3. Radiation 2 ~—_——eeerwr> Radiant hak ia preset some on otha form in oa dalhy tives. thamal radiabiona au aefeucd bo of jodiank heab. thamal sadiation ia gerdeted by the emisten- of dckre ovag rc me thae wen cy ay egy Heme emethed bed Radiokion taxes place through @ vacuirn on bsanepatirk medicir tahich can be cites aolid 08 ‘liad. _ — qhumal tadistion ws Ue heal of te Random sdtion [es te olla The movernert of charged electson and. protons Le for the emission of ckro cvagretic dadiakion: of rroleca 2A Sesponnib ag tempualore ae, te wzoat Leth in the Spectsa of te radiakion emitted decveases and Aboube same bag tadiakions one emitted. cthimel radiation is rreeuted cal colated by skefan Bolkz mann Lew: p= e.a-A(h- 1) thee, p— nek pows of dadintion A- sven of fadiabion Ta Aadiabon tempuclute Sueundig tumperdusee- emit BS skefan's bolkzrrann constant (o = 567 K10® 13) ro? it} . er Cxomples : = y micto wave sadioion emitted in the ov is an ecanple of - radiation « Oa ores from te fun is an example of Aadiobion ~3) she acleose of alpha paskiclesr daisy the teats cf we vnanium 23g into Thaium-23!. is an e of sadiobien - Ee POR ie (&) " the tlal amount of Aadiolion eilted by a body pa, unk bime ond unit asea- is KOON af — Emitive power. €) Ibias cxprored, “ Me Monochromalic ennissive pow + (E the ony emitted by the Auface ok a gee Lote ber wih Hime pu une: adea tn LL diseciows "<2 Ia kein’ ae mong chipmalie — emiasive pote: Ce.) eeRadiokion’ teak taontfr ts defined a8) ” Oe traits of erty even, 1 gm bundy by meant of on ace rong. chara hick: ia cauond aaiby bya tempos dipesunce: thseat etal tron by sinduclian ti eae tates place oy in the phate of medium , aadiokion heat bamdia dovend neyire a medium = the contsibubion oF aadiolion ‘eal tramfa is ver gisicant i high Lempornkuse Levels Auch of those peeveiling in furnaces , combustion chambak , nuclear explosions and in space opplicakions. ak solos vagy inadent upon the eatth is obo ppvund by the loss of sadiobion- ~The ony which o Aodiakig surface rvleares & nok conkinuous bub ts in the fotr of guocemive andl depardke poceel of questo. of enigy called “phytons ~ the photo ave propagated thusgh apace ao Aays, the mover eeun af pions 1 ducubed of clecbiommagncbic Bovey — the phetors travels with Apeed of okt ce Acta ath and when ty approach the Acceialag dusface, there occur Aeeonveiion ef taxe mobion into Ehetmel ay washed pautly absorhed, A TeRefleded on tranmitted tanigh Ue he surface, ~ the magnitude of each fraction depends upon the nakewe of Me aucface Urol secdves te thamal radiation. ~ ALL types of electro menekts wanes ote Classified imbama of wave legte and ose propagaled ab peed of bot ) ( ie 3x10 ms AS toe kinnty , C= rxf An wane heath $- ee) ~ The emission of thumal Radiabien dpends pon the nobus bempuobure and stale of eT Susface thiceness € hoe ev with ee ub also depinds upon the of ert Heat eee ek bh seeeNc) absorptivity eefleckivity ord Trans eiiaslvltyy sreident radiation @] ast 409 ts my) = the total incident godiabion on a ausface from ot directions pu unit time ond pu unik area of Surface ia known a8 (e) Incident radiation (08) rryadiolion . _ ts copietted by N/a and in denoted by (a). tohen Incident radiobion impinged on a susface, three things happer 7TD port ty ae tlenter back (@, } ~ 2 pask is bramamitted (py — the sermaindsr ts aheoabed (Ga) demondig pen Chosrackaistios of the body y the comervation of en wary principle G+ G+ G& = @ 2 oo on bs with @. So, Gus Gy ee 6 fgg a5 {oe ra ers whe, = obsoapbivity or faaskion of intidenb sadiobion = absoabed. S= reflectivity en Fraction of incident radiation arf lecbed - : fanclion of incident radia l= panrarethivity (08) tion taannrretted: taken Hoe incident Aadiokion in absoabed , ia converted inte itanal entsdefined oo 7 So, Absonpliviy ts" Ue dobio oF bebooeen naciation absouted ond incident sadiobion « u Reflectivity (p) ia defined os geflecect to the incident nadiotion ”. Gy a ee ~ Thansmibbivity (9) is defined os " the sabio of sadiobion tramamilted to the incident radietion i‘ we Se @ las a for perleclly abéotbec body , ae 9=0, =o. auch a body ia Known aS 2 ie, A bhace body Wo one ich neither Aefleols roe brantrnebted on peal of Pee rude: tadiotion bub absotbs wae - am practice, a peteck block body @=1) dovanct exitat. Hower tka concept is 1) Lnnportant-"FORO peeaciited® Einptanbite ted Weee Long, pewea Ne detfite “Con tole mote tntigy than black body. Ee Pin bole box Opaque bod, 5 thn mo neident tadiokion in thara mitted tbsough te body + Tk is called on opaque body. Fon the opaque body Veo, So, Subdtitule M=0 in equakion @. — +h =! Gertrally eras - solids donc teansmib unlast’” the roca tee voy thin Acchion. — mefale absorbs aadiation - nuulolois abso abdehe sadiation within a frackien of a a within a Fyackion of micaomebe- * Gerueby, Glasses ond diguids are comictied as opaque. Ext bricns, Stones, toood, metals, book, Aluminum, some : Kinds of ploatics, 20, confer an Lisnid stale, Glass; aete., se Tf ok the incident tadiation on te body are. Beflecbed than ub in called . whete bey So, fora tahite body £21, sO ae— Cage duck os H,, 2, ond Ny ond thelr moixbeaes Auch as oit howe traramitdivity of practically uric. thee axe boo Types of — xefleckions regular seflection [ speeuloa] ge item eile TT sae fe A 5h i reflection» diffuse yef lection. walca 2eflecbion: - 1h He ample banner ey tafleated beam and the notrrad to euler Ure angle rade by Ue incidt sodinbion woth ame notmal « Feaom highly polighed ond Ameoth surfaces approathen specedoa Cregules seflection chasackeritics): — ino diffused tellection, the incident bear ts veflecked in oll disections es roeatly ough burfaces well Fie diffane Aefleckions me rnoy" "Tp Ue sodiobive propatin ot, 9, 0 of © body one ansured to be unifoon over the entize ware feng th gpeckaum , Han auch a body iA called Grey body @ — the body one whore absox plivéty of a Surface doanct vay woth temparatue and toose Aanglh of te incident radiahio| “the emiative pr of 2 hy body wv alisoys tess thon thot of blac body. gurface emission properties og er ee goke of emiasion of radiakion by o bed depends the / upon te following fackorA ~ Tempoabure of Suwtace - the nakwe of the surface - the toe Lagi or Frequeny of Aadcabion . Concept of a black body - A blace bed is on object that absorbs oll aodiant oon Macey tbo SusFace fon a bbace body $20, Wz0, =I~ No ackuol body ia petty black, the concept of a blace hedy on idealisakion with which the Aaadickion characteristics of veal bodieg con be coment compaaed - A black beely hos the folate propalics 1) se absotb& oll te inddet radiation Falling on Eb onc” Aes not tromemit ot teflect regener of wave lunge and diseckion 2 rk emits max amount of thumal rodiobions gf ah cove langt a my specified, teraprrotuse 3) thina diffuse emitr je, tle tadiation emitted bis te body i indepundink of dlsedtion. - A Smoabt hole lendlog into a Cowity thes acks vey neo asa black body because all the radiant ener. bead at, tty Heog HL gus absorbed laws of sadiokion + @ the Stefan Bollzmann’s taco + 4 the Low stobes cpr the amps poet Sha Ue body is di i oy 4 ectly Proportional ky ty Fourth power of uy abtolule tempesobuse ”. ie. esos E,- emisdive power of a lace body += Stefan bollemann constant,= 6.67 x108 Wf mt This equation can alo tatithen a» &, = 5-69 1)" hollow space bernprrabore tte ratio of tobal @) wa constont fot alt ey qhin Low stakes Hot "ob amine porwr (E) to the total abscaptivery pubstont® which ote & thermal equilibrium with thin envitonm ub us consider lorge radiokiog body of — aurface oreo A! hich wndoan a Amel bh of surface area ‘Ay tek Ey be the waigy fllon nik ausfact of He hey UD Be sabe absorbed by tte Arnall badly wit OAL Eb oe ubue x, orbsceplnlty of te bed when thatnel cayuili beim attoind , tte eneigy obsoabed by body) rout be equi. & ona emitted AED = Eb SAL © pew Remove body ® & keplace, aretha bod >) he Eg ' Sey kion, fake S Ey ot, An =@& comidltsing geaelity ot bodies eA t, = bic te ee oy ty: ot anper defintkion. E= @munivity = E U & eon ee () B= £ 5 6 oo | we obtain , ey sthaefore, the emimive powe © & alwoys Buk ‘a! vs dmoLler than | cy ob equal. temp + drnallts than the emifive Pow of o blace be ® plane's Loss = POSS the relobionshep bebwen the mono chtomakic emimsive poor of a blac body and pave Log af a radiation ofa particular temptek | ee by plonck- (5), eee ane © é (Hhakr) o) whae (Ex), = mane chtornabic emisie power of a blace bade © = veletity of Leake in vacuum = syib mle h = plance's contonk = 6.625% 19 24 pig hi wave Logit ee 0 Bolbzmann const = |. 3805 X 167° Tk ond T = obtolede temperchue: in K.This equckion aloo wiitten os whe C= 2mcth = 314zxi We Merathrn, =0.3%x10% Z ined foe a = 1.4388 X10? mk. = 14.38 Sie = @ wien displacement Lows ww eee the tien's bow A the aelobionship — bebudeen tempuratuse conuapondig to Ue mmairuen apecktal erniative cy ab ba ferns tl Ba product of A and wane Langit power oF He lack be wins displocernunt Low 4 aad conttant ie Se lieeiree constant - a ee AS ue know, -5 ean, A ye = (ea Hp | (Ex)iy becomes movin bf T Remain conttank , whur 4 (&), ee da G8 bd oe |= da da exp(S=)_ So. mG fc, iG : ¢ SCs * expinela- Be Ag 00, Xap Fee AEE =: = 2898 Mmk , 2900 mk Shey Ae PS ago mk | 3 , bide fon mote teal substances: itere to how this We ts. ued én ee a ‘vay bi meanusernoss of Wave leagen : he combination of ~ planes fou Gee fou yields He condition fet tte mon on for o blow body: 14388x (972 PS 1898 od i : coe Sy. = hagsx o> 75 we bin mele tose Leng Enlenbity of radéabion > a NO aaa t ' ( ' ' ' ' ' y cyatial disitubion of Aadiakions emitted rom a Aurfaceiver disecion per anit solid angle ba ; Ausfase normal, to the mean disedlion te a ‘ ongle "ip defined of " 9 portion of the space * entlosed bya conical Ausface wilh He ee of ok the conae of te aphue ?by the cone to the ayaa of Ha sadius of tte Aphac | its unk is: Staodian (sa) by 5 a Y > 2m | ooT v Ubu comida aodiation fron te cose of a Aphae - Suppo. this aadiolion in absoubed by a Accond ell aie a portion of tte hersiaphetical Aunface- of da; on a plane ty bo the fine joining dA. a she paoieded oreo ee day and ofr = da, cos® da evan tid: gle subtencled by dae ote = fi Gekion, 1 = Qy-2 O Pe etin 12 Be dA, cosdx dA ty eae Pe ale of teiidion tak Batts Tom di, & 2 ne pom FM ay = (ude) (Casinos) a ie) dd, te sin dedg 6 [2 from ey © KB, be obtain 1 dh, e8 cos8 OMdq = x daca, e# sind dadp # dQ.20m ola, sino c0s8 de.dg the total sadichion Hau hemisphere is giver by 4 8=n, g=2n J da, = xday ‘ sind. cosa dadd 8=0 $0 6= Ty. = 2m da, ‘l sind. cos dO 8=0 0-7, = na da, i 2Send- cose dé 8=0 ben = nada, | sinr8 dd et a, @ = nida, Ct) @ =11dA, bub, @ =E.dA, he, the tolal emsive pow of o diffuse surface ts eyual to ui time of “us intensity of tadiation,Lambiak!, a tee a NNR mann pyre The fou Atak tok ” he tolal emeaitve paar Ey from a 1 planes Ausiaes tr oy dace dinuclly proportional ‘> Ye cosine of te ig of emusions” TF 'E; be the total emiaiive Power of tHe, tdi éurface in the direction of ibs natmol, then ~ thes equakion w uly onky fox diffune sadiation susdace. - the gadiakion crabs from a poids on a surface in termed! diffused if the inbevify, T toa comtank. this Lass is aloo Lambsts Law of diffue sadiation . krewon OD problems ‘a as the effective temptotue of o beet havin on Cae ae ia S27’. calculate tHe Folloning th) the totel sobe of try eniasion (Hh) the inkersity of rourel sadiobion OM) wove Lrg oF max menochromakic embssive ponoer RK) Gin As ole me T = 827% = 627+2735 gmk a S@ Ud, tobel;: sale on tng emission, Ey ys pcan = B67 MIO Ones x (go0)* = 2166) toobes wkagan! Ge Wh) Trloiiy of poke tadiotion , a ad tee bo ae youn, Gy velur is Winamp So, Eh ATT ae 58 Yr a See 61H 188K (800)? aaa. lis 7 TT —— cin) Meee Focy wie dioplacement bao aon’ T= 2898 Mek a eee ae = 2878 = pe stp 800 Cabculake the Sollowig fot on industrial, fumnace tm the foun Go black bol anc vane gadiabion at asc. be © Mono chiomobec Crees abiom Logte ® wove Lage ob “hich” tee. gacuieion tbe wes ie © mar. emimive powcr - Pe coud anes ue© otal real surface with emissivity eyucl to 0.9 @ Gis dee emissive poise of te furnace é es Me SS th Fe : whe 0, = auaerqn id Ww. peor | = 164398 x 16? mk: fo. e ji Ee o.3742x10 x (oe ie] a 15G388K 0 | eae =| L208 x 2178 S nsxtolt eas 34.48 (2 2.014 X10 MeeeOo rx mau Ale wivn’s displacement Lav - \ 2998 = 28 ae < ee Sone = es = 1045 Um. . 2713 © MAL. emimive powd, (4) ie c sd 4 ( Ab) nae = 1295x105 y (27a)® Ib = 21X10 afro pe @ otal ermeatne Pow = Ep A ELC =: os apn lee = BeqK08 x (18)? = 3.352% 10° WI © sobel a pow, E with emiaiviny Ce) = 04 BS Coat = 09x 5.67 x108x (2773)t Boe. W] rat = 7 ste aun (diareta = |.4x10! m) a8 @ black Se es o durfoce temperature of S750K and ab a mean distance cf Iexi0? mn fom te catth Cdiareler - .gxioom) ultimele. th the total tretgy emitted by te Aun RN) The emission received pam funk oubaide tte akeoaphere | of th ecath- |(lity . ? the beta ena acceived by eatth if no Aadiabton ts bleed by the akmoaphete of eonth @) todint of te Aun = ag eta a = oayiolm cmeon ditance of Aun fom «nth = 0) (emia dinseeliy of cont’ yee = ese rama Ke = 12.8X vo basis = = 6.4xl0 mn ee T= 6750 kK. (@) obel egy emitted by sun; ep oatt = 51x10" x gmagx(ar%)" = 5.gret58 x gn x(o-1¥0d) (5759)" = 3.gitx 0? ce © sw a he teporded on & poiat souace of a distance of 1sxi0° m fom oath. mean Ave «== TTRE = 4 x(isxd)™ peGTX 225, = 3816000 Gx 3.1416 K 225° Er tsdgee Nine © Total. uy Received by enuf, c Aura the ounce sphoical Be fhe. eo vecelved LL be proportioned fo te pupendicalar prnjected orca that of cicle (Tad) eres veceived by earth = emusséon neceived oukside the entttl® atmeaphrre 1 1349.6 X THX (6.61