Internet of Things

Syllabus : The Internet of Things Today, Time for Convergence, Towards the IoT
Universe, Internet of Things Vision, IoT Strategic Research and
Innovation Directions, IoT Applications, Future Internet Technologies,
Infrastructure, Networks and Communication, Processes, Data
Management, Security, Privacy and Trust, Device Level Energy Issues,
IoT Related Standardization, Recommendations on Research Topics.

Section No. Topic Name Page No.

1.1 The Internet of Things Today 1-2

1.2 Time for Convergence 1-8

1.3 Towards the IoT Universe 1-9

1.4 Internet of Things Vision 1-9

1.5 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 1 - 13

1.6 Application Areas 1 - 18

1.7 Future Internet Technologies 1 - 27

1.8 Infrastructure 1 - 31

1.9 Networks and Communication 1 - 32

1.10 Processes 1 - 34

1.11 Data Management 1 - 34

1.12 Security, Privacy and Trust 1 - 40

1.13 Device Level Energy Issues 1 - 41

1.14 IoT Related Standardization 1 - 42

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1.1 The Internet of Things Today

 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects i.e. devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
 Wikipedia definition : The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers
to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-
configuring, such as household appliances.
 WSIS 2005 Definition : By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array
of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between
people and things, and between things
 A phenomenon which connects a variety of things. Everything that has the ability to
communicate.

 The Internet of Things is the intelligent connectivity of physical devices driving massive
gains in efficiency, business growth, and quality of life. Fig. 1.1.1 shows IoT ecosystem.
 The Internet of Things refers to the capability of everyday devices to connect to other
devices and people through the existing Internet infrastructure. Devices connect and
communicate in many ways. Examples of this are smart phones that interact with other
smart phones, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, connected video cameras, and
connected medical devices. They are able to communicate with consumers, collect and
transmit data to companies, and compile large amounts of data for third parties.

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Fig. 1.1.1

 IoT data differs from traditional computing. The data can be small in size and frequent in
transmission. The number of devices, or nodes, that are connecting to the networkare
also greater in IoT than in traditional PC computing.
 Machine-to-Machine communications and intelligence drawn from the devices and the
network will allow businesses to automate certain basic tasks without depending on
central or cloud based applications and services.
 IoT impacts every business. Mobile and the Internet of Things will change the types of
devices that connect into a company’s systems. These newly connected devices will
produce new types of data. The Internet of Things will help a business gain efficiencies,
harness intelligence from a wide range of equipment, improve operations and increase
customer satisfaction.
 Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, Internet Protocol, sensing technologies,
communication technologies, and embedded devices are merged together in order to form
a system where the real and digital worlds meet and are continuously in symbiotic
interaction.
 The smart object is the building block of the IoT vision. By putting intelligence into
everyday objects, they are turned into smart objects able not only to collect information
from the environment and interact /control the physical world, but also to be
interconnected, to each other, through Internet to exchange data and information.
 The expected huge number of interconnected devices and the significant amount of
available data open new opportunities to create services that will bring tangible benefits

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to the society, environment, economy and individual citizens. In this paper we present
the key features and the driver technologies of IoT. In addition to identifying the
application scenarios and the correspondent potential applications, we focus on research
challenges and open issues to be faced for the IoT realization in the real world.
 However, the IoT is still maturing, in particular due to a number of factors, which limit
the full exploitation of the IoT. Some of the factors are listed below :
1. There is no unique identification number system for object in the world.
2. IoT uses Architecture Reference Model (ARM) but there is no further development
in ARM.
3. Missing large-scale testing and learning environments
4. Difficulties in exchanging of sensor information in heterogeneous environments.
5. Difficulties in developing business which embraces the full support of the Internet
of Things.
Characteristics of the Internet of Things

1. Interconnectivity : Everything can be connected to the global information and

communication infrastructure.
2. Heterogeneity : Devices within IoT have different hardware and use different
networks but they can still interact with other devices through different networks.
3. Things-related services : Provides things-related services within the constraints of
things, such as privacy and semantic consistency between physical and virtual thing.
4. Dynamic changes : The state of a device can change dynamically.
1.1.1 Component of IoT

 The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices
for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key
tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security,
communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions.
 Major components of IoT devices are as follows:
1. Control units : A small computer on a single integrated circuit containing processor
core, memory and a programmable I/O peripheral. It is responsible for the main
operation.

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2. Sensor : Devices that can measure a physical quantity and convert it into a signal,
which can be read and interpreted by the microcontroller unit. These devices consist
of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensingmodules.
Most sensors fall into 2 categories: Digital or analog. An analog data is converted
to digital value that can be transmitted to the Internet.
a. Temperature sensors : accelerometers
b. Image sensors: gyroscopes
c. Light sensors : acoustic sensors
d. Micro flow sensors : humidity sensors
e. Gas RFID sensors : pressure sensors
3. Communication modules : These are the part of devices and responsible for
communication with rest of IoT platform. They provide connectivity according to
wireless or wired communication protocol they are designed. The communication
between IoT devices and the Internet is performed in two ways:
A) There is an Internet-enable intermediate node acting as a gateway;
B) The IoT Device has direct communication with the Internet.
 The communication between the main control unit and the communication module uses
serial protocol in most cases.
4. Power sources : In small devices the current is usually produced by sources like
batteries, thermocouples and solar cells. Mobile devices are mostly powered by
lightweight batteries that can be recharged for longer life duration.
 Communication Technology and Protocol : IoT primarily exploits standard protocols
and networking technologies. However, the major enabling technologies and protocols
of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio
protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct. These technologies support the specific networking
functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform network of
common systems.
Working :

1. Collect and transmit data : The device can sense the environment and collect
information related to it and transmit it to a different device or to the Internet.
2. Actuate device based on triggers : It can be programmed to actuate other
devices based on conditions set by user.
3. Receive information : Device can also receive information from the network.

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4. Communication assistance : It provides communication between two devices of

same network or different network.
 Fig. 1.1.2 shows working of IoT.

Fig. 1.1.2 : Working of IoT

 Sensors for various applications are used in different IoT devices as per different
applications such as temperature, power, humidity, proximity, force etc.
 Gateway takes care of various wireless standard interfaces and hence one gateway can
handle multiple techologies and multiple sensors. The typical wireless technologies
used widely are 6LoWPAN, Zigbee, Zwave, RFID, NFC etc. Gateway interfaces with
cloud using backbone wireless or wired technologies such as WiFi, Mobile , DSL or
Fibre.
1.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT
Advantages of IoT

1. Improved customer engagement and communication.

2. Support for technology optimization

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3. Support wide range of data collection

4. Reduced waste
Disadvantages of IoT

1. Loss of privacy and security : As all the household appliances, industrial machinery,
public sector services like water supply and transport, and many other devices all
are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on it.This
information is prone to attack by hackers.
2 Flexibility : Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another
3. Complexity : The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in the
software or hardware will have serious consequences. Even power failure can cause
a lot of inconvenience.
4. Compatibility : Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the
tagging and monitoring equipment
5. Save time and money
1.1.3 Application of IoT

1. Home : Buildings where people live. It controls home and security systems.
2. Offices : Energy management and security in office buildings; improved
productivity, including for mobile employees.
3. Factories : Places with repetitive work routines, including hospitals and farms;
operating efficiencies, optimizing equipment use and inventory.
4. Vehicles : Vehicles including cars, trucks, ships, aircraft, and trains; condition-
based maintenance, usage-based design, pre-sales analytics
5. Cities : Public spaces and infrastructure in urban settings; adaptive traffic control,
smart meters, environmental monitoring, resource management.
6. Worksites : It is custom production environments like mining, oil and gas,
construction; operating efficiencies, predictive maintenance, health and safety.

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Fig. 1.1.3

1.2 Time for Convergence

 Smartphone are not capable of running a multiplicity of user-driven applications and

connecting various sensors and objects are missing today. They cannot work properly
in heterogeneous environment.
 Fig. 1.2.1 shows IoT domain and application.

Fig. 1.2.1 : Domain and application of IoT

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 Step forward to the Internet of Things are as follows :

1. Coherence of object capabilities and behavior : Large number objects are
available for sensing and actuation for information processing.
2. Coherence of application interactivity : The applications will increase in
complexity and modularization, and boundaries between applications and services
will be unclear to a high degree.
3. Coherence of corresponding technology approaches : Smart Cities, Cloud
computing, Future Internet, robotics will evolve in their own way, but because of
complementarily also partly merge with the Internet of Things.
4. Coherence of real and virtual worlds : Today real and virtual worlds are perceived
as two antagonistic conceptions.

1.3 Towards the IoT Universe

 IoT is simply a concept wherein machines and everyday objects are connected via the
Internet. Within the IoT, devices are controlled and monitored remotely and usually
wirelessly.
 IDC predicts that the IoT will include 212 billion things globally by the end of 2020.
1. Development of a consistent, interoperable and accessible IoT across sectors,
including standardization.
2. Special attention is given to some of the most important application like health,
environment and energy consumption.
3. Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject for national and
international cooperation both for sharing best practices and development.
4. Offers security, privacy and trust in the scope of current legislation and
development of robust and future-proof general data protection rules.
5. Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European service provision and
removal of barriers such as roaming.

1.4 Internet of Things Vision

 Internet of Things is a concept and paradigm. It considers variety of object from the
environment and communicate with wireless and wired connections with unique
addressing method.
 A world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart
environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent.

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 Main goal of the IoT is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything
and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service. It is a new revolution of the
Internet.
 Using IPv6 with its abundant address spaces, globally unique object identification and
connectivity can be provided in a standardized manner without additional status or
address processing.
 New types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smart house, in which
appliances and services that provide notifications, security, energy-saving, automation,
telecommunication, computers and entertainment are integrated into a single ecosystem
with a shared user interface.
 There are a number of factors powering the progression of the IoT within the digital
economy, including :
1. Powerful new mobile, wearable or connected devices.
2. Application that fuel demand for mobile data and test the limits of the network
within most industry sector.
3. Cloud-based apps and those that rely on content stored in the cloud, which will
increase as development accelerates on new Platform-as-a-Service, mobile point
of sale and independent software vendor platforms.
4. New use cases, such as mobile video, which will be significant factors in driving
expensive capacity upgrades in networks.
 The end goal is to have plug-n-play smart objects that can be deployed in any
environment with an interoperable interconnection backbone that allows them to blend
with other smart objects around them. Standardization of frequency bands and protocols
plays a pivotal role in accomplishing this goal.
 The use of IP to communicate with and control small devices and sensors opens the
way for the convergence of large, IT-oriented networks with real time and specialized
networked applications.
 The idea of internet of things was developed in parallel to WSNs. The term internet of
things was devised by Kevin Ashton in 1999 and refers to uniquely identifiable objects
and their virtual representations in an “internet-like” structure.
 These objects can be anything from large buildings, industrial plants, planes, cars,
machines, any kind of goods, specific parts of a larger system to human beings, animals
and plants and even specific body parts of them.

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 While IoT does not assume a specific communication technology, wireless

communication technologies will play a major role, and in particular, WSNs will
proliferate many applications and many industries. The small, rugged, inexpensive and
low powered WSN sensors will bring the IoT to even the smallest objects installed in any
kind of environment, at reasonable costs.
 Fig. 1.4.1 shows IP convergence.
 The use of IP to communicate with and control small devices and sensors opens the
way for the convergence of large, IT-oriented networks with real time and specialized
networked applications.
 Offices and residential buildings have various control systems for heating, venting, and
air conditioning ; telephone service; security; and lighting.
 In just the last few years, we have moved beyond simply using our machines to connect
with other people and can now program them to connect directly to one another, allowing
for the collection and processing of information on an unprecedented scale.
 The new connectivity of both physical infrastructure and devices is being referred to as
the ‘industrial internet’, or the ‘internet of things’, while the technology that facilitates
this connectivity is most commonly called ‘Machine-to-Machine’ (M2M).
 By 2020, there will be 12.5 billion M2M devices globally, up from 1.3 billion devices
today (Hatton 2012) to put this in perspective, mobile internet use, which is also fast
becoming a part of our daily experience, is growing at only a fraction of the rate of M2M,
and the 400 million mobile internet users of 2007 are predicted to grow to two billion
users by 2015 (By Richmond 2011).

Fig. 1.4.1 : IP convergence

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 M2M applications in the energy, transportation, built environment and agriculture sectors
are the most promising, each offering the potential for profitably.
 Internet contains all types and sizes of devices connected. For example, smart phones,
home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, all
connected, all communicating and sharing information all the time. Fig. 1.4.2 shows this
communication.
 The Internet of Things is a “global concept” and requires a common definition.
 IoT Definition : A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced
services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and communication technologies.

Fig. 1.4.2 : Everything in Internet

 IoT Definition : A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced
services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and communication technologies.
 Several factors are driving the convergence of Information Technology and
Communication Technology and, consequently, contributing to the integration and
transformation of cloud, pipe, and device technologies is shown in Fig. 1.4.3.

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Fig. 1.4.3 : Convergence of information technology and communication technology

 In Internet of Things , wireless communication technology or systems will play a vital

role and they are enabling the smart objects or “Things” to be networked. The universal
assumption of wireless communication systems for exchanging data or information will
create various issues in terms of availability of frequency spectrum and it will impel
towards the assumption of Cognitive radio Systems.
 The abilities of wireless communication system can provide and identify the operation of
Internet of Things and also it will be possible to locate the smart objects or “Things”in
the physical area or zone. It is important that the various operations of IoT the energy
which will be spent for wireless communication and computing purpose should be very
less.
 The most important thing is techniques or related to energy gathering i.e. the energy
should be handled with proper care while dealing with the devices which are used in
IoT technology.

1.5 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions

 The goal of the IoT Strategic Research Agenda (IoT-SRA) is to direct the research efforts
to focus areas of identified significant value creation.

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 We are standing on the brink of a new ubiquitous computing and communication era, one
that will radically transform our corporate, community, and personal environments.
 Development of new technology like smart-phones, embedded system, cloud
networking, sensors, nano-electronics, network virtualization and software are requires
Internet connection all the time.
 The high level expert group on key enabling technologies (KETs) presented its final
report. This expert group was created with the aim to elaborate a European strategy to
develop several KETs - nanotechnology, micro and nanoelectronics, advanced materials,
photonics, industrial biotechnology and advanced manufacturing systems – and to allow
them to be more effectively exploited by industry.
 The reduction in the critical dimensions while keeping the electrical field constant, and
at the same time a user obtained at a higher speed with reduction in power consumption
of a digital MOS circuits.
 The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has highlighted in its early
editions and its associated benefits in terms of performances, the traditional parameters
in Moore’s Law.
 Mobile data traffic will be increases rapidly. In year 2015, technological survey was
conducted and it is observed that data traffic was increases and mobile operators are
facing problem to provide the required bandwidth to the client and customers.
 Extra frequency spectrum is not available in some countries. So proposed solutions are
the seamless integration of existing Wi-Fi networks into the mobile ecosystem and also
this will have a very big impact on IoT ecosystems.
 It is necessary to develop a chip to integrate all processes. It is called as “multicom chip”.
In a single silicon package, it is expected to cover Wi-Fi and baseband communications.
The architecture of mobile devices is likely to change as well as the baseband chip will
be taking control of the routing process, so the connectivity components are connected
to the baseband or integrated. So there will be change in the architectural design.
 Today many European projects address Internet of Things technologies, knowledge and
also it has been mentioned that these topics can be heterogeneous and specialized, also
there is a strong need for integration of the individual results.
 In this context, the integration of knowledge has been conceptualized as the process
through which some specialized cognizance situated in multiple projects across Europe
is applied and assimilated.

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 The Agenda of Strategic Research and Innovation has been developed with the proper
support of a European-led community of interrelated projects and their stakeholders with
dedication to the innovation, creation, development and use of the IoT technology.
1.5.1 Applications and Scenarios of Relevance

 The IERC is bringing together EU funded projects with the aim of defining a common
vision of IoT technology and addressing European research challenges. The rationale is
to target the large potential for IoT-based capabilities and promote the use of the results
from the existing projects to encourage the convergence of ongoing work to tackle the
most important deployment issues and the transfer of research and knowledge to products
and services and apply these in real IoT applications.
 A smart space is deployed in an IoT-enabled computing environment, creating an
infrastructure for application to construct and deliver value-added services based on
cooperative activity of environment participants, either human or machines.
 Fig. 1.5.1 shows IERC Vison for IoT Integrated Environment and Ecosystems.

Fig. 1.5.1 : IERC vision for IoT integrated environment and ecosystems

 The final goal is to test and develop innovative and interoperable IoT solutions in areas
of industrial and public interest.
 Smart is the new green as defined by Frost and Sullivan and the green products and
services will be replaced by smart products and services.

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 Smart space is an ecosystem of interacting computational objects on shared knowledge

base. The key goal is seamless provision of users with information using the best
available resources for all kinds of devices that the users can use in the ecosystem.
 Fig.1.5.2 shows smart room.

Fig. 1.5.2 : Equipment and service environment for participants in smart room

 Communication in a smart room uses a wireless LAN attached to the Internet.

Participants are chairman, active speaker and spectators. Two public screens are available
:
1. Agenda shows the event timetable and
2. Presentation shows material that each speaker presents.
 The participants access services in the smart room using personal mobile computers . The
room is equipped with sensor devices that sense the physical parameters of the
environment and participant activity.
 All knowledge is collected, organized, shared, and searched in a common smart space.
Local services run on local computers or nearby servers.
 The system accesses the external world for appropriate Internet services. Service
outcome is visible online on the public screens or personalized on mobile clients.
 The heterogeneity of participating devices and information sources immediately faces
with the interoperability challenge. Smart room service set is formed from multiple
sources of heterogeneous information and requires intensive processing, including
service discovery and the provision to a particular participant or a group of them.
 Personal information is essential for smart room operation, but it must support rigorous
security and privacy defense mechanisms.

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 Examples of particular problems are the following.

1. Integration of joining devices (e.g., personal devices) is seamless.
2. Service management is adaptive, e.g., when some services become temporarily
unavailable.
3. Knowledge exchange is supported: one service utilizes knowledge deduced by
another service, e.g., discussion of participants in the blog leads to updates in the
agenda.
 The smart spaces concept makes clear separation between device, service, and
information level interoperability. Device interoperability covers technologies for
devices to discover and network with each other. Service interoperability covers
technologies for space participants to discover services and use of them.
 Information interoperability covers technologies and processes for making in-formation
available without a need to know interfacing methods of the entity creating or consuming
the information.
 A smart space is a semantic information-centric extension of the IoT-aware connection
of physical and virtual objects.

Fig. 1.5.3 : IoT- smart environment and smart spaces creation

 Smart environments are places where different kind of embedded devices are
interconnected in order to provide their occupants intelligent services improving their
comfort and convenience. These smart environments are seen to be important for the

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future urban ecosystems in terms of user friendliness, quality of life, energy efficiency
and sustainability
 The security challenge includes traditional issues of open distributed systems, such as
key exchange and resource restrictions, and specific problems caused by the dynamicity
and heterogeneity of smart spaces.
 IoT applications need context-dependent and fine-grained access control. Smart space
access control policies define which knowledge processors (KPs) are allowed to access
which objects.
 Security level of joined devices is measured. Access control ontology allows representing
meta-information about the context and granularity.
 The approach enables devices to share knowledge with the same security level even when
these devices do not have interoperable security protocols for direct confidential
communication.
 Many IoT devices are of low capacity (memory, CPU, battery, etc.), and they cannot use
the full scale of security capabilities that the basic HIP or other Internet protocols provide.
1.5.2 IoT Functional View

 IoT solutions contains following modules :

1. for local IoT devices interaction.
2. for local analysis and data processing
3. for interaction with remote IoT devices
4. for application specific data analysis and processing
5. for integration of IoT-generated information into the business processes of an
enterprise.
 A large number of applications made available through application markets have
significantly helped the success of the smart phone industry.
 The development of such a huge number of smart phone applications is primarily due to
involvement of the developers’ community at large.

1.6 Application Areas

 Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse, permeating into practically
all areas of every-day life of individuals , enterprises, and society as a whole

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1.6.1 Smart Cities

 The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million every year. In addition,
more than 60 percent of the world’s population will be living in cities by 2050. As a
result, people occupying just 2 percent of the world’s land will consume about three-
quarters of its resources. Moreover, more than 100 cities of 1 million people will be built
in the next 10 years.
 Over the past decade, the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, has developed a vision for
collaborating, envisioning, developing, and testing numerous connected solutions that
could pave the way to a smarter, greener urban environment.
 Fig. 1.6.1 shows application in smart city.

Fig. 1.6.1 : Application in smart city

 A number of projects were launched, beginning in 2006, as Amsterdam identified ways

to improve sustainable living/working, public spaces, and mobility. Most recently, the
city has been exploring the potential for a connected public lighting infrastructure.
Fig. 1.6.2 shows concept of smart city.

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Fig. 1.6.2 : Smart city

 Innovations will aim to improve the quality of life in cities, encompassing security
issues and energy resourcefulness. Smart city includes :
1. Smarter management of city infrastructure using Big Data analytics
2. Collaboration across multiple and disparate agencies using cloud technologies
3. Real-time data collection, enabling quick response using mobile technologies
4. Enhanced security : improved public safety and law enforcement, and more
efficient emergency response
5. Better city planning improved schematics, project management and delivery
6. Networked utilities smart metering and grid management
7. Building developments more automation, and better management and security
 Research challenges for smart city IoT applications :
1. To overcome the traditional silo based organization of the cities.
2. Creating algorithms and schemes to describe information created by sensors in
different applications to enable useful exchange of information between different
city services.
3. Mechanisms for cost efficient deployment and even more important maintenance
of such installations, including energy scavenging

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4. Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of sensors and efficient calibration of a

large number of sensors deployed everywhere from lamp-posts to waste bins
5. Development of low energy protocols and algorithms
6. Algorithms for analysis and processing of data acquired in the city and making
“sense” out of it.
7. IoT large scale deployment and integration
 With smart city applications producing continuous large data from heterogeneous
sources, existing relational database technologies are inadequate to handle such huge
amounts of data given the limited processing speed and the significant storage expansion
cost.
 To address this problem, big data processing technologies, which are based on distributed
data management and parallel processing, have provided enabling platforms for data
repositories, distributed processing, and interactive data visualization
1.6.2 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid

 Smart grids are an advancement of the electricity grids that are being used currently. A
smart grid is an electrical grid that uses modern technology (digital or analog) to collect
and communicate electricity related information of both the suppliers and consumers.
 It not only enhances efficiency and reliability, but also improves the production and
distribution of electricity to the consumers. The process of installing a smart grid
necessarily means technical re-designing of the infrastructure at different levels. One
such measure means replacing the existing electronic meters (or electromechanical
meters) with smart meters, to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of the entire
electrical system.
 Fig. 1.6.3 shows smart grid.
 It uses information technologies to improve how electricity travels from power plants to
consumers and allows consumers to interact with the grid. It integrates new and improved
technologies into the operation of the grid.
 The smart grid will require wide, seamless, often real-time use of applications and tools
that enable grid operators and managers to make decisions quickly.
 Decision support and improved interfaces will enable more accurate and timely human
decision making at all levels of the grid, including the consumer level, while also enabling
more advanced operator training.

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Fig. 1.6.3 : Smart grid

 Energy storage systems are highly versatile and this is a technology that can meet the
needs of various users and be utilized in diverse fields. These include power generators
that use renewable energy, grid equipment like energy transmission and distribution
equipment, as well as commercial facilities, factories and homes.
1.6.3 Smart Transportation and Mobility

 Cities around the world face common transport challenges – from increasing congestion,
safety concerns and aging infrastructure to a lack of funding and increasing
environmental impacts. Like their colleagues in city administration and government,
transport officials are starting to implement "smart solutions" to address these challenges
and provide improved mobility in their cities, better services for citizens and a more cost-
effective transport network
 Vehicle networking : Utilizing the new technologies, such as wireless communication,
positioning and navigation, context awareness, to implement the connections between
vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to man, vehicle to infrastructure, so that the integratedservice
can be provided.
 The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an integration of three networks : an inter-vehicle
network, an intra-vehicle network, and vehicular mobile Internet.

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 The research and development, as well as the industrial application of IoV technologies
will promote the integration of automotive and information technology. The integrated
information services of vehicles, vehicle safety, and economic performance will
contribute to a more intelligent urban transportation system and advance social and
economic development.
 The IoV will have far reaching influence on the consumer vehicle market, consumer
lifestyle, and even modes of behavior.
 The application of IoV technology in providing information services, improving traffic
efficiency, enhancing traffic safety, implementing supervision and control and other
aspects will make millions of people enjoy more comfortable, convenient and safe traffic
service.
 Large concentrations of vehicles, e.g., in city parking facilities during business hours, can
also provide the ad-hoc computational resources which will be of interest to thosein the
IT fields.
 Complementary efforts should be made for developing and enhancing middle-ware
platforms which will enable analytic and semantic processing of data coming from
vehicles.
1.6.4 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing

 Manufacturers are increasingly adding software, sensors, and wireless connectivity to

their products, providing a foundation for the Internet of Things , which IDC defines as
a network of uniquely identifiable endpoints that communicate without human
interaction using IP connectivity.
 IoT opportunities can be split into two broad categories: supporting the process or
supporting the product. For IoT-supported processes, we believe that by 2020, at least
half of all corporate standard processes will have automated data acquisition and a quarter
will have self-correction capabilities.
 For IoT-supported products, we also expect that manufacturers will see onboard service
revenue double in its share of total industry revenue by 2020 because of IoT and
connected products.
 Manufacturers have the opportunity to adapt processes with IoT to lower costs, optimize
operations, reduce resource consumption, improve productivity, enhance customer
service, and manage the supply chain. Similarly, they can also use IoT todrive product-
related benefits, such as improving product quality, increasing uptime,

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and using actual performance data to drive future design changes in the next generation
of products.
 As IoT provides the basis for an increasing amount of automated data acquisition,
manufacturers will be able to adapt their processes and their products not just for
incremental improvements but also for transformation of the product, service, and
business model.
 IoT gives manufacturers the opportunity to create "intelligent" products that can sense,
learn, and predict customer needs as well as interconnect with other product ecosystems.
1.6.5 Smart Health

 IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification
systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate
monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants.
 Smart health systems provide health related services using a network,some kind of
connection between intelligent agents. These intelligent agents could be computing
devices, mobile phones, sensors, Fitbit smart bands, surgical devices, devices that
measure your blood chemistry, or devices that measure your brainwaves. Any of these
things could be intelligent agents.
 The human actors,patients or healthcare providers for example could be intelligentagents
in this system. The sensors, devices, computers, applications, and human actors are all
intelligent agents that might be connected in the smart health system.
 Smart healthcare is an important research area for Internet of Things , which employs
sensors and other information identifying technologies, wireless and wired networks to
realize large-scale, multi-layer interaction between patients and medical equipments,
medical staff and healthcare institutions.
 Some challenges in the healthcare system are as follows :
1. Smarter hospital : Smarter hospital is an important improvement of smart
healthcare system. A natural problem is how to build a smarter hospital for greatly
improving medical services and patient experience.
2. Data integration/realtimeness : How to combine heterogeneous health data
sources in a unified and meaningful way enables the discovery and monitoring of
health data from different sources. It is also important for smart healthcare to ensure
the data realtimeness.

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3. Medical resource shortness : There are not enough medical resources for the
population. For example, there are fewer doctors and high-level healthcare
institutions but more patients.
4. “Low” usage of community health service centers. In contrast with community
health service centers, people prefer the high-level healthcare institutions. This
results in the low usage of community service centers.
5. Bad health habits. The citizens have some bad health habits that contribute to poor
health, for instance, smoking and no sport.
6. Lack of information sharing. Hospitals are not sharing enough information. This
leads to the following two problems at least. First, the health information records
of patients cannot be queried. Second, there is lack of medical cooperation between
hospitals.
 The links between the many applications in health monitoring are :
1. Applications require the gathering of data from sensors
2. Applications must support user interfaces and displays
3. Applications require network connectivity for access to infrastructural services
4. Applications have in-use requirements such as low power, robustness, durability,
accuracy and reliability.
 Connected medical devices and associated IoT technologies will primarily be used to
achieve the following capabilities :
1. Access real time visibility of the patient's condition, his/her activities, context and
physiological parameters
2. Monitor compliance to prescribed treatment, diet and exercise regimes
3. Provide feedback and cues to patients, family members, doctors and caregivers in
order to implement corrective action
4. Leverage high performance computing for real time feedback and use evidence-
based medicine for better patient outcome
1.6.6 Food and Water Tracking and Security

 Important natural resources in the world are food and fresh water. Organic food produced
without addition of certain chemical substances and according to strict rules, or food
produced in certain geographical areas will be particularly valued. Similarly, freshwater
from mountain springs is already highly valued.

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 The research challenges are :

1. Design of cost efficient and secure mechanism for tracking food and water from
production place to consumers.
2. Monitoring production processes
3. Ensure trust and secure exchange of data among applications and infrastructure
1.6.7 Participatory Sensing

 Participatory Sensing is data collection and interpretation.

 Participatory Sensing emphasizes the involvement of citizens and community groups in
the process of sensing and documenting where they live, work, and play.
 Participatory Sensing can draw on a variety of data collection devices, such as home
weather stations and water quality tests, but several features of mobile phones make them
a special and unprecedented tool for engaging participants in sensing their local
environment.
 The broad pro-liferation of cellular infrastructure and mobile phone usage makes it
possible to collect data over large areas for little incremental cost.
 Participatory sensing applications rely on the participation of end users with mobile
computing devices to create interactive sensor networks that en-able data gathering,
analysis, and sharing.
 Participatory sensing applications come with a number of challenges that need to be
solved :
1. Addressing scalability and large scale deployments
2. Ensuring privacy of individuals providing observations
3. Efficient mechanisms for sharing and distribution of community wisdom
4. Reliability and trustworthiness of observed data
5. Design of algorithms for normalization of observations taking into account the
conditions under which the observations were taken.
1.6.8 Social Networks and IoT

 The idea of the Internet of Things is linking digital information to a network and
thereby relating digital information to real world physical items. While many termshave
been used to describe the vision of seamless information access, exchange and
manipulation, the IoT can become a daily reality by the adoption and deployment of more
and more networked objects. The impact thus is not only achieved by communication but
by cooperation.

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 Social networks serve human needs: by updating a status description on Face-book or

sending out a tweet, users can let their network of friends - or even the digital public -
know what is happening in their lives. Moreover, videos, pictures, or also news and links
get spread by a few mouse clicks. Currently, Facebook receives 55 millions of manual
updates by 350 millions of users worldwide.
 Future research directions in IoT applications should consider the social dimension, based
on integration with social networks which can be seen as another bundle of information
streams.

1.7 Future Internet Technologies

1.7.1 Cloud Computing

 Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on- demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service-provider interaction.
 Cloud computing refer to a variety of services available over the Internet that deliver
compute functionality on the service provider's infrastructure. Its environment
(infrastructure) may actually be hosted on either a grid or utility computing environment,
but that doesn't matter to a service user.
 Cloud computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network based
computing that takes place over the Internet, basically a step on from Utility Computing.
In other words, this is a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software
and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
 Using the Internet for communication and transport provides hardware, software and
networking services to clients. These platforms hide the complexity and details of the
underlying infrastructure from users and applications by providing very simple graphical
interface or API.
 In addition, the platform provides on demand services that are always on anywhere,
anytime and any place. Pay for use and as needed, elastic. The hardware and software
services are available to the general public, enterprises, corporations and business
markets.
 Cloud storage is a model of networked online storage where data is stored in virtualized
pools of storage which are generally hosted by third parties. Hosting companies operate
large data centers and people who require their data to be hosted buy or lease storage
capacity from them.

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 Cloud storage services may be accessed through a web service API, a cloud storage
gateway or through a web-based user interface.
 Cloud computing solutions are made up of several elements.
1. Clients : Mobile, terminals or regular computers.
2. Benefits : Lower hardware costs, lower IT costs, security, data security, lesspower
consumption, ease of repair or replacement, less noise.
3. Data centers : Collection of servers where the application to subscribe is housed. It
could be a large room in the basement of your building or a room full of servers on
the other side of the world
4. Virtualizing servers : Software can be installed allowing multiple instances of
virtual servers to be used and a dozen virtual servers can run on one physical server.
5. Distributed servers : Servers don't all have to be housed in the same location. It can
be in geographically disparate locations. If something were to happen at one site,
causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through another site. If the
cloud needs more hardware, they can add them at another site.
 In Software as a Service (SaaS) model, application is hosted as a service to
customers who access it via the Internet.
 Platform as a service is another application delivery model and also known as cloud-
ware. Supplies all the resources required to build applications and services
completely from the Internet, without having to download or install software.
1.7.2 IoT and Semantic Technologies

 Large number of highly distributed and heterogeneous devices in the IoT need to be
interconnected and communicate in different scenarios autonomously. This implies that
providing interoperability among the “Things” on the IoT is one of the most fundamental
requirements to support object addressing, tracking, and discovery as well as information
representation, storage, and exchange.
 The suite of technologies developed in the Semantic Web, such as ontologies, semantic
annotation, Linked Data and semantic Web services, can be uses as principal solutions
for the purpose of realising the IoT.
 Fig. 1.7.1 shows semantics in the IoT.

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Fig. 1.7.1 : Semantics in the IoT

 Semantic technologies will also have a key role in enabling sharing and re-use of virtual
objects as a service through the cloud.
 Future research on IoT is likely to embrace the concept of Linked Open Data. This
could build on the earlier integration of ontologies (e.g., sensor ontologies) into IoT
infrastructures and applications.
 Linked Data is an approach to relate different resources and is currently adopted on the
Web. The four principles, of publishing data as linked data includes:
1. Using URI’s as names for things; everything is addressed using unique URI’s.
2. Using HTTP URI’s to enable people to look up those names; all the URI’s are
accessible via HTTP interfaces.
3. Providing useful RDF information related to URI’s that are looked up by machine
or people;
4. Linking the URI’s to other URI’s.
 The current linked open data effort on the Web provides a large of number of interlinked
data represented in RDF accessible via common standard interfaces. The linked data
approach is also applied to the IoT domain by providing semantic data and linking it to
other domain dependent resources such as location information and semantic tags.
 The linked data approach enables resources described via different models and ontologies
to be interconnected. Linking the data to existing domain knowledge and resources also
makes the descriptions more interoperable.
1.7.3 Autonomy

 There is still a lack of research on how to adapt and tailor existing research on autonomic
computing to the specific characteristics of CPS, such as high dynamicity

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and distribution, real-time nature , resource constraints and lossy environment. Most
existing research in self-aware IoT is lacking experimentation for validation.

 Autonomy in IoT can be realized by implementing self-managing systems. Self-

management is the property of a system to achieve management and maintenance of its
resources intrinsically and internally. Management and maintenance is realized through
many levels of decision making.
 In IoT, the management scope extends to access management, device management as
well as service management. Thus, for self-management, decision making in IoT should
pertain to this management scope of IoT.
 An Autonomic Computing (AC) system is required to be self-managing, with a
“minimum of human interference”
Characteristics of an AC System

1. Self-configuring : being able to modify interactions and behaviours based on

changes in the environment.
2. Self-healing : being able to discover, diagnose and prevent disruptions.
3. Self-optimizing : being able to tune resource usage and improve workload
balancing
4. Self-protecting : being able to detect, identify and protect against failure and
security attacks

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1.8 Infrastructure

 The Internet of Things refers to the set of devices and systems that interconnect real-
world sensors and actuators to the Internet. This includes many different types of systems,
such as:
1. Mobile devices
2. Smart meters and objects
3. Wearable devices including clothing, health care implants, smart watches, and
fitness devices
4. Internet-connected automobiles
5. Home automation systems, including thermostats, lighting, and home security
6. Other measuring sensors for weather, traffic, ocean tides, road signals, and more
 Internet of Things applications require diverse sensors and actuators. IoT devices and
services should be able to connect seamlessly and on a plug-and-play basis. How your
device connects to the rest of the world is a key consideration for Internet of Things
products.
 To work with all features of Internet of Things, different types of application must run
on it. Devices used in the IoT, must support plug and play facility.
 The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding the things required. An
application may run anywhere, including on the things themselves. Finding things is not
limited to the start-up time of an application.
 IoT infrastructure has to support finding things according to location.
Infrastructure-related Research Questions

1. Low-power communication : Many IoT devices are small and do not have access
to a continuous power source. Battery size, lifetime, and cost impose significant
constraints on how these devices compute and communicate.
2. Computer networking researchers often grapple with questions of scale. For
example, today's Internet routing system interconnects more than 3 billion people,
more than a half million IP address blocks, and more than 50 thousand separately
administered networks. The networking community responded to the rapid growth
of the Internet by designing routing protocols, router architectures, and operational
practices to manage this kind of scale.
3. The unique properties of IoT devices have the potential make the underlying
network an even more important part of any viable defense. IoT devices may not

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defend themselves appropriately, due to limited computing and power resources as

well as a lack of security expertise among device manufacturers and end users.
4. How IoT devices should support for security and privacy look?
5. How can the infrastructure support accounting and charging as the basis for
different IoT business models?
6. How to provide security and privacy functions at infrastructure level on the basis
of heterogeneous and resource limited components of the infrastructure?

1.9 Networks and Communication

 Internet of Things is an integrated part of Future Internet including existing and evolving
Internet and network developments.
 IoT allows communication among very heterogeneous devices connected via a very wide
range of networks through the Internet infrastructure. IoT devices and resources are any
kind of device connected to Internet, from existing devices, such as servers, laptops, and
personal computers, to emerging devices such as smart phones, smart meters, sensors,
identification readers, and appliances.
 Capturing real world data, information and knowledge and events is becoming
increasingly easier with sensor networks, social media sharing, location based services,
and emerging IoT applications. The knowledge capturing and using is done in many cases
at application level and the networks are mainly agnostic about what is happeningaround
the terminals connected to the Internet.
 Embedding real world information into networks, services and applications is one of
the aims of IoT technology by using enabling technologies like wireless sensor and
actuator networks, IoT devices, ubiquitous device assemblies and RFID.
 The Internet of Things infrastructure allows combinations of smart objects , sensor
network technologies, and human beings, using different but interoperable
communication protocols and realises a dynamic ultimodal/heterogeneous network that
can be deployed also in inaccessible, or remote spaces or in cases of emergencies or
hazardous situations.
 Network users will be humans, machines, things and groups of them.
 IoT research and development is becoming more complex, due to the already highly
advanced level of technology, the global, inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary
collaboration needed and the ever increasing demands of society and the economic global
marketplace.

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 Capabilities such as self-awareness, context awareness and inter-machine

communication are considered a high priority for the IoT. Integration of memory and
processing power, and the ability to withstand harsh environments are also a high priority,
as are the best possible security techniques.
 Capabilities such as self-awareness, context awareness and inter-machine
communication are considered a high priority for the IoT.
 New smart antennas that can be embedded in the objects and made of new materials are
the communication means that will enable new advanced communications systems on
chip.
 In the Internet of Things the following topics related to communication technology have
to be considered:
1. Communication to enable information exchange between “smart things/objects”
and gateways between those “smart things/objects” and Internet.
2. Communication with sensors for capturing and representing the physical world in
the digital world.
3. Communication with actuators to perform actions in the physical world triggered
in the digital world.
4. Communication with distributed storage units for data collection from sensors,
identification and tracking systems.
5. Communication for interaction with humans in the physical world.
6. Communication and processing to provide data mining and services.
7. Communication for physical world localization and tracking.
8. Communication for identification to provide unique physical object identification
in the digital world.
 IP provides today the protocol for implementing IoT applications. More research is
required for IP technology and eventually the development of different post IP protocols
optimized for IoT, compatible and interoperable with the exiting IP technologies.
 Issues to be addressed :
1. Network technologies (fixed, wireless, mobile etc.).
2. Ad-hoc, wireless sensor networks.
3. Autonomic computing and networking.
4. Opportunistic networking

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 IoT requires both an architecture and products that allow for the extension of Internet
technologies, in order to reach a Future Internet of Things, Services and People.
 The number of devices that are connected to the Internet is growing exponentially. This
has led to defining a new conception of Internet, the commonly called Future Internet,
which started with a new version of the Internet Protocol (IPv6) that extends the
addressing space in order to support all the emerging Internet-enabled devices.
 IPv6 is the fundamental technology for the IoT. It is estimated that several billion things
will be connected by 2020. Unlike IPv4, IPv6 can address this number of objects. The
IPv6 address space supports 2128 unique addresses

1.10 Processes
Adaptive and Event-driven Processes

 Processes become more adaptive after an IoT integration. Data collection is based on
event or entity. When data is collected from the sensor or real time data, integration
processes happens. Such events can occur at any time in the process.
 Event occurrence probability is very low. How to react to a single event can depend on
the context, i.e. the set of events that have been detected previously.
Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data

 When dealing with events coming from the physical world, a degree of unreliability and
uncertainty is introduced into the processes.
 If decisions in a business process are to be taken based on events that have some
uncertainty attached, it makes sense to associate each of these events with some value for
the quality of information.
Processes Dealing with Unreliable Resources

 Data as well as resources are inherently unreliable. This is because of failure of the
hosting device. Processes relying on such resources need to be able to adapt to such
situations. It is necessary to detect a failure.
 The quality of the generated reports should be regularly audited for correctness.

1.11 Data Management

 Data management is the ability to manage data information flow. With data management
in the management service layer, information can be accessed, integrated

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and controlled. Higher layer applications can be shielded from the need to process
unnecessary data and reduce the risk of privacy disclosure of the data source.
 Data is received from the Sensors and actuators which is relayed by the micro- controller
through WiFi, GPRS, RFID, ZigBee and open connectivity to the Router. These data has
to be refined from the database or repository using the Data Mining algorithms like
clustering and classification which analyses semantically and syntactically.
 Challenges and opportunities of data management are :
1. Data Collection and Analysis
2. Big Data
3. Semantic Sensor Networking
4. Virtual Sensors
5. Complex Event Processing.
Data Collection and Analysis (DCA)

 Main functions of a DCA module are as follows :

1. Data storing : Provides storage of the customer’s information collected by sensors.
2. User data and operation modeling : Allows the customer to create new sensor data
models to accommodate collected information and the modelling of the supported
operations
3. On demand data access : Provides APIs to access the collected data
4. Customer rules/filtering : Allows the customer to establish its own filters and
rules to correlate events
5. Customer task automation : Provides the customer with the ability to manage his
automatic processes.
6. Customer workflows : Allows the customer to create his own workflow to
process the incoming events from a device
Big Data

 Big data is about the processing and analysis of large data repositories on Cloud
computing. Big document summarization method is an important technique for data
management of IoT.
 Traditional document summarization methods are restricted to summarize suitable
information from the exploding IoT big data on Cloud.

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 Big data requires exceptional technologies to efficiently process large quantities of data
within a tolerable amount of time.
 Technologies being applied to big data include massively parallel processing (MPP)
databases, data-mining grids, distributed file systems, distributed databases, cloud
computing platforms, the Internet, and scalable storage systems.
 Companies focused on the big data topic, such as Google, Yahoo!, Face-book or some
specialised start-ups.
Semantic Sensor Networks and Semantic Annotation of Data

 The sensor networks range from tiny wireless artifacts to mobile devices (with many
sensors) to large scale systems (in smart cities and environmental monitoring networks).
 Applications and users are typically interested in querying various events and requesting
measurement and observation data from the physical world.
 Integration of data from physical objects, using embedded processors and sensors, into
the Web is giving rise to the emergence of a new generation of systems.
 The incorporation of physical object data with the Web data, using
 information processing and knowledge engineering methods, enables the constructionof
"‘intelligent and interconnected things"’ and "‘smart environments"’.
 Utilising semantic Web technologies in the sensor networks results in a new concept,
sometimes referred to as Semantic Sensor Networks.
 Sheth et al. propose annotating sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic
metadata and refer to this as the Semantic Sensor Web (SSW). This approach uses the
current OGC and SWE specifications, extends them with semantic Web technologies and
provides enhanced machine-interpretable semantic descriptions.
 Associating sensor and sensor network data with other concepts (on the Web) and
reasoning the data makes this information widely available for different applications,
front-end services and data consumers.
 Semantics allow machines to interpret links and relations between the different attributes
of a sensor description and also other data existing on the Web or provided byother
applications and resources.
 Fig. 1.11.1 shows publishing data from sensors and services on the Web

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Fig. 1.11.1 : Publishing data from sensors and services on the Web

 The example shows a parcel that is tagged with an RFID tag which is scanned every time
it is loaded or unloaded. The post delivery van has a GPS sensor which reports its location
and a twitter service is deployed to report the status of the parcel to interested twitter
followers.
 In a semantic integration scenario each of these sensors and services need to be able to
describe and/or discover what type of in-formation is published and who can use this
information. This includes the sensor or service descriptions and also the data reported
from sensors and services.
 Fig.1.11.2 shows a gateway component for Semantic Sensor Networks. The gateway
component is divided into three main layers.
 The connectivity layer establishes the connection with a capillary sensor network. A
connector modules for each supported sensor/protocol platform should be developed.
 External nodes directly connect to the gateway or use multi-hop connections. The
gateway provides a common interface which higher level applications and services can
access the under-lying sensor networks and their capabilities.
 When a new node is activated, the node context information is stored in the gateway
repository. The goal of storing this information is to obtain a semantic description that
other processes can exploit and infer the status and capabilities of each node.

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Fig. 1.11.2 : Gateway component for semantic sensor networks

 The information processing layer uses the data from the connectivity layer and from the
context information to support query analysis and processing. To establish a reliable
connection between sensor nodes and gateway, a method similar to the association and
negotiation protocol in the IEEE 802.11 Standard’s negotiation steps is developed.
 The term “annotation” can denote both the process of annotating and the result of that
process. Semantic annotations, no matter inferred from the sensor data or provided by
users, represent the context data which can be utilised to create context-aware
applications.
Virtual Sensors

 Virtual sensors and actuators are a programming abstraction simplifying the development
of decentralized WSN applications.
 A virtual sensor is a software sensor as opposed to a physical or hardware sensor. Virtual
sensors provide indirect measurements of abstract conditions by combining sensed data
from a group of heterogeneous physical sensors.

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Fig. 1.11.3 : A building fire control application

 For example, on an intelligent construction site, users may desire the cranes to have safe
load indicators that determine if a crane is exceeding its capacity. Such a virtual sensor
would take measurements from physical sensors that monitor boom angle, load,
telescoping length, two-block conditions, wind speed, etc
 Signals from these individual sensors can be used in calculations within a virtual sensor
to determine if the crane has exceeded its safe working load.
 Applications focus on a control loop where inputs are the data sensed in a given area of
the system, and outputs are the actions to be executed in a possibly different area. For in-
stance, in a building fire control system, shown in Fig. 1.11.3.
 A building fire control application. The control algorithm maps sensed inputs to output
commands. The sensing and acting tasks insist on different parts of the system.
 The virtualization of sensors can be considered at different levels and shows in Fig.
1.11.4. At the lowest level are those related with the more local processing of several
simple measurements and at the highest level, the abstract combination ofdifferent
sensors at the application level.

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Fig. 1.11.4 : Different levels for sensor virtualization

1.12 Security, Privacy and Trust

 The security of the Internet of Things, the following principles can be established.
a) Identity : Trust is always tied to an identity. Therefore every device needs a unique
identity that can't be changed. The device must also be able to prove its identity at
all times.
b) Positive intention : The device and linked service have positive intentions.
c) Predictability and transparency : The functional scope of the service provided by
devices is known to its full extent. There are no undocumented (secret) functions.
The behaviour of the system can be checked at any time by independent third parties.
d) Reputation : An increasing number of positive interactions between the things
gradually form a reputation based intelligent network
Bringing Trust to the Internet of Things

 The Internet of Things touches many different sectors and applications, ranging from
connected cars to smart homes and intelligent infrastructure. This diversity has spawned
an ecosystem that consumers need to trust to keep their data protected.

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1.13 Device Level Energy Issues

 One of the essential challenges in IoT is how to interconnect “things” in an interoperable

way while taking into account the energy constraints, knowing that the communication
is the most energy consuming task on devices.
 Low power communication technologies are as follows :
1. IEEE802.15.4 has developed a low-cost, low-power consumption, low complexity,
low to medium range communication standard.
2. Bluetooth low energy is the ultra-low power version of the Bluetooth technology.
3. Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Technology is an emerging technology in the IoT
domain that transmits signals across a much larger frequency range than
conventional systems.
4. RFID/NFC proposes a variety of standards to offer contact less solutions.
Energy Harvesting

 It is a process by which energy is derived from external sources. Energy harvesters

provide a very small amount of power for low-energy electronics. The energy source for
energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free
 Energy harvesting is a topic of substantial and increasing research attention, and motion-
driven devices represent a large fraction of this activity. Motion energy harvesting
devices are now offered commercially by several companies, mainly for applications
where machine vibration is the motion source, although body-powered applications
(particularly body sensor networks) are actively pursued.
 Energy harvesting (EH) must be chosen according to the local environment. For outside
or luminous indoor environments, solar energy harvesting is the most appropriate
solution. In a closed environment thermal or mechanical energy may be a better
alternative.
 The sources of energy available for harvesting are essentially of four forms : light, radio-
frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation, thermal gradients, and motion, including fluid
flow.
 Solar cells are the most mature and commercially established energy-harvesting solution.
 While cost is a key parameter for large-scale photovoltaic generation, at the small scale
of portable electronic devices this is less of an issue, and light avail-ability is instead the
key limitation.

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 Low power devices are expected to require 50 mW in transmission mode and less in standby or
sleep modes. EH devices cannot supply this amount of energy in a continuous active mode, but
instead intermittent operation mode can be used in EH- powered devices.
 The sensor node’s average power consumption corresponds to the total amount of energy
needed for one measurement cycle multiplied by the frequency of the operation

1.14 IoT Related Standardization

 Standards mean in general common methods, norms and regulations, based on which some
work must be done, some product or service must be produced or some actions beconducted.
Standards can be official and binding (de jure).
 De facto standards can be formed by companies or groups of companies (interest groups,
consortia, alliances, associations, etc.) which have come first into the market orapplication area
and therefore the used methods/protocols etc. have become de facto standards. Standards play
an important role in applying new technologies. With standards different actors in industry and
in ecosystems can utilize similar and connective systems.
 Standards are published documents that establish specifications and procedures designed to
maximize the reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or servicespeople use every
day. Standards address a range of issues, including but not limited to various protocols to help
maximize product functionality and compatibility, facilitate interoperability and support
consumer safety and public health.
 Fig. 1.14.1 shows standardization process.

Fig. 1.14.1

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 Internet of Things

Interoperability and Open Standard Development

 With the popularity of IoT devices, many IoT protocols and standards have been developed. In
contrast to ordinary computers, IoT devices are normally constrained when it comes to memory
space and processing capacity.
 In addition, IoT devices may be deployed where there is no or limited access to a powergrid,
which means that they need to operate under power supply from batteries or small solar panels.
 As a consequence, power-efficient communication protocols with small memory footprints and
limited demands on processing have been developed to support IoT devices.
 IoT protocols have been standardized on virtually all layers of the protocol stack.

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