts such as
leaf, stem, or roots under appropriate conditions. This method is the only means of reproduction for some seedless plant
varieties such as banana, rose, and jasmine.
e. Gametes of sexually-reproducing animals have half the number of chromosomes as that of the parents. Thus, during
fertilisation, when two gametes i.e. male and female gametes, fuse, the offspring produced will have the same amount of DNA
 or the same number of chromosomes as that of the parent.
OR
Plant Movement
Tropic movement or tropism
Directional movement of specific part of plant in response to external stimuli is called tropism.
These movements are very slow.The movement of plant part can be either towards or away from stimulus.
If the movement of plant is towards stimulus,it is called positive stimulus.
If the movement of plant is away from stimulus,it is called negative stimulus.
1) Phototropism: It is the directional movement of plant part in response to light stimulus.
If plant part move towards light it is called as positive phototropism.
For Ex:Stem or shoot
If plant part move away from light it is called as negative phototropism.
For Ex:Roots
2) Geotropism : It is the response to gravity.
If the plant part moves in the direction of gravity it is called positive geotropism
For Ex:Roots grow downwards.
If the plant part moves against the direction of gravity it is called negative geotropism.
For Ex:Stem grows upwards
3) Chemotropism : Response to chemical stimuli.
If Plant part move towards chemical stimuli it is positive chemotropism
If plant part move away from chemical stimuli it is negative chemotropism.
4) Hydrotropism : Response to water.
36. i. u = -30 cm f = -30cm v = ? m = ?
1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1 1
∴ = +
v f u

= 1

(−30 cma)
+
1

(−30 cm)

1 1 1
= − −
v 30 30
−2
= 30

∴ v = -15 cm
v
m =
u
(−15 cm)
= = −
1

2
(−30 cm)

ii. Four characteristics of the image are:

Nature – virtual
Position – 15cm away from the lens, on the same side as the object
Size – diminished
Erect / inverted – erect

iii.

OR
The ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays is called power of the lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length. It's
SI unit is dioptre (D). If focal length is expressed in metres, then power is expressed in dioptre. We can say, dioptre is the power of
a lens whose focal length is one metre. For concave lens P and f are negative. For convex lens P and f are positive. Lens A of
focal length + 10 cm is convex lens
and power, P = =
100
= +10D
100

10
f (in cm)

Lens B of focal length - 10 cm is concave lens

100 100
and power, P = f (in cm)
=
−10
= −10D
 Lens A (i.e. convex lens) will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from it, as shown.

Section E
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Copper sulphate crystal contains water of crystallisation when the crystal is heated the water is removed and salt turns white. The
crystal can be moistened again with water. The water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in 1
formula unit of copper sulphate. On heating gypsum at 373K, it loses water molecules and became calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

(i) If the crystal is moistened with water, then the blue colour of the crystal reappears.
(ii) The commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate is Plaster of Paris.
OR
Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Animals have a nervous system for controlling and coordinating the activities of the body. But plants have neither a nervous
system nor muscles. So, how do they respond to stimuli? When we touch the leaves of a chui-mui (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-
not’ plant of the Mimosa family), they begin to fold up and droop. When a seed germinates, the root goes down, the stem comes
up into the air. What happens? Firstly, the leaves of the sensitive plant move very quickly in response to touch.
There is no growth involved in this movement. On the other hand, the directional movement of a seedling is caused by growth. If
it is prevented from growing, it will not show any movement.

(i) There are two types of movement:

a. dependent on growth
b. independent on growth.
(ii) Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes growth.
(iii)The function of the nervous system is to control and coordinate the activities of the body.
OR
The movements of the leaves of the sensitive plant are touch sensitive and independent of growth while the movement of
the shoot towards light is growth related and known as phototropism.
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
An insulated copper wire wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube such that its length is greater than its diameter is called a
solenoid. When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces a magnetic field around it. The magnetic field
produced by a current-carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The field lines inside the
solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. The strong magnetic field produced inside a current-carrying solenoid can be
used to magnetize a piece of a magnetic material like soft iron when placed inside the solenoid. The strength of the magnetic field
produced by a current-carrying solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns and strength of the current in the solenoid.

(i) Magnetic field inside the infinite solenoid is uniform. Hence it is the same at all points.
(ii) The end of the current carrying solenoid at which the current flows anti-clockwise behaves as a north pole while that end
at which the direction of current clockwise behaves as a south pole and this is according to clock wise.
(iii)For a long solenoid, magnetic field B ∝ In; where I is the flowing current and n is number of turns per unit length in the
solenoid. Therefore, in the given case magnetic field will remain unchanged.
OR
For a solenoid, if we imagine gripping the solenoid with your right hand so that your curl fingers follow the direction of
the current then your thumb will point towards the north end of the electromagnet.