Principles of Operating

Systems

Naresh Chauhan

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 1

Introduction to
Operating Systems

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Objectives
• The need for an Operating System (OS)
• The evolution of Operating Systems
• Batch processing systems
• Multiprogramming systems
• Multiuser systems
• Multitasking systems
• Multiprocessor systems
• Distributed systems
• Real time systems
• Embedded systems
• Goals of an operating system
• Functions of Operating systems
• Generic components of operating systems

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Operating System Functions
Presents an environment for the user so that he or she can easily
work without worrying about the hardware resources.

Manages all the resources in an efficient manner

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Computer System with Operating System

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Evolution of Operating Systems
Generation Period Computer Problems and development of Operating
architecture systems
First 1940s–1950 Vacuum tubes based No operating system
s technology, plug
boards and punched
cards, magnetic core
memories

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Evolution of Operating Systems
Generation Period Computer Problems and development of Operating systems
architecture
Second 1950s–1960s Transistors based Set up delay problem due to loading and
technology, unloading of tapes in earlier computer systems.
Mainframe CPU was idle.
computers, line
Jobs of users prepared with same programming
printers, magnetic
language were batched together.
tapes, assemblers,
linkers, loaders, Automated job sequencing
compilers, FORTRAN, Resident monitor
COBOL Batch systems

Mismatch between the speed of CPU and I/O

devices
Offline operation with magnetic tapes
Tapes were sequential access devices

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Evolution of Operating Systems
Generation Period Computer Problems and development of Operating systems
architecture
Third 1960s–1980s IC based technology, Hard disks came into existence
Minicomputer Spooling
Magnetic disk
Multiprogramming
Multiprogrammed batch systems
Lack of user/programmer interaction with their
jobs in multiprogrammed batch systems
Timesharing multiuser systems
CTSS
MULTICS
UNICS
UNIX
Unix written in C

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Evolution of Operating Systems
Generation Period Computer Problems and development of Operating systems
architecture
Fourth 1980s–Prese LSI and VLSI based CP/M for PCs
nt technology, MS-DOS
Microcomputer Multiuser facilities were not there in DOS
XENIX
OS/2
No user friendliness and convenience due to
command driven and complex file systems
Apple Macintosh
Windows
Multitasking
Multithreading
X-windows
Motif
Network operating systems
Distributed operating systems

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Types of Operating System
Type of operating Features/benefits Example Applicable to which type of
system application
Batch systems More than one job can FMS (FORTRAN Background jobs in which the
be stored in main monitor user interaction is not necessary
memory system),
Batches of same type of IBM’s
jobs can be executed operating
quickly system for
7094
Multiuser systems Jobs of different users CTSS by MIT, When multiple users need to
who are connected to a TSS by IBM, share a single system
main computer are MULTICS, UNIX
executed through the
multiprogramming
Interaction of jobs with
the user is possible
Debugging is easy

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Types of Operating System
Type of operating Features/benefits Example Applicable to which type of
system application
Multitasking systems Multiple tasks of a Windows When a user wants to open and
single user can be work simultaneously on many
opened on the system windows on the system
through
multiprogramming
Network systems The user is able to Novell When a user wants to remote
connect to another Netware, login on a system, wants to
machine and perform Windows NT, transfer a file, etc. on a network
many operations Windows 2000, system
The user is aware of the Windows XP,
location of the network Sun Solaris
node where he/she
wants to connect

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Types of Operating System
Type of operating Features/benefits Example Applicable to which type of
system application
Distributed systems When multiple nodes of Amoeba, V When computational speed and
a wide network realized system, Chorus resource sharing is required and
as a powerful machine implemented through various
sharing the resources on full computer systems in a
the network. The users network
are not aware where
their processes are
being sent and
executed.
Real-time systems Used to handle pSOS, Applicable to systems which
time-bound responses VxWorks, require time-bound response,
to the applications RTLinux, etc. i.e., for the real-time processing
systems

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Types of Operating System
Type of operating Features/benefits Example Applicable to which type of
system application
Embedded systems Specialized systems Palm Pilot, Used in consumer electronics
with size, memory and Toshiba Pocket items, mobile phones, smart
power restrictions PC, Palm OS, cards, etc.
Symbian OS,
iPhone OS,
RIM’s
BlackBerry,
Windows
Phone, Linux,
Palm WebOS,
Android and
Maemo.

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Goals of an Operating System
Convenience
Hardware abstraction/Virtual machine
Convenient programming environment
Response time
Easy to use interface

Resource utilization/management

Protection

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

 Functions of Operating system
User view
User Interface
Program development and execution
Accessing I/O operations
Accessing File systems
Error detection

System view
Resource manager
Control Program
Virtual machine manager

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Operating system as a Virtual Machine Manager

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Operating System Generic Components

Operating system structure with shell and kernel

© Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.