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Bio-1

G10 Bio-1

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25 views

Bio-1

G10 Bio-1

Uploaded by

ramyashan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART 3

PYQ
PYQ
2021-2022
PYQ
2022-2023
SET-2
2022-2023
Option (c)
Option (c)
Option (c)
o Variation can be defined as the differences in traits
shown by individuals of a species, as well as
offspring of the same parents

o Variations make the species more adaptable to


changing conditions, which aids in the species
survival
1. DNA copying mechanism- Sexual Reproduction
2. Mutation
3. Recombination
o Ponds and lakes being natural ecosystems have natural
decomposers and cleaners embedded as an integral part of the
ecosystem, hence we do not have to clean them

o Aquariums are artificially built ecosystems which generally do


not contain every aspect of a natural ecosystem

o These artificial systems do not contain any form of natural


decomposers and cleaners in the ecosystem as a result, food
and waste generated by the organisms living in the aquarium
accumulate and contaminate the water in the tank making it
toxic. Hence they have to be cleaned manually
o We do not clean ponds or lakes, but an
aquarium needs to be cleaned. In the Aquarium
the uneaten food as well as the waste
generated by the fish mixes with the water and
is left untreated due to the lack of
decomposers. The waste materials thus
accumulate in the water making it toxic
o An aquarium is an artificial system which is also
incomplete due to the absence of producers,
food chains and decomposers. There is no
recycling and self-cleaning. However, a pond or
a lake is a self-sustained, natural and complete
ecosystem where there is perfect recycling of
nutrients

o Ponds and lakes are natural ecosystems. They


have decomposers or natural cleaners to
decompose the wastes of all aquatic organisms.
So it is not necessary to clean it

o But aquariums are man-made ecosystems. They


don’t have decomposers or natural cleaners. So
it should be cleaned regularly
2022-SET-1

2022-SET-1

2022-SET-1
1) Ponds and lakes: Natural ecosystems: Natural decomposers
& cleaners

2) Aquariums: Artificial ecosystem: Generally do not contain


every aspect of a natural ecosystem

3) Artificial ecosystems: Do not contain any form of natural


decomposers & cleaners in the ecosystem

4) Food & waste generated by the organisms living in the


aquarium accumulate & contaminate the water in the tank
making it toxic. Hence they have to be cleaned manually
2022-SET-1
Binary Fission in Amoeba Binary Fission in Leishmania

In organisms such as Amoeba, the In Leishmania (which cause kala-


splitting of the two cells during azar), splitting of the two cells
division can take place in any plane during division can’t takes place in
any place
There are no whip-like structures at Presence of a whip-like structure at
one end of the cell one end of the cell
Normal binary fission is possible Normal binary fission isn’t possible

Binary fission can takes place in any Binary fission occurs in a definite
plane because of the absence of orientation in relation to whip-like
specific whip-like structures structures

No definite shape for Amoeba Definite shape (generally) for


Leishmania
Multiple Fission in Plasmodium

o Malarial parasite, Plasmodium, divide into many daughter


cells simultaneously by multiple fission

o In Plasmodium, the nucleus divides repeatedly forming a huge


number of nuclei

o These nuclei will develop into new individuals and they come
out of the parent cell by destroying it

o Multiple fission is also called schizogony


1. Parent cell's nucleus repeatedly divides to give rise to
a number of daughter nuclei

2. These nuclei are arranged along the periphery of the


parent cell

3. Cytoplasm later splits, and a cell membrane forms


around each nucleus to create a number of daughter
cells or individuals inside the parent cells

4. Parent cell membrane ruptures under favourable


conditions, releasing the daughter individuals
2022-SET-1
2022-SET-1 o The part labelled as A is Plumule
o B is Cotyledon
o C is Radicle
o Part B is the cotyledon which serves as a food
store during germination. It provides nutrients
to the growing embryo during germination
2022-SET-1
The waste accumulated in our surroundings to be disposed off is
called as garbage. Garbage includes domestic wastes, municipal
wastes, and industrial wastes
BIODEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES NON-BIODEGRADABLE
SUBSTANCES
They can be broken into simplest They cannot be broken by biological
form by biological processes processes
Usually do not cause pollution They cause pollution

They remain for less time in the They remain for a long time in the
environment environment
Eg: Vegetable waste, Meat waste Eg: Plastics, Glasses
o Enzymes are biological molecules, usually proteins, that
catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation
energy required for the reaction to occur

o Each enzyme is designed to catalyze a specific chemical


reaction, and it does so by recognizing and binding to a
specific substrate or group of substrates

o When we say that enzymes are specific in their action, we


mean that they are highly selective in the substrates they
bind to and the reactions they catalyze

Enzymes are specific in their action because being proteins


they have specific shape and hence bind with specific
substrate thereby catalyzing only specific metabolic reaction
2022-SET-1
o Dihybrid cross: Genetic cross to study the inheritance of two
traits or gene
o Mendel worked on dihybrid cross
o Dihybrid cross: Cross between two individuals with two
observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes
o Cross between a pea plant that has;
1. Seeds with yellow colour and round shape
2. Seeds with green colour and wrinkled shape

o Yellow colour (Y) dominant over green colour (y)


o Round shape (R) dominant over wrinkled (r)
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
▪ The law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined
in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is
independent of the other pair of characters
2022-SET-1
(i) Testis
o Production of male gametes
o Production of testosterone
(i) regulates formation of sperms
(ii) brings about the changes in boys during adolescence
(ii) Scrotum:
o The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a
pouch called scrotum. Scrotum helps in maintaining the low
temperature of the testes (2–2.5o C lower than the normal
internal body temperature) necessary for sperm production

(iii) Vas deferens:


o To deliver the sperms to the urinary bladder

(iv) Prostrate glands:


o To secrete the fluid which provides nutrition and medium for
transport of sperms
Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the
lungs after maximum forceful expiration. In other words, it is
the volume of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs, thus
causing the alveoli to remain open at all times

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