Microprocessor 8086

Introduction to Computer

► A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept data (input), process the
data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store the information
for future use.
Computer Components

►  Software
► Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two major categories: system software that
provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the computer, and
application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.
►  Hardware:
► Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a
computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, etc. all of
which are physical objects that can be touched.
Micro processer 8086
Basic Components of a computer

► All computers consist of (at least):

► 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
► 2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
► 3. Random Access Memory (RAM)
► 4. Input / Output ports
► 5. Bus System
CPU

A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible

for all functions and processes. Regarding
computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computer system.
The MPU is comprised of three main parts:
► A-  Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical
operations. Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers,
letters, or special characters
► B-  Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.
► 1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
► 2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
► 3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
► 4. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
► 5. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete,
instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
Microprocessor unit (MPU)

► C- Registers: they are a temporary storage

memory that is built into CPU. Registers are
performed their tasks quickly. All computers
required these registers to manipulate data, and
store memory addressing.
The CU deals with several special-purpose
registers and their functions are briefly described
below
► • Program counter (PC): The PC holds the address of the next instruction to be
executed.
► • Instruction register (IR): The IR holds the actual instruction being executed
currently by the computer
► • Memory address register (MAR): The MAR holds the address of a memory
location.
► • Memory data register (MDR): The MDR holds a data value that is being stored
to or retrieved from the memory location currently addressed by the memory
address register.
► • Status register (SR): The SR indicates the results of an arithmetic and logic unit
operation. For example: carry, overflow, negative.
The Fetch-Execute Cycle

► Depending on the complexity of each operation (i.e., task), the

computer may take two or more machine cycles in order to
complete the task. A machine cycle consists of both fetch and
execution cycles. In the fetch cycle, the CU brings the program
instruction from the memory, decodes it (i.e., translates the
instruction into commands), and then sends the data to the ALU
for execution. In the execution cycle, the ALU performs an
operation and then sends the result to the memory for temporary
storage.
The Fetch-Execute Cycle
RAM

► It is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible

for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly
accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in
nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the
processor accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage.
RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any
memory cell directly if you know the row and column that
intersect at that cell
Memory Read Operation

► 1. The address of the location from which the word is to be read is

loaded into the MAR.
► 2. A signal, called read, is issued by the CPU indicating that the
word whose address is in the MAR is to be read into the MDR.
► 3. After some time, corresponding to the memory delay in reading
the specified word, the required word will be loaded by the
memory into the MDR ready for use by the CPU
ROM:

► It is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of

whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do
not allow data stored on them to be modified.
Input Devices/Output devices

► Input Devices:
► Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to
provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a
computer).
► Input device Translate data from form that humans understand to one that
the computer can work with. Most common are keyboard and mouse.
► Output devices
► An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information
processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human-readable form.
I/O controller

► I/O devices are connected to the system bus through I/O

controller (interface) – which acts as interface between
the system bus and I/O devices
There are two main reasons for using I/O
controllers

► 1- I/O devices exhibit different characteristics and if these devices

are connected directly, the CPU would have to understand and
respond appropriately to each I/O device. This would cause the
CPU to spend a lot of time interacting with I/O devices and spend
less time executing user programs.
► 2- The amount of electrical power used to send signals on the
system bus is very low. This means that the cable connecting the
I/O device has to be very short (a few centimeters at most). I/O
controllers typically contain driver hardware to send current over
long cable that connects I/O devices.
Bus System

► A Bus is a common communications pathway used to carry

information between the various elements of a computer
system
► The term BUS refers to a group of wires or conduction
tracks on a printed circuit board (PCB) though which binary
information is transferred from one part of the
microcomputer to another
► The individual subsystems of the digital computer are
connected through an interconnecting BUS system.
There are three main bus groups

►  Address Bus
►  Data Bus
►  Control Bus
Address Bus:

► The 8086 microprocessor has 20 bit address bus, therefore it can

address a maximum of 1M byte of memory location with an
address ranged from (00000)H-(FFFFF)H
► the CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to
be written to or read from. The number of address lines
determines the number of memory locations that the CPU can
address. If the CPU has N address lines then it can directly
address 2N memory locations
Data Bus:

► The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 or more parallel signal

lines. As indicated by the double-ended arrows on the
data bus line, the data bus lines are bi-directional. This
means that the CPU can read data in on these lines from
memory or from a port as well as send data out on these
lines to memory location or to a port. Many devices in a
system will have their outputs connected to the data bus,
but the outputs of only one device at a time will be
enabled.
Control Bus

► The control bus consists of 4-10 parallel signal lines.

The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable
the outputs of addressed memory devices or port
devices. Typical control bus signals are memory read,
memory write, I/O read, and I/O writer
System bus in computer