PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS

024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
Q.05 Prove law of reflection using huygen’s principle.
Chapter – 10 (2) If medium is homogeneous then secondary wavelets
spread in all direction with velocity of original wave. Ans.
WAVE OPTICS
(3) A surface touches these secondary wavelets tangentially
Q.01 Write Huygen’s theory of wave. What information did it
in forward direction at any instant gives the position and
provide about light?
shape of new wave front at that instant. This is called
Ans. In year 1678, Huygen developed a wave theory of light on the In figure XY is reflecting surface, AB is incident wave front
secondary wave front.
basis of which phenomena of propagation of light, reflection, and 𝐴1 𝐵1 is reflected wave front. Let at time 𝑡 = 0 part A of
wave front AB strikes the surface XY. After time 𝑡 part B of
refraction, and interference of light were successfully
wave front AB strikes surface XY at 𝐵1 and wavelet reflected
explained. from A reaches 𝐴1 hence we get new reflected wave front 𝐴1 𝐵1
Huygen gave following properties of light- as shown in figure.
(1) Light travel in the form of wave. From figure, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐵1 = 𝑖 ∠𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐴 = 𝑟
Q.04 Explain the types of wave front.
(2) The wave travels in all direction with same speed in Ans. There are mainly three types of wave front. If speed of light in air is C then distance in time 𝑡 will be

homogenous medium. (1) Spherical wave front. (2) Cylindrical wave front 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐵𝐵1 = 𝐶𝑡
(3) Plane wave front.
(3) Initially light waves were assumed to be longitudinal but In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐵1 ,
(1) Spherical wave front :- When light source is of point
later on they were considered as transverse wave. 𝐵𝐵1
size then wave front obtained will be spherical. The direction 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = (1)
𝐴𝐵1
(4) According to this theory a massless imaginary medium of propagation of wave is always perpendicular to the wave
front. Now in 𝐴𝐴1 𝐵1 ,
ether is filled in all space in which light propagates. 𝐴𝐴1
(2) Cylindrical wave front :- When source of light is linear 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = (2)
Q.02 What is wave front? 𝐴𝐵1
or slits type then wave front obtained is cylindrical. The
Ans. A wave front may be defined as the locus of all those direction of propagation of wave is always perpendicular to Dividing equation (1) by (2)
particles in a medium which are vibrating in same phase at the wave front. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝐵𝐵1 𝐴𝐵1
= ×
particular time. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝐴𝐵1 𝐴𝐴1
(3) Plane wave front :- When the point source or linear
Q.03 Explain Huygen’s secondary wavelet theory. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝐵𝐵1
source of light is at very large distance then small part of =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝐴𝐴1
Ans. Huygen gave secondary wavelet theory to find the position of spherical or cylindrical wavefront appears to be plane. Such
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑐𝑡
a wavefront is called Plane wave front. =
secondary wave front. This theory is based on following 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑐𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖
assumptions. =1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟
(1) Every point on a given wave front may be regarded as 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟
fresh source of new disturbance and sends out its own 𝑖=𝑟
spherical wave let.
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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
This proves law of reflection which says angle of incidence is 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝐵𝐵1 𝐴𝐵1 Behaviour of Lens :- let a plane wave front ACB incedent
= ×
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝐴𝐵1 𝐴𝐴1
equals to angle of reflection. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝐵𝐵1
on convex lens.
=
Q.06 Prove law of refraction using Huygen’s wave theory. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝐴𝐴1 Convex lens is thick in middle and thin at the corners
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑉1 𝑡
(Rarer to Denser) = therefore wave let originated from C lags behind wave let
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑉2 𝑡
Ans. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑉1 originated from A and B after emerging through lens. Due to
=
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 𝑉2
which emergent wave front becomes spherical converging at
𝑉1
Where = 𝜇 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) focus.
𝑉2

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖
= 𝜇 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟
In figure XY is refracting surface, light rays are coming from
This proves law of refraction which says that for a given pair
rarer to Denser medium. Let velocity of light in these
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖
medium are 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 respectively such that (𝑉1 > 𝑉2 ) of medium the ratio of remains constant.
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟

Here AB is incident wave front at time 𝑡 = 0 which touches Q.07 Prove law of refraction of light using Huygen’s theory Behaviour of concave mirror – Let a plane wave front ACB
the refracting surface at point A. After time 𝑡 a point of B when light travels from Denser to rarer medium. incident on concave mirror. Before reflection by mirror
touches the refracting surface at 𝐵1 and wavelet from A Ans. wavelet originated from C travels more distance than wave
reaches 𝐴1 hence we get refracted wave front 𝐴1 𝐵1 at time 𝑡 lets originated from on A and B. As a result reflected wave
as shown in figure. front becomes spherical converging at focus.
Distance travelled by light – Q.09 What is monochromatic source of light?
𝐵𝐵1 = 𝑉1 𝑡 (1) Ans. A light source that can emit a light of single definite
wavelength is called monochromatic light source.
𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝑡 (2) Q.08 Explain the behavior of prism, Lens and cancave mirror
Ex. – Sodium lamp is an example of monochromatic light
∠𝐵𝐴𝐵1 = 𝑖 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐴 = 𝑟 with plane wave front. source.
Ans. Behaviour of prism – Let a plane wave front AB is incident Q.10 What is coherent source of light? Write down necessary
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐵1 ,
𝐵𝐵1 on a prism PQR. The lower part of prism is thicker than its condition for it.
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = (3)
𝐴𝐵1 Ans. The two light sources are said to be coherent if they emit the
upper part therefore wavelet originated from B travels longer
In ∆𝐴𝐴1 𝐵1
distance inside prism and wavelet originated from ‘A’ travels light waves of same frequency such that phase difference
𝐴𝐴1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = (4) very short distance inside prism so part of wave front from between waves is zero or constant.
𝐴𝐵1

Divide equation (3) by (4) – lower portion of prism lags behind the wave front emerging Condition for coherent source –
from upper portion of prism.
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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
(1) The light waves should be continuously of same Q.13 What is destructive interference? Write down necessary (1) The alternating pattern of bright and dark fringe is
frequency or wavelength. condition for it. obtained.
(2) The phase difference between two waves must be zero or Ans. When due to superimposition of two waves, intensity of
(2) Width of all fringes are nearly same.
constant. resultant wave becomes minimum then this interference is
Q.11 What is interference of light? called destructive interference. In this interference crest of (3) At the mid point on screen, bright fringe is obtained.
Ans. The redistribution of light energy takes place as a result of one wave meets trough of another wave Q.16 On what factors width of fringe depends?
superposition of light waves coming out from two coherent Ans. Factors affecting fringe width are as follows –
source of light. This phenomenon is called interference of (1) It is directly proportional to wave length of light. (𝛽 ∝ 𝜆).
light. It is based on conservation of energy. (2) It is directly proportional to the distance between slits
Q.12 What is constructive interference? Write down necessary and screen (𝛽 ∝ 𝐷).
Necessary condition for destructive interference
conditions for constructive interference. (3) It is inversely proportional to the distance between two
(1) For this interference, phase difference between two waves
1
Ans. When the waves to be superimposed together are in same
should be ∅ = (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋 where 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … … … … …. slits (𝛽 ∝ )
𝑑
phase then crest of one wave meets to the crest of another
(2) For this interference, path difference between two waves Q.17 What is meant by diffraction of light?
wave or trough meets trough of another wave then as a 𝜆
should be ∆= (2𝑛 − 1) where 𝜆 is wave length and 𝑛 = Ans. The phenomena of bending of light at the edges of
result the amplitude of the resultant wave increases and 2
obstruction and entering the region of geometrical shadow is
1, 2, 3, … … … ..
intensity of light become maximum, this interference is
called diffraction of light.
Q.14 Write down necessary condition for sustained
called constructive interference.
interference. Q.18 Why diffraction of sound waves is noticed easily but not
Ans. The necessary condition for sustained interference are given of light waves.
below – Ans. The wavelength of sound wave is of order of about 1m. The
(1) The light source should be monochromatic. obstruction around us are of this order hence the diffraction
(2) The amplitude of both waves must be equal. of sound is noticed easily. The wavelength of light waves is

Necessary condition for constructive interference :- (3) The light source should emit the light continuously. around 10−7 𝑚 and practically obstruction are larger than

(1) For this interference, phase difference between two waves (4) Frequency of both waves should be equal. wavelength of light so diffraction of light is not noticed

should be ∅ = 2𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, … … … … … … … .. Q.15 Write down the observations obtained from young’s easily.

(2) For this interference path difference between two waves double slit experiment. Q.19 Write down the difference between interference and
Ans. Following observations or conclusion is drawn from young’s diffraction of light.
should be ∆= (𝑛𝜆) where 𝑛 = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, …………….. and 𝜆 is
double slit experiment. Ans.
wave length of light.
S.n Interference Diffraction
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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
1. It is the result of super It is the result of Q.21 Define polarization of light, Polarized light and of all crystals are parallel to each other. These crystals
position of two waves superposition of two Unpolarized light, Plane of vibration, Plane of polarization. absorbs one kind of vibrations coming in the form of light.
coming from two different wavelets coming
Ans. Polarization of light- It is the phenomenon in which Working – The crystal used in Polaroid is di choric therefore
coherent source. from different part of same
wave front. vibration of electric vectors are restricted in certain direction when unpolarised light incident on it then each ray splits
on plane perpendicular to direction of propagation of light. into two ray. Out of which one ray whose vibrations are
2. All bright fringes are of The intensity of central
Polarised light :- If vibrations of electric vectors occur in a perpendicular to the crystal axis is completely absorbed
same intensity. bright fringe is maximum. plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light while other vibrations parallel to crystal axis are transmitted
3. Interference fringes are Diffraction fringes are not then then light wave is called polarized light.These vibration
through the Polaroid. This emerging light from the Polaroid
are confined in single direction.
nearly of same width. of same width.
Unpolarised light :- If vibration of electric vectors occur is now completely polarised.
4. It has large no. of dark It has less no. of dark and
symmetrically in all possible directions in a plane Uses :-
and bright fringes. bright fringes.
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light then (1) In producing plane polarized light.
5. In Interference there is In diffraction, there is poor
light is said to be unpolarized. (2) In taking photograph of cloud in sunlight.
good contrast between contrast between fringes.
Plane of vibration :- In plane polarized light, the plane (3) In crossing two vehicles in night safely.
fringes.
which contains the electric vector vibration and the direction (4) In analyzing the polarized light.
of propagation of of wave is called plane of vibration. (5) To see 3 dimensional picture.
Q.20 Write down the difference between Fresnel’s and
Plane of polarization :- In plane polarized light, the plane Q.23 What is Malus law? Draw groups showing variation of
Fraunhofer’s diffraction.
Ans. which contains the direction of propagation of wave and is intensity at different angle of analyser.

S.n Fresnel’s diffraction Fraunhofer’s diffraction perpendicular to the plane of vibration is called plane of Ans. When completely plane polarized light is incident on an

1. In this diffraction, the In this diffraction screen polarization. analyzer then intensity of light received after analyzer is

screen and light source and light source both are Q.25 Explain Polaroid write its construction, working and directly proportional to the square of cosine of angle between

both are at finite at infinite distance. uses. pass axis of polarizer and analyzer.

distance. Ans. Polaroid is a device that is used to produce plane polarized 𝐼 ∝ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

2. It is the diffraction It is the diffraction light. 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

obtained from sharp obtained from single slit. Construction :- It consists of a very small size crystal of Here I is intensity of light after analyser.

edges. Idoquine sulphate or organic compound herapthite are 𝐼0 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

layered on a thin film of nitro cellulose such that optical axis

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
Q23 Show that the superposition of the waves originating from the
two coherent sources 𝑺𝟏 and 𝑺𝟐 having displacement 𝒀𝟏 =
𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝎𝒕 + ∅) at a point produce a resultant intensity.
𝑰 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅/𝟐
Hence, write the conditions for the appearance of dark and bright
fringes.
Solve. Given that, the displacement of two coherent sources is –
𝒀𝟏 = 𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕
By principle of superposition –
𝑌 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 = 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
𝑌 = 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑆𝑖𝑛∅
𝑌 = 𝑎(1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅). 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + (−𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Let 𝑎(1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅) = 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ (1)
and 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅ = 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅ (2)
∴ 𝑌 = 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 − 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑌 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
Squaring and adding equation (1) and (2), we get –
(𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + (𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + (𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛∅)2
𝐴2 (𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 𝑎2 [1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ + 2𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 ∅]
𝐴2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
𝐴2 = 2𝑎2 (1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅)
∅ ∅
𝐴2 = 2𝑎 (2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ) = 4𝑎2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2
2 2

𝐼𝑓 𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 −

∅
As 𝐼 = 𝐴2 𝐼 = 4𝑎2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2
2

Q.Graph for Interference and diffraction of light

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