Spearman's rank correlation 1S used Ww See Whether there is a Si Steps to follow when carrying out any statistical test in Biology:- - stale gor avil thesis ~ decide which stubivtrcaA best fo use and whey = canoe the sratigncal Cet ~ find the critical value of p=0 OS — Compare your souristical test value with the critical value write a conclusion ond faye OF Accept yourNall hgpotresis There i5no correlation between tha halghts of your 12 Striclents and their masses Height/em Rank of ‘Mass/kg Rank of | Difference in | o eich mass | raks/D 170 q_ 75 [1-5 [2-25 i 3 75 |05 |0-25 Bee 6 | 6 [oo [0-00 ee. L had \ 0-0 [0:00 1 1O @. Lo [100 7 y ln 4 10-0 {0-0 2 |*4, 2 0-00 s 74 O-n(n? —1 rank _ 6x45 10 (10-1)A Spearman's rank value Will aluays be betiveeA -l and 1 0-955 iInd~cates an almost pert positive correlation bux values are not al close. as this one Is The bible below can be used find critiaal values. Our Spearman's rank value neads tr be conpinel #0 a critital value See Pohareis q sratistrcally significant correlut'a. Table DS Selected value 6f Spearman’: rank coretation coefficient (,) The results ar significant ifthe caealated value of is higher than the table value Or room "routs roo P= 0-05 ; Sem ow our sratisniced Fr os value is, than 1900 038 i tin 8s é i 08 Gh Viole NTS, ine nee ast ; 10 ses @ PEER reagan lea pee Pesvits RB ose 038 asi OF OWT FSU a nase tye 9501 duane t chance i:Nall hugpothasts ~ there is no correlurian between te hepghts op a Students and their masses u ‘te epahtre > 6-455 ouepi i nal The cz value op 0-955 1s greater than the. critic 7 de the ll ypothass 15 rejected. ificunt corcelairtd betiveon the hejghts How to Decide Which Statistic Should Be Used What type of data did you collect?| CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 1. Justify choice of statistic ‘Two continuous variables where you are investigating } 2 Write a null hypothesis an association between 3. Write a conclusion these two measurements ) Worked Example ) An investigation into the effect of temperature on enzyme rate of reaction AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYME RATE OF REACTIO ‘Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient: r, ao 10 5 N3—N 20 B 30 8 “0 35 N = the number of 50 40 pairs of data O 30 n 28 D= difference in the rank of the two measurements This number can be compared with those in a table of critical valuesFeng ea ie eee 6x 21.5 ” cas as a a, 20 2 2 2 oo [ tear a re as) as aas © 15 ne 2a 50 54 7 2 4 129 @ 6» es Tm Te lkesal = ea Sa Sa aad 10.3839 r= 0.616 WRITING THE CONCLUSION Critical values table and p values. P value is the probability that the correlation is due to chance. To conclude that there is a significant correlation, you must have less than 5% probability the correlation is due to chance (indicating you are 95% confident)WRITING THE CONCLUSION ‘ose —o1_—ooms_ We were comparing 7 pairs of data (Our calculated value of 0, 616 is lower than the critical value of 0.6786 for p=0.05 This does not exceed the critical value, which is the threshold value, ‘There is more than 5% probability that the correlation we have is due to chance, ‘Therefore we accept the null hypothesis.so increasing the temperature didnot always result in an increase in the race of an enzyme-controlled reaction. baw aise EXAMPLE EXAM QUESTION ‘A student investigated whether the concentration of glucose bacteria are grown in had an effect on the bacterial population size eee “They concluded that the more glucose you add, the more bacteria, ‘there will be. Do you agree with this conclusion? Use all the information provided. (3 marks) [The graph shows a positive correlation between ‘concentration of glucose and the number of bacteria, Number of bacteria, However: 2. The results overlap. For the sime concentration of glucose there are mukiple diferent results for the numberof bacteria os This shows a range in effect Concentration cfEIico5® The correlation coefcent showed there was 50% probability ‘that the correlation was due to chance and therefore this “The student did a statistic on the pa enn seers not a significant correlation, ie must be less than 5% Equaled the critical value at Pos ProbablyThe chi-sqyared. test is the dpjerenw between observe and exeectedct data siyniticant or dus be chance? OOOO Steps to follow when carrying out any statistical test in Biology: + Stake your null jothesis * decide Which sratrsh'ced ces to use ancl why s Caney Out the shubsnral test + find the critical valus p=0-05 * Compare your Statistical vest value. Wuh bhe om adoe Nut! huypotnasis Thele is no siqnifrcune Aifteren 2. between Gha observed and expcvred daba se. Chere will keno signiptuat a. between times thrown Observed (0)If OM BCakisNcOA Valua 1s greute/ Cran che A’ a18-54 Value in ts column cat the corres at) cade nd, civic on Probsbility oF our resuit being dus to chance is value = 100% 5 Chan 57. valve 132 | 164 | 207 | 271 | 394 277 | 322 | 379 | 461 | 599 411 | 464 | 532 | 625 | 781 STs eset oe tee sex [rs oa [oe [a] Soe [ eset ses poate dork sesiastsl oe ree 1022] 11.03 | 12.03 | 1336 | 15.51 1139] 12.24] 13.29 | 14.68) 1692, sai | 663 | 798 | 9.14 | 1083 | 1212 792 | 921| 106 | 1198 | 1382] 152 ‘924 | 1134) 1284 | 1432 | 1627 | 1773 11.67 | 1323] 1486 | 1642 | 1847 | 20 13.33 | 15.09] 1675 | 1839 | 2051 | 2211 1503 | 1681| 1355 | 2025 | 2246 | 261 16.62 | 18.48| 2028 | 2208 | 2432 | 2602 1817 | 2009| 21.95 | 23.7 | 26.12 | 27.87 19.68 | 21.67 2359 | 2546 | 27.83 | 2967 Tha chi- sqyared Value Op 15°59 Ts greater Phan one Coit cad value y It 0% 50 the null pynariasts is rejeucedk There is @ Significant chiperenie, berieen tha observed ard expered recut . The number of times each rida. o the dice is What we 122uddlusing phenotypic ratios as expected values. The oppepring From breed ing bso hakefugyg ous Purple flowered pea plarts Were 128 purple * 35 White ls thae a siyniprane Apron behsean those obsaved resuits SY . Grd the 3:1 Pond We Wowd @7Peit~ lo, Nall hypanaits served 2 _, ~Compares observed resuues wth, : 2 0-E: Bislogy| viz > {C-EY > “eypézed resutts "he — bhe dake. 15 categorie Colour of || Number of | Expected | O-E (oe? | (0-€V/e flower flowers (e) Observed (0) Purple 123, N85 | 45 20-25 | O17) White 35 34-5 |-4 5 26-215 |0-S13 Tovah 158 (58 in @ 3:\ catio 2 [0-684 158 Jy = 39-5 6 5 Te = 0.684, U3-S 3345 =r EXo 0-684 sine, Caticl 3 84 =m 132 | 64 | 207 | 271 sea) 502 | 541 | 663 | 768 | 914 | 1083 | 1212 277 | 322 | 379 | 461 | 399 | 738 | 792 | 921| 106 | 1198 | 1382] 152 ‘411 | 46s | 532 | 625 | 781 | 935 | 994 | 1134] 1268 | 1432 | 1627 | 1973 539 | 559] 674 | 778 | 949 | 1114] 11.67/ 1325| 1486| 1642 | 1867 | 20 663 | 729 | €12 | 924 | 1107] 1263/1333 / 15.09| 1675 | 1839 | 2051 | 22.11 798 | 856 | 945 | 1068] 1253 1845/1503 1681] 1355 | 2025 | 2246 | 241 908 | se | 1075| 1202] 1407] 1601] 1662 | 1848/2028 | 2208 | 2432 | 2602 10.29 | 1105] 1203 | 13.36| 151 | 1753] 12.17 | 2009] 2195 | 237 | 2612 | 2787 11.39] 12.24] 1329 1468] 1692| 1902] 19.63] 21.67] 2359 | 2546 | 2783 | 2967 1255] 13.44] 1453 | 1599| 1831 | 2048] 21.16] 25.21] 25.19] 2711 | 2959] 31.42 N= df =n-! The chz- sqvared value G 0-68} is kes than Che Critical value of 3-84 50 We Accept Che nvil hy petnass. ‘cone Aiferance beeween |thas the dala. hove a. narrow rungExample. Bly ack A Student Laanted to see If the lergths op hully leaves art Ms dijereak ak dipetens hegre Of tha lly ‘tree Height the holly leaf was taken from tewerm | 22] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8 | 9 | 20] Mean} so Length of holly leaf/em. os w}o)/u|s|s)9/]10|2) 9/8] 93 10 7lels|oi/el/7/7]6]e]o] 7 x-% 10-43 <03 * rs [16 | ssfog -03 | 0-09 o-F | 049 | 5= 09486832981 slslelelelrl els) =‘hsl= [2 (x-*)* 7 ae ne x KK (x-%)* 7 [-o3 | 0-04 ot so [-r3a | ed o= [eRe s | o-F | oud ® ue | 2-44 S21 i5cesy. ef-s [89 7 7 . ‘ip ebay tes | Meo eg otto Biloy Brak teen tomtbeveun” | sostndrd etn , is a Mes 6 7) arom I the mua is the middle. bar o dwcerrarbow ope te pple bar : 2 Tha means are ndt i Signin yjerene } ‘wus tai error bars i overThese moans ore oe ane no overlap aoe woe ove! We conuse a Sroarsnrcad tear coded al rb fing esyane sed SS¢ aL Sak ecrar bar shows thore.is Lutte # Goouks Ure Mean ond therepre the results are Mm: Z precise od ee a grearer L spread of resuita about wemean Grd tharejare. lass precise dara.STANDARD DEVIATION The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out all your repeats are from your mean. ‘What is the advantages of using the SD instead of the range? SD shows the spread of data around the mean, whereas the range is only the difference between the highest and lowest value. 2. SD reduces the effect of anomalies, where as the range includes anomalies 3. SD can be used to indicate whether a difference between results is significant. | . . | STANDARD DEVIATION Why would knowing the standard deviation be more useful for a conclusion? If, when you add/minus the standard deviation from the means there is no overlap this indicants it is likely to be a significant difference (can't be 95% confidence without the use of a statistics) If, when you add/minus the standard deviation from the means there is an overlap, then this indicates there Is likely not to be a significant difference between those means. CGCONCLUSIONS USING SD Mean number of Standard Habitat species Deviation A Ul gum 4/- 3.2 B El +/-28 c +/-13 Scientists were investigating whether there was, any diference in species richness beeween three habitats ‘The results are shown inthe table, ‘The scientists concluded that there was no difference in species richness between the three habitats. Do you agree? Using evidence from the table in your answer. Scientises were investigating whether there was any diference in the glucose production between three plane species ‘The graph shows the mean glucose produced and the standard deviation, ‘What can you conclude from theStudene’s t-test. Is there asiqnincunt diperenw between two means or are cnose differenus Zi If the means hase. If both means are from the by bio ‘ndlepend.ont 9réips 1-2. €ttdh eae afindivideaas ot Ser gp data. anes from ceparetre. dijon points in time. Vadivideachs. eee Steps to follow when carrying out any statistical test in Biology:- - Stake your null hypothesis = dectde Which stamsticad besr touse ard why — carry ouk wae Sranterrcad best ~ pind the cribrcal valua a p=0-0S - Compare your scaristical ter value with the Criti(ak valueUnpaired Studut’s t-test - compares two means from tw0 independent groups. the mean of tho fravegiae —_ Slbmenner ee t (x, ~ X2) the stardlard. 2 2 Standard dusianon iret a n, n, Fire the lengths ophally leas aiynifcantly dienes wk Aypent nojghts in @ holly trea? Height the holly leaf was taken from the| veem | 2} 213] 4]5]6] 7] 8] 9 | 10] mean| sosata Lang that tan em wee TEPC E EEE Ts 1] os w}s{u}s|s|s|w)w)s|s alow [olelelolelrlrlele]e t= GER) 2043-73) gs = =f oe sioottck value than the critical "see Te va jue in this columa the. Sir fe te prdoabilty of our results OS ER SO peing dana lo chanua es ie as sas chan Sy. Se ooum He ia Ne Oh) For theunpairead Studenb) t-test wg ma ae ena AE is Ghe Sam op both Sdmgles aa minus Crenumbsr date sets.Now Ayala ~ thane isno Syeiktade iperenie. behtean oh I ¢ ; ame lerpasg-hally lawes ar 0S and Conclusion - The. Students t-test value ge 4°22 75,gteuter thin ipcak value. jet the nul!