TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE STUDENT WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAM

(SWEP)

SOLAR INSTALLATION UNDERTAKING AT FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF OTUOKE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BY

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF OTUOKE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR: ENGR. ABHOD ADUS

NOVEMBER, 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am deeply indebted to the following individuals and entities whose unwavering support and

guidance have made this achievement possible.

First and foremost, I express my profound gratitude to Almighty God, whose divine wisdom,

strength, and guidance have been my constant companion throughout this journey.

I also extend my heartfelt appreciation to my beloved parents, Mr. and Mrs. [Last Name], whose

selfless love, unwavering support, and dedication to my academic, personal, and social growth

have been a constant source of inspiration. Their commitment to providing me with a quality

education has been invaluable.

 ABSTRACT

This report documents the experience gained during the Student Work Experience Program

(SWEP) at the Federal University of Otuoke. The project involved the installation of a solar

power system within the Faculty of Engineering, contributing to the University's sustainability

efforts and providing hands-on experience in renewable energy technologies. The report details

the design, installation, testing, and commissioning of the system, highlighting the challenges

encountered and the lessons learned.

 CHAPTER ONE

Background and Introduction to SWEP

The Nigerian education system has faced significant challenges in aligning theoretical

knowledge with practical skills. To address this gap, the Students Work Experience Programme

(SWEP) was established. SWEP provides students with valuable hands-on work experience,

enriching their academic learning. As a precursor to the Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES), SWEP encompasses various disciplines, including:

 Engineering

 Medical Science

 Natural Science

 Technology

 Agriculture

 Education

 Environmental Science

 Applied Science

History of SWEP/SIWES

The Students Work Experience Scheme (SWEP) began in 1974 with 748 students from 11 higher

education institutions. By 1978, participation surged to 5,000 students across 32 institutions.

However, in 1979, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) withdrew from managing the scheme due

to logistical and financial constraints.

From 1979 to 1984, the Federal Government took over funding for SWEP/SIWES through the

National University Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education

(NBTE). In 1985, Decree No. 16 was enacted, mandating supervised industrial attachments for

students in specialized fields, including engineering, technical studies, business, applied

sciences, and applied arts. The ITF subsequently resumed management of SWEP/SIWES in

collaboration with the NUC, NBTE, and participating institutions.

Today, participation in SWEP is mandatory for engineering students, highlighting its importance

in their education.

Objectives of SWEP

The primary objectives of SWEP are:

1. To enhance the effectiveness of the labor force, contributing to economic growth.

2. To equip students with essential industrial skills and practical experience throughout their

studies.

3. To evaluate students' interests and aptitude for their chosen fields.

4. To cultivate specialists who are ready for immediate employment upon graduation.

5. To facilitate the application of theoretical concepts in real-world scenarios.

6. To provide students with insights into actual workplace environments.

7. To expose students to tools, methods, and technologies not typically covered in classroom

settings.

8. To educate students on potential challenges and strategies for achieving success in their

careers.

9. To support a smooth transition from academic life to the professional workforce.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF OTUOKE

Brief History:

The Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Otuoke, was established in 2012 as one of the

pioneering faculties of the university. With a strong focus on producing innovative and industry-

ready graduates, the faculty has grown to become a leading provider of quality engineering

education in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Vision:

"To become a premier engineering faculty in Africa, renowned for excellence in teaching,

research, and innovation."

Mission:

"To provide a conducive learning environment that fosters intellectual growth, creativity, and

critical thinking, while addressing the technological needs of our society."

Academic Programs:
The faculty offers the following undergraduate and postgraduate programs:

 Petroleum and Gas Engineering

 Mechanical Engineering

 Electrical/Electronics Engineering

 Civil Engineering

 Computer Engineering

 Chemical Engineering

Solar Installation Project:

The proposed solar installation project aims to provide a sustainable and reliable source of

energy for the faculty, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting environmental

sustainability

CHAPTER TWO

Solar Installation Project: Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Otuoke

This document outlines a comprehensive plan for a solar power system installation project for

the Faculty of Engineering at Federal University Otuoke.

1. Project Aim
To design and install a solar power system to supply reliable and sustainable energy for the

Faculty of Engineering's conference rooms and offices.

2. Project Objectives

Conduct an Energy Audit: Thoroughly assess the energy consumption of the targeted areas

(conference rooms, Dean's Office, two faculty offices, Civil Engineering HOD office, and the

Civil Engineering Conference Room). Determine the peak load, average daily load, and energy

usage patterns.

Design a Tailored Solar Power System: Design a system with the appropriate solar panel

capacity, battery storage, inverters, and other components to meet the estimated energy

requirements while considering factors such as space constraints, roof orientation, and local

weather conditions.

* *Construct and Install the System:* Procure materials, follow best practices for solar

installation, and safely install the solar power system, ensuring compliance with relevant

regulations and safety standards.

* *Evaluate System Performance:* Monitor the performance of the installed solar system over

time. Collect data on energy production, system efficiency, and overall impact on energy

consumption. Analyze this data to assess the system's effectiveness and identify any areas for

improvement.

*3. Project Justification*

* *Sustainable Energy Solution:* The project will provide the faculty with a clean, renewable,

and reliable energy source, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to

environmental sustainability.

* *Cost Savings:* The solar system will reduce electricity bills and potentially lead to long-term

financial benefits.

* *Increased Energy Efficiency:* Implementing a solar system will promote energy

conservation practices and improve the overall energy efficiency of the targeted facilities.

* *Reduced Carbon Footprint:* By utilizing solar energy, the faculty will reduce greenhouse gas

emissions and contribute to mitigating climate change.

* *Educational Tool:* The project will serve as a practical educational tool for engineering

students, providing hands-on experience in renewable energy technologies and sustainable

practices.

4. Target Areas

 Faculty Conference Room

 Dean's Office

 Two Faculty Offices

 Civil Engineering HOD Office

 Civil Engineering
 CHAPTER THREE

INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR INSTALLATION: HARNESSING THE SUN’S POWER

Solar installation is the process of installing solar panels on a property to generate electricity

from sunlight. It's a rapidly growing industry, driven by environmental concerns and decreasing

costs of solar technology.

1. Components of a Solar System:

Solar panels: These convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity.

* *Inverter:* This converts DC electricity from the panels into alternating current (AC)

electricity, which is compatible with your home's electrical system.

* *Mounting system:* This securely attaches the panels to your roof or ground.

* *Wiring and connectors:* These carry the electricity from the panels to the inverter and then to

your home's electrical panel.

* *Monitoring system:* This allows you to track your solar energy production and system

performance.

2. Types of Solar Systems:

* *Grid-tied:* These systems send excess electricity to the grid and draw electricity from the grid

when needed. They are the most common type.

* *Off-grid:* These systems are completely independent of the grid. They usually include

batteries for storage.

* *Hybrid:* These systems combine features of both grid-tied and off-grid systems, offering the

flexibility of grid connection with backup power during outages.

*3. Benefits of Solar Installation:*

* *Reduced energy bills:* Solar panels generate free electricity, significantly reducing your

monthly electricity costs.

* *Environmental benefits:* Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy, reducing

your carbon footprint.

* *Increased property value:* Solar installations can increase the value of your property.

* *Energy independence:* Owning a solar system provides a degree of independence from rising

electricity prices and grid fluctuations.

Solar Installation Process:

1. Site Assessment: Evaluates the location's suitability for solar installation, considering

factors such as sunlight exposure and structural integrity.

2. Design: Configures the system components to maximize efficiency and performance.

3. Permitting: Secures all necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.

4. Installation: Involves the physical setup of solar panels and associated equipment.

5. Inspection: Ensures all components meet safety and performance standards.

 6. Commissioning: Activates the system and conducts tests to confirm proper operation.

MATERIALS

Basics of Solar Power Systems

A typical solar power system consists of several key components: solar panels (also known as

photovoltaic or PV panels), a charge controller, a power inverter, and a monitoring system to

track voltages and overall performance.

Key Components of Solar Power Systems

1. Photovoltaic (PV) Panels

PV panels are the heart of solar power systems, converting sunlight into direct current (DC)

electricity. A typical solar panel includes:

Solar Cells

Framing

Glass

How Solar Panels Function

Solar panels capture sunlight and transform it into DC power, which is then sent to an inverter or

charge controller for further processing.

Solar Panel Output Ratings

Solar panels are rated in watts, indicating their maximum power production under optimal

conditions. Output typically ranges from 10 to 450 watts, with 100 watts being a common size.

Key Considerations When Choosing Solar Panels

When selecting solar panels, consider the following attributes:

1. Efficiency

2. Cost

3. Warranty

4. Technology Type

Voltage Options

Solar panels are available in various output voltages, such as:

12V

24V

Mounting Systems for Solar Panels

Mounting systems are essential for securing solar panels, ensuring optimal angle, orientation,

and stability for maximum energy capture. Key considerations include the type of installation

site and specific energy needs.

Types of Mounting Systems

1. Roof Mounts

Flush Mounts: Install panels parallel to the roof surface for a low-profile look.

Tilt Mounts: Angle panels to enhance sun exposure, especially in areas with limited roof space.

Adjustable Mounts: Allow for changes in angle to optimize performance throughout the year.

2. Ground Mounts

Fixed Tilt: Panels are set at a specific angle and position for stable, long-term use.

Adjustable Tilt: Enable angle adjustments seasonally to maximize sunlight capture.

Tracking Systems: Follow the sun's path to maintain optimal orientation throughout the day.

3. Pole Mounts

Single-Pole: Ideal for small installations; elevated to minimize shading and allow for air

circulation.

Multi-Pole: Supports larger arrays, offering increased stability and flexibility in layout.

4. Tracking Systems

Single-Axis: Rotate on one axis to track the sun from east to west.

Dual-Axis: Adjust both vertically and horizontally for maximum sun exposure, enhancing energy

capture.

Key Components of Mounting Systems

1. Brackets: Secure panels to mounting structures, ensuring stability.

2. Clamps: Hold solar panels in place on the rails.

 3. Rails: Provide a framework for attaching solar panels to roofs or the ground.

4. Anchors: Secure ground-mounted systems to the soil, preventing movement due to wind

or other forces.

5. Fasteners: Connect all components securely to ensure the integrity of the installation.

The Charge Controller

The charge controller is a crucial electronic device that regulates the voltage and current flowing

in and out of batteries in a solar power system. Its primary function is to manage the charging

process, ensuring that batteries are charged efficiently and safely.

Key Functions

Regulation of Charging: The charge controller turns off the charging process when the battery

reaches its optimal charge level and activates it again when the battery voltage drops below a

certain threshold.

Prevention of Overcharging: By preventing overcharge, the controller protects the batteries

from damage, which can reduce their performance and lifespan.

Reverse Current Protection: It prevents current from flowing back into the solar panels at

night, ensuring that batteries do not discharge when there is no sunlight.

Monitoring: The charge controller displays system operation parameters, including battery

status and energy flow, allowing users to monitor performance and health.

Importance
The charge controller acts as the "brain" of the solar power system. It monitors the electricity

produced by the solar panels and regulates the charging of the batteries, ensuring they are

optimally charged without risk of overcharging. Proper management of the charging process is

vital for maintaining battery health, enhancing their lifespan, and optimizing overall system

performance.

The inverter is a vital component in a solar power system, converting direct current (DC) voltage

from solar panels and batteries into alternating current (AC) voltage. This conversion allows

household appliances to operate using solar energy. Additionally, inverters can charge batteries

using alternative power sources, such as the electrical grid or generators.

4.1 Inverter Sizing

Proper inverter sizing is essential for optimal system performance. Two key metrics to consider

are:

1. Continuous Wattage Output (CWO): The maximum power that the inverter can supply

continuously.

2. Surge Capacity (SC): The peak power required during the startup of appliances.

When selecting an inverter, choose one that can handle the largest load expected to operate

simultaneously.

4.2 DC to AC Conversion Losses

When DC power generated by solar panels is converted to AC power for household use, some

energy is inevitably lost in the process. Key efficiency metrics include:

Inverter Efficiency: Typically ranges from 92-94% at peak efficiency as specified by

manufacturers.

Actual Field Efficiency: Usually between 88-92%, accounting for real-world conditions and

operational variations.

Additional energy losses can occur in the wiring between components:

1. From rooftop solar panels to the inverter.

2. From the inverter to the household circuit.

Key Considerations

When selecting an inverter, consider the following factors:

1. Compatibility: Ensure the inverter is compatible with the specific solar panels and battery

types used in the system.

2. Load Demand: Assess the system's overall load demand and power requirements to determine

the appropriate inverter size.

Battery System
The solar battery system plays a crucial role in providing a constant electricity supply, ensuring

that power is available even during cloudy days or at night. Key benefits include:

1. Continuous Power Supply: Guarantees electricity availability at all times.

2. Load Discharging: Allows discharging of up to 80% of the battery's capacity, providing

flexibility for energy use.

Battery Types and Ratings

Solar batteries are available in various voltages and amp-hour ratings to meet specific system

requirements, ensuring compatibility and efficiency.

2.5.1 Temperature Effects

Temperature significantly influences the performance of lead-acid batteries:

1. Optimum Operating Temperature: 77°F (25°C) is ideal for maximum efficiency.

2. Cold Temperatures: Slow down chemical reactions, reducing battery performance.

3. Warm Temperatures: Accelerate reactions, which can lead to faster degradation if not managed

properly.

2.5.2 Battery Voltage Monitoring

Monitoring battery voltage is essential for assessing the state of charge:

1. Cost-Effective Options: Voltage meters are relatively inexpensive and easy to use.

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

The solar installation process begin success with the first of all from the energy audit

Energy Audit Report: Faculty of Engineering

Facilities Audited:

1. Faculty Conference Room

2. Dean's Office

3. Dean's Secretary Office

4. Faculty Offices (3)

Energy Consumption Breakdown:

Faculty Conference Room

1. Sockets: 13 (wall sockets)

2. Lighting System: 12 units

3. Ceiling Fans: 2 units

4. Printer: 1 unit

Dean's Office

1. Sockets: 4 (wall sockets)

 2. Lighting System:

3. Ceiling Fans: 2 units

Dean's Secretary Office

1. Sockets: 2 (wall sockets)

2. Lighting System: 4 units

3. Ceiling Fan: 1 unit

Faculty Offices (3)

Each office has:

1. Sockets: 3 (wall sockets)

2. Lighting System: 4 units

3. Ceiling Fan: 1 unit

Dean's Office

Sockets: 400W * 4h = 1600Wh

Lighting: 80W5h400Wh

Fans: 14OWBh = 1120Wh

Total1600+400+1120-3120Wh

Dean's Secretary Office:

Sockets: 200W * 4h = 800Wh

Lighting: 40W * 5881 = 200Wh

Fan: 70W * 8h = 560Wh

Total 800+200+560 1560Wh

Two Faculty Offices:

Sockets: 300W * 4h = 1200Wh * 2 = 2400Wh

Lighting: 80W5h400Wh 2-800Wh

Fans: OWBh = 560Wh * 2 = 1120Wh

Total I = 2400 + 800 + 1120 = 4320Wh

Step 7: Solar Production Calculation

Assuming an average of 5 peak sunlight hours per day:

Total Solar Production = 4200W * 5h = 21000Wh

Total Solar Production = 4200W * 5h = 21000Wh

DISCUSSION

The solar installation project at the Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Otuoke,

demonstrates the university's commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship. The

project's successful completion has yielded several benefits.

A solar panel system with an inverter is highly recommended due to its noiseless operation, fuel-

free functionality, and eco-friendly nature. This system provides a convenient alternative power

source, supplementing mains failure.

Additional Considerations:

1. *Energy Storage*: Incorporating a battery bank to store excess energy generated during

the day for nighttime use or during power outages.

2. *System Monitoring*: Implementing a monitoring system to track performance, detect

issues, and optimize energy production.

3. *Grid Tie Option*: Considering a grid-tie system, allowing excess energy to be sold back

to the grid.

4. *System Sizing*: Properly sizing the system based on energy needs and available space.

5. *Maintenance*: Regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance.

*Overcoming Limitations:*

1. Space Optimization: Using high-efficiency panels or creative installation designs.

2. Financing Options: Exploring financing options or government incentives.

3. *Technology Advancements*: Monitoring advancements in solar panel efficiency.

Potential Enhancements:

1. *Smart Home Integration*: Integrating solar power with smart home systems.

2. *Electric Vehicle Charging*: Adding an EV charging station.

3. *Backup Power*: Incorporating a backup power source (e.g., generator) for extended

power outages
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