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Lab Exp1

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3 views

Lab Exp1

Uploaded by

ee220002050
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Exp.

1 Realization of Basic Op-amp Circuits

Introduction: Op-amps are basic building blocks of most electronic circuits. Consider the op-amp to be a
black box (no requirement to know the inside circuitry) whose output is proportional to the difference
between its two inputs:

V1

Vo = A(V1 – V2)
V2

Here, A is a scalar gain called as open-loop voltage gain. The figure above depicts the schematic symbol
of an op-amp, the physical structure of real op-amp IC is totally different. To run an op-amp we require a
DC power supply. TA will instruct you how to use the op-amp IC 741.

Build-up your understanding

As the course name is ‘Analog Circuits Design’, you will learn how to design circuits with op-amps.

Suppose you have been given an op-amp to make any type of circuit using it. And you are a novice; you
don’t know design of any circuitry. You will not be like a noob, you will think what to do.
+15V

1
3
2

-15V

You would first try to see how many terminals the op-amp has. Three terminals – two for input and one
for output. Then you may think of connecting a source at input side, and doing some connections using
R,L, or C. For example, if you give a sinusoidal signal between inputs 1 and 2, what waveform comes at
the output?

The output voltage terminal is certainly the voltage difference at the input times the open-loop
amplification factor. But is this always true? As open-loop amplification of op-amp is in order of 10 5, the
output terminal gets saturated at +15V for positive half cycle and -15V for negative half cycle.

Vo
+15
5

ΔVin

-15

Characteristics of Op-Amp
One can’t have amplification without supplying energy. The saturation happens because the amplified
output is always limited by the voltage supply to the op-amp i.e. 15V. So we can use this circuit. to
synthesize a clock signal (square signal) for making digital CMOS circuits. But our purpose for now is to
amplify the mV-V range signals.

What if I connect a resistor between terminals 1 and 2? Nothing would happen. If a signal is applied in
series or parallel with the resistor (you aren’t needed to implement the circuits), just do analysis on pen-
paper.

If we aren’t getting anything useful from terminals 1 and 2, then try out with 2 and 3. But one thing to
be kept in mind is that the applied signal will always remain at the input side as the reference/GND will
be any of the two inputs.

So you can place a resistor R1 between 2 and 3, and apply a signal between 1 and 2. Check what is
happening?

Upo- + complete circuitry. Then guess what little modification we do to get some meaningful circuit?

Yes, connecting one more resistor say R2 between the battery and R1 makes current to flow across R1.

Describe the function of circuit you get. And if you get some meaningful function, implement using IC
741, breadboard and jumper wire.

Mention all the values of the resistances you used (R1 = ____ and R 2 = ____ ) and neatly draw output
waveforms corresponding to the input wave (sinusoidal, square or triangle) from Function Generator.

For the input waveforms (a) sinusoidal with frequency 1kHz and 2V pp (b) square with frequency 500Hz
and 1Vpp draw the output waveform:

(a) (b)

Can you think yourself to obtain one more pair of circuits in the similar fashion? Yes of course,
connecting 1 and 3 with resistor and proceeding in the similar way! You can refer the explanation given
in the journal guide. Don’t spend more than 15 minutes on this, as we will be looking more into this in
Exp.4. The journal guide will be uploaded in the Google classroom to you after completion of the
experiment so that you can learn how to design by next week.
Now instead of resistors, you can also use capacitor and inductor. So deduce a generic model which
allows you to tailor all the circuits for different functions, using generalized impedances Z 1, Z2, Z3… at
different locations and a voltage source either at Input 1 or Input 2. There are several possible
combinations so elucidate the cases in which some meaningful circuit can come out by eliminating the
cases in which anomaly happens. For the next three sessions, you will be doing the circuit analysis of
each combination to check which of the circuits will have meaningful functions, and think for what
purpose we can use those circuits.

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