1

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 के ीय िव ालय संगठन
े ीय कायालय िद ी

िवषय िवशेष

िवषय िवशेष
ीमती अं शु रानी िसं ह , पी एम ी के िव ए जी सी आर कॉलोनी
ीमती पू िणमा , पी एम ी के िव खचडीपु र
ीमती भारती यादव , पी एम ी के िव न. 3 िद ी कट ि तीय पाली
ीमती पू िणमा , पी एम ी के िव खचडीपु र
ी िजते श , पी एम ी के िव बी एस फ छावला कप
ीमती कािमनी सहगल, पी एम ी के िव जनकपु री ि तीय पाली
ीमती ीित , पी एम ी के िव सै िनक िवहार
ी अिनल कुमार , पी एम ी के िव म द मोठ ि तीय पाली
ीमती वै शाली फलनीकर , के िव से र 8 आर. के. पु रम
ीमती उवशी सा , पी एम ी के िव पीतमपु रा ि तीय पाली
ी वीण कुमार , पी एम ी के िव न. 1 िद ी कट ि तीय पाली
ीमती ऋचा शमा ,पी एम ी के िव शालीमार बाग़ थम पाली

अनुशोधन सिमित सद

ीमती खु शबू अ वाल , पी एम ी के िव ए जी सी आर कॉलोनी

ीमतो पू जा ीवा व , पी एम ी के िव शालीमार बाग़ ि तीय पाली
ीमती ि यं का उपम ु , पी एम ी के िव शालीमार बाग़ थम पाली

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 के ीय िव ालय संगठन
े ीय कायालय िद ी

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(SUBJECT CODE 417)

CLASS X
TOTAL MARKS : 100 (Theory : 50 Practical : 50
Session 2024 - 25
CHAPTER NAME Page
No.
PART ‘A’ Unit 1 : Communication Skill 1-7

EMPLOYABILITY Unit 2 : Self-Management Skill 8-14

SKILL Unit 3 : ICT Skill-II 15-21
Unit 4 : Enrepreneurshi Skill 22-29
Unit 5 : Green Skill 30-36
Introduction to Artificial 37-46
PART ‘B’ Intelligence
AI Project Cycle 47-60
SUBJECT
Data Science 61-66
SPECIFIC SKILL
Computer Vision 67-74
Natural Language Processing 75-88
Evaluation 89-100

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5
 PART A EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
COMMUNICATION SKILLS

METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication: - The ability to convey and share ideas using:

I. Verbal Communication
II. Non-Verbal Communication
III. Visual Communication
Elements of communication cycle:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent. Eg. mobile, email, verbal talk,
phone etc.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

Choosing the right method of communication depends on:

• target audience • costs • kind / type of information • urgency / priority

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal
Communication Small Group Communication Written Communication Public Communication

Advantage Easy mode of communication On spot modification in

Quick response
content
Sometimes the written/spoken
Disadvantage Badly effected by Physical
words may become confusing Difficult to understand.
barriers

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 NON - VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Gestures Body Language Expressions

Paralanguage like tone, speed, volume

Eye Contact
Touch
Conveys meaning very fast as Its acts as a complementary to
Advantages
it has easy presentation verbal communication
It might not be appropriate
It is not suitable for lengthy
Disadvantages where there are religion and
messages
cultural differences
IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Simple and remains consistent

Advantages Done through images or pictures
across different places

Must have previous knowledge to

Disadvantages Can be ignored
understand

FEEDBACK

Feedback Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

 The receiver’s response or reply  Specific: clear focus on the main  Demotivates towards work.
to the sender’s message is called message.  Obstacle in improvement.
feedback.  Timely: Delay makes feedback  language might be offended
 It ensures a proper understanding useless. sometimes.
between sender and receiver.  Polite: mind language of the  No feedback maximum times
 It is sign of successful feedback. counted as negative feedback.
communication.  Offering continuing support:
 It can be positive or negative available for support.

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Importance of feedback
 It validates effective listening.
 It motivates.
 It boosts learning.
 It improves performance.

Type Example
Positive Feedback ✅ Job finished perfectly. Good Job!
Negative Feedback ❌ You are not good at this work,
No Feedback It is also feedback which indicates disagreement of ideas

7 C’s of EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Clear Concise Concrete Correct Coherent Complete Courteous

Be clear Use simple Use exact Use correct Words Include all Be
about what word, say words and spelling and should make the needed respectful,
you want to only what is facts grammar sense and information friendly, and
say needed relate to honest
main topic

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Physical Barriers - is the environmental and natural condition that acts as a barrier to communication
in sending a message from sender to receiver. e.g. noise
2. Interpersonal Barriers - When the sender’s message is received differently from how
it was intended. It becomes difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to talk or express
their feelings and views. e.g. Stage fear.
3. Linguistic Barriers - The inability to communicate using a language like Tamilian to Hindi.
4. Organizational Barriers - Organizations are designed based on formal hierarchical structures that follow
performance standards, rules, regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc.
5. Cultural Barriers - When people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion, or geography
• Take the help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

"TINS" RULE OF CAPITALISATION

T (Titles) I (Word ‘I’) N (Names) S (Starting Letter)
first letter in the titles the letter ‘I’ first letter in the names first letter in every sentence

BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH

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 Supporting Parts of Speech Types
WRITING SKILLS
SENTENCE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
I ate the bread. I ate The Bread
The cat ran down the road. Cat ran The road
He threw the ball He threw The ball
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice – Subject + Verb + Object Passive Voice – Object + Verb + Subject
> Bhaanu wrote a book on gun violence. > A book on gun violence was written by Bhaanu.
> East is where the sun rises from.
> Sun rises from the east.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Ravi says “Hello, how are you?” to Kishan. But Kishan does not give any reply to Ravi. Which
element of communication is missing in this conversation?
(a) Message (b) Feedback (c) Channel (d) All of the Above
2. Which of the following is an example of oral communication?
(a) Newspaper (b) Phone call (c) Letters (d) E-mail
3. Which of the following are barriers of effective communication?
(a)Physical and Organizational (b)Interpersonal
(c)Linguistic (d)All of the above
4. Atul is listening and understanding the message conveyed by his boss. He will be called:
(a)Receiver (b)Channel (c) Sender (d)None of the above
5. Suman needs to apply leave at work? Which method of communication will she use?
(a) E-mail (b) Poster (c) Newsletter (d) Blog
6. In which of the following method of communication, body language can be seen?
(a) Face to Face (b) Email (c) Blog (d) Posters
7. Social media, chats, reports, SMS are examples of:
(a)Public communication (b)Small Group Communication
(c)Written Communication (d)Interpersonal Communication
8. ______________ includes sounds, words, language, and speech.
(a) Verbal communication (b) Non-Verbal communication
(c) Both above (d)None of the above
9. Which of the following are barriers of effective communication?
(a)Physical & Organizational (b)Interpersonal
(c)Linguistic (d)All of the above
10. Which of the following is an example of oral communication:
(a)Newspaper (b) letter (c) Phone Calls (d) E-mail
11. What are the types of words we should use for verbal communication?
(a)Simple (b)Phrases (c)Technical (d) Jargons

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12. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?
(a) Mayank and i are going to the movies.
(b)Jay will be going to Japan in august.
(c) There will be a short meeting on Monday.
(d) the children are studying.
13. Which of the following is NOT the supporting part of speech?
(a)Interjection (b)Conjunction (c)Articles (d)Phrases
14. Which of the following shows a positive facial expression?
(a)Yawning (b)Smiling Continuously
(c)Rolling up eyes (d)Maintaining eye contact
15. By what method we can know that the receiver has understood or got the message?
(a) transmitting (b) feedback (c) message (d) listening
16. Which type of word is generally not used in verbal communication?
(a) Technical (b) Simple (c) Jargons (d) Foreign Language
17. _________ can be presented by face.
(a) Gestures (b) Body Language (c) Para Language (d) Expressions
18. Which of the following is NOT a communication barrier?
(a) Linguistic barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier
(c) Financial barrier (d) Organisational barrier
19. Madhu is sitting straight in the class. What body posture does it show?
(a) Pride (b) Professionalism (c) Confidence (d) Humility
20. The abilities to communicate properly are:
(a) read (b) write (c) speak (d) All of these
21. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
(a) You can study better. (b) You have calibre to study.
(c) You are not good at studies. You must practice more. (d) None of the above
22. ............. is not a communication barrier?
(a) Language (b) Culture (c) Hobbies (d) Physical
23. Which of the following is quick and clear method of communication?
(a) e-mail (b) notices (c) face-to-face (d) None of these
24. Visual communication are dependent on what factors?
(a) Images /symbols (b) Text messages (c) Posture (d) Body language
25. “You must improve your handwriting, for scoring better in exam”. Which type of feedback is
this?
(a) Specific Feedback (b) Descriptive Feedback
(c) Non-Specific Feedback (d) None of the above
2 Mark
1. Samiksha is an Indian Diplomat going to visit Japan due to some official work. But she does not know
Japanese. Which type of barrier Samiksha is facing? Also, suggest one solution to overcome this barrier.
2. Draw and explain any two examples of visual communications styles.
3. Identify the type of sentence
a)How well she paints!
b)Did I say anything wrong?
c)My mother gifted me a book.
d)Please be seated.

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4. Match the following:
Column A:
Column B: Examples
Barriers
A. Trying to attend a meeting online when somebody else is
1. Language watching TV in the same room.
B. In some cultures, wearing shoes and walking insidethe kitchen is considered rude and
2. Emotional
disrespectful
3. Environmental C. Talking in Hindi when others know only Tamil
4. Cultural D. Parent is not talking to the child
5. Give examples of public communication?
6. What does the following touch show in reference to non-verbal communication?
(i) Putting your head in your hands.
(ii)Looking down.
7. What is the role of feedback in communication cycle?
8. What are ways to overcome barriers to effective communication?
9. Match the following:
Parts of speech Examples
Articles In,on
Interjection And, but
Conjunction A,an,the
Preposition Wow!, Help!

10. Explain physical barriers of effective communication?

11. What is the role of communication in business?
12 Mention verb/adverb/noun/pronoun/adjective in the following sentences:
(i) Ronaldo is my best friend
(ii) He walks quickly in the office.
(iii) The parents sent him a postcard.
(iv) He bought his daughter a computer.
13. Using “TINS” rule convert the sentence into correct case.
(i) I am going to moscow.
(ii) Ramesh and suresh are going on saturday.
14. Put a X mark against the actions below which are examples of bad non-verbal communication.
• Laughing during formal communication
• Scratching head
• Smiling when speaking to a friend
• Nodding when you agree with something
15. Identify the conjunctions and prepositions from the list below and write these in the correct box. Over,
Because, Under, And, Since, In, At, Although, Or, Up, On, Beside
ANSWERS
1 Mark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b b d a a a c a d c
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a c d c b a d c c d
21 22 23 24 25
c c c a a

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2 Mark
1. Language barrier. She may use some mediator or she may learn Japanese.

2. a) How well she paints! - Exclamatory sentence

b) Did I say anything wrong? - Interrogative sentence
c) My mother gifted me a book. –Declarative sentence
d) Be seated.- Imperative sentence
3. b) 1 -> C; 2 -> D; 3 -> A; 4 -> B
4.1. Election campaigns 2. Public speeches
5. (i) it could mean that you're bored (ii) you appear weak and unconfident
6. For effective communication, it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement.
7. 1.Use simple language.
2. Do not form assumptions on culture.

10. Environmental barrier or natural condition that acts as a barrier in communication.

11. It ensures that information is accurately conveyed between stakeholders, facilitates
operations, and aids in decision-making processes.
12.
Sentence Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective
Ronaldo is my best friend Ronaldo /friend best
He walks quickly in the office he walks quickly
The parents sent him a postcard Parents/ him sent
postcard
He bought his daughter a latest computer Computer/daughter He/his bought latest
13. (i) I am going to Moscow.
(ii) Ramesh and Suresh are going on Saturday.
14. • Laughing during formal communication x
• Scratching head x
15.
Conjunction Preposition
Because, And, Since, Although, Or Over, Under, In, At, Up, On, Beside

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 Self-Management Skills-II
Mind Map

Self, in philosophy and psychology, refers to the individual's awareness and perception of their own
identity, personality, and existence.
Self-Management
Self-management refers to the ability of an individual to regulate their behaviour, emotions, and thoughts
in a way that effectively achieves personal goals and maintains well-being. It encompasses a range of skills
and practices that enable a person to take control of their own life and function independently and
responsibly.
Key components of self-management include:
1. Self-Regulation
2. Time Management
3. Goal Setting
4. Decision Making
5. Stress Management
6. Self-Motivation
7. Adaptability
8. Health Management
9. Personal Accountability
10. Financial Management

Self-management skills are essential for personal and professional success. They enable individuals to take
charge of their lives, make informed decisions, and navigate challenges effectively. Developing these skills
can lead to greater independence, productivity, and overall well-being.
Stress and its Management
Stress is a natural response to challenging or threatening situations, often referred to as "stressors." It can
manifest both physically and psychologically, affecting a person's well-being. Understanding stress and
employing effective stress management techniques are crucial for maintaining health and productivity.
Here's an overview of stress and strategies to manage it:

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Understanding Stress
1. Sources of Stress:
o External Factors: Work pressures, financial problems, relationship issues, life changes,
environmental factors.
o Internal Factors: Negative self-talk, unrealistic expectations, perfectionism, lack of
flexibility.
2. Symptoms of Stress:
o Physical: Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, sleep disturbances, digestive issues.
o Emotional: Anxiety, irritability, depression, mood swings.
o Cognitive: Difficulty concentrating, memory problems, negative thinking.
o Behavioural: Changes in appetite, increased use of alcohol or drugs, social withdrawal,
procrastination.
Stress Management Techniques

1. Physical Activities:
o Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as walking, running, yoga, or strength training,
can reduce stress hormones and stimulate the production of endorphins.
o Relaxation Techniques: Practices like deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle
relaxation, and guided imagery can help calm the mind and body.
2. Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
o Balanced Diet: Eating nutritious foods can improve overall health and stress resilience.
o Adequate Sleep: Prioritizing quality sleep is essential for stress recovery and mental clarity.
o Avoiding Stimulants: Reducing the intake of caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine can help
stabilize mood and reduce stress.
3. Mindfulness and Meditation:
o Mindfulness: Staying present and fully engaging in the current moment can reduce anxiety
and improve emotional regulation.
o Meditation: Regular meditation practice can promote relaxation, enhance focus, and
improve overall well-being.
4. Time Management:
o Prioritization: Identifying and focusing on the most important tasks can prevent feeling
overwhelmed.
o Delegation: Sharing responsibilities with others can lighten the workload and reduce stress.
o Scheduling: Planning and organizing tasks can create a sense of control and reduce last-
minute pressures.
5. Social Support:
o Talking to Others: Sharing feelings with friends, family, or a therapist can provide
emotional support and perspective.
o Community Involvement: Engaging in social activities or volunteering can create a sense
of belonging and purpose.
6. Cognitive Techniques:
o Positive Thinking: Challenging negative thoughts and focusing on positive aspects can
shift the mindset.
o Problem-Solving: Addressing the root causes of stress through practical solutions can
reduce stressors.
7. Professional Help:
o Therapy: Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches can help
individuals develop coping strategies and manage stress effectively.
o Medical Intervention: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms
of stress-related conditions.

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Implementing Stress Management

1. Self-Awarenes
2. Regular Practice
3. Flexibility

Managing stress is an ongoing process that requires attention and effort. By adopting a combination of
techniques, individuals can significantly reduce stress levels and improve their quality of life.
Steps to become Independent

Becoming independent involves developing the skills, mindset, and habits necessary to take control of your
own life, make decisions, and take responsibility for your actions. Here are some steps to help you achieve
independence:

1. Self-Awareness and Personal Growth

 Know Yourself
 Set Personal Goals
2. Financial Independence
 Budgeting
 Saving and Investing
 Earning
3. Life Skills
 Time Management
 Household Management
 Health Management
4. Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
 Critical Thinking
 Problem-Solving
5. Building a Support Network
 Healthy Relationships
 Networking
6. Emotional Independence
 Self-Confidence
 Self-Reliance
7. Continuous Learning
 Education
 Self-Improvement
8. Legal and Administrative Knowledge
 Understand Your Rights
 Administrative Skills
9. Embracing Responsibility
 Accountability
 Commitment
10. Developing a Growth Mindset
 Adaptability
 Resilience

Advantages of Working Independently

• There’s Less Conflict
• You’re More Efficient

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• You Can Enjoy a Challenge
• You’re in Charge
• You Take Full Credit
Disadvantages of Working Independently: -
• There’s Less Teamwork
• There’s Less Creativity
• You’ll Be More Stressed
• You’ll Get Bored
• You Take Full Responsibility

PRACTICE QUESTION

1 Mark

1. What is self-management?
(a) Managing others (b) Regulating one's own behaviour, emotions, and thoughts
(c) Following orders (d)Ignoring responsibilities
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of self-management?
(a) Time management (b) Stress management
(c) Financial management (d)Managing other people's emotions
3. What is the primary purpose of setting SMART goals?
(a) To keep goals vague and flexible
(b) To set goals that are easy to achieve
(c) To create specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives
(d)To ensure goals are complex and challenging
4. Which of the following is a time management technique?
(a) Procrastination (b) Multitasking
(c) Creating a to-do list (d) Overcommitting
5. What is an effective way to manage stress?
(a) Avoiding all stressful situations (b) Exercising regularly
(c) Ignoring stress until it goes away (d)Consuming more caffeine
6. Which of the following best describes mindfulness?
(a) Thinking about past mistakes
(b) Staying present and fully engaging in the current moment
(c) Worrying about future events
(d)Daydreaming
7. Why is self-motivation important for self-management?
(a) It helps others manage their tasks
(b) It reduces the need for planning
(c) It drives an individual to take action and persist in the face of challenges
(d)It encourages reliance on others
8. Which practice helps in maintaining physical health?
(a) Eating junk food (b) Regular exercise and a balanced diet
(c) Skipping meals (d)Avoiding sleep
9. Why is adaptability important in self-management?
(a) It helps avoid change
(b) It allows for flexibility in responding to new conditions and changes
(c) It encourages rigid thinking
(d)It prevents learning new skills
10. What is the role of self-awareness in self-management?

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 (a) Ignoring one's strengths and weaknesses
(b) Understanding one's strengths, weaknesses, values, and goals
(c) Comparing oneself constantly to others
(d)Focusing solely on others' opinions
11. What is the benefit of building a support network?
(a) Increased isolation (b) Reduced emotional support
(c) Enhanced support and encouragement from others
(d)Decreased opportunities for collaboration
12. Which technique is useful for reducing procrastination?
(a) Setting clear deadlines (b) Avoiding tasks
(c) Multitasking (d)Ignoring time management
13. What does effective stress management typically lead to?
(a) Increased anxiety (b) Improved mental and physical health
(c) Higher levels of stress (d)Decreased productivity
14. Which activity can help improve self-discipline?
(a) Following a consistent routine (b) Procrastinating regularly
(c) Avoiding challenging tasks (d)Ignoring commitments
15. Why is continuous learning important for self-management?
(a) It prevents skill development (b)It enhances knowledge and personal growth
(c) It limits career opportunities (d)It discourages adaptability
16. Which of the following is NOT a component of effective self-management?
(a) Goal setting (b) Time management
(c) Avoiding feedback (d)Self-monitoring
17. What is the primary purpose of setting SMART goals in self-management?
(a) To make goals more complex (b) To ensure goals are vague and flexible
(c)To create clear, attainable, and trackable objectives
d)To involve others in your goal-setting process
18.Which of the following is an example of a time management technique?
(a)Procrastination (b) Prioritizing tasks using the Eisenhower Matrix
(c)Ignoring deadlines (d)Multitasking without a plan
19. How does self-monitoring contribute to self-management?
(a) It helps you avoid tracking your progress
(b) It allows you to blame others for your failures
(c) It enables you to evaluate your progress and make necessary adjustments
(d)It discourages self-reflection and growth
20.What is the benefit of breaking down larger tasks into smaller, manageable steps?
(a) It increases stress and anxiety
(b) It makes tasks more overwhelming
(c) It makes the task more achievable and less daunting
(d)It ensures that you will avoid the task entirely
21.Assertion 1: Setting clear goals is a crucial aspect of self-management.
Assertion 2: Avoiding deadlines can improve productivity.
(a) Both are true
(b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false
(d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
22.Assertion 1: Effective time management can reduce stress.
Assertion 2: Procrastination is a key component of effective self-management.
(a) Both are true
(b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false

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 (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
23. Assertion 1: Self-monitoring involves tracking your progress.
Assertion 2: Taking feedback helps you stay focused.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
24.Assertion 1: Breaking tasks into smaller steps makes them more manageable.
Assertion 2: Multitasking without a plan increases efficiency.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
25. Assertion 1: Self-reflection is not necessary for personal growth.
Assertion 2: Consistent routines support effective self-management.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
2 Mark
Competency Based Question
1. Describe a time when you had to set a long-term goal for yourself. How did you go about setting
and achieving this goal?
2. Can you provide an example of a situation where you had to manage multiple tasks
simultaneously? How did you prioritize and organize your work?
3. Tell me about a time when you faced an unexpected challenge or obstacle. How did you adapt and
manage your response?
4. Give an example of how you have used feedback to improve your performance. What steps did
you take to incorporate this feedback?
5. Describe a situation where you had to manage your time effectively to meet a tight deadline. What
strategies did you use?
6. Explain how you track and monitor your progress towards personal or professional goals. What
tools or methods do you use?
7. Provide an example of a time when you had to break a large project into smaller tasks. How did
you ensure each task was completed on time?
ANSWERS

1 Mark:
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans b d c c b b c b b b
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans c a b a b c c b c c
Q 21 22 23 24 25
Ans c c a c d
2 Mark:
Competency Based Question
1. A good long-term goal may be to lose 20 kilograms in the next three years or to learn a new language
within two years, or to become a doctr or engineer.
Steps to achieve a long term goal are:
 Self-Regulation
 Time Management
 Goal Setting
 Decision Making
 Stress Management
 Self-Motivation

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  Adaptability
 Health Management
 Personal Accountability
 Financial Management

2. Few works are due the same time. The first consideration is how long it takes to complete a task. In many
cases, I prioritize easier tasks first. Doing so allows me to accomplish more throughout the day. If I have to
multitask and finish all tasks in the same amount of time, I break down tasks into smaller objectives. With
smaller objectives, I determine which ones are most critical for getting the full task done and prioritize them
first.

3. When providing an example of overcoming an obstacle:

 Be honest!
 Don’t exaggerate.
 Emphasize key soft skills.
 Be concise.
 Don’t blame others.
 Stay positive! .
4. Feedback is essential for personal growth, and I incorporate it into my own development in several ways.
First of all , I listen carefully to the feedback I receive, with a genuine intention to understand the other
person's perspective before forming my own response. Then I use the feedback to continuously improve
and renew myself in various areas of life, including physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects. Feedback
plays an integral part in my ongoing learning and development process.
I could work on developing my interpersonal skills and building stronger relationships with colleagues
5.
1. Get clarity over the deadline.
2. Plan ahead. : Make a list of tasks and a plan.
3. Prioritize tasks : Set realistic deadlines.
4. Communicate effectively : Communicate your deadlines with your team.
1. Stay organized : Delegate tasks evenly.
2. Monitor progress.
5. Focus on one thing at a time.
3. Get some help when needed : Use technology.
6. List each of your goal
A. Create smaller tasks to help hit each goal
B. Assign reasonable deadlines to your goals
C. Review your progress regularly
D. Establish a reward system for yourself
E. Build a schedule to follow
F. Forgive yourself when you fall off track
7.
 Prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency.First of all set priorities to accomplish a task
according to the requirement
 By setting a time limit to complete a task.
 Take a break between tasks.
 Organize yourself.
 Remove non-essential tasks/activities.
 Plan ahead.

14
ICT SKILL

Mind Map

15
 COMPUTER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO MAIN PARTS
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
These are tangible component of computer These are non-tangible component of computer

Ex: Keyboard, Mouse Ex: Mozilla, games application, any computer

software

TYPES OF KEYS

FUNCTION KEYS NAVIGATION KEYS Control keys Punctuation keys

F1, F2, F3 TO F9 HOME, END, PAGE Control (CTRL), colon (:),

UP, and PAGE DOWN SHIFT, SPACEBAR, semicolon (;), question
ALT, CAPS LOCK mark (?), single
and TAB quotation marks (‘ ’),
and double quotation
marks (“ ”).
Command Keys: INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE.
Function associated with Mouse:
 Roll over or Hover
 Point and Click
 Drag and Drop
 Double Click
OPERATING SYSTEMS

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and

computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output,
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Basic Functions performed when a computer starts A computer automatically

runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as power
button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the
system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System,

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Interactive (GUI-based)
Single-user, single-task operating system
Single-user, multi-task operating system
Multi-user
Real Time
Distributed
Computer Shortcuts keys:
Cut Copy Paste Print Undo Redo
Ctrl+X Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Ctrl+P Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Y

16
 FILE CONCEPT

File Concept, File Operations, File Organization, Directory Structures And File-System Structures:
Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. Files can be separately placed into
groups, called folders/directories. Each directory/folder can contain related files and/or sub-folders.
D://  folder1  folder 2  File 1
The steps to create a new folder are: To create a new file:
1. Double-click the Computer icon. 1. Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the
2. Select the drive in which you want to create a new right-column.
folder. Say, Local Disk D:. 2. In the Shortcut menu, click New and select
3. Window will open up showing files and folders in the type of the file you want to create.
Local Disc D: Click New Folder on the toolbar.
4. A new folder is created with name New Folder
highlighted
5. Type a name for the folder.
To rename a file or a folder: To restore the files and folders: To recover a
1. Right-click the file or the folder. file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file,
2. From the shortcut menu, select Rename option and then click Restore.
Or
Just select the file/folder and press Function key F2.
3. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press
the Enter key.
To copy a folder or directory To copy a folder or directory
Shortcut menu: Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy. folder, hold down the Ctrl key while dragging it
b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu. to the new location.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make
a copy of the selected file or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut
menu.
To copy a folder or directory To permanently delete Files:
Using Keyboard: You can permanently delete the contents of the
a. Select the file or the folder. Recycle Bin.Right-click the Recycle Bin icon
b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder. and then click Empty Recycle Bin
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file

17
 COMPUTER THREATS

Computer threats: Some Basic threats we daily face while using computer are:
Worms Virus Trojan Horse Online Predator Internet Scams
Increasing Computer Performance: We can increase computer performance by following these steps:
● Backup Your Data
● Regular Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
● Regular disk defragmentation
● Upgrade Hardware & Install software updates regularly
● Remove temporary files to save space

COMPUTER SECURITY AND PRIVACY :

Computer security and privacy deals with the measures used to prevent loss of data. Security break is
leakage of information stored in a computer.
Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For example, we share our
account details and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorized access to our computer. This can happen in the office if we leave our
computer without logging out.
Firewall: A computer firewall can be a programmable device or a software or a network security system
that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on user-defined security rules.
Cookies : Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website on the
internet. These files typically contain information about your visit to the webpage or record your login
information.
Anti-virus: Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and remove malicious programs from the
computer.
Example-McAfee Virus Scan, Norton Antivirus, Microsoft Security essentials, and Quick Heal.
Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to attract you to their
website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and delete it on a regular basis.
It is possible to set filters in the settings to prevent SPAM from entering our mail box.

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER

Prepare a maintenance schedule
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard, monitor, Dusty CPU and printer
ii. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organize photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software & Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
(a) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(b) Clean up e-mail contact list

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 (c) Update your operating system
(d) Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew
How to take Measures to protect Computer:
 Regular scans should be done to check for viruses, malware, etc.
 An effective antivirus software should be installed in your computer.
 Always keep your anti-virus software updated so that it can detect new viruses.
 A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary information that
slows down the computer.
 Disk defragmentation done at regular intervals helps the disc space to be used at an optimal
level.
 Take regular backup of the data on your computer.
 System should be upgraded with new updates that were not there at the time of purchase,
like, increasing RAM, to improve the performance.
 Software’s should be updated regularly so that it works with maximum efficiency.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark:

1. This icon is used to store all the deleted file, it is named as _______.
2. The taskbar of the computer show these items ________, ___________,_________.
3. Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are called
(a) Navigation keys (b) Punctuation Key
(c) Function key (d) None of the above
4. __________ operating system enables multiple users to work on the same computer at different times
or simultaneously.
(a) multiprogramming (b) Multiprocessors
(c) multi-user. (d) multi-tasking.
5. There is a talent contest in your town. For participating in the audition, you have to send a recording of
a song. What would you
connect to your computer to record your song?
(a) Keyboard (b) Microphone
(c) Scanner (d) Mouse
6. What does GPS stand for?
(a) Global Positioning System (b) Global Payment System
(c) Global Program System (d) Global Pointing System
7. There is a talent contest in your town. For participating in the audition, Rohan have to send a recording
of a song. What device he
will use to connect to the computer to record the song?
(a) Keyboard (c) Scanner
(b) Microphone (d) Mouse
8. Namita prepared a shortcut keys quiz for her class. She prepared these question, are you able to tell
their answer:
(a) To select all the content of the file________
(b) To redo the steps she had done___________
(c) To paste the file at some location_________
9. The cleaning of software installed in the computer cannot be achieved by ____________.
(a) Disk cleanup (b) backup
(c) Cleaning CPU cabinet (d) Installing antivirus software
10. Which button is used to reduce the window to a small icon on the taskbar?
(a) Minimize button (b) Restore Down button
(c) Maximize button (d) Start button

19
11. Which one of the following shortcut keys is used to undo the steps?
(a) Ctrl + c (b) Ctrl + p
(c) Ctrl + v (d) Ctrl + z
12. Which of the following functions is not performed using a mouse?
(a) Turn on (b) Hover
(c) Right click (d) Drag and Drop
13. To cut the file or folder, which shortcut key will you use on the computer?
(a) Ctrl+ V (b) Ctrl+ Y
(c) Ctrl+ P (d) Ctrl+ X
14. This allows the user to change various settings in a computer:
(a) Search Box (b) Taskbar
(c) Control Panel (d) Recycle Bin
15. Press _____________to copy the file or the folder.
(a) Ctrl + P (b) Ctrl + C
(c) Ctrl + V (d) Ctrl+Z
16. Some of the computer maintaining activities are:
(a) Run anti-virus periodically (b) Keep files in proper folder
(c) Take regular backup of the data (d) All of the above
In the questions 17-20 given below there are two statements marked as Assertion and Reasoning. Choose the
correct option given below in each question:
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is True but (R) is False.
(d) (A) is False but (R) is True.
17.Assertion (A): Virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and alters their
behavior.
Reasoning(R) : Antivirus are used to protect the computer from it.
18. Assertion (A): Operating system is hardware device.
Reasoning(R) : To run every computer you need Operating system.
19. Assertion : Some commonly used mobile operating system are Android, Symbian, iOS.
Reasoning: These operating system can be used to run computer also.
20. Assertion : We need to take care of only the password for security of account on computer.
Reasoning: Other aspects like remove cookies, Firewall, and Backup of data should be done for
protecting the system.

2 Mark:
1.Mohan spend two-three hours daily on Internet, search about the cricket. But after some days he face,
these issues while using the computer. Can you answer why it is happening.
(a) Whenever he want to write on search button C, some suggestions regarding cricket are coming.
Define it.
(b) Some mails which saying that he got a lottery of Rs.10000 are coming. /what are these mails.
(c) He want to keep his system safe, what software he should use for it.
(d) While accessing his account on internet, what are the features his password should have.
(e) He want to place all the files he has downloaded( Download folder) to the desktop with folder
name Cricket. Write steps to place those files on desktop.
2.Geeta is preparing her speech on computer maintenance. She know about daily maintenance of the
system, but not the yearly
maintenance. Please tell about it.
3.Sohal had prepared a quiz for the students, in this he unable to find full form of a) DOS b) GUI.
What is their full form and Types of OS.

20
 4. Sunita knows how to copy file/folder with mouse help, can you tell the steps for doing the same with
keyboard shortcut keys.
5. How does “find and replace” feature works?
ANSWERS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Recycle Start icon, Navigation c b a b a) Ctrl+A c a
Bin Search, Active Key b) Ctrl+Y
application, c) Ctrl+V
Day and Time

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d a d c b d a d a d
1. (a) Cookies. Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website on
the internet. These files are designed to hold data specific to a particular client and website.
(b) Spam Mails. Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis.
(c) Anti-virus. An antivirus product is a program designed to detect and remove viruses and other kinds of
malicious software from computer or laptop
(d) password features: It should be collection of Letters, Symbols and Special Characters.
(e) copy paste or drag and drop:
a). Select the file or the folder.
b). Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c). Open the destination folder.
d ). Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file. OR

To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the item to a new
location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This is called drag
and drop.
2. Yearly Maintenance
 Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
 Clean up e-mail contact list
 Update your operating system
 Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew
3. a) DOS- Disk Operating System. Single User OS b) GUI- Graphical User Interface. Multi User and Multi tasking.
4. Steps are
a)Select the file or the folder.
b)Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c)Open the destination folder.
d) Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
5. Find Feature: Type the word or phrase that you want to find, and Word will highlight all instances of the
word or phrase throughout the document.
To replace found text: Select the magnifying glass, and then select Replace. In the Replace With box, type
the replacement text.

21
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

MIND MAP

Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business while bearing all the risks with the hope of making a
profit and make the business successful.
ENTREPRENEUR
An entrepreneur is a person who establishes a business or a venture that generates some value to the
customer and proves to be profitable for him/her. An entrepreneur starts a new business with an eye on what
he identifies as an unmet need in the market and works to fulfill.
Some famous Entrepreneur

Entrepreneur Startup / Business

Bill Gates Microsoft

Elon Musk Space X, Tesla

Jeff Bezos Amazon.com

Falguini Naya Nykaa

22
 ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR

 Fulfill Customer Needs

Entrepreneurs find out what people want and implement their creativity to come up with a business idea
that will meet that demand.
 Use Local Materials
Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products at low cost.
 Help Society
They make profits through activities that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving
the environment, to build schools and hospitals.
 Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them. They hire more people to
work for them. In this way, more people have jobs.
 Sharing of Wealth
As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people working for them and in related businesses also grow.
 Lower Price of Products
As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down.

Society contribution in Entrepreneurship

 Creates needs and demands
 Provides raw materials
 Enables financial support
 Creates a need for education
 Catalyzes policy formation and reform
 Facilitates networking
 Supports infrastructure development

23
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITIES
Social Entrepreneurship
(to create sustainable solutions of social problems)

Agricultural Entrepreneurship
(marketing and production of inputs and products used in agricultural
activities)

Women Entrepreneurship
(led by women, where women undertake work.)

Small Scale Entrepreneurship

(Starting industries where manufacturing done on small scale)

Optimistic

Hard Independen
Working
QUALITIES OF ENTREPRENEUR

Energetic Perseveranc
Self-
Confident e

MYTHS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

There are many myths about the characteristics and traits of entrepreneurs.

1. Entrepreneurs are born a certain way

 This is a myth that almost anyone can be an entrepreneur with the right skills,
drive, and passion. Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability.
24
 2. Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risks
 Entrepreneurs definitely have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put
themselves in high-risk situations.

3. A lot of money is required to start any business

 The key to entrepreneurship is to start with resources available and grow slowly and
steadily.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS CAREER
There are two ways a person can earn a living. They are
1. Self-employment 2. Wage employment
For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a wage employed person. If the same doctor has their
own clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.
A self-employed person running a business to satisfy a need by trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process:

This process is as follows:

ENTER → SURVIVE → GROW

Example:
A. Sunita has started her “Chocolate- Home made” on the Internet. . a. Enter

B. Sunita innovates new ideas into it to exist in market. b. Survive

C. Surabhi opens 5 painting stores across India c. Grow

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Vikas’s employeee is not in good mood. He comes to his store and starts shouting at him. Vikas does not
get angry with him. He is ___________.
(a) hardworking (b) confident
(c) patient (d) trying new ideas
2. Vinita decides to sell her company in Sri Lanka and has a loss. She apologises to the people who work
for her. She...............................

25
 (a) takes responsibility for mistakes (b) thinks before making a decision
(c) does not give up (d) is creative

3.Vinod running a small enterprise. He always pays his dues on time.

(a) Creates a new product (b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk (d) None of the above
4. Meera buys raw product for her business from one place. Later she buys from some other place. She
analyses that she earns a profit by this action. She ______________.
(a) Makes decisions (b) Divides income
(c) Takes risk (d) None of the above
5. Mohan has 5 people who work for him. Every day, he spends some time with them to learn about
what they’ve done that day.
(a) Creates a new product (b) Divides income
(c) Manages the business (d) Create Problem
6. Role of Entrepreneurs is to ___________ jobs in the society.
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) None of these (d) Both
7. Write against the option, if the business idea is of (self-employment or wage employment.)
(a) Cooking in a restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c ) Having a dosa selling stall
8. Entrepreneur is a _________ of growing society.
(a) builder (b) destroyer
(c) citizen (d) None of the above
9. ____________ is not the characteristics of entrepreneur.
(a) Hard Work (b) Lazy
(c) Decision Maker (d) None of the above
10. Entrepreneur plays an important role in ____________ of Society
(a) making (b)B evolving
(c) growing (d) None of the above.
11. Entrepreneur is/are _________________
(a) Risk taker (b) Hard Working
(c) Innovative (d) All of the above
State whether the following statements are True or False
12. Entrepreneurs can create jobs in the market.
13. When many entrepreneurs sell mobile phones in a market, the prices of phones increase
14. Entrepreneurs identify a need in the market and build a product or service for it.
15. Entrepreneurs who do not have an innovative idea cannot succeed.
16. Entrepreneurs exhibit high risk-taking ability, but they take calculative risks.
17. Nothing matters more than the business idea.
18. Any one can acquire and develop entrepreneurial skills.
19. Entrepreneurship is a process of constant learning.

20. Match each story below with the misconception about entrepreneurship.

Story Misconception
(a) Ramesh owns a large clothes shop. Shamu has a small store
selling handmade sarees. Shamu does not call himself an a) Every business idea needs to be
entrepreneur. unique or special.

26
 (b) Anita Father has a big business of Crockery. Vanya is new (b)Entrepreneurs are born, not
in her business. Vanya thought that she can’t survive in market. made.
(c) In a city of thousands of book binding shops, Vidya is a binder (c)A person needs to have a big
who binds good quality books with some innovation and has a business to be called an
very successful business. entrepreneur.

21. Match the columns

(a) Surabhi opens 5 painting stores across India. a. Enter

(b) There are many Career Guidance classes in Banglore. Rishabh owns one of them.
He is starting more classes for students in Delhi. . b. Survive
(c) Sunita has started her “Chocolate- Home made” on the Internet. c. Grow

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Bhoomika decides to sell her company MyVenture in USA. It does not sell and she has a loss. She apologies
to the people who work for her. She says she will plan better next time. Now she wanted to build her new
business. She doesn’t have money, so she borrowed money from his family and the bank. She hire two
employees for running her business and give them salary every month. After 2 years, she paid off all the
debts.
22. When Bhoomika apologises, she______________
(a) Takes responsibility for mistakes (b) Thinks before making a decision
(c) Does not give up (d) Is creative
23. Name the two types of employment discussed here.
(a) Self-Employment (b) Individual Employment
(c) Wage Employment (d) Both A and C
24.She pays his employees on the 1st of every month.
(a) Creates a new product (b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk (d) Marketing

25. After 2 years, she paid off all the debts. He is..................
(a). Diligent (b) Decisive
(c) Composed (d) All of the above
26. Which could provide an individual with the motivation to start a new business venture?
(a)The financial rewards. (b) A desire to be independent.
(c) Challenges (d) All the above.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false

27
d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
27. Assertion (A): The basic test of a successful entrepreneur is the identification of business opportunity
in the environment.
Reason (R): In order to be successful an entrepreneur needs to initiate steps to produce and sell goods and
services to make the best use of that opportunity.
28. Assertion (A): An entrepreneur takes risks.
Reason (R): An entrepreneur is self-confident.
29. Assertion(A): Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a new and
innovative enterprise/ product or service.
Reason(R): An entrepreneur must be creative, organized and risk taker.
30. Assertion(A): For a trading organization, the operating cycle will be shorter. Reasoning(R): There is
no manufacturing in a trading organization.
2 Mark
Q1. What do you need for an Entrepreneurship? Write 2 points.
Q2. Write four qualities of successful Entrepreneur?
Q3. Ravi has his own business and Vishal works in a company. What is the difference between Wage
employed and Self employed people?
Q4. Swati is an Entrepreneur. What do you mean by Entrepreneur? Write 2 point.
Q5. Write four functions of an Entrepreneur.
Q6. Vishakha is confused about entrepreneurship. She heard about some myths. Write four Misconceptions
about Entrepreneurship.
ANSWERS

1 Mark

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ans c a b a c a

Q 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ans a Wage Employment a b c d TRUE

b Self Employment
c Self Employment

Q 13 14 15 16 17 18

Ans FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

Q 19 20 21 22 23 24

Ans TRUE a) c, b) b, c) a c) c, b) b, c) a a d b

Q 25 26 27 28 29 30

Ans d d a a b a

28
2 Mark
1. A) Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running a business.
B) Looking for ways to make the business better to make profits.
2. Four qualities of successful Entrepreneur are:
a) They are confident.
b) They keep trying new ideas in their business.
c) They take responsibility for their actions.
d) They do not give up when they face a difficulty.
3. Wage employed people are people who work for a person or an organization
and get paid for that work.
Self-employed people are those who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people.
4. A) A self employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better.
B) Taking risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.

5. Four functions of an Entrepreneur are:

1 Making Decisions. 2. Managing the Business.
3. Taking Risk. 4. Create new method, Idea or Product
6. Four Misconceptions about Entrepreneurship are :
a) Every business idea needs to be unique. b)Needs a lot of money to start a business.
c) A person having a big business is an entrepreneur.d) Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

29
 GREEN SKILLS

Sustainability:
Sustainability is an art of living where we respect our environment and make use of the
available resources only to the extent where we can replenish what is available to us for the accessibility of
future generations. Sustainability focuses on how human beings can live in peace and harmony with nature
without creating ecological disturbance.
Sustainable Development:
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic
growth, care for the environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
In the 21st Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for sustainable development is of
grave importance.
1) Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is causing its
depletion.
2) The uneven distribution of available resources across different economic fronts is giving rise to crime
and creating social imbalance. To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.
3) Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are alarming. We will be
able to combat these issues with the help of Sustainable Development.
4) Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our workplace will also promote economic
growth.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development:

Three major problems related to sustainable development are:
Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc. is becoming less as
we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of
chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilizers.
Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage into them.
The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several years, we will have no clean water for our
use.
Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and furniture. As more

30
and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place.

Sustainable Development must address the following issues:

● To prevent the environmental degradation because of climate change.
● To ensure a safe human life by ensuring availability of resources.
● To check the exploitative technology and find alternative sources.
● To check the over exploitation and wastage of natural resources.
● To regenerate renewable energy resources.
● To ensure environmentally sustainable economic growth.
Sustainable Development Goals:
United Nations in 2015 adopted 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) as a universal call to action to
end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. These SDGs
are :
1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
17. Partnership for the Goals

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We can contribute to create a Sustainable Society by following 5Rs’ of Sustainability. These are REFUSE,
REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE and REPURPOSE.
1) REFUSE:
REFUSE is to say ‘NO’ to use products that may harm the environment.
2) REDUCE:
REDUCE is minimizing the use of the products that may cause harm to environment.
3) REUSE:
REUSE the products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation.
4) RECYCLE:
After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.
5) REPURPOSE / UPCYCLING:
REPURPOSE/ UPCYCLING is giving a new look to the old product and making it look desirable.
Any product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation.
Our Role in Sustainable Development:
Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable Development Goals.
1. Quality Education:
Education is the most important factor for sustainable development. Children who have
gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves and their families.
Education helps us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.
2. Clean Water and Sanitation
We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and
creating awareness towards sanitation. Industrial pollution is polluting our water resources, which
in near future will cause scarcity of clean drinking and usable water.

3. Affordable and Clean Energy

Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not
cause pollution as it does not require the burning of non-renewable fuels,
such as coal.
4. Decent Work and Economic Growth
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we can add value to our community.
5. Reduced Inequalities
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.

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 4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class
or caste.
6. Sustainable Cities and Communities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
7. Responsible Consumers and Producers
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing
8. Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life and saving
our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.
9. Protect Life on Land
Cutting trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting
more trees to replace the ones that we have cut is an important step towards sustainable
development.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Which of the following is the most used renewable source of energy?
(a) Solar power (b) Hydropower
(c) Both a and b (d) None of the above
2. Who will sustainable development benefit?
(a) Future generations (b) Current generation
(c) Both a and b (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Tides are a conventional source of energy
(b) Sun is a conventional source of energy
(c) Wind is a conventional source of energy
(d) Dried dung is a conventional source of energy
4. Which of the following is not an aim of sustainable development?
(a) Poverty Alleviation (b) Conservation of resources
(c) Waste management (d) None of the above
5. Give a major threat to the environment
(a) Industrialization (b) Urbanization
(c) Use of plastic (d) All of the above
6. Lead to rise in global temperature
(a) Greenhouse gases (b) Water table depletion
(c) Soil pollution (d) Improper Waste disposal
7. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
(a) Methane (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Water vapour (d) All of these
8. According to the concept of sustainable development the environment and development are ....... issues
(a) Inseparable (b) Separate
(c) Independent (d) None of these

9. Ecological imbalance in the biosphere is created by

(a) Cutting of forest (b) Conservation of forest

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 (c) Production of more plastic (d) Both a and c
10. Which of the following sources of energy is from a renewable source?
(a) Solar energy (b) Wood
(c) Coal (d) Petrol
11. Choose the option which is not a sustainable development goal according to the UN.
(a) Clean water and sanitation (b) Gender equality
(c) Population (d) Reduced inequalities
12. How many sustainable development goals are given by the United Nations?
(a) 18 (b) 17
(c) 15 (d) 16
13. Choose the option which defines sustainable development
(a) Taking care of future generations
(b) Taking care of only ourselves
(c) Taking care of ourselves and the future generations
(d) Well-being of all
14. Which organization has made the Sustainable Development Goals?
(a) United Nations (b) League of Nations
(c) UNICEF (d) World Health Organization
15. The sustainable development goals and targets will expire till
(a) 2015 (b) 2016 (c) 2026 (d) 2030
16. SDG1 is __________
(a) No poverty (b) Zero Hunger
(c) Gender Equality (d) Quality Education
17. Which of the following options is not included in the SD parameters?
(a) Gender inequality and diversity
(b) Intergenerational and intragenerational equity
(c) Growing annually
(d) None of the above
18. When did the phrase “Sustainable Development” first appear?
(a) 1987 (b) 1980
(c) 1978 (d) 1992
19. In December———-, the General Assembly created the United Nations Council on Environmental
Sustainability (CSD).
(a) 1992 (b) 1993
(c) 1994 (d) 1995
20 Mercury, as well as leads, are poisonous substances that contribute to
(a) noise exposure (b) poor air quality
(c) water contamination (d) soil pollution

ASSERTION AND REASONING-BASED QUESTIONS.

Mark the correct choice as from Q21 to 25.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
21. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is important for the well-being of human society.
Reason (R): Sustainable development is a kind of development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
22. Assertion (A): Sustainable development must be adopted to save the environment from degradation.
Reason (B): It is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world.
23. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is essential for the economic growth of the countries.

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Reason (B): Sustainable development ensures that environment-friendly measures are adopted for carrying
out production processes.
24. Assertion(A): Renewable resources are abundant in nature.
Reason(R): Non-renewable resources can be replenished over some time.
25. Assertion (A): The depletion of non-renewable resources is a major concern for sustainable
development.
Reasoning(R): Non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels are finite, and their extraction and use
contribute to environmental degradation and climate change.

26. Sunita finished her world tour, and she found different problems in different countries regarding
sustainable development, now she wants to know which of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(SDGs) acknowledges that all governments must promote action in the important areas listed below.
(a) People, planet, prosperity, peace, and collaboration
(b) People, the world, wealth, flora, and planning
(c) People, planet, wealth, plants, and collaboration
(d) People, the environment, prosperity, peace, and foresight
2 Mark
1. Name any 2 resources which are causing severe environmental problems.
2. How does sustainable development help to manage climate change?
3. Write any three challenges to sustainable development.
4. Which type of industries should be relocated outside the cities?
5. Write 4 development goals given by the UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015.
6. Geeta wants to run a campaign to reduce deforestation. Suggest her 2 ways which will reduce
deforestation.
7. What should be done to make efficient use of electricity in and around your society?
8. State the points through which one can manage waste in your city.
Answers
1 Mark

Qst. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. b c d c d a b a a a

Qst. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ans. c b c a d a b b a d

Qst. 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ans. a a a c a a

2 Mark
1. Name any 2 resources which are causing severe environmental problems.
Ans. The most significant environmental problems are associated with resources that are renewable such
as air and water. They have a finite capacity to assimilate emissions and wastes but if pollution exceeds this
capacity ecosystem will deteriorate rapidly at a huge pace.

2. How does sustainable development help to manage climate change?

Ans. Climate change can be mitigated through sustainable development practices. These practices seek to
reduce the use of fossil-based sources of fuel such as petrol, diesel, natural gas and coal. Fossil fuels as
sources of energy are unsustainable since they will be depleted at some time. Their burning is also
responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and consequent global warming and climate change.

35
3. Write any three challenges to sustainable development.
Ans. Three challenges to sustainable development are (i) Rise in population level would lead to severe
environmental degradation in the future (ii) Poor management of natural resources combined with growing
economic activities will continue to pose serious challenges to the environment. (iii) Due to the rise in
income, the demands for improvement in environmental quality will increase as well as the resources
available for investment but it is not mandatory in some cases as problems are observed to get worse as
income rises.
4. Which type of industries should be relocated outside the cities?
Ans. Polluting industries should be relocated outside the cities far away from the populated areas. These
industries pollute both the water and air by disposing of the waste in them. The polluted water is then used
by animals for drinking and human beings for various activities, which leads to the depletion of their health.
In humans, various health issues are raised over time.
5. Write four development goals given by the UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015.
Ans. Any four development goals given by the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015 are
as follows (i) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. (ii) Promote
inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. (iii) Build resilient
infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. (iv) Reduce inequality within
and among countries.
6. Geeta wants to run a campaign to reduce deforestation. Suggest her 2 ways which will reduce
deforestation.
Ans. Save and recycle paper to protect trees from being cut. Do not buy products obtained from wild animals
such as leather, fur and ivory. Collect honey without completely removing the beehives.
7. What should be done to make efficient use of electricity in and around your society?
Ans. To make efficient use of electricity are as follows (i) Don’t waste electricity. Turn off lights and unplug
appliances when not in use. (ii) Select clean, renewable energy sources like solar lights. (iii) Avoid cars or
do car-pools and use cycles or public transport.
8. State the points through which one can manage waste in your city.
Ans. Some points in which one can manage waste are as follows
(i) Reduce, reuse and recycle before throwing away things as waste.
(ii) Use environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal.
(iii) Use appropriate methods for recycling or disposal of electronic and hazardous waste.

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 INTRODUCTION TO AI

Artificial is something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally.

According to researchers, Intelligence is the “ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain
it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.‟
There are mainly 9 types of Intelligence :-

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Mathematical Logical Intelligence: ability to understand numerical symbols, and logic.
Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills in writing or speech.
Spatial Visual Intelligence: perceive the visual world.
Kinesthetic Intelligence: use of limbs in a skilled manner.
Musical Intelligence: recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
Intrapersonal Intelligence: self-awareness.
Existential Intelligence: religious and spiritual awareness.
Naturalist Intelligence: process information on the environment around us.
Interpersonal Intelligence: understanding other people's feelings.

Every human being has these all 9 intelligences at different levels

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAN BE DEFINED

 Artificial is something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally.

 Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science making smart machines capable of
performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.
 When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict
the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence.
 A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself like collect data,
understand it, analyze it, learn from it, and improve it.
HOW AI MAKE DECISIONS?
 The basis for decision-making depends on the information that is available and how we
perceive and comprehend it.
 Information refers to our current knowledge, self-awareness, intuition, and past experiences.
 AI machines also keep updating their knowledge to optimize their output.

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Voice Assistants - Google Assistant, Siri, Alexa, Cortana
Google Map – Apps like Uber and Google Maps.
FIFA – 3D real time gaming experience.
Applications for Targeted Advertisements – Amazon, Flipkart, Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube.
Social Media – personalized notifications on Facebook, Instagram, twitter, Snapchat.
Health App – chatbots and other health apps to check BP, Sugar level.
Humanoid – Sophia, the first humanoid robot intelligent enough to obtain citizenship
Other Applications - biometric security systems, face locks, real-time language translators, weather
predictions.
WHAT IS NOT AI
We must clearly define what constitutes AI and what does not.
Washing Machine –an example of automation rather than AI.
Air Conditioner –provides remotely turn on and off is IoT not AI.
Gadgets with sensors – like Smart TV is IoT not AI.
AI RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence AI refers to the ability of machines to perform
cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making
World Economic Forum: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the software engine that drives the Fourth
Industrial Revolution. It holds the promise of solving some of the most pressing issues facing society.

38
 European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision: It is rather a cover
term for techniques associated with data analysis and pattern recognition.
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer or computer-
controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
AI, ML & DL

Machine Learning Deep Learning

Performs well on small to mediumdatasets

Data Performs well on large datasets

Hardware Able to function on CPU Requires significant computing power e.g.,

GPU

Features need to be manuallyidentified

Features Learns features automatically

Training time Quick to train Computationally intensive

Clarity about If you have a clear idea about the If you are clear about the math involved in
output logic (math) involved in behind and it but don’t have idea about the features,so
you can visualize the complex you break the complex functionalities into
functionalities like K-Mean, linear/lower dimension features by
Support Vector Machines, etc., adding more layers, then it defines the DL
then it defines the ML aspect. aspect.

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 DOMAINS OF AI

DATA SCIENCE - processes the given data to find solutions or predict the outcomes for a problem
statement. The type of data used can be numeric and alphanumeric.
Applications of data science:-
 Recommendations in e-commerce websites.
 Price predicting websites seasonal trends, prices of competitive market etc.
 Weather forecasting
COMPUTER VISION(CV) - analyses and understand an image or video by collecting information from
pixels.It uses the concept of image classification, object detection, video processing and so on.
Applications of CV:-
 Object classification- google lens to identify any image.
 Categorization of photos in your phone under different categories- if you try to search
“cakes” in the photos folder it will show you all the pictures with cake in it.
 Face lock in smartphones.
 Self-driving cars- Tesla
 Unusual behavior detection- used to identify faces in CCTV footage.
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING(NLP) - machine uses algorithms to understand, analyze and interact
with humans using natural language.
Applications of NLP:-
 Autocorrect feature - spellings in a document.
 Plagiarism Checker- to check copy right content.
 Email Filters- uses NLP to identify under three heads "Primary", "Social" and
"Promotions".
 Chatbots- communicate using text to speech like Alexa and Siri.
AI ETHICS
AI ethics is a set of moral guidelines and methods meant to guide the creation and ethical application
of artificial intelligence technologies.
Some ethical issues related to AI are:
 Taking over human jobs leading towards the era of Unemployment.
 Making human less efficient, for example: asking everything from an artificial
intelligent machine and making machines capable in taking their own decisions.
 Wealth inequalities, where wealthy people will become richer by the influence of
machines where as poor people will become poor because of lack of jobs.

40
  Facing racism from machines, which is also called AI Bias. E.g. We have seen that
in most of voice assistants have a female voice and not a male voice.
 AI Access discusses the gap in society, where only upper-class people can afford AI-
enabled devices the opportunity to access it and people below the poverty line do not
have access to it.
 Data privacy defined as right of us to know how our digital data is being stored,
modified, and exchanged between different parties. e.g. google knows information
like location, gallery, emails, contact list, website visit habits and many more of a
person.
 Through interactive activities and age-appropriate resources, children can explore
concepts like machine learning, robotics, and problem-solving. On other hand, AI for
kids is making them rely on technique instead of learning by doing.
 The Government must bring balance in the society by providing infrastructure to
common students / people so that everyone will get a chance to access emerging
technologies like AI.

QUESTIONS
1 MARK

1. Kartik is a professional psychologist. He runs a clinic where he helps people with mental health
issues. He has a natural capability to read human behavior, temperament and mood, which helps
him in quickly diagnosing and treating the problem. Which of the following intelligence quality
does Kartik possess?
(a) Musical Intelligence (b) Spatial Visual Intelligence
(c) Interpersonal Intelligence (d) Mathematical Logical Intelligence
2. Who is the inventor of Artificial Intelligence?
(a) John McCarthy (b) Andrew Ng
(c) Geoffrey Hinton (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following intelligences a human have?
(a) Mathematical Logic Intelligence (b) Musical Intelligence
(c) Linguistic Intelligence (d) All of the above
4. A person’s ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical symbols, abstraction, and logic.
(a) Mathematical Logical Reasoning (b) Linguistic Intelligence
(c) Spatial Visual Intelligence (d) Kinesthetic Intelligence
5. Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or implementation in writing or
verbally.
(a) Mathematical Logical Reasoning (b) Linguistic Intelligence
(c) Spatial Visual Intelligence (d) Kinesthetic Intelligence
6. In the term intelligence the crucial part is ____________ .
(a) Decision Making (b) Manual Learning
(c) Both a) and b) (d) None of the above
7. We cannot make “good” decisions without
(a) Valid Information (b) Irrelevant data
(c) Both a) and b) (d) None of the above
8. Which one is not an AI based application.
(a) Washing Machine (b) Television
(c) Both a) and b) (d) None of the above
9. A machine is called an intelligent machine only if it can: (i) Click photos (ii) Do complex
decision-making (iii) Do speech recognition (iv)Mimic human intelligence

41
 (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
10. What is the goal of Artificial Intelligence?
(a) To extract scientific causes (b) To solve real-world problems
(c) To solve artificial problems (d) None of the above
11. Which one is part of Artificial Intelligence?
(a) Machine Learning (b) Deep Learning
(c) Both a) and b) (d) None of the above
12. ______is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks with
experience (data).
(a) Deep Learning (b) Machine Learning
(c) Artificial Intelligence (d) None of the above
13. Select a game which is based on Data Science domain of AI:
(a) Rock Paper and Scissors (b) Mystery Animal
(c) Emoji Scavenger Hunt (d) Pokémon
14. Working around textual and speech-based data is known as .
(a) Data Science (b) Computer Vision
(c) Natural Language Processing (d) None of the above
15. Which of the following is NOT a part of data privacy?
(a) Data collection is ethical and only done with the user’s permission.
(b) Data can be collected without permission.
(c) Data should be collected, stored, and shared with third parties.
(d) All of the above
16. The youngster is proficient with technology, but he uses it to finish his schoolwork without
learning anything because he is not using his head to answer. So, while he is
(a) Smarter (b) Might not be getting educated properly
(c) Intelligent Boy (d) None of the above
17. The first few salon searches on Google are primarily for female salons. This is predicated on the
notion that a person looking for a salon is almost always a female. This is a problem of
(a) Bias (b) Access
(c) Ethic (d) None of the above
18. You inform your friend that you want to buy new shoes and you are trying to search on the
internet, after some time the online retailers start sending you reminders to buy shoes. What
type of technology is used?
(a) Artificial Intelligence (b) Auto Search technology
(c) Google Automation (d) None of the above
19. The phone will eventually start delivering notifications about related books or messages about
the same book once you operate it, even if you are not using it and talking to someone face-to-
face about a book you recently read while the phone is maintained in a locked state nearby.
(a) Artificial Intelligence (b) Auto Search technology
(c) Google Automation (d) None of the above
20. Ethics are loosely defined as a set of moral principles, guiding actions of an individual or a group to
determine what is good or right. Identify which of the following is covered in Ethics of AI?
(i) Bias (ii) Explainability (iii) Emotional Intelligence (iv) Accountability
(a) (i) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
21. Is a discipline that aims to create robots that are intelligent enough to do jobs that are typically performed
by humans only. Identify which of the following aspects is still beyond the capabilities of artificial
intelligence.
(i) Numerical ability (ii) High processing power (iii) Emotional intelligence
(iv) Speech recognition

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 (a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) Only (iii)
22. _____________ machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around
the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
(a) Deep Learning (b) Machine Learning
(c) Artificial Intelligence (d) None of the above
23. Snapchat filters use______ and _________ to enhance your selfie with flowers, cat ears etc.
(a) machine learning and deep learning (b) data and image processing
(c) augmented reality and machine learning (d) NLP and computer vision
24. Which of the following is a Data Science based website that offers pricing comparisons?
(a) Shopzilla (b) Junglee (c) PriceRunner (d) All of the above
25. Which of the following techniques is used by search engines like Google and Bing with the aid of
computer vision?
(a) Smart Interactions (b) Content-Based Image Retrieval
(c) Face Recognition (d) All of the above
26. Assertion (A): A Neural Network helps in building predictive models based on huge data sets.
Reason (R): Back propagation is one of the techniques used to train an Artificial Neural Network.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
27. Assertion (A): A self-driving car is made up of a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and AI.
Reason (R): The owner is liable if a self-driving car is involved in an accident.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct
28. A school uses an AI-based system to manage the learning process by delivering customized
study materials. To assign appropriate subjects to students, the system takes into consideration all
the factors such as gender, race, ongoing learning, economic level, minority status and previous
educational institute. However, because it ignores a fundamental aspect of learning as an ongoing
process based on an individual’s abilities and knowledge, this approach may lead to a student’s
future prospects being hidden. What is the significance of this scenario?
(a) Deep fakes (b) Algorithm bias
(c) Safety concerns (d) Explainable AI
2 Mark
1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
2. What are the requisites for information to be useful in our decision making?
3. What are the three domains of AI?
4. Name any two examples of Data science?
5. What is Natural Language Processing? Give an example of it.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Kartik is in the eighth grade. He loves books with pictures. He enjoys taking pictures, painting and
sketching. He has the ability to see the outside world clearly in his mind and then recreate those
pictures in his painting book exactly as they appear. He wishes to pursue a career as a painter. After
few days he has vacations. His father is planning to visit Srinagar. For this he used ‘ASK DISHA’
is an inquiry-based chatbot of IRCTC that instantly replies to live queries from users related to

43
questions like cancellation of e-ticket, check refund status, check availability, Tatkal timing, etc.
IRCTC has Amazon Alexa that takes voice commands to take online orders, schedule reminders
and answer queries through internet searches.

1. What type of intelligence does he have?

(i) Reasoning and Logical Intelligence (ii) Linguistic Intelligence
(iii) Naturalist Intelligence (iv) Spatial Visual Intelligence

2. ‘ASK DISHA’ Chabot uses .

(i) Deep Learning (ii) NLP
(iii) Problem Statement (iv) Dimensionality Reduction
3. Alexa uses
(i) Decision Tree (ii) NLP (iii) Classification (iv) Data Visualization
4. Does IRCTC using AI in its routine job?
(i) No (ii) Yes (iii) Not known
Competency-Based Questions-1
Suppose you are working as a librarian in KVK School. Your duty is to organize books by class,
subjects, and authors. But the library does not have any database system and all books are mixed
up. Thus, you encounter several problems when looking for a particular book. To find a book, the
library requires an effective technique. So, you recommend to the management for the creation of a
database of books, after which the books are categorized into shelves so that students can quickly
search for them.
1.Taking this as a problem, choose which of the following would be the ideal problem statement
template.
(i) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a
library.
An ideal solution would be to assign a duty to the student to find books in the
library.
(ii) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a
library.
An ideal solution would be to create a database of books and place books on
shelves according to category.
(iii) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a
library.
An ideal solution would be to restrict the entry of students in the library.
(iv) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a
library.
An ideal solution would be to close the library.
2. Using an AI application, it is possible to identify a student’s feelings with data sets such as phone
records, web chats and feedback on social media platforms. Which of the following domains can
help him?
(i) Metrices (ii) Computer Vision
(iii) Natural Language Processing (iv) Data Science
3. He is trying to search details about some newly added books from the Internet. Which of the
following applications can you relate to this?
(i)Siri (ii) Alexa (iii) Search Engine (iv) All of these
4. Library Teacher is using Password protection for his database of books in his system. He also
encodes certain important details when he emailed them to his colleague. Which feature is the
Teacher using?
(i) Gender bias (ii) Biased data fed into the machine

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 (iii) Data Privacy (iv) Data Availability
Competency-Based Questions-2
Assume you are working as IT Head uses an AI learning app. Due to the ongoing pandemic, all
employees are working remotely. Remote employees throughout the company should be able to
connect with one another in a smooth and simple manner, without being bombarded with irrelevant
or unwanted communications. However, with so many professionals working there, emails can get
mixed up and even lost. This leads to loss of productivity plus a couple of communication issues.
You propose that all employees use an instant communication app so that only official mails are
sent over the email. Company is using a spreadsheet is used for managing data using rows and
columns.
1.Taking this as a problem, which of the following would be the ideal problem statement template.
(i) Remote employees have a problem that they are getting irrelevant and unwanted mails
frequently from different departments.
An ideal solution is to block everyone.
(ii) Remote employees have a problem that they are getting irrelevant and unwanted mails
frequently from different departments.
An ideal solution is to fire some professionals.
(iii) Remote employees have a problem that they are getting irrelevant and unwanted
mails frequently from different departments.
An ideal solution is to use Discord app for communication and email should
be used only for formal work messages.
(iv) Remote employees have a problem that they are getting irrelevant and unwanted mails
frequently from different departments.
An ideal solution is to call everyone physically
2. A spreadsheet is used for managing data using rows and columns. This given file is examples of
structured data. Which of the following steps are involved in converting data from various sources
into digital format?
(i) Problem Scoping (ii) Data Acquisition
(iii) Data Modelling (iv) Data Exploration
3.A well-known news channel broadcasts information on a wide range of topics, including politics,
government, foreign affairs, sports and the latest movie and television news. Reporters are in charge
of gathering, evaluating and transmitting information about current events. Furthermore, the news
channel permits people to submit breaking news, which is subject to verification by the channel’s
reporters. However, it may be difficult to distinguish between real news and fake news, which can
lead to confusion among readers and threaten a news organization’s reputation. Which of the
following domains is used to detect fake news so that the audience has a high level of trust in the
news channel?
(i) Computer Vision (ii) Matrices
(iii) Natural Language Processing (iv) Data Science
4.An AI application that has a higher level of intelligence and can understand open-ended questions
and aiding in finding the most relevant replies beyond the pre-scripted responses it learns over time
using NLP. It is ideal for dealing with customer support concerns, resolving typical issues, aiding
account administration, and offering general assistance. Which of the following applications can
you relate to this?
(i) Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ii) Alexa
(iii) Smart Chatbot (iv) Spam filters
5. A school uses an AI-based system to manage the learning process by delivering customized study
materials. To assign appropriate subjects to students, the system takes into consideration all the
factors such as gender, race, ongoing learning, economic level, minority status and previous
educational institute. However, because it ignores a fundamental aspect of learning as an ongoing

45
 process based on an individual’s abilities and knowledge, this approach may lead to a student’s
prospects being hidden? What is the significance of this scenario?
(i) Deep fakes (ii) Algorithm bias
(iii) Safety concerns (iv) Explainable AI
SOLUTIONS
1 Mark
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS c b c d b a c d a c

Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ANS a c a a b b b b d a
Q 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
ANS d a c d d a a b

2 Mark
1. Answer – The replication of human intelligence functions by machines, particularly computer
systems, is known as artificial intelligence.
2. Answer- For information to be useful in our decision making, they have to also be relevant, and
develop relationships and insights. The quality of information is just as important as the quantity.
3. Answer – ● Data Science/ Big Data
● Computer Vision
● Natural Language Processing (NLP)
4. Answer – Price Comparison Websites/ Website Recommendations/ Internet search/ Personalized
healthcare recommendations / Optimizing Traffic routes in real-time / image tagging.
5. Answer – Natural Language Processing is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the
interaction between machine and humans using the natural language. Natural language refers to
language that is spoken and written by people, and natural language processing (NLP) attempts to
extract information from the spoken and written word using algorithms. For Example: Email filters,
Smart assistants: - Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa

46
 AI PROJECT CYCLE

MIND MAP AI project cycle

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Here some situations are described. Imagine that you have to suggest a solution.
1. Whenever we go party/wedding reception we find that much of the food is wasted by guests
there.
2. In a country like India where in rural areas agriculture is main occupation. Farming is done
by large number of families. But the farmers could not take well informed decisions regarding
choice of pesticides, correct amount, and time for giving fertilizers etc.
3. A big store selling all types any electronic gadget receives many complaints regarding
maintenance, repair work every day by phone calls which store owner is not able to handle
through his staff of 3-4 trained persons who are receiving and maintaining details of complaint
calls.
Every situation described above can be handled in a systematic way and can have permanent solution. The
step-by-step solution, in which one step differs from another in a clear distinct way, is called project
development.
As a student of subject AI we can extrapolate the solution of problem to AI based solution.
Sr Problem Probable Solution How AI could help
No
1 Food wastage at wedding Clear instructions to people An NGO could develop an
reception to serve food in appropriate app to track probable
quantities venues where there is
To tie up NGOs who could possibility of wastage of
utilize the food immediately food and nearby
orphanage/old age homes
and do tie up between two.
2 The farmer is could not take To take guidance from A fertilizer
well informed decisions elderly persons in village company/District level
regarding choice of agriculture office can use

47
 pesticides, correct amount To go to tehsil place and AI based app which could
and time for giving fertilizers, consult concerned govt analyze local data of the
etc office date as well as data over
last few years and come up
with more informed
solution
3 A store selling electronic To hire more trained persons To implement chatbot based
gadgets receiving many to address customer system to address
complaints regarding complaints customer’s complaints
To give frequent trainings to
maintenance, repair work
existing persons to address
which owner is not able to queries
handle through his staff of 3-
4 trained persons.

STAGES OF AI PROJECT CYCLE

Let us understand these 5 steps one by one.

If we follow the systematic approach to the problem, then we arrive at a better solution and to do this these
steps are to be followed
STEP I- PROBLEM SCOPING

Stage of AI Cycle Explanation

Problem scoping Understanding the level of the problem
Data acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable data
Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly
Modelling Creating models from the data
Evaluation Evaluating the project on various standard parameters

AI can be helpful for small real-life problems as well as bigger problems of our country as well as of the
entire world.
Let us connect AI- the most powerful technology - to larger problems of society.
We are aware of 17 SDG goals adopted by United Nations. Many problems of today like climate change,
disparity in education, gender inequality, poverty are addressed while deciding these SDGs.

48
As the scale of such problems is very large, it is very difficult to define the exact problem. If we could
define our problem clearly, then there is very high
chance that we would develop a better solution. So it is
very important how we approach to the given problem.

Here the 4 ‘W’ (four Ws) canvas comes to our help.

WHO WHAT WHERE WHY

Step II -Data Acquisition
In this step necessary data will be collected. In AI systems, we utilize data for training as well as in testing.
Training data means data which is used to train algorithm. Testing data is used to determined how well an
algorithm is trained and correct predictions are made or not.
Also, one should be sure about what data features are required to address the issue. To collect the data, we
can consider either or many ways given below.
• Maual •Use open
source
• Online data on
internet
Web
Surveys
Scrapping

Sensors Camera

•temperature •information
sensors,seism like traffic
ic sensors can pattern
collect data

Step III- Data Exploration

To utilize the collected data, we have to find some patterns, trends, relationships in that data and
communicate the same with others. To visualize data, we can use bar graphs, pie charts, scattered graphs,
histograms etc. For example, data collected across India regarding food habits and health issues can lead to
some patterns which may be used by health supplements manufacturing companies.
Some important data visualization softwares are Microsoft Excel, Google sheets, Tableau Public, Infogram,
Canva, Plotly and Datawrapper. We can draw various types of graphs using Python’s MatplotLib module.
Step IV: Modelling
Once data exploration is done, we have patterns, trends of data. Now it is the time develop some algorithm
or mathematical equations which is used by AI machine to make predictions or take decisions. Training
data uses these algorithms and make predictions. Later on, testing data also uses the same and model is
evaluated for different parameters like accuracy, precision.

49
 Rule based AI Model

It refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are defined by the developer. The
machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly.
They do not “learn” from training data.

1.Healthcare: A rule-based system can be used to

diagnose medical conditions by applying a set of
rules to a patient's symptoms and medical history.
For example, a rule-based system can be used to
diagnose a patient with a specific type of cancer
based on their symptoms, age, and medical history.
2.Finance: A rule-based system can be used to
detect fraudulent financial transactions by applying
a set of rules to each transaction. For example, a rule-based system can be used to detect fraudulent credit
card transactions by looking for transactions that are outside the cardholder's usual spending patterns.
Learning based AI models
AI modelling is where the machine learns by itself. Under the Learning Based approach,
the AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to design a model which is adaptive to the
change in data. That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and the machine designs the algorithm
around it, the model would modify itself according to the changes which occur in the data so that all the
exceptions are handled in this case

50
 Classification
works on discrete data
Supervised Learning-
Labelled data
Regression-works on
continuous data

Clusterring -grouping is
Learning based approach done on characteristics
of data
Unsupervised Learning-
unlabelled data
Dimensionality
reduction-crucial and
non crucial variables are
Reinforcement Learning- treated seperately
learns from past
feedback

Supervised Learning:

In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is labelled. In other words, we can
say that the dataset is known to the person who is training the machine only then he/she is able to label the
data.
Classification: This method of modelling “classify” (identifies the class) of input values. For example, if
training data set consists of labelled images of dogs and cats then model can identify unlabelled image of
dog or cat. This method works for ‘discrete’ types of data.

Regression:
This method of modelling finds a relationship between two or more variables. It works with continuous
data. For example, from data of house size and price is used as training data then model can predict price
for given house size.

Supervised Learning Model :

51
 less complex

Merits
highly accurate and
trustworthy

computation time is
very high
Supervised Learnnig
Demerits
Model
it requires
continuous
updating

Biometric
identification

real world example

Spam e mail
detection

Unsupervised Learning
An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This means that the data which is fed to the
machine is random and there is a possibility that the person who is training the model does not have any
information regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify relationships, patterns and
trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in understanding what the data is about and what
are the major features identified by the machine in it.
Clustering :
This model can group un labelled data based on their similarities or differences.
For example, when different images of various types of balls are used then algorithm will identify different
balls and can categorize them on the basis of shape, size etc.

Dimensionality Reduction:
In this type of modelling a 3 D object can be shown as 2D object without distorting it. Algorithms decides
crucial subset of dataset so as objects are not distorted when dimensions are reduced.

52
Unsupervised Learning Model:

useful in many real

world situations

merits

model is trained in real

time

desired accuracy is
achieved after long
Unsupervised Learning traning
demerits
model
user has to spent time
interpreting and
labelling classes
generated by system

document clustering

real world example

finding fraud
transactions

Evaluation:
Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can calculate the
efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing Data (which
was separated out of the acquired dataset at Data Acquisition stage) and the efficiency of the model is
calculated on the basis of the parameters mentioned below:

Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score

You will read more about this stage in coming chapters

Neural Network
A neural network is a method in artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way that
is inspired by the human brain. It is a type of machine learning process, called deep learning, that uses
interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure that resembles the human brain.
Neural Networks are series of networks of independent Neurons just like in our brain, but in computers,
neurons are not the living tissue it is just an algorithm which give output based on given data.

53
Accuracy-Data Proportionality
The main reason the Neural Networks are implemented to build AI because it learns as it gets more data
just like human. If we do are doing some experiment in lab, if we collect more observations then our
conclusion /inference of the experiment will be more accurate .
This is applicable to our daily life too. While purchasing vegetables from a vendor if you collect more
information like season for that particular vegetable, how to identify freshness ,normal size and colour of
vegetable etc then you are more likely to buy fresh vegetable from vendor . So larger the data set more
accurate are the decisions.

How Neural network Works?

A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and each layer is further divided into several blocks
called nodes.
Each node has its own task to accomplish which is then passed to the next layer. The first layer of a
Neural Network is known as the input layer. Hidden layers are the layers in which the whole processing
occurs. The last hidden layer passes the final processed data to the output layer which then gives it to the
user

54
 To acquire data and
feed it to the Neural • Input
Network. No
processing occurs at Layer
the input layer.

Each node of these hidden

layers has its own machine
learning algorithm which it
executes on the data
received from the input • Hidden
layerThe processed output
is then fed to the Layers
subsequent hidden layer of
the network.

The last hidden layer passes

•
the final processed data to Output
the output layer which then
gives it to the user Layer

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 mark questions
1.Name of 4Ws of problem canvas under the Problem Scoping stage of the AI Project Cycle. Choose the
correct option:
(a) Who, What, Where, Why (b) Who, What, Where, When
(c ) Who, When, Why, Whom (d)Who, What, Why, Whose

2. Meera is talking about various stages of AI project cycle. Regarding a stage, she says that in this we
collect data for the project. Which stage of the AI project cycle is she talking about?
(a) Problem Scoping (b) Data Exploration
(c) Data Acquisition (d) Data Modelling

3.Under ________ stage of AI Project Cycle, we look at various parameters of data which affect the
problem we wish to solve so that the picture becomes clearer.
(a) Modelling (b) Evaluation (c) Problem Scoping (d)Data Exploration

4.Which of the following W of 4Ws canvas problem helps in analyzing the affected people directly or
indirectly?(a) Who (b)What (c) Where (d) Why

5.Which block of 4ws problem canvas focuses on the context/situation/location of the problem?
(a) Who b) What c) Where d)Why

6.Data visualization techniques are used

a)to get display data characteristics at a glance b)to find patterns and trends in data
c) Getting new insights into data d)All of these

7.The ________ approach is based on rules and data fed into the machine
a) Rule-based approach b)Learning-based approach

55
c) Knowledge-based approach d) All of these

8.A business problem wherein we categorize whether an observation is “Safe,” “AtRisk,” or “Unsafe” is
an example of
Classification b) Clustering
c) Regression d)Dimensionality Reduction

9.Rajat has made a model which predicts the performance of Indian Cricket players in upcoming matches.
He collected the data of players’ performance with respect to stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health.
His model works with good accuracy and precision value.

Which of the statement given below is incorrect?

(a)Data gathered with respect to stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health is known as Testing Data.
(b)Data given to an AI model to check accuracy and precision is Testing Data.
( c)Training data and testing data are acquired in the Data Acquisition stage.
(d)Training data is always larger as compared to testing data.

10.A rule-based system consists of a bunch of IF-THEN rules.

(a) True (b) False

11.What is regression in the context of supervised learning?

(a)Technique to group similar data points together.
(b)method to reduce the number of features in the dataset.
( c)A process to predict continuous values based on input data.
(d) A measure of the model’s accuracy.

12. What is the main goal of supervised learning?

(a)To classify unlabelled data.
(b)To discover hidden patterns in data.
(c )To make predictions based on input-output pairs.
(d) To optimize algorithms without human intervention.

13. Which of the following statements best describes supervised learning?

(a)Learning from unlabelled data to discover patterns.
(b)Learning from labelled data to make predictions or decisions.
(c )Learning without any prior examples.
(d) Learning from reinforcement based on actions.

14. What does clustering aim to achieve in unsupervised learning?

(a)To classify data into distinct categories based on labelled examples.
(b)To minimize the distance between data points and centroids.
(c )To group similar data points together based on their characteristics.
(d) To predict continuous values from input-output pairs.

15. What is the primary purpose of evaluation in an AI project cycle?

(a)To collect data for training.
(b)To assess the performance of AI models.
(c )To preprocess the dataset.
(d)To deploy the model into production.

16. What is the basic building block of a neural network?

56
 (a) Neuron (b) Node (c) Edge (d) Weight

17.How many layers does a typical feedforward neural network have?

(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Any number

18. What is the primary goal of dimensionality reduction techniques in machine learning?
(a) To increase the number of features (b) To reduce the number of features
(c) To make the dataset larger (d) To make the dataset smaller

19.Which of the following statements about clustering is true?

(a) Clustering is a form of supervised learning.
(b) Clustering assigns labels to each data point based on predefined classes.
(c) Clustering can be used for anomaly detection.
(d) Clustering is a type of rule based l model

20. What is clustering in the context of machine learning?

(a) Predicting continuous values
(b) Grouping similar data points together
(c) Classifying data into predefined classes
(d) Performing regression analysis

21.What is the primary goal of supervised learning in machine learning?

(a) To find patterns in unlabelled data
(b) To predict future outcomes based on past data
(c) To group similar data points together
(d) To visualize high-dimensional data

22 Which of the following is an example of a supervised learning problem?

(a) Customer segmentation (b) Sentiment analysis
(c) Market basket analysis (d) Anomaly detection

23. What is the primary goal of unsupervised learning in machine learning?

(a) To predict future outcomes based on past data
(b) To group similar data points together without labelled data
(c) To classify data into predefined categories
(d) To evaluate the model's accuracy

24. Which of the following is NOT an example of an supervised learning problem?

(a) e mail filtering (b) Biometric Identification
(c) Credit Scoring (d) Anomaly Detection

25. In unsupervised learning, what do we call the output variables?

(a) Labels (b) Features (c) Clusters (d) Scores

Competency based questions.

2 Mark
Answer following questions in 20-30 words each
1. What do you understand by “Rule based” AI model?
2. What do you understand by “Learning based AI model”
3. Write 5 stages of AI project cycle.
4. Write one merit and de merit of classification model.

57
 5. Write one merit and demerit of regression model.
6. Give 2 applications in which neural networks are used.
7. Give 2 applications in which clustering model is be used.
4 Mark
Answer the following questions in 60-80 words each (4mk)
1. Explain 4 stages of AI project Cycle.
2. How neural networks functionality is simulating function of human brain?
3.What do you understand by training data and testing data in context of AI project cycle.

Case Study based questions.(Q 4 to 5)

4.CASE STUDY I
SCENARIO : In Delhi, to reduce problem of traffic jams, many flyovers are built to ease out traffic on
roads. Also, roads were widened but still we see heavy traffic during busy hours on Delhi roads. Delhi
Police wants to find AI based solution to this problem.
reate a 4 W canvas to clearly define the problem so that AI based system can be deployed.

5.CASE STUDY II
Scenario:
A fertilizer company has noticed that many farmers are unable to use correct quantity and type of
fertilizers, right time to give different fertilizers to increase yield of various crops. The company wants to
use AI based system and collecting data from farmers across India, covering all states.
Create 4 W canvas for the problem
Suggest way of data collection

_______________________________________________________________

ANSWERS

1 Mark

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans a c d d c d a a a True
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans c c b c b a d d c b
Q 21 22 23 24 25
Ans b b b d c

2 Mark:

1. Rule-based systems are a basic type of AI model that uses a set of prewritten rules to make decisions
and solve problems.

2 A learning-based AI model is a model that learns from data to make predictions or decisions. One
example is a spam email classifier.

3. 1. Problem Scoping 2. Data Acquisition 3. Data Exploration

4 Modelling 5. Evaluation
4. Merit -highly accurate and trustworthy
Demerit -computation time is very high

58
5. Merit : computation time is very high
Demerit: desired accuracy is achieved after long training

6. i)image recognition
ii)speech recognition
iii) Stock market predictions

7. i)Anomaly detection
ii)Social Network analysis

Answers 4 marks questions (50-80 words) (4 marks)

1.
a) Problem Scoping-
The first step is to define scope of the problem by which, you set the goal for your AI project by stating
the problem which you wish to solve with it. Under problem scoping, we look at various parameters
which affect the problem we wish to solve so that the picture becomes clearer
b)Data acquisition-
Next step is to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help you in
understanding what the parameters that are related to problem scoping. You go for data acquisition by
collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources.
c) Data Exploration-
Next step is to visualize the data ,find patterns ,trends in it. Since the data you collect would be in large
quantities, you can try to give it a visual image of different types of representations like graphs, databases,
flow charts, maps, etc.
d)Modelling-
After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model you would build to achieve the goal.
For this, you can research online and select various models which give a suitable output.
e) Evaluation-
You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient one.  The most efficient
model is now the base of your AI project and you can develop your algorithm around it.
Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on some newly fetched data. The
results will help you in evaluating your model and hence improving it.
Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI project.

2. A neural network is a method in artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way
that is inspired by the human brain.

Steps for working of neuron

Receive signals or information –(input layer in neural network)
Integrate incoming signals to determine whether or not the information should be passed along. (hidden
layer in neural network)
Communicate signals to target cells (output layer in neural network).

3. There are two key types of data used for machine learning training and testing data. They each have a
specific function to perform when building and evaluating machine learning models.
What is Training data?
Testing data is used to determine the performance of the trained model, whereas training data is used to
train the machine learning model. Training data is the power that supplies the model in machine learning,
it is larger than testing data.
What is Testing Data?

59
You will need unknown information to test your machine learning model after it was created (using your
training data). This data is known as testing data,
Case Study based questions. (4mks)
4.CASE STUDY I
SCENARIO : In Delhi, to reduce problem of traffic jams, many flyovers are built to ease out traffic on
roads. Also, roads were widened but still we see heavy traffic during busy hours on Delhi roads. Delhi
Police wants to find AI based solution to this problem.

Create a 4 W canvas to clearly define the problem so that AI based system can be deployed.

Who People of Delhi

What People of Delhi are unable to reach offices ,workplaces in time. traffic
police is not able to manage the traffic on roads
Where on roads of Delhi
Why No of vehicles are commuting on roads are much larger than road
capacities

5. CASE STUDY II (4+2)

Scenario:
A fertilizer company has noticed that many farmers are unable to use correct quantity and type of
fertilizers, right time to give different fertilizers to increase yield of various crops. The company wants to
use AI based system and collecting data from farmers across India, covering all states.
a. Create 4 W canvas for the problem
b. Suggest way of data collection

Who Farmers across India

What crop yield is not satisfactory
Where all over India where farming is done
Why Traditional knowledge of farming is insufficient as monsoon pattern, quality of soil, need of
pesticides ,fertilizers have changed over a period of time.
Possible ways of data collection:
1.Manual Survey 2.Interviews of farmers
3. Data collection from official website of ministry of agriculture or data.gov.in

60
 DATA SCIENCE
Mind Map

DATA
Data is the core of Al, as it is the data that makes machines intelligent. Data can be in the form of numbers,
text, audio, or video.
Depending on the type of data to be processed, Al is divided into three domains:
 Data Science - Works on numeric and alpha-numeric data
 Computer Vision- Works on images and visual data
 NLP- Works on textual and speech-based data
Whenever we want an Al algorithm to predict an output, we need to use good quality and reliable data as
input.
In real life, large amounts of data are often used by Al, termed as Big Data.
The objective of the Data Science domain is to collect large amounts of data, maintain datasets, and derive
meaning from them. These insights can be used to make decisions.
WHY DATA SCIENCE?
Earlier the data processing was quite easy because data was limited and structured but now more than 80%
of data is unstructured and day by day the number of internet users are increasing day by day. These
unstructured data collected by the various organizations can be used to serve the specific requirements of
the customer and users. This will increase the demand for data science.
APPLICATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE
Data Science analyses data, and this analysis makes machines intelligent, take decisions, and perform tasks
on their own. There are various applications of data science:

Fraud and Risk Detection Genetics and Genomics Search Engines

Data Science helps detect any Data Science helps to predict Data science enables Google to
fraudulent online transactions of genetic risk which is a major use your search history to predict
illegal activity and enables fraud step towards personalised your next Google search,
detection and prevention. healthcare. improve search results.

61
 Targeted Advertising Website Recommendations Airline Route Planning
Display banners on websites as Popular websites and streaming
well as Hilboards in airports use Data science helps in Predicting
platforms, such as Amazon flight delays,Analysing which
data science algorithms to Prime, X, Google Play, Netflix,
analyse user behaviour and flight routes are in demand and
LinkedIn, and IMDB, use data Planning the route deciding if it
target advertisements based on science to recommend products,
it. movies. is more cost.

DATA COLLECTION
 Records have been maintained since older times to keep track of important information.
 Data collection does not require technical skills, but analysis of data involves numeric and
alphanumeric data, which can be challenging for humans.
 This is where data science can help. It not only helps us understand data better but also
provides deeper and clearer insights.
 When Al becomes part of the process, machines can provide even better predictions and
suggestions based on the data.

Sources of Data can be

Offline Online
Data can be collected using Sensors, Data can be collected using open sourced
Surveys, Interviews, and Observations. government portals, Reliable websites
(Kaggle), and World Organization’s open
Types of data
sourced statistical websites.

Types of Data
 Spreadsheets: Data stored in the form of rows and columns under a filename is a spreadsheet
application It's a powerful tool for analysis, visual representation, calculations and accounting
purposes. Some popular spreadsheet applications are MS Excel, Open Office Spreadsheet, etc.
 Comma Separated Values (CSV): These are files with extension of .csv that contain records
with each value separated with commas. Every line is a single record. These files are created
using Excel, Google Sheets, and also simple word processing programs like Notepad.
 Structured Query Language (SQL): A query language that is used to store, manage and
retrieve data from DBMS. It's a domain specific language primarily used to handle structured
data in database management systems.
DATA ACCESS
[To use collected data for programming purpose in python]

1. Numpy :
 NumPy gives a wide range of arithmetic operations around numbers giving us an
easier approach in working with them.

62
  NumPy also works with arrays, which is nothing but a homogenous collection of Data.

2. Matplotlib:
 Matplotlib is an amazing visualization library in Python for 2D plots of arrays.
 Matplotlib is a multi platform data visualization library built on NumPy arrays.
 One of the greatest benefits of visualization is that it allows us visual access to huge
amounts of data in easily digestible visuals.
 Matplotlib comes with a wide variety of plots.
o Plots helps to understand trends, patterns, and to make correlations.
o Some types of graphs that we can make with this package are listed below:

Not just plotting, but we can also modify our plots the way we wish. We will
o
able to manage them and make them more descriptive and communicable.
 These packages help us in accessing the datasets we have and also in exploring them
to develop a better understanding of them.
3. Pandas:
 Pandas offers data structures and operations for manipulating numerical tables and
time series.
 The name is derived from the term "panel data".
 Pandas is well suited for many different kinds of data:
o Tabular data with heterogeneously-typed columns, as in an SQL table
or Excel spreadsheet
o Ordered and unordered (not necessarily fixed-frequency) time series
data.
 The two primary data structures of Pandas- Series (1-dimensional) and
DataFrame (2-dimensional), handle the vast majority of typical use cases in
finance, statistics, social science, and many areas of engineering.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. For Data Science, usually the data is collected in the form of tables. These tabular datasets can be
stored in different formats. Which of the following formats is not used for storing data in a tabular
format?
(a) CSV (b) Website (c) SQL (d) Spreadsheet
2. _________________ is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their related
methods in order to understand and analyse actual phenomena with data.
(a) Computer Vision (b) Natural Language Processing
(c) Data Science (d) Computer Science
3. Search engines not only predict what popular searches may apply to your query as you start typing, but
it looks at the whole picture and recognizes what you're trying to say rather than the exact search words.
This is an example of
(a) Computer Vision (b) Data Sciences

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 (c) Natural Language Processing (d) Natural Language Understanding
4. _______ is a simple file format that stores data separated by commas.
(a) jpg (b) doc (c) csv (d) png
5. Which of the following is an application of data science?
(a) Text summarization (b) Target Advertisements
(c) Face lock in smartphones (d) Email filters
6. What does CSV stand for?
(a) Common Selected Values (b) Comma Separated Values
(c) Comma Section Variables (d) Common Significant Values
7. Which of the following is used for data analysis and calculation related to large numerical data sets?
(a) Pandas (b) NumPy (c) Packages (d) Modules
8. Which among the following means the values in a dataset are not received as per the expectations in
that position?
(a) SQL (b) Spreadsheets (c)Erroneous data (d) Missing data
9. Which of these was created by Wes McKinney in 2008?
(a) Pandas (b) NLTK (c) Modules (d) NumPy
10. Text books, newspapers and online articles are examples of which type of data?
(a) Secondary data (b) Text data (c) Primary data (d) All of these
11. The ________________ are used to define the type of data that needs to be acquired to achieve the
goals of our project.
12. ___________________is the stage of cleaning the acquired data in the Al project cycle.
13. This _____________________ data when given to the Al model will make the system intelligent.
14. The graphical representation of the data in a data set to identify patterns and trends out of it is called
______________________
15. Matplotlib uses a built-in function _____________________ to create scatterplots.
16. __________________ is the process of using the skills of programming, mathematics and statistics
together to find meaningful information from the given data.
17. _______________headset is using computing knowledge, algorithms and data to provide you with the
best viewing experience.
18. How do search engines use data science to provide users with relevant search results?
(a) By analysing user behavior and targeting advertisements
(b) By predicting flight delays for airlines
(c) By analysing keywords and content on the internet
(d) By recommending products based on user search history
19. Which of the following is not a function of data science?
(a) Analysing large datasets
(b) Predicting future trends based on historical data
(c) Developing software applications
(d) Extracting meaningful insights from data
20. Histograms are especially suited for _____________________.
(a) Discontinuous data (b) Categorical data
(c) Continuous data (d) Showing data distribution across a range
21. What is the type of data that Pandas can handle?
(a) Tabular data with heterogeneously typed columns (b) Ordered data
( c) Unordered data (d) All of these
22. ________________ helps to determine the relationship between elements and the project's goal.
Assertion and Reasoning Questions
a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).

64
c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is not correct.
d) Assertion (A) is not correct, but Reason (R) is correct.
23. Assertion (A): Collected data is not directly useful for Data Science.
Reason (R): Data needs to be cleaned,handled for missing values and to be useful.
24. Assertion (A): Data Modelling mainly uses training data to train the AI Model.
Reason (R): Testing Data is collected after Data Modelling is done.
2 Mark
1. What role does data play in Al based applications? Name any two sources of online data collection for
building any Al based application.
2. Ajay wants to access data from various sources. Suggest him any two points that he needs to keep in
mind while accessing data from any data source.
3. Name some offline sources of data.
4. List the different fields that data science combines to make sense of data.
5. Datasets organised in the form of tables are used for data domain-based projects. Name some
commonly known examples of datasets.
6. In what ways data science is helpful to the airline industry?
7. How does data science help in the field of genetics and genomics?
8. How were financial companies able to reduce their losses by using the power of data science?
Or
How does data science help in the field of fraud and risk detection?
ANSWERS
1 MARK :
1. (b) website 2. (c) data science 3. (B) data sciences
4. (c) CSV 5. (b) Target 6. (b) Comma Separated
Advertisements Values
7. (b) NumPy 8. (c) Erroneous data 9. (b) NLTK
10. (a) Secondary data 11. Data features 12. Data exploration
13. structured 14. Data visualization 15. Scatter()
16. 17. Computer vision 18. (c) By analysing
Data Science keywords and content on
the internet
19. (c) Developing software 20. Continuous data 21. (d) All of these
applications
22. System map 23. a 24. c

2 MARK:
Ans 1: Data is the core of Al, as it is the data that makes machines intelligent. Data can be in the form of
numbers, text, audio, or video. Whenever we want an Al algorithm to predict an output, we need to use
good quality and reliable data as input.
The objective of the Data Science domain is to collect large amounts of data, maintain datasets, and
derive meaning from them. These insights can be used to make decisions.
Online sources for data collection are:
1. open sourced government portals,
2. Reliable websites
3. World Organization’s open sourced statistical websites.

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Ans 2: It is important to keep the following guidelines in mind when accessing data from different
sources:
 Use only freely accessible information that is meant for public use.
 Before using any personal datasets, make sure you have the data owner's permission in order
to adhere to privacy and legal requirements.
 Prioritise data from dependable and trustworthy sources because data from unreliable or
random sources may contain inaccuracies or be unsuitable for analysis.
 Relying on reliable data sources ensures the accuracy of the data, permitting efficient
training of Al models.
Ans 3 : Offline sources of data are sensors, surveys, interviews, and observations.
Ans 4: Data science combines different fields like statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and their
methods to help understand real-world situations using data.
Ans 5: Some commonly known examples of datasets are:
Banks: Databases of loans issued, account holders, locker owners, employee registrations, bank visitors,
etc.
ATM machines: Usage details per day, cash denominations, transaction details, visitor details, etc.

Ans 6: Data Science really proved to be a boon to this industry as it helped to:
 Predict flight delay.
 Decide which class of airplanes to buy.
 Whether to directly land at the destination or take a halt in between.
 Effectively drive customer loyalty programs.
Ans 7: Our health often depends on over genes, our DNA. Data science applications study the link
between DNA and over health, and find the biological Connection between genetics, diseases and
responses to drugs or medicine? This enables doctors to offer personalized treatment to people based on
research in genetics and genomics.
Ans 8: Banking sector and finance companies use data science to analyze customer data like customer
profiling, past expenditures and other essential variables to understand the probabilities of risk , default
and failure if any. This has really helped them to recover from bad debts and losses every year by selling
their banking products based on customers purchasing power.

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 COMPUTER VISION

Mind Map

COMPUTER VISION

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
VISION

COMPUTER VISION BASICS OF IMAGE

TASKS

FOR FOR PIXEL RESOLUTION GRAYSCALE

RGB
SINGLE MULTIPLE
OBJECT OBJECT

UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER VISION

Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers to extract useful
information from digital photos, videos, and other visual inputs and to take action based on that
information.
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION

FACIAL RECOGNITION

The most crucial application of computer vision is facial

recognition in security Computer vision is essential to the
advancement of the home in the era of smart cities and smart
homes. Either visitor identification or visitor log upkeep is
possible. It also finds its application in schools for an attendance
system based on the facial recognition of students
FACE FILTERS
Modern-day apps like Instagram and Snapchat have a lot of features based on the usage of computer
vision. The application of face filters is one among them. Through the camera, the machine or the
algorithm is able to identify the facial dynamics of the person and applies the facial filter selected.
GOOGLE’S SEARCH BY IMAGE
The majority of data that is searched for using Google’s search engine is textual information, but it also has
the intriguing option of returning search results via an image. This makes use of computer vision since it

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examines numerous attributes of the input image while also comparing them to those in the database of
images to provide the search result.

Image Source

COMPUTER VISION IN RETAIL

The retail field has been one of the fastest growing fields and at the same time is using Computer Vision
for making the user experience more fruitful. Retailers can use Computer Vision techniques to track
customers’ movements through stores, analyse navigational routes and detect walking patterns.

SELF-DRIVING CARS

Computer Vision is the

fundamental technology behind
developing autonomous vehicles.
Most leading car manufacturers
in the world are reaping the
benefits of investing in artificial
intelligence for developing on-
road versions of hands-free
technology.

MEDICAL IMAGING
For the last decades, computer-supported medical imaging application has been a trustworthy help for
physicians. It doesn’t only create and analyze images, but also becomes an assistant and helps doctors
with their
interpretation. The
application is used to
read and convert 2D
scan images into
interactive 3D models
that enable medical
professionals to gain a
detailed understanding
of a patient’s health
condition.

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GOOGLE TRANSLATE APP
To read signs written in a foreign language, all you have to do is point the camera on your phone at the text,
and the Google Translate software will very immediately translate them into the language of your choice.
This is a useful application that makes use of Computer Vision, utilizing optical character recognition to
view the image and augmented reality to overlay an accurate translation.
COMPUTER VISION TASKS
The many Computer Vision applications are based on a variety of tasks that are carried out to extract
specific information from the input image that may be utilised for prediction or serves as the foundation for
additional analysis. A computer vision application performs the following tasks:

For Single Object

Classification Classification +

For Multiple object

Object Detection Instance Segmentation

FOR SINGLE OBJECT

CLASSIFICATION

Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label from a fixed set of categories.
This is one of the core problems in CV that, despite its simplicity, has a large variety of practical
applications.

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CLASSIFICATION + LOCALIZATION
This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is present in the image and at the
same time identifying at what location that object is present in that image. It is used only for single objects.
FOR MULTIPLE OBJECT

OBJECT DETECTION
Finding occurrences of real-world items like faces, bicycles, and buildings in pictures or movies is a process
known as object detection. To identify occurrences of a certain object category, object identification
algorithms frequently employ extracted features and learning techniques. Applications like image retrieval
and automatic car parking systems frequently employ it.

INSTANCE SEGMENTATION
The process of identifying instances of the items, categorizing them, and then assigning each pixel a label
based on that is known as instance segmentation. An image is sent into a segmentation algorithm, which
produces a list of regions (or segments).

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 BASICS OF IMAGES
BASICS OF PIXELS
A picture element is referred to as a “pixel.” In digital form, pixels make up each and every image.
They are the tiniest piece of data that go into a picture. They are normally structured in a 2-dimensional
grid and are either circular or square.

One square
denotes one
pixel

RESOLUTION
The resolution of an image is occasionally referred to as the number of pixels. One approach is to define
resolution as the width divided by the height when the phrase is used to describe the number of pixels, for
example, a monitor resolution of 1280×1024. Accordingly, there are 1280 pixels from side to side and 1024
pixels from top to bottom.

PIXEL VALUE
Each of the pixels that make up an image that is stored on a computer has a pixel value that specifies its
brightness and/or intended colour. The byte image, which stores this number as an 8-bit integer with a
possible range of values from 0 to 255, is the most popular pixel format.
Zero is typically used to represent no colour or black, and 255 is used to represent full colour or white.

GRAYSCALE IMAGES
Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent colour. The darkest
possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of pixel. The lightest possible
shade is white, which is the total presence of colour or 255 value of a pixel . Intermediate shades of gray
are represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary colours.

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RGB IMAGES
Every image we encounter is a coloured image. Three main colors—Red, Green, and Blue—make up these
graphics. Red, green, and blue can be combined in various intensities to create all the colours that are
visible.

IMAGE FEATURES
In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information which is relevant for solving
the computational task related to a certain application. Features may be specific structures in the image such
as points, edges or objects.

In image processing, we can get a lot of features from the image. It can be either a blob, an edge or a
corner. These features help us to perform various tasks and then get the analysis done on the basis of
the application. Now the question that arises is which of the following are good features to be used? As
you saw in the previous activity, the features having corners are easy to find as they can be found only
at a particular location in the image, whereas the edges are spread over a line or an edge look the same
all along. This tells us that the corners are always good features to extract from an image followed by
the edges.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1 Mark

1. Emoji Scavenger Hunt game is based on __________ technology.

(a) CV (b) NLP (c) Data Science (d)All of these
2. Computer vision _______________
(a) Works in much the same as human vision.
(b) Trains machine to perform the same function as human eye.
(c) Uses camera, data and algorithms.
(d) All of the above.
3. ________ technology makes computers, machines and devices analyse and understand the
images captured by camera
(a) Data Science (b) NLP (c) CV (d) All of these
4. The task/s that facial recognition models perform is –
(a) Verification (b) Recognition
(c) Both a and b (d) Image enhancement
5. Google images __________
(a) Is a web based product for searching images online.

72
 (b) Performs the same basic querying and result fetching functions as Google’s
search engine.
(c) Returns image based on keywords.
(d) All of the above.
6. A _____________ system is a computer vision based technology that identifies or verifies a
digital image of a human face against a database of stored facial images.
(a) Face Filter (b) Identification
(c) Facial Recognition (d) None of these
7. The task performed by computer vision for a single object is ___________
(a) Classification and Localisation
(b) Object detection and instance segmentation
(c) Filtering
(d) Both A and B
8. Which of the following images will be the sharpest ?
(a) 200 ppi image (b)100 ppi image (c)75 ppi image (d)700 ppi image
9. Coloured images are made of __________
(a) Red (b) Blue (c) Green (d) All of above
10. A __________ is a computer generated effect that applies preset edits or changes to a loaded
facial image .
(a) Face filter (b) Identification (c)Facial recognition (d) None of these
11. When Red , Blue, Green is set to 0, the colour obtained is ______
(a) White (b)Purple (c)Black (d) Red
12. Which of the following is/are image editing software ?
(a) Photoshop (b)Coral Draw Graphic
(c)Adobe Lightroom (d) All of the above.
13. When Red , Blue, Green is set to 255, the colour obtained is ______
(a) White (b)Purple (c)Black (d)Red
14. ____________ refers to a search where query is formed using a pasted image and the search
engine looks for matching or similar images from around the web.
(a) Image Search (b) Google Image search
(c)Reverse Image search (d) All of the above.
15. A __________ is short for picture element.
(a) Picele (b) Pixel (c) Pitchel (d) Picture
16. A_____________ represents smallest piece of screen that can be controlled individually in
terms of colour and intensity .
(a) Picture (b) Pixel (c) Element (d) CV
17. Image ________ refers to the quality and size of an image in terms of the numbers of pixels
it contains, typically as ‘width x height’
(a) Quality (b) Density (c) Resolution (d) Intensity
18. A ________ image is a image in which the only colours are shades of grey.
(a) RGB (b) greyscale (c) B & W (d) gray
19. The purpose of ________ is to find and then classify a different number of objects in an image.
(a) Classification (b) Localisation
(c)Object detection (d) Image segmentation
20. Which of the following is an application of computer vision ?
(a) Robotics (b) Security (c) Medical (d) All of the above

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 21. You have trained a computer vision model to recognize pictures of cats. It works very well except
when shown a hairless cat, which it does not classify at all. What might be the problem?
(a) Poor image quality.
(b) The training data did not feature any pictures of hairless cats.
(c) The computer vision model is flawed.
(d) The training data did not have enough cat images.
22. Computer vision uses retinas, optic nerve and visual cortex for image recognition. (True/
False)
23. Each pixel has unique location indicated by coordinates. (True/ False)
24. The greater number of pixels, the lesser the image quality. (True/ False)
25. Activation maps highlight the relevant features of image. (True/ False)
26. Optical character recognition (OCR) is a branch of computer vision that focuses on
recognizing handwritten text only. (True/ False).
2 Mark
1. What is computer vision? How is it related to AI?
2. What is smart mirror technology?
3. What are some applications of computer vision.
4. What is the meaning of resolution? How does it impact the quality of image?
5. How are RGB images different from Greyscale images?
ANSWERS

1 Mark

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans a D C C D C a d d a
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans c d a c b b c b a d
Ques 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans b F T T T F
2 Mark

Ans.1 Computer Vision is a subset of artificial intelligence that makes computers, machines and devices
visually enabled by giving them capability to analyze and understand the image captured by camera. If
AI enables computers to think, computer vision enables them to see, observe and understand.
Ans.2 Amazon and Farfetch are using smart mirror technology for fashion retail. Farfetch’s mirror
allows a person to order sizes and try different sizes without leaving the dressing room.
Ans.3 Facial recognition, reverse image search, face filters, CV in retail, inventory management, self
driving cars, medical imaging.
Ans4. The resolution of a digital image is measured using its pixels; specifically in pixels per inch
(PPI). The higher the image resolution, the more pixels are bunched together — which creates a
smoother, more detailed image.
Ans.5 Grayscale images are composed exclusively of shades of gray which ranges from black to
white. RGB color images are made up of red, green, and blue light.

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 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

Introduction to NLP
Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables
computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language.

75
Natural language processing has the ability to interrogate the data with natural language text or voice.
This is also called “language in.” Examples of tools powered by NLP include web search, email spam
filtering, automatic translation of text or speech, document summarization, sentiment analysis, and
grammar/spell checking.
Need for NLP
Natural language processing (NLP) is critical to fully and efficiently analyse text and speech data. It can
work through the differences in dialects, slang, and grammatical irregularities typical in day-to-day
conversations.
Companies use it for several automated tasks, such as to:
• Process, analyse, and archive large documents
• Analyse customer feedback or call centre recordings
• Run chatbots for automated customer service
• Answer who-what-when-where questions
• Classify and extract text

Applications of Natural Language Processing

1. Automate routine tasks
2. Improve search
3. Search engine optimization
4. Analyzing and organizing large document collections
5. Social media analytics
6. Market insights
7. Moderating content
Revisiting AI Project Cycle
Let us try to understand how we can develop a project in Natural Language processing with the help of an
example. The Scenario The world is competitive nowadays. People face competition in even the tiniest
tasks and are expected to give their best at every point in time. When people are unable to meet these
expectations, they get stressed and could even go into depression. We get to hear a lot of cases where
people are depressed due to reasons like peer pressure, studies, family issues, relationships, etc. and they
eventually get into something that is bad for them as well as for others. So, to overcome this, cognitive
behavioural therapy (CBT) is considered to be one of the best methods to address stress. This therapy
includes understanding the behaviour and mind-set of a person in their normal life. With the help of CBT,
therapists help people overcome their stress and live a happy life.
Problem Scoping
It has been observed that people do not wish to seek the help of a psychiatrist willingly. They try to avoid
such interactions as much as possible. Thus, there is a need to bridge the gap between a person who needs
help and the psychiatrist. An NLP equipped machine can serve the purpose.
Let us solve this problem using 4-Ws canvas model.

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To understand the sentiments of people, we need to collect their conversational data so the machine can
interpret the words that they use and understand their meaning. Such data can be collected from various
means:
1. Surveys
2. Observing the therapist’s sessions
3. Databases available on the internet
4. Interviews, etc.
Data Exploration
Once the textual data has been collected, it needs to be processed and cleaned so that an easier version can
be sent to the machine. Thus, the text is normalised through various steps and is lowered to minimum
vocabulary since the machine does not require grammatically correct statements but the essence of it.
Modelling Once the text has been normalised, it is then fed to an NLP based AI model. Note that in NLP,
modelling requires data pre-processing only after which the data is fed to the machine. Depending upon
the type of chatbot we try to make, there are a lot of AI models available which help us build the
foundation of our project.
Evaluation
The model trained is then evaluated and the accuracy for the same is generated on the basis of the
relevance of the answers which the machine gives to the user’s responses. To understand the efficiency of
the model, the suggested answers by the chatbot are compared to the actual answers.

In these diagrams the blue line talks about the model’s output while the green one is the actual output
along with the data samples.

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In fig 1, the output does not match the true function at all. Hence the model is said to be underfitting and
its accuracy is lower. In the second one, the model’s performance matches well with the true function
which states that the model has optimum accuracy and the model is called a perfect fit. In the third case,
model performance is trying to cover all the data samples even if they are out of alignment to the true
function. This model is said to be overfitting and this too has a lower accuracy. Once the model is
evaluated thoroughly, it is then deployed in the form of an app which people can use.
Chatbots
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that is designed to mimic
human conversation through text or voice interactions. These are one of the most common applications of
NLP. Given are the names and links of few popular chatbots.

Advantages of using Chatbot:

• Faster replies
• 24x7 support
• Better user experiences
• More customer interactions
• Many integrations with messaging apps
• Conversation templates
• Cost effective

Types of Chatbot
There are two types of Chabot:
Script-bot: Smart-bot:

 It works on the script which is • Code is required to take up this on board.

programmed in them. • Very Flexible and powerful.
• Script-bot are very easy to make. • Work on bigger databases and other
• Free to use. resources directly.
• Easy to integrate into a messaging • Learn with data.
platform. • Wide functionality.
• No/little processing skills required • Examples: Google Virtual Assistant,
• Very limited functionality Alexa, Siri, Cortana, etc.
• Example:- Story Speak.

Human Language vs Computer Language

Human Language: Computer Language:

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 Humans uses a language for communication.  Computer understands only the language
 Our mind understand/process the patterns of numbers (0 &1) also known as binary
of the words of the language used for numbers.
communication.  Whatever messages/commands given to
 Our mind also prioritize the sounds which computer are converted to these numbers.
suits more to our interests.  As computer works on the fixed numbers,
 There is a method of processing human anything sent other than these pre-defined
language by our mind:- numbers give an error.
o First, listener’s eardrum converts the
sound signals to neuron impulses and then
send them to our brain.
o Then, mind process those impulses and get
a meaning out of it.
o If the meaning is not making out by the
mind, then it will asks for more clarity
again from the speaker.

How Computer understands Human Language?

Arrangement of the words and meaning:
 Every language has its own rules.
 In human language, we have nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives etc.
 A word can be a noun at one time or a verb or adjective at another time.
 The rules provide a structure for the language.
 Every language has its own syntax which refers to the grammatical structure of
the sentence.
 Similar rules are required to process the computer language.
 Human language has multiple characteristics that are easy for a human to
understand but extremely difficult for a computer to understand.
Analogy with programming language:

 Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.

 Syntax: It refers to the rules/way of writing commands in a programming
language like python.
Let’s understand Semantics and Syntax with some examples:
a) Different syntax, same semantics: 3 * 4 = 4 * 3
o Here the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings are
the same that is 12.
b) Different semantics, same syntax: 2/3 (Python 2.7) ≠ 2/3 (Python 3)
o Here the statements written have the same syntax but their meanings are
different. In Python 2.7, this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3, it
would give an output of 1.5.

Multiple Meanings of a word:

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  When textual data is processed, there is possibility that there may be different meanings
of the same word in different sentences.
 In natural language processing, it is important to understand that a word can have multiple
meanings that fit into the statement according to its context.
Perfect Syntax, no Meaning:
 It means when the statement is having correct syntax but there is no meaning. Example:
Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea.
 In Human language, a perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important for better
understanding.

Data Processing
The computer understands only numbers, so the basic step is to convert each word or letter of human
language into numbers. This conversion requires text normalization.

Text Normalization:- Text Normalization helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way
that it comes down to a level where its complexity is lower than actual data.

Corpus: A corpus can be defined as a collection of machine-readable authentic texts (including

transcripts of spoken data) that is sampled to be representative of a particular natural language or
language variety. It is the dataset containing text and terms collected from various documents and used
for whole textual data from all documents altogether is known as corpus.

Steps of data processing:

1. Sentence Segmentation: Sentence segmentation divides the corpus into sentences. Each sentence
is taken as a different data so now the corpus gets reduced to sentences.
For example, for the given text:
“Welcome class! We are now going to learn about Natural Language Processing. You all are going
to enjoy learning it.”
Sentence segmentation output will be:
[‘Welcome class!’,‘We are now going to learn about Natural Language Processing’,‘You all are
going to enjoy learning it.’]

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2. Tokenisation: After sentence segmentation, each sentence is further divided into tokens. The token
is a term used for any word or number or special character occurring in a sentence. Under tokenization,
every word, number, and special character is considered separately and each of them is now a separate
token.
For example:
[‘Welcome class!’,‘We are now going to learn about Natural Language Processing’,‘You all are
going to enjoy learning it.’]
After tokenization will be
[[‘Welcome’ ,’class, ’!’], [‘We’ ,’are’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’to’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’Natural’ ,’Language’,
’Processing’] ,[‘You’, ‘all’, ‘are’, ‘going’, ‘to’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’, ‘it.’]]
3. Lowercasing
The next step is to convert the whole text into a similar case. The most preferable case is the lower
case. This ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine does not consider the same words as
different just because of different cases
For example:
[[‘Welcome’ ,’class, ’!’], [‘We’ ,’are’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’to’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’Natural’ ,’Language’,
’Processing’] ,[‘You’, ‘all’, ‘are’, ‘going’, ‘to’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’, ‘it.’]]
Will be converted into
[[‘welcome’ ,’class, ’!’], [‘we’ ,’are’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’to’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’natural’ ,’language’,
’processing’] ,[‘you’, ‘all’, ‘are’, ‘going’, ‘to’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’, ‘it.’]]

4. Removing Stopwords, Special Characters and Numbers: Stop words are those words that are used
very frequently in the corpus and do not add any value to the corpus. E.g. a, an, are, the, for, if, as, it, into,
in, on, or, such, the, there, to
For example :
[[‘welcome’ ,’class, ’!’], [‘we’ ,’are’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’to’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’natural’ ,’language’,
’processing’] ,[‘you’, ‘all’, ‘are’, ‘going’, ‘to’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’, ‘it.’]]
Will be
[[‘welcome’ ,’class’], [‘we’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’natural’ ,’language’, ’processing’]
,[‘you’, ‘all’, ‘going’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’]]

5. Stemming: Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are
converted to their base form.
Note that in stemming, the stemmed words (words which we get after removing theaffixes) might not be
meaningful.
For example studies will be reduced to studi after the affix removal which is not a meaningful word.
It just removes the affixes hence it is faster.
Word Affix Stem
Studies es studi
studying ing study
For example:
[[‘welcome’ ,’class’], [‘we’ ,’now’ ,’going’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’natural’ ,’language’,
’processing’] ,[‘you’, ‘all’, ‘going’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learning’]]
Will be
[[‘welcome’ ,’class’], [‘we’ ,’now’ ,’go’ ,’learn’ ,’about’ ,’natural’ ,’language’, ’process’] ,[‘you’,
‘all’, ‘go’, ‘enjoy’, ‘learn’]]

6. Lemmatization: It is an alternate process of stemming. It also removes the affix from the corpus.

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The only difference between lemmatization and stemming is the output of lemmatization are meaningful
words. The final output is known as a lemma. It takes a longer time to execute than stemming.
The following table shows the process.
Word Affix lemma
studies es study
studying ing study

Bag of words Algorithm: A bag of words is an NLP model that extracts the features of the text which can
be helpful in machine learning algorithms. We get the occurrences of each word and develop the vocabulary
for the corpus.
Steps of the bag of words algorithm:
The following steps should be followed to implement the bag of words:
1. Text Normalization
2. Create dictionary
3. Create document vectors
4. Create document vectors for all documents
Step-1: Text Normalization
This step collects the Raw data and pre-processes it.
For example:Document 1: Mani and Reena both are stressed.
Document 2: Reena went to a therapist
Document 3: Mani went to download a health chatbot
The above example consists of three documents having one sentence each. After text
normalization, the text would be:
Document 1: [Mani, and, Reena, both, are, stressed]Document 2: [Reena,
went, to, a, therapist]
Document 3:[Mani, went, to, download, a, health, chatbot]
Note that no tokens have been removed in the stopwords removal step. It is because we have very
little data and since the frequency of all the words is almost the same, no word can be said to have
lesser value than the other.
Step-2: Create a Dictionary
Dictionary:- is a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. If some wordsare repeated in
different documents, they are all written just once while creatingthe dictionary.
To create a dictionary write all words which occurred in the three documents.Dictionary:
Mani and Reena Went are stressed

to a therapist download health chatbot

Step-3: Create a document vector table for all documents

Document vector also called a Paragraph Vector a popular technique in Natural Language
Processing that enables the representation of documents as vectors.
In this step write all the words in the top row. Now write check the document for same word and
write 1 (One) under it if it’s found otherwise write 0(zero). If the same word appears more than
once do the increment of that word.

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Dictionary Mani a Reena went ar stressed to a therapist download health chatbot
words n e
d
Doc 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Doc 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Doc 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

TFIDF: It stands for Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency. There are two terms in
TFIDF:-
(a) Term Frequency: Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term
frequency can easily be found from the document vector table.
(b) Inverse Document Frequency:
a. Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs
irrespective of how many times it has occurred in those documents. Here in our
ex it is 3.
b. Inverse document frequency: Used to put the document frequency (DF) in the
denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator.
Dictionary Ma an Reen wen ar stressed To a therapis downloa healt chatbo
words ni d a t e t d h t
Doc1 TF 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Doc2 TF 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Doc 3 TF 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
DF 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
IDF 3/2 3/1 3/2 3/2 3/1 3/1 3/ 3/ 3/1 3/1 3/1 3/1
2 2

The formula is:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )

where W is the word

Let’s say for doc 1 this formula would be applied as
Dictionary Mani and Reen a went are stres To a thera down healt chatb
words sed pist load h ot

Doc1 1*log 1*log 1*log( 0*log( 1*log( 1*log( 0*log( 0*log( 0*log( 0*log( 0*log( 0*log(
(3/2) (3/1) 3/2) 3/2) 3/1) 3/1) 3/2) 3/2) 3/1) 3/1) 3/1) 3/1)
As you can see in this table, stop words values automatically becomes zero henceno
value.
Applications of TFIDF –
 Document Classification
 Topic prediction from corpus
 Important information retrieval system
 Stop words filtering

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 QUESTION
(MCQs)
1. NLP stands for:
(a) New Language Processing (c) Native Language Processing
(b) Natural Language Processing (d) All of these
2. NLP deals with:
(a) Human Language (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Machine Language (d) None
3. Which one of the following is not an example of NLP
(a) Siri (c) Alexa
(b) Google Translate (d) Google drive
4. NLP deals with:
(a) Human Language (c) Human Behaviour
(b) Human dialect (d) Human emotions
5. Which one of the following is not a Chatbot:
(a) Mitshubishi (c) Haptik
(b) Rose (d) CleverBot
6. How many types of chatbot are there:
(a) 2 (c) 1
(b) 3 (d) 5
7. Alexa is an example of ___________ chatbot.
8. The lexical structure of a sentence is know as:
(a) Tokens (c) Semantics
(b) Syntax (d) Rules
9. Semantics of a sentence is concerned with:
(a) Its meaning (c) Spellings
(b) Grammar (d) None of these
10. ___________ type of chatbot have limited functionality.
11. _______is defined as the process of doing summarization of huge information of documents
by eliminating duplicate ones and also to fetch out the emotional meaning of the information.
(a) Automatic Summarization (c) Text Classification
(b) Sentiment Analysis (d) Anyone of the above
12. Consider the following statements:-
A- Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.
B- Syntax: It refers to the rules/way of writing commands in a programming language like
python. Find the correct option:-
(a) A-True , B-False (c) A-False , B-False
(b) A-True , B-True (d) A-False , B-True
13. CBT stands for :
(a) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(b) Cognition Behavioural Therapy (d) Cognition Behavioural Treatment
14. _______helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it comes down to a level where
its complexity is lower than actual data.
15.
(a) Data Processing
(b) Text Normalization
(c) Data Normalization
(d) Text Processing

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(2 MARKS)
1. What is the difference between stemming and lemmatisation?
2. What is document vector table?
3. Define corpus. Give example.
4. What is chatbot?
5. What are stopwords? Briefly explain giving an example.
6. Explain Syntax and semantics in context of NLP.
7. What is the significance of converting all words into normal case in NLP?
8. Give one example of correct syntax but wrong semantics in a document.
9. What is the significance of normalization of text?
10. Riya is facing problem in understanding tokenization of text. Help her with any sample text as
example.
11. Mr. Saurabh is the CEO of Anytime Help Ltd, a customer care service provider organization. Due
to increasing workload he is planning to use chatbot in order to maintain service quality and
response time. Which type of chatbot should he choose? Justify your answer.
12. Output of stemming and lemmatization for text : ‘Welcome to the school.’ is same but the output
for the text ‘Shivanya studies in class X.’ is different. Rahul is not able to find the reason for this.
Help him in understanding the reason.
13. In the given graph, explain how value and occurrence of a word in a corpus are related.

14. Prabha started a service business of providing tailoring service through IoT(Internet of Things).
She is planning to use chatbot for taking customer feedback. Which type of chatbot will you
suggest her and why?
(4 marks)
1. Create a document vector table for the given corpus:
Document 1: We are living in Delhi.
Document 2: Delhi is the Capital state.
Document 3: We are going to Jaipur.
Document 4: Jaipur is the Capital of Rajasthan.
2. Draw the inverse document frequency table for the corpus given in question 1.
3. Calculate TFIDF for the corpus given in question 1.
4. Normalize the given text upto 4 steps:

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 Raj and Vijay are best friends. They play together with other friends. Raj likes to play football
but Vijay prefers to play online games. Raj wants to be a footballer. Vijay wants to become an
online gamer.
5. Samiksha, a student of class X was exploring the Natural Language Processing domain. She got
stuck while performing the text normalisation. Help her to normalise the text on the segmented
sentences given below:
Document 1: Akash and Ajay are best friends.
Document 2: Akash likes to play football but Ajay prefers to play online games.

ANSWERS

(MCQs)

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer B c d b a a smart b A script a a c b c

(2 MARKS)

1. Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables
computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language.
2. Any two explanations as given in this document.
3. Any two of the following differences

 Stemming reduces word-forms to (pseudo)stems, whereas lemmatization reduces the

word-forms to linguistically valid lemmas. This difference is apparent in languages with
more complex morphology, but may be irrelevant for many IR applications;

 Lemmatization deals only with inflectional variance, whereas stemming may also deal
with derivational variance;

 In terms of implementation, lemmatization is usually more sophisticated (especially for

morphologically complex languages) and usually requires some sort of lexica. Satisfactory
stemming, on the other hand, can be achieved with rather simple rule-based approaches.
4. Document Vector is a table containing the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in each
document.
5. A corpus is a collection of authentic text or audio organized into datasets. Authentic here means
text written or audio spoken by a native of the language or dialect.
Example: “Welcome class! We are now going to learn about Natural Language Processing.
You all are going to enjoy learning it.” Is a text corpus.
6. A chatbot is a computer program that simulates and processes human conversation (either written
or spoken), allowing humans to interact with digital devices.
7. Stop words are those words that are used very frequently in the corpus and do not add any value to
the corpus. E.g. a, an, are, the, for, if, as, it, into, in, on, or, such, the, there, to
8. Syntax is the grammatical structure of a sentence whereas semantics deals with the meaning of
text in NLP.
9. Converting text into similar case ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine does not consider
the same words as different just because of different cases.
10. The sentence ‘Ravi is going to school.’ Is correct both syntactically and semantically but the
sentence ‘School is going to Ravi.’ Is syntactically correct but semantically wrong as it is

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 meaningless.
11. Text Normalization helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it comes down to a
level where its complexity is lower than actual data.
12. Tokenization is a simple process that takes raw data and converts it into smaller units called
tokens. For example:
‘I love to study Artificial Intelligence’ after tokenization will be
[‘I’, ‘love’, ‘to’, ‘study’, ‘Artificial’, ‘Intelligence’]
13. He should use Smartbot because a smartbot is more flexible and powerful. It can deal with large
databases and thus can provide real time support and assistance.
14. Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are converted to
their base form. Lemmatization also removes the affix from the corpus. The only difference
between lemmatization and stemming is the output of lemmatization are meaningful words. In the
string ‘Welcome to the school.’ none of the word have affix therefore the output of both
lemmatization and stemming is similar. In the sentence ‘Shivanya studies in class X.’ the word
studying is having affix and will be converted into ‘study’ during lemmatization whereas in
stemming it will be converted into ‘studi’.
15. The occurrence and value of a word are inversely proportional. The words which occur the most
have negligible value. As the occurrence of a word drops its importance in understanding the
meaning increases.
16. As Prabha doesn’t require real-time assistance she can use scriptbot because it doesn’t incur any
cost and very simple to use.

(4 MARKS)
1.
We are living in Delhi Is The Capital state going to Jaipur of Rajasthan
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

2. We get total occurrence of a word from the given vector in last row as shown here:
We are living in Delhi Is The Capital state going to Jaipur of Rajasthan
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
IDF will be obtained by putting total number of documents as numerator and total occurrence of the word
as denominator:
We are living in Delhi Is The Capital state going to Jaipur of Rajasthan
4/2 4/2 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/2 4/2 4/2 4/1 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/1 4/1

3. The formula is:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )

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 where W is the word

We are living in Delhi Is The Capital state going to Jaipur Of Rajasthan

2*log 2*log 1*log(4 1*log 2*log(4 2*log 2*log 2*log(4/ 1*log(4 1*log(4 1*log 2*log(4/ 1*lo 1*log(4/1)
(4/2) (4/2) /1) (4/1) /2) (4/2) (4/2) 2) /1) /1) (4/1) 2) g(4/
1)

4. Normalization of the given text up to 4 steps:

 Sentence Segmentation:
[‘Raj and Vijay are best friends.’, ‘They play together with other friends.’, ‘Raj likes to play football
but Vijay prefers to play online games.’ ‘Raj wants to be a footballer.’, ‘Vijay wants to become an
online gamer.’]
 Tokenization:
[[‘Raj’, ‘and’, ‘Vijay’, ‘are’, ‘best’, ‘friends’, ‘.’], [‘They’, ‘play’, ‘together’, ‘with’, ‘other’, ‘friends’,
‘.’], [‘Raj’, ‘likes’, ‘to’, ‘play’, ‘football’, ‘but’, ‘Vijay’, ‘prefers’, ‘to’, ‘play’, ‘online’, ‘games’, ‘.’],
[‘Raj’, ‘wants’, ‘to’, ‘be’, ‘a’, ‘footballer’, ‘.’], [‘Vijay’, ‘wants’, ‘to’, ‘become’, ‘an’, ‘online’,
‘gamer’, ‘.’]]
 Lowercasing:
[[‘raj’, ‘and’, ‘vijay’, ‘are’, ‘best’, ‘friends’, ‘.’], [‘they’, ‘play’, ‘together’, ‘with’, ‘other’, ‘friends’,
‘.’], [‘raj’, ‘likes’, ‘to’, ‘play’, ‘football’, ‘but’, ‘vijay’, ‘prefers’, ‘to’, ‘play’, ‘online’, ‘games’, ‘.’],
[‘raj’, ‘wants’, ‘to’, ‘be’, ‘a’, ‘footballer’, ‘.’], [‘vijay’, ‘wants’, ‘to’, ‘become’, ‘an’, ‘online’,
‘gamer’, ‘.’]]
 Stop words removal:
[[‘raj’, ‘vijay’, ‘best’, ‘friends’], [‘they’, ‘play’, ‘together’, ‘with’, ‘other’, ‘friends’], [‘raj’, ‘likes’,
‘play’, ‘football’, ‘vijay’, ‘prefers’, ‘play’, ‘online’, ‘games’], [‘raj’, ‘wants’, ‘footballer’], [‘vijay’,
‘wants’, ‘become’, ‘online’, ‘gamer’]]

5. Tokenization : Akash, and, Ajay, are, best, friends Akash, likes, to, play, football, but, Ajay,
prefers, to, play, online, games elladrool
Removal of stop words: Akash, Ajay, best, friends Akash, likes, play, football, Ajay, prefers, play,
online, games
Converting text to a common case: akash, ajay, best, friends akash, likes, play, football, ajay,
prefers, play, online, games
Stemming/Lemmatization: akash, ajay, best, friend akash, like, play, football, ajay, prefer, play,
online, game

88
 EVALUATION

Evaluation process involves assessing the reliability of an AI model by comparing its outputs against
actual answers using a test dataset. Various evaluation techniques exist, depending on the model's
type and purpose.

89
 ****Try not to use the dataset that has been used in the process of data Acquisition or
the Training data in Evaluation.

This is because your model will simply remember the whole training set, and will therefore always
predict the correct label for any point in the training set. This is known as overfitting.

MODEL EVALUATION TERMINOLOGIES

Let’s explore them with an example -

Imagine that you have come up with an AI-based prediction model which has been deployed to
identify Football or a soccer ball. Now, the objective of the model is to predict whether the
given/shown figure is a football. To understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if the
predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions that we need to
consider upon Prediction and Reality.

● The prediction is the output that is given by the machine

● The reality is the real scenario about the figure shown when the prediction has been made.
Let us look at various combinations that we can have with these two conditions.

case -1

Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = YES
2. Reality = YES
3. True Positive
Here, we can see in the picture that it’s a football. The model’s prediction is Yes
which means it’s a football. The Prediction matches Reality. Hence, this condition
is termed as True Positive.

case-2
Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = NO
2. Reality = NO
3. True Negative
Here this is Not an image of Football hence the reality is No. In this case, the
machine has predicted it correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as
True Negative.

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case -3
Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = YES
2. Reality = NO
3. False Positive
Here the reality is that there is no Football. But the machine has incorrectly
predicted that there is Football. This case is termed False Positive.

case -4
Is this a Football?
1. Prediction = NO
2. Reality = YES
3. False Negative
Here, a Football has been in a different look because of which the Reality is Yes but
the machine has incorrectly predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts
that there is no Football. Therefore, this case becomes False Negative

CONFUSION MATRIX TABLE

Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of this confusion matrix.
THE CONFUSION MATRIX REALITY

YES NO

PREDICTION YES TRUE POSITIVE(TP) FALSE POSITIVE(FP)

NO FALSE NEGATIVE(FN) TRUE NEGATIVE(TN)

It is a vital tool in machine learning for evaluating the performance of a classification model. It provides
a clear breakdown of predicted versus actual classifications across different classes.

EVALUATION METHODS

Accuracy
Accuracy in the context of machine learning refers to the proportion of correct predictions made by
a model out of all predictions made. It quantifies how well the model predicts outcomes compared
to the actual results.

Let us go back to the Football example.

Assume that the model always predicts that there is no football. But in reality, there is a 2% chance of football. In
this case, for 98 cases, the model will be right but for those 2 cases in which there was a football, then to the model
predicted for no football.

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 Here True Positives = 0 True Negatives = 98 Total cases = 100
Therefore, accuracy becomes: 98+0/100 = 98%

Precision
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction is true.
Let us understand by a football example, in this case, assume that the model always predicts that there is a Football
irrespective of the reality. In this case, all the Positive conditions would be taken into account that is,
● True Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = Yes)
● False Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = No)

If the Precision is low means there are more False predictions than the actual ones. If precision is high,
this means the True Positive cases are more, giving lesser False predictions.

Recall It majorly considers the true reality cases wherein Reality there was a football but the machine
either detected it correctly or it didn’t. That is, it considers
● True Positives (There was a football in reality and the model predicted it correctly)
● False Negatives (There was a football and the model didn’t predict it).

F1 Score
It is a balance between precision and recall as we do not know which metric is more important, we seek
the term F1 score.

Metric’s Importance
Choosing between Precision and Recall depends on the condition in which the model has been deployed.
Let us see different cases:
Cases of High False Negative Cost Cases of High False Positive Cost
 In a case like Forest Fire, a False Negative  Such case is Mining. Imagine a model
can cost us a lot and is risky too. Imagine no telling you that there exists treasure at a
alert being given even when there is a Forest point and you keep on digging there but it
Fire. The whole forest might burn down. turns out that it is a false alarm.
 Another case where a False Negative can be
dangerous is Viral Outbreak. Imagine a  Consider a model that predicts whether a
deadly virus has started spreading and the mail is spam or not. If the model always
model which is supposed to predict a viral predicts that the mail is spam, people
outbreak does not detect it. The virus might would not look at it and eventually might
spread widely and infect a lot of people. lose important information. Here also False
Positive conditions (Predicting the mail as
spam while the mail is not spam) would
have a high cost.
Since both the measures are important, there is a need for a parameter that takes both Precision and
Recall into account which is called the F1 Score
It is known as the perfect value for the F1 Score. As the values of both Precision and Recall range from 0

92
to 1, the F1 score also ranges from 0 to 1.
Now let us explore the variations we have in F1 score:
PRECISION RECALL F1 SCORE

LOW LOW LOW

LOW HIGH LOW

HIGH LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH HIGH

In conclusion, we can say that a model has good performance if the F1 Score for that model is
high.

PRACTICE QUESTION
1 Mark
1. ___________ is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs by
feeding a test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers.
(a) Evaluation (b) Problem Scoping
(c). Data acquisition (d)Data Exploration
2. If model will simply remember the whole training set, and will therefore always predict the correct
label for any point in the training set. This is known as ____________.
(a) Overfitting (b)Overriding (c)Over
remembering (d)None of the above
3. The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we call the
__________.
(a) Overfitting (b) Problem Scoping (c)Confusion Matrix
(d)Data acquisition
4. The _____________ allows us to understand the prediction results.
(a) Overfitting (b)Problem Scoping
(c) Confusion Matrix (d)Data acquisition
5. _________ is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.
(a) Overfitting (b) Accuracy
(c) Confusion Matrix (d)Data acquisition
6. _______ is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction
is true.
(a) Overfitting (b) Accuracy
(c) Precision (d) Data acquisition
7. ___________ can be defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified
(a) Recall (b) Accuracy (c)
Precision (d) Data acquisition
8. ___________ can be defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.
(a) Recall (b) Accuracy (c) Precision (d) F1 Score

9. How many types of dataset are used in data modeling?

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4

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 10._____refers to a condition that occurs when both predictions done by an AI model and
reality are True or Yes.
(a) True Positive (b)True Negative
(c) False Positive (d)False Negative
11. When the prediction is predicted positive incorrectly and the reality is negative, this
condition is known as_ :
(a)True Positive (b)True Negative
(c)False Positive (d)False Negative
12. The model simply remembers the whole training data set and will always predict the
correct label for any point in the training set. This is known as :
(a) Data Processing (b)Modeling
(c)Overfitting (d)None of the above
13. How many types of dataset are used in data modeling?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4
14. ________is the balance between precision and recall.
(a) Recall (b) Accuracy (c) Precision (d) F1 Score
Assertion-Reasoning
This type of reasoning questions consists of two statements; an assertion (statement of fact) and a reason
(explanation for the assertion). You have to determine whether each statement is correct. If both the
statements are correct, you have to determine whether the reason supports the assertion. There will be
four answer choices for the possible outcomes and you have to select the correct one.
15.Assertion: Evaluation is basically to check the performance of your AI model.
Reasoning : F1 score maintains the balance between precision and recall
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true, but R is false.
(d)A is false, but R is true.
16.Assertion:to know if our model’s performance is good, we need these two measures:
Recall and Precision.
Reasoning: For some cases, you might have a High Precision but Low Recall or Low
Precision but High Recall
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true, but R is false.
(d)A is false, but R is true.
17 Assertion: high accuracy is always preferred for high performance .
Reasoning: Precision should be always low for good performance of ai model
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true, but R is false.
(d)A is false, but R is false.
True or false
18. Accuracy is the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations . (true/false)

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 19. True Positive is when The actual value was positive and the model predicts a positive value
(true/false).
20. True Negative is when the actual value was negative and the model predicts a negative
value(true/false)

Short question - 2 marks

1. What is meant by Overfitting of Data?
2. What is Accuracy? Mention its formula.
3. What is Precision? Mention its formula.
4. What is Recall? Mention its formula.
5. Why is evaluation important? Explain.
6. How do you suggest which evaluation metric is more important for any case?
7. Which evaluation metric would be crucial in the following cases? Justify your answer.
a. Mail Spamming
b. Gold Mining
c. Viral Outbreak
8. What are the possible reasons for an AI model not being efficient? Explain.
9. Answer the following:
a. Give an example where High Accuracy is not usable.
b. Give an example where High Precision is not usable.

Long question ( 4 marks)

1. Deduce the formula of F1 Score? What is the need of its formulation?
2. What is a confusion matrix? Explain in detail with the help of an example.
3. Anil is trying to make an AI model which calculates heart risk. Now he wants to check that model
by Calculating Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score for the following Confusion Matrix on Heart
Attack Risk. Calculate Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score
Also suggest which metric would not be a good evaluation parameter here and why?
The Confusion Reality: 1 Reality: 0
Matrix

Prediction: 1 50 20

Prediction: 0 10 20

ANSWERS
1 Mark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a. a. c. c. b. c. a. (d) b a

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

c c d d b a d true true true

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2 Mark
1. Overfitting is "the production of an analysis that corresponds too closely or exactly to a particular set
of data, and may therefore fail to fit additional data or predict future observations reliably".
2. Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations. A prediction
is said to be correct if it matches reality. Here we have two conditions in which the Prediction matches
with the Reality, i.e., True Positive and True Negative. Therefore, Formula for Accuracy is

Where TP = True Positives, TN = True Negatives, FP = False Positives, and FN = False Negatives.
3. Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction
is true.
That is, it takes into account the True Positives and False Positives.

4. Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly Identified.

5. Importance of Evaluation
Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It involves collecting and analyzing information
about a program's activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose is to make judgments about a
program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to inform programming decisions.
Evaluation is important to ensure that the model is operating correctly and optimally.
Evaluation is an initiative to understand how well it achieves its goals.
Evaluations help to determine what works well and what could be improved in a program
6. The F1 Evaluation metric is more important in any case. F1 score sort maintains a balance between the
precision and recall for the classifier. If the precision is low, the F1 is low and if the recall is low again F1
score is low.
The F1 score is a number between 0 and 1 and is the harmonic mean of precision and recall
When we have a value of 1 (that is 100%) for both Precision and Recall. The F1 score would also be an
ideal 1 (100%). It is known as the perfect value for F1 Score. As the values of both Precision and Recall
range from 0 to 1, the F1 score also ranges from 0 to 1.

7. Here, Mail Spamming and Gold Mining are related to FALSE POSITIVE cases which are expensive at
cost. But Viral Outbreak is a FALSE NEGATIVE case which infects a lot of people on health and leads to
expenditure of money too for checkups.
So, False Negative cases (VIRAL OUTBREAK) are more crucial and dangerous when compared to FALSE
POSITIVE cases.
a. If the model always predicts that the mail is spam, people would not look at it and eventually

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 might lose important information. False Positive conditions would have a high cost. (predicting
the mail as spam while the mail is not spam)
b. A model says that there exists treasure at a point and you keep on digging there but it turns
out that it is a false alarm. False Positive cases are very costly.
(predicting there is a treasure but there is no treasure)
c. A deadly virus has started spreading and the model which is supposed to predict a viral
outbreak does not detect it. The virus might spread widely and infect a lot of people. Hence, False
Negative can be dangerous
8. Reasons of an AI model not being efficient:
a. Lack of Training Data: If the data is not sufficient for developing an AI Model, or if the data is
missed while training the model, it will not be efficient.
b. Unauthenticated Data / Wrong Data: If the data is not authenticated and correct, then the
model will not give good results.
c. Inefficient coding / Wrong Algorithms: If the written algorithms are not correct and relevant,
Model will not give desired output. Not Tested: If the model is not tested properly, then it will not
be efficient.
d. Not Easy: If it is not easy to be implemented in production or scalable.
e. Less Accuracy: A model is not efficient if it gives less accuracy scores in production or test data
or if it is not able to generalize well on unseen data.
(Any three of the above can be selected)
9. SCENARIO:
Example where High Accuracy is not usable.
An expensive robotic chicken crosses a very busy road a thousand times per day. An ML model evaluates
traffic patterns and predicts when this chicken can safely cross the street with an accuracy of 99.99%.
Explanation: A 99.99% accuracy value on a very busy road strongly suggests that the ML model is
far better than chance. In some settings, however, the cost of making even a small number of mistakes is
still too high. 99.99% accuracy means that the expensive chicken will need to be replaced, on average,
every 10 days. (The chicken might also cause extensive damage to cars that it hits.)
Example where High Precision is not usable-
Example: “Predicting a mail as Spam or Not Spam”
False Positive: Mail is predicted as “spam” but it is “not spam”.
False Negative: Mail is predicted as “not spam” but it is “spam”.
Of course, too many False Negatives will make the spam filter ineffective but False Positives may cause
important mails to be missed and hence Precision is not usable

Long Question (4 Mark )

1.The F1 Score, also called the F score or F measure, is a measure of a test’s accuracy. It is calculated from
the precision and recall of the test, where the precision is the number of correctly identified positive
results divided by the number of all positive results, including those not identified correctly, and the recall
is the number of correctly identified positive results divided by the number of all samples that should
have been identified as positive.
The F1 score is defined as the weighted harmonic mean of the test’s precision and recall. This score is
calculated according to the formula.

Formula:

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Necessary:
F-Measure provides a single score that balances both the concerns of precision and recall in one number.
A good F1 score means that you have low false positives and low false negatives, so you’re correctly
identifying real threats, and you are not disturbed by false alarms.
An F1 score is considered perfect when it’s 1, while the model is a total failure when it’s 0. F1 Score is a
better metric to evaluate our model on real-life classification problems and when imbalanced class
distribution exists.
2.Confusion Matrix:
A Confusion Matrix is a table that is often used to describe the performance of a classification model (or
"classifier") on a set of test data for which the true values are known.
(OR)
A 2x2 matrix denoting the right and wrong predictions might help us analyze the rate of success. This
matrix is termed the Confusion Matrix.
Evaluation of the performance of a classification model is based on the counts of test records correctly
and incorrectly predicted by the model.
Therefore, Confusion Matrix provides a more insightful picture which is not only the performance of a
predictive model, but also which classes are being predicted correctly and incorrectly, and what type of
errors are being made.
The confusion matrix is useful for measuring Recall (also known as Sensitivity), Precision, Accuracy and F1
Score.
The following confusion matrix table illustrates how the 4-classification metrics are calculated (TP, FP, FN,
TN), and how our predicted value compared to the actual value in a confusion matrix

Let’s decipher the matrix:

The target variable has two values: Positive or Negative
The columns represent the actual values of the target variable
The rows represent the predicted values of the target variable
True Positive, True Negative, False Positive and False Negative in a Confusion Matrix True Positive (TP)
The predicted value matches the actual value
The actual value was positive and the model predicted a positive value
True Negative (TN)
The predicted value matches the actual value
The actual value was negative and the model predicted a negative value
False Positive (FP) – Type 1 error
The predicted value was falsely predicted
The actual value was negative but the model predicted a positive value ● Also known as the Type 1 error
False Negative (FN) – Type 2 error
The predicted value was falsely predicted
The actual value was positive but the model predicted a negative value also known as the Type 2 error
Example:

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Case: Loan (Good loan & Bad loan)

The result of TP will be that bad loans are correctly predicted as bad loans.
The result of TN will be that good loans are correctly predicted as good loans. The result of FP will be that
(actual) good loans are incorrectly predicted as bad loans. The result of FN will be that (actual) bad loans
are incorrectly predicted as good loans. The banks would lose a bunch of money if the actual bad loans
are predicted as good loans due to loans not being repaid. On the other hand, banks won't be able to
make more revenue if the actual good loans are predicted as bad loans. Therefore, the cost of False
Negatives is much higher than the cost of False Positives.
3.Calculation:
Accuracy:
Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations

Where True Positive (TP), True Negative (TN), False Positive (FP) and False Negative (FN). Accuracy =
(50+20) / (50+20+20+10)
= (70/100)
= 0.7
Precision:
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction is
true.

= (50 / (50 + 20))

= (50/70)
= 0.714
Recall: It is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified.

= 50 / (50 + 60)

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= 50 / 110
= 0.5

F1 Score:

F1 score is defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.

= 2 * (0.714 *0.5) / (0.714 + 0.5)
= 2 * (0.357 / 1.214)
= 2* (0.29406)
= 0.58
Therefore,
Accuracy= 0.7 Precision=0.714 Recall=0.5
F1 Score=0.588
Here within the test there is a tradeoff. But Recall is not a good Evaluation metric. Recall metric needs to
improve more.
Because, False Positive (impacts Precision): A person is predicted as high risk but does not have a heart
attack. False Negative (impacts Recall): A person is predicted as low risk but has heart attack. Therefore,
False Negatives miss actual heart patients, hence the recall metric needs more improvement. False
Negatives are more dangerous than False Positives.

100
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN DELHI REGION
SAMPLE PAPER 1
CLASS: X SUB: ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
M.M. – 50 TIME – 2 HRS.
 General Instructions:-
1. Please read the instructions carefully.
2. This Question Paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Sec tion A & Section B.
3. Section A has Objective type questions whereas Section B contains Subjective type questions.
4. Out of the given (5 + 16 =) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 + 10 =) 15
questions in the allotted (maximum) time of 2 hours.
5. All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
6. SECTION A - OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (24 MARKS):
a. This section has 05 questions.
b. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
c. There is no negative marking.
d. Do as per the instructions given.
7. SECTION B – SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (26 MARKS):
a. This section has 16 questions.
b. A candidate has to do 10 questions.
c. Do as per the instructions given.
d. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.

SECTION A : OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
(i) Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression?
(a) Frowning while concentrating
(b) Maintaining eye contact
(c) Smiling continuously
(d) Rolling up your eyes

(ii) Which one of the following is NOT a Self-Management technique?

(a) Sleep of about 10 hrs.
(b) A unorganised daily life
(c) Occasional Physical Exercise
(d) All of the above
(iii) What makes you complete work or studies without others cheering you?
(a) Self-confidence
(b) Communication
(c) Self-motivation
(d) Self-esteem
(iv) Which one of the following shortcut keys is used to
1. REDO some operation
2. PRINT some text/file
(a) 1. Ctrl + Z and 2. Ctrl + S

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 (b) 1. Ctrl + Z and 2. Ctrl + P
(c) 1. Ctrl + Y and 2. Ctrl + S
(d) 1. Ctrl + Y and 2. Ctrl + P
(v) Consider the following situation:-
“Raman owns a large clothes shop. Manan has a small store selling handmade sarees.
Manan does not call himself an entrepreneur.”

Find out the correct Misconception from the following on the above situation:-
(a) Every business idea needs to be unique or special.
(b) Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
(c) A person needs to have a big business to be called an entrepreneur.
(d) None of the above
(vi) Choose the option which best suits to the given below picture from 17 Sustainable
Development Goal(SDGs) given by UN:-
(a) Sustainable Cities and Communities
(b) Protect Life on Land
(c) Responsible Consumers and Producers
(d) Affordable and Clean Energy
Q2. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) When a user installs an app in the smartphone, it asks for access to gallery, contacts, etc. After
accepting this, it gives the user agreement which most users accept without realizing the
implications. What is the concern here?
(a) Data Privacy
(b) Unemployment
(c) AI bias
(d) No concern
(ii) Which one of the following is an application of AI?
(a) Amazon.com
(b) A Robot un-trained with data
(c) Google Map
(d) (a) & (c)
(iii) _________________ is the step that comes after Data Exploration step of AI Project Cycle.
(a) Data Exploration
(b) Date Modelling
(c) Evaluation
(d) Data Acquisition
(iv) _____________________is about working around numeric and alpha numeric data.
(a) Computer Vision
(b) NLP
(c) Data Science
(d) None of the above
(v) Write the Full Form of TF-IDF.
(vi) When the actual value predicted by AI model is false incorrectly and actual value is positive,
this condition is known as __________________.
(a) True Positive
(b) True Negative
(c) False Positive

102
 (d) False Negative
Q3. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) In ______________________, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in
training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves.
(a) Deep Learning
(b) Machine Learning
(c) Artificial Intelligence
(d) None of the above
(ii) Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring data?
(a) Observation
(b) Application Program Interface
(c) Sensors
(d) None of the above
(iii) Meera is a medical lab expert and working on an advanced level of treatment personalization
through research in genetics and genomics. She is related to which domain of AI?
(a) Computer Vision
(b) NLP
(c) Data Science
(d) None of the above
(iv) Which one of the following is an application of Computer vision domain of AI?
(a) Genetics & Genomics
(b) Google Translation App
(c) Face Filters
(d) None of the above
(v) ____________________ is used to assign a predefined category to a document, and organize it in
such a way that helps customers to find the information they want. E.g. auto-tagging in social
media, categorization of news articles, spam filtering in email, etc.
(a) Virtual Assistants
(b) Sentiment Analysis
(c) Text classification
(d) Automatic Summarization
(vi) How many types of dataset(s) are used in data modelling?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Q4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) Kabir has an ability of high level of self-awareness. Starting from realizing weakness, strength,
to his own feelings. It is termed as:-
(a) Linguistic Intelligence
(b) Interpersonal Intelligence
(c) Existential Intelligence
(d) Intrapersonal Intelligence
(ii) Which one of the following is NOT an application of Data Science?
(a) Fraud and Risk Detection
(b) Internet Search

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 (c) Targeted Advertising
(d) None of the above
(iii) What is the name of Learning Based Mode as shown the given figure?

(a) Classification
(b) Clustering
(c) Regression
(d) None of the above
(iv) The percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations is called ________________:
(a) Accuracy
(b) Precision
(c) Recall
(d) F1 Score
(v) Which of the following is an application of NLP?
(a) Sentiment Analysis
(b) Target Advertisements
(c) Face lock in smartphones
(d) Email filters
(vi) Kishore was learning the conditions that make up the confusion matrix. He came across a
scenario in which the machine that was supposed to predict an animal was always predicting
not an animal. What is this condition called?
(a) False Positive
(b) True Positive
(c) False Negative
(d) True Negative
Q5. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee & Shopzilla are the examples of websites working on
price comparison. Above are related to which domain of AI?
(a) Data Science
(b) NLP
(c) Computer Vision
(d) All of the above
(ii) The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called ________________.
(a) Pixel Value
(b) Resolution
(c) Both (a) & (b)
(d) None of the above
(iii) A- Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.
B- Syntax: It refers to the rules/way of writing commands in a programming language
like python.
Find the correct option:-
(a) A-True , B-False
(b) A-True , B-True
(c) A-False , B-False
(d) A-False , B-True

104
(iv) ________________ is used to record the result of comparison between the prediction and reality. It
is not an evaluation metric but a record which can help in evaluation.
(a) Recall
(b) F1 Score
(c) Confusion Matrix
(d) Reality
(v) In which of the following case the value of F1 Score is HIGH i.e. one(1) when:
(a) Precision is 0 & Recall is 1
(b) Precision is 1 & Recall is 0
(c) Precision is 1 & Recall is 1
(d) Precision is 0 & Recall is 0
(vi) ________________ helps in cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it comes down to a level
where its complexity is lower than actual data.
(a) Data Processing
(b) Text Normalization
(c) Data Normalization
(d) Text Processing
SECTION B : SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

 Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)

 Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q6. What is the meaning of Paralanguage in communication? Which type of communication is it
from Verbal or Non-Verbal communication? Give an example.
Q7. Write any two qualities of Self-Motivated people. Also, briefly explain them with example.

Q8. Consider the following situation:-

“Manas is a school going student of class X. One day his friend call & tell him that he is
asking for Rs. 5000/- urgently with all his FaceBook friends one-by-one. What is his
urgency? Then, Manas told his friend that I am not asking any money but someone is
using his identity and asking money.”
What kind of theft is happening in the above situation? Suggest one solution to prevent the
same.
Q9. Write any two(02) functions of an entrepreneur with example of each.

Q10. “Fuel is a major Problem related to Sustainable development”. How, explain briefly with an
example.
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)

Q11. If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons. This is
based on the assumption that if a person is searching for a salon, in all probability it would be
a female. Do you think this is a bias? If yes, then is it a Negative bias or Positive one? Give
reason of your choice/answer.
Q12. Mansi is working on AI project and is in data acquisition phase/step. Write any 2 methods by
which she may perform data acquisition for the project.
Q13. “Thomas is working as a Fraud/Risk Detection Manager for a Private company. His work is to
minutely observe the all financial transactions, to keep record & regularly do analysis. He is
using an AI software for this work.”
According to you, he is working on which domain of AI? Define that domain of AI.

105
Q14. What do you mean by Grey Scale images & RGB images? Give one example of each.

Q15. Write any two(02) differences between Script-bot and Smart-bot.

Q16. Explain briefly the difference between Predication & Reality.

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)

Q17. Define the term “What is NOT A.I.?” Explain briefly the name alongwith reason of any 3 Real
Time applications which are NOT A.I.
Q18. Consider the given scenario:-
“An XYZ company is developing an AI app for keeping the record of the COVID
Vaccination Status taken by a person. This app will record type of vaccine taken, no. of
vaccines taken or left and suggest the next dose pending (if any) for a person.”

Now as an AI Developer, you have to perform the “Problem Scoping” of the above scenario
using 4W Problem Canvas method by explaining all the steps.
Q19. Neural networks are said to be modelled the way how neurons in the human brain behave. A
similar system is mimicked by the AI machine to perform certain tasks.

Explain how neural networks work in an AI model and mention any three features of Neural
Networks.
Q20. Define “Bag of Words Algorithm”. Also, briefly explain it’s four(04) steps.

Q21. “Automated trade industry has developed an AI model which predicts the selling and
purchasing of mobiles.” During testing, the AI model came up with the following predictions:-
Confusion Matrix Reality
Yes No
Prediction Yes 50 40
No 12 10

(a) Identify the total number of wrong predictions made by the model.
(b) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.

***********

106
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN DELHI REGION
MARKING SCHEME SAMPLE PAPER 1
CLASS: X SUB: ARTIFICAL
INTELLIGENCE
M.M. – 50 TIME – 2 HRS.

SECTION A : OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
(i) (b) Maintaining eye contact

(ii) (d) All of the above

(iii) (c) Self-motivation
(iv) (d) 1. Ctrl + Y and 2. Ctrl + P
(v) (c) A person needs to have a big business to be called an entrepreneur.
(vi) (e) Affordable and Clean Energy*
Q2. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) (a) Data Privacy
(ii) (d) (a) & (c)
(iii) (b) Date Modelling
(iv) (c) Data Science
(v) Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency
(vi) (d) False Negative
Q3. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) (a) Deep Learning
(ii) (d) None of the above
(iii) (c) Data Science
(iv) (c) Face Filters
(v) (c) Text classification
(vi) (b) 2
Q4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) (d) Intrapersonal Intelligence
(ii) (d) None of the above
(iii) (b) Clustering
(iv) (a) Accuracy
(v) (a) Sentiment Analysis
(vi) (c) False Negative
Q5. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) (a) Data Science
(ii) (b) Resolution
(iii) (b) A-True , B-True
(iv) (c) Confusion Matrix
(v) (c) Precision is 1 & Recall is 1

107
(vi) (b) Text Normalization
SECTION B : SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

 Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)

 Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q6. It is defined as “How we speak affects our communication and includes the tone, speed and
volume of our voice.”
Non-Verbal communication.
E.g. talking fast may show happiness, excitement or nervousness while speaking slow may
show seriousness or sadness.
1 Mark for correct definition. ½ mark each for correct type of communication & example.
Q7. Qualities of Self-Motivated people:-
1. Know what they want from life.
2. Are focussed
3. Know what is important
4. Are dedicated to fulfil their dreams
1 mark each for any 2 correct quality of Self-Motivated people alongwith example.
Q8. Type of theft: Identity theft.
Solutions:
1. Use passwords to login to your computer
2. Install Anti-virus and Firewall
3. Encrypt Data
4. Use of Secure sites
1 mark each for correct answer.
Q9. Functions of an entrepreneur:-
1. MAKING DECISIONS
2. MANAGING THE BUSINESS
3. DIVIDE INCOME
4. TAKING RISK
5. CREATE A NEW METHOD, IDEA OR PRODUCT

1 mark each for any 2 correct answer along with example.

Q10. We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and furniture. As
more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place. Extreme weather
conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in many places, which af fect the
people
living there.
2 mark for correct answer.
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)

Q11. Yes. Negative Bias.

AI Bias.
½ mark each for YES/NO & Negative/Positive Bias.
1 mark for correct answer.
Q12. 1. Survey
2. Observation
3. Web scraping

108
 4. Camera
5. API
1 mark each for any 2 correct answer.
Q13. Data Science domain of AI.

1 mark for correct domain & 1 mark for correct definition.

Q14. Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent colour.
The darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of pixel.
RGB images are made up of three primary colours Red, Green and Blue. All the colours that are
present can be made by combining different intensities of red, green and blue.
1 mark each for correct answer.
Q15. Any 2 differences out of the following:
Script-bot:
 It works on the script which is programmed in them.
 Script-bot are very easy to make.
 No/little processing skills required
 Very limited functionality
 Example:- Story Speak.
Smart-bot:-
 Code is required to take up this on board.
 Very Flexible and powerful.
 Work on bigger databases and other resources directly.
 Learn with data.
 Wide functionality.
 Examples: Google Virtual Assistant, Alexa, Siri, Cortana, etc
1 mark each for correct difference out of above.
Q16. 1.Prediction(P): The output given by the machine after training and testing the data is known
as a prediction.
2.Reality(R): The reality is the actual output which is given by the model/machine on real time
dataset.
1 mark each for correct difference.
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)

Q17. What is NOT A.I.:-

Any machine that has been NOT trained with data and CANNOT make decisions/predictions on
its own can be termed as NOT AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is important.
1. A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires human
intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the necessary preparation
for it to function correctly before each wash, which makes it an example of automation,
not AI.
2. Projects which can automate our surroundings with the help of sensors. Here too, sinc e
the bot or the automation machine is not trained with any data, it does not count as AI.
3. An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with the help of internet but still
needs a human touch. This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT).
1 mark for correct definition.
1 mark each for correct application of NOT AI machine.
Q18. 4W Problem Canvas method steps:

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 1. Who
2. What
3. Where
4. Why
4W Problem Canvas method steps for the app:
1. Who – Persons whose vaccination details are to be recorded.
2. What – Problem is to be find out the correct vaccination status of persons.
3. Where – Through offline/Online app
4. Why – Important to take timely precaution/vaccine for all persons to save from covid.
½ mark each for correct explanation of each step of 4W Canvas.
½ mark each for correct explanation of each step of 4W Canvas with reference to the Covid
vaccination status app.
Q19. Neural network:- A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine learning
algorithms to perform certain tasks. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which
the dataset is very large, such as in images.
Features of a Neural Network are:-
1. Neural network systems are modelled on human brain and nervous system.
2. They are able to automatically extract features without input from the programmer.
3. Every neural network node is essentially a machine learning algorithm.
4. It is useful when solving problems for which the data set is very large.
1 mark for correct definition.
1 mark each any 3 correct features out of abov e.
Q20. A bag of words is an NLP model that extracts the features of the text which can be helpful in
machine learning algorithms. We get the occurrences of each word and develop the vocabulary
for the corpus.
Steps of the bag of words algorithm:
The following steps should be followed to implement the bag of words:
1. Text Normalization
2. Create dictionary
3. Create document vectors
4. Create document vectors for all documents
1 mark for correct definition.
1 mark each 4 correct features out of above upto max. 3 marks.
Q21. Total number of wrong predictions made by the model is the sum of false positive and false
negative. FP+FN=40+12= 52
Precision=TP/(TP+FP)
=50/(50+40)
=50/90
=0.55
Recall=TP/(TP+FN)
=50/(50+12)
=50/62
=.81
F1 Score = 2*Precision*Recall/(Precision+Recall)
=2*0.55*.81/(.55+.81)
=.891/1.36
=0.65

(1 marks for part (a) and ½ mark for each formula and ½ mark each for substitution of values in part(b))
Please note: the mathematical calculations can be ignored.

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 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN DELHI REGION
SAMPLE PAPER 2
CLASS: X SUB: ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE

M.M. – 50 TIME – 2 HRS.

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1 Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
i) 1
ii) BIOS stands for: 1
(a) Basic Input Output System
(b) Base Input Output System
(c) Basic Input Output Systematic
(d) None of above
iii) Assertion (A): Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a new and innovative 1
enterprise/product or service.
Reason(R): An entrepreneur must be creative, organized and risk taker.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(d) A is not correct but R is correct
iv) Which one of the following is one of the qualities of self-motivated people: 1
(a) Know what is important
(b) Always be stressed
(c) Always do hard work
(d) Don’t lose any game
v) Which of the following skills are important to communicate properly? 1
(a) Reading
(b) Writing
(c) Speaking
(d) All of the above
vi) Organic Farming helps in: 1
(a) Getting better quality chemical free crops
(b) Maintaining the soil quality for future use
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q2 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
i) What is the primary goal of Computer Vision ? 1
(a) To replicate human vision exactly
(b) To enable machines to interpret and understand visual information
(c) To create 3D virtual environments
(d) To improve text-to-speech synthesis
ii) Choose the odd one out : 1
(a) Alexa
(b) Siri
(c) Cortana
(d) Sophia
iii) Assertion (A): Neural networks extract data features without input. 1
Reason (R): Neural Networks are the backbone of deep algorithms
a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is correct, R is not correct

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 d) A is not correct, R is correct
iv) The 4 Ws Problem Canvas , ‘Who’ canvas talks about : 1
(a) Who solves the problem (b) Who is the problem creators
(c) Who is/are the stakeholders (d) Who initiate the solution
v) Type of data needs to be collected is known as: 1
(a) Data Feature
(b) Data Mining
(c) Data Science
(d) Data Acquisition
vi) Facebook research developed two AI based chatbots namely Alice and Bob. But after some 1
time facebook shutdown these chatbots. The reason told behind it was that Alice and Bob
developed own language after few exchanges and started interacting in that language.
This case is clear indicator of AI ethics_________
(a) Trust , Privacy and control
(b) Accountability
(c) Human rights and AI
(d) All of these
Q3 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
i) Naman is working as data scientist. He has asked to identify the drawback of rule-based 1
approach. Help him to select the appropriate option from the following:
(a) Dynamic Learning (b) Deep Learning
(c) Static Learning (d) Behavioral Learning
ii) Virtual Assistants uses _________ . 1
iii) Which of the following is not one of the stages of AI project cycle? 1
(a) Data Mining
(b) Data Exploration
(c) Problem Scoping
(d) Evaluation
iv) Bright Future Company has developed a system which identifies their employees by their 1
faces. Which of the following AI domain is being used here ?
(a) Data Science (b) Computer Vision
(c) NLP (d) Neural Network
v) ____________ are the conversational tools that perform routine task efficiently. 1
(a) Chat-bot (b) Script-bot
(c) Smart-bot (d) All of these
vi) _________________ is the proportion of correctness in confusion matrix. 1
(a) Accuracy
(b) Precision
(c) F1-Score
(d) Recall
Q4 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
i) Platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. show us recommendations on the 1
basis of what we like. This become possible because of ___________
(a) Artificial Intelligence (b) Machine Intelligence
(c) Platform Intelligence (d) Application Intelligence
ii) Statement 1: The output given by the AI model is known as Prediction. 1
Statement 2: The real scenario is known as Reality.

(a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct

(b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are incorrect
(c) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect
(d) Statement 2 is correct but Statement 1 is incorrect

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iii) Unscramble the words which uses NLP: 1
(a)TACHPASN (b) TOBTACH
(c) MOROBA (d) SLIP

iv) _______________ is a type of online advertising that is oriented toward audience who share
certain characteristics, depending on the product or person being promoted.
(a) Targeted Advertising
(b) Recommender System(RS)
(c) Route Planner
(d) Digital Advertising
v) __________________is the percentage of times the predictions out of all the observation are
correct
(a) Precision rate
(b) Recall
(c) Accuracy Rate
(d) F1 Score
vi) The purpose of _______________ is to find and then classify a different number of objects in an 1
image.
(a) Classification
(b) Localization
(c) Object detection
(d) Image segmentation
Q5 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
i) A highly complex model with many parameters gives inaccurate predictions. This is 1
caused due to __________
(a) Overfitting
(b) Underfitting
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of thes
ii) In __________ , we get the number of occurrences of each word. 1
(a)Bag of words (b) Lemmatization
(c)Stemming (d) Corpus
iii) Which domain of AI is used by Google Translate? 1
(a) Data Science (b) Computer Vision
(c) NLP (d) Intelligence
iv) ………………………. Involves representing data into various forms of graphs, charts , plots , 1
etc.
(a) Data Acquisition (b) Data Evaluation
(c) Data Testing (d) Data Visualization
v) Identify the application of Natural Language Processing: 1
(a) Web Scraping (b) Email filters
(c) Facial recognition (d)FaceApp
vi) The Prediction value matches with the actual value. This is known as 1
(a) True Positive (b) False Positive
(c)True Negative (d) False Negative
SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)

Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.

Q6. What are benefit of stress management ? Write any three benefits. 2
Q7. What do you mean by social entrepreneurship ? 2
Q8. Write four methods to protect your computer from virus. 2
Q9. Write two issues which arises due to exploitation of environment. 2

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 Q10. What do you mean by Interpersonal Communication? Give two examples. 2
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)

Q11. Justify the statement – “Digital ads have been able to get a much higher CTR 2
(Call-Through Rate) than traditional advertisements.”
Q12. Face filters app uses which domain of AI? Briefly discuss its working. 2
Q13. Differentiate between Mathematical and Linguistic Intelligence. 2
Q14. Jay is working on the third stage of AI project cycle. Explain the features of this 2
stage. Also, explain how many stages he needs to go through.
Q15. What do you mean by Accuracy and Precision in a Confusion Matrix? 2
Q16. Perform Stemming and Lemmatization of the following words: 2
Stemming
S No Word Affixes Stem
1. Accompanies
2. Emergencies

Lemmatization
S No Word Affixes Lemma
1. Qualities
2. Memories
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)

Q17. Differentiate between what is AI and what is not AI with the help of an example. 4
Suggest how AI can be integrated to non-AI technologies.
Q18. Explain Unsupervised Learning. Give two applications also. 4
Q19. Staff in a school frequently experience difficulties receiving accurate circulars on 4
time such as exam timings, sudden change in schedule, periods exchange, etc. It is
just impossible for any institution to interact with all its leads in real-time, especially
during exam invigilation on day of exams. Delays in reporting to the exam room leads
to frustration in teacher who is inside the class.
Write Problem Statement Template for the given situation.
Q20. What is Neural Network ? Explain different layers of Neural Network. 4
Q21. Calculate Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 score of the following Confusion Matrix 4
.
THE CONFUSION MATRIX REALITY
YES NO
PREDICTION YES 32 22
NO 57 28
Calculate:
a) Accuracy
b) Precision
c) Recall
d) F1 Score, for the above problem.

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 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN DELHI REGION
SAMPLE PAPER 3
CLASS: X SUB: ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
M.M. – 50 TIME – 2 HRS.

SECTION A : OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
(i) Rajesh is always tense during exam time. He is a sincere and studious student but the thought of
exams create anxiety in him. Which stress management technique that you would suggest to help
her ?
(a) yoga
(b) Exercise
(c) Vacations with family
(d) All of the above
(ii) Which one of the following you should look for in every move you take in life ?
(a) Positive thought
(b) Negative thought
(c) Stress
(d) Emotional disbalance
(iii) A _________________ feedback follows a preset format or structure using which the receiver
frames and sends it.
(a) Formal
(b) Informal
(c) Descriptive
(d) Non-descriptive

(iv) Which of the following is the default icon for storing deleted file?
(a) Network
(b) Recycle Bin
(c) Computer
(d) Folder
(v) Which of the following does not come under self employment
(a) Cooking in restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c) Having a dosa selling stall
(d) Running a home Bakery

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(vi) For conserving fresh air we should.
(a) use more plastic
(b) use more and more vehicles
(c) use Green ways like planting trees
(d) None of the these
Q2. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) Price comparison websites related to which domain of AI?
(a) Machine Learning
(b) Data Science
(c) Artificial intelligence
(d) Deep learning
(ii) Which type of Intelligence is the ability related to how a person use his limbs like dancing , sports
etc ?
(a) linguistic
(b) naturalist
(c) kinesthetic
(d) Musical
(iii) A ________ is an artificial intelligence strategy for teaching computers to analyse data in the same
way that human brain does ?.
(a) neural network
(b) cell network
(c) brain network
(d) none of the above
(iv) Select a game which is based on data science domain of AI
(a) Rock paper and scissors
(b) mystery animal
(c) Emoji scavengers hunt
(d) Pokemon.
(v) Which of these chat boats are easy to make so have limited functionality?
(a) simple chatbot
(b) Smart bot
(c) Script bot
(d) none of the above
(vi) Which of the following is not an application of data science?
(a) Determine the best route to supply material to a destination
(b) Determine the product demand for a festive season
(c) Picking the topper of a test
(d) Recommending the proposed items for a set of users
Q3. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

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(i) Assertion (A)– One can be a good singer while the other can be a great athlete.
Reason(R) – Humans possess different types of intelligences but at different levels.

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(d) A is not correct but R is correct.

(ii) Which one of the following is an example of unsupervised learning model?

(a) Regression
(b) clustering
(c) classification
(d) rule based
(iii) Which, out of the following is not data-heavy?
(a) Banking and Finance
(b) Internet Search
(c) Licensing department handling restaurants
(d) E-commerce sites
(iv) Image ________ refers to the act of identifying and classifying a given image as belonging to one of a set of
predefined categories or classes.
(a) Classification
(b) Localization
(c) Object-detection
(d) Image segmentation
(v) Which of the following is not a stop word
(a) this
(b) is
(c) then
(d) machine
(vi) Prediction and reality can be easily mapped together with the help of
(a) predictions.
(b) reality
(c) accuracy
(d)conclusion matrix
Q4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) Describe how high the level of self awareness someone has is starting from realising weaknesses strength to
his own feelings:-
(a) Language Intelligence
(b) Kineasthetic Intelligence
(c) Intrapersonal Intelligence
(d) None of the above

117
(ii) Which of the following is not a technique of data exploration
(a) bar chart
(b) pie chart
(c) Google survey
(d) Tally table
(iii) ___________attempt to extract information from the spoken and return word using algorithm
(a) Natural Language Processing ng
(b) new language processing
(c) next generation Language Processing
(d) none of the above
(iv) An AI model has been developed to filter spam mails .In the detection of spam mails , it is okay if any spam
mails remains undetected (false negative) , but what if we miss any critical mail because it is classified as spam
(false positive) . In this situation , False Positive should be as low as possible. Thus , here
,______________________ is more vital as compared to recall.
(a) Accuracy
(b) F1 score
(c) Precision
(d) Confusion matrix
(v) A(n) ____________________ is a measurable piece of data in your image which is unique to this specific
object, such as a distinct colour, specific shape or image segment.
(a) Image type
(b) Image feature
(c) Image work
(d) Image quality
(vi) Accuracy is the proportion of ……………. In a confusion matrix.

(a) F-Score
(b) Correctness
(c) Prevalance
(d) None of the Above
Q5. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
(i) ……………..can be defined as the science of moral duty and ideal human behaviour that teaches what is right
and what is wrong
(a) Bias
(b) Ethics
(c) Privacy
(d) None of the above
(ii) Which sub-field of AI is focused on enabling computers to understand and process human language
(a) NLP
(b) Data Science
(c) Deep Learning
(d) Machine Learning

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 (iii) The frequency of word in one document is called……………
(a) Document frequency
(b) term frequency
(c) Bags of words
(d) none of the above
(iv) Priya was confused with the terms used in the evaluation stage. Suggest her the term used for the percentage of
correct prediction out of all observation
(a) Accuracy
(b) F1 score
(c) Precision
(d) Confusion matrix
(v) In which of the following images the shades range starts with 0 and ends with 255?
(a) Grayscale images
(b) RGB images
(c) high resolution images
(d) none of the above
(vi) A ________________is a technique using a chart or table that lists the predicted values of an AI model and
the actual/correct outcome values:
(a) Classification metric
(b) Regression Metric
(c) Confusion Matrix
(d) Deep learning Metric

SECTION B : SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

 Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)
 Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q6. Explain briefly any two principles of effective communication.
Q7. Discuss different steps of effective time management.
Q8. Describe in brief the way one can prevent threats to computer?
Q9. Explain any two qualities of an entrepreneur ?
Q10. Enlist any 2 SDGs which are formulated to address the problem related to the environment
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)
Q11. What are the domain of AI. Define each one
Q12. What precaution to be taken while acquiring data for developing an AI Project?
Q13. Difference between Training data and Testing Data
Q 14. Briefly list four basic Computer Vision tasks.
Q15. “Automatic summarization is used in NLP application”. Is the given statement correct? Justify your answer with
an example.
Q16. A weather predicting AI model predicted that the Amazon rainforest will face heavy rainfall and in reality this
happened. Under which category of the confusion matrix will this be marked ? Explain the term
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)

Q17. Ashwat is amazed to learn about his sister Ananya who is multi talented and has excelled in academics, music,
dancing, sports and painting .He was quite curious when Ananya told him that he too possessed all these
intelligences like every human being does, but only a different levels. He wondered which intelligence she
was talking about. Can you help Ashwat in learning about different types of Intelligences by naming and
explaining any four types of Intelligence.

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Q18. Namita wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain her the following:
(a) 4W Problem Canvas
(b) Problem Statement Template.
Q19. What are the main approaches using for AI modelling? explain it.
Q20. Normalize the given text and created document vector of the Corpus of the following text.
“Amit and Amita are twins .Amit lives with his grandparents in Shimla. Amita lives with her parents in Delhi.”
Q21. “Storms are frequently experienced all over the world. Storms causes severe damaged to people and property
imagine that you have come up with an AI base predictions model that predict weather there will be Storms in
a given reason or not confusion Matrix for the same is++
Confusion Matrix Actual 1 Actual 0
Predicted 1 6 3
Predicted 0 20 65

(a) How many total tests have been performed in the above scenario?
(b) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.

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