DOCUMENT NUMBER TP - 09 – 004

PAGE NUMBER Page 1

PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 OBJECTIVE

2.0 PREREQUISTES OT CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT

3.0 CALCULATION OF UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHT

4.0 CORRECTION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT

5.0 FLUE GAS EFFLUX VELOCITY CALCULATION

6.0 CHIMNEY SAMPLING POINT

7.0 DUST LOADING

8.0 APPENDIX

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 DOCUMENT NUMBER TP - 09 – 004
PAGE NUMBER Page 2
PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

1.0 OBJECTIVE

This standard was set up mainly for the purpose of determining the required chimney height in
accordance to DOE requirements.

2.0 PREREQUISTES OT CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT

2.1 Type of boiler

2.2 Boiler Model
2.3 Boiler Capacity and Boiler Rating
2.4 Type and Properties of fuel being used
2.5 No of boiler
2.6 Efficiency of boiler
2.7 The Volume of combustion product
2.8 Sulphur content of fuel oil. Refer table 1 in Appendix or normally the percentage of sulphur
contained in the fuel should be obtained from the supplier.

3.0 CALCULATION OF UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHT

3.1 For Very Low Sulphur fuels(<0.04%S), U can be obtained from the gross heat input

Q = W * B/3600 = QB * 100/η

3.1.1 For heat input from 30 MW to 150 MW

U = 1.36Q0.6 ( 1 – 4.7x105 Q1.69 )

For heat input less than 30 MW

0.6
U = 1.36Q

3.1.2 Alternatively, Chart I in appendix can be used to find value of U

3.2 For other fuels, U is determine according to the rate of emission of sulphur dioxide and the
character of the area where the chimney being attached.

3.2.1 The rate of emission of sulphur dioxide

• For oil firing

R = 0.020WS

• For coal firing

R = 0.018WS

3.2.2 From Table 2, determine the best describes for the area surrounding the chimney

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 DOCUMENT NUMBER TP - 09 – 004
PAGE NUMBER Page 3
PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

3.2.3 From Chart II – VI of different type of sulphur dioxide emission, draw a straight line
from value of R to the point A, B, C, D or E to obtain the value of U.

3.2.4 Alternatively, the value of U can be calculated from equations.

RA = f * R

Where the value of f can obtain from table 2

• If RA < 10 kg/hr

U = 6RA0.5

• If 10 kg/hr < RA < 100 kg/hr

U = 12RA0.2

• If 100 kg/hr < RA < 800 kg/hr

U = 5RA0.5 – 0.9RA0.67

4.0 CORRECTION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT

4.1 Determine the height of the highest building (Hm) within 5U from the chimney, inclusive of the
building which the chimney is attached.

4.2 If U > 2.5 * Hm, the value of U is the proposed chimney height.

4.3 If U < 2.5 * Hm, the final corrected chimney height can be calculated as fallows:

4.3.1 In the common case where only a single building is wider than its height in the area to
be considered, the corrected chimney height can be determined by the following
equation: C = H + 0.6U

4.3.2 In other cases the corrected chimney height can be determined by the following:

4.3.2.1 List all relevant buildings within a distance of 5U and record the H and BF of
each building. (See Figures 1 to 3 in Appendix for examples and guide)

4.3.2.2 Evaluate K for each building.

4.3.2.3 Calculate T for each building where: T = H + 1.5*K

4.3.2.4 Find Hm (the largest value of H).

4.3.2.5 Find Tm (the largest value of T).

4.3.2.6 If U > Tm, then C = U with no correction required.

4.3.2.7 If U < Tm, C = Hm + U * (1 – Hm/Tm)

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 DOCUMENT NUMBER TP - 09 – 004
PAGE NUMBER Page 4
PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

4.4 Overriding minimum requirements for Chimney heights

4.4.1 A chimney should terminate at least 3 meters above the level of any adjacent area to
which there is general access (ground level, roof areas, or adjacent openable
windows).

4.4.2 A chimney should never be less than U.

4.4.3 A chimney should never be less than the height of any part of an attached building
within a distance 5U.

5.0 FLUE GAS EFFLUX VELOCITY CALCULATION

5.1 Find the weight of fuel for combustion,

W = Q * 3600/B = QB * 3600 * 100/(η * B)

5.2 From the value of the volume of product combustion in procedure TP–16–001, Fuels and
Combustion Calculations, obtain the total amount of wet flue gas produced (ΣFG + ΣAirRQ * Hair)
and determine the volume of product by the following:

VP = W * (ΣFG + ΣAirRQ * Hair)/3600

5.3 Determine the diameter of chimney at smoke emission point, DT

5.4 Exit Area , A = π /4 * ( DT/2)2

5.5 The efflux velocity, VT = VP/ A

5.6 The value of the efflux velocity should be greater than the required minimum efflux velocity of
8.0 m/s at full load. If not, change the value for DT and repeat the procedure as above to obtain
a suitable value for VT.

6.0 CHIMNEY SAMPLING POINT

6.1 Sampling point shall be located in a distance of 8D from the inlet of the flue duct. D is referring
to the chimney diameter.

6.2 2 Nos. of 100 BSP sampling port required and to be installed perpendicular to one another.

7.0 DUST LOADING

7.1 Solid particles in any trade, industry, process, fuel burning equipment or industrial plant, dust or
solid particles emitted shall not exceed 0.4 g/Nm3.

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 DOCUMENT NUMBER TP - 09 – 004
PAGE NUMBER Page 5
PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

8.0 APPENDIX

8.1 Symbols:

A = Cross sectional area of smoke exit point of chimney, m2

B = Gross calorific value in MJ/kg or MJ/m3
BF = Width of Factory, meters
C = Corrected Chimney Height, meters
DT = Chimney inside diameter at smoke exit point, meters
D = Chimney nominal diameter, meters
H = Height of factory, meters
K = Lesser of building height (H) or building width (BF), meters
Q = Heat Input, MW
QB = Boiler Rating, MW
R = Rate of emission of sulphur dioxide in kg/hr
RA = Adjusted rate of emission of sulphur dioxide in kg/hr
S = Content of sulphur in the fuel, %
T = Height of disturbed flow over building, meters
Tm = Maximum “T” considering all relevant buildings, meters
Hm = Maximum “H” considering all relevant buildings, meters
U = Uncorrected Chimney Height, meters
VP = Volume of products of combustion, m3/s
VT = Efflux velocity, m/s
W = Maximum rate of combustion of fuel in kg/hr for mass or m3/hr for volume
f = Sulphur emission factor
η = efficiency of the boiler, %

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PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

8.2 Tables:

TABLE 1
FUEL Sulphur Content
Nat. Gas & LPG Nil
Diesel 1.5 %
LFO & MFO 3.0 %
Palm Fiber 0.3%

TABLE 2
CATEGORIES Best Describes
A An undeveloped area where development is unlikely
B A partially developed area with scattered houses
C A built-up residential area
D An urban area of mixed industrial and residential development
E A large city or an urban area of mixed heavy industrial and dense residential development

TABLE 3
TYPE OF DISTRICT Factor
A 0.55
B 0.78
C 1.00
D 1.30
E 1.60

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DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

8.3 Charts:

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PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

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DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
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PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
DOCUMENT NAME DESIGN STANDARDS MANUAL APPROVED BY J. M. TORAL
DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

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PREPARED BY SUNANDA 19-MAR-04
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DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

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DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
TITLE CALCULATION OF CHIMNEY HEIGHT AND EFFLUX VELOCITY (FOR OIL, GAS, AND SOLID FUEL BOILER)

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DOCUMENT SECTION TECHNICAL PROCEDURE SUBJECT FANS, DUCTS, & CHIMNEYS
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