Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III

Numerical Method (BCAC303)

BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

Study Material
(Numerical Method and BCAC303)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Module I
Table of Contents

Sl. No. Topic Name Page No.

1. 1.1. Introduction 2
2. 1.2 Analytical verses Numerical Methods 2
3. 1.3 Sources of error 3
4. 1.4 Exact and Approximate Numbers 4
5. 1.5 Significant figures 4
6. 1.6 Round-off of numbers 5
7. 1.7 Error 6
1.7.1 Types of error 7
8. 1.8 Propagation of Errors in Arithmetic Operations 8
1.8.1 Error in addition 8
1.8.2 Error in subtraction 9
1.8.3. Error in multiplication 9
1.8.4 Error in division 9
9. 1.9 Exercise 11

Department Mathematics
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Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

Module I
1 Approximation and Errors in Computing

1.1. Introduction:
Numerical Analysis is a multidisciplinary subject. It has formed an integral part of
the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum in Mathematics, Computer Science,
Physics, Commerce and different Engineering streams. Numerical Analysis shows the
way to obtain numerical answers to applied problems. Numerical methods stand there
where analytical methods may fail or complicated to solve the problem. For example, in
finding the roots of transcendental equations or in solving non-linear differential equations.
So, it is quite impossible to train the students in applied sciences or engineering
without an adequate knowledge of numerical methods.
1.2. Analytical verses Numerical Methods:
The solutions of mathematical problems are of two types: analytical and numerical. The
analytical solutions can be expressed in closed form and these solutions are error free. On
the other hand, numerical method is a division of mathematics which solves problems using
computational machine (computer, calculator, etc.). But, for some classes of problems it is
very difficult to obtain an analytical solution. For example, the Indian populations are known
at the years 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001. There is no analytical method available to
determine the population in the year, say, 2000. But, using numerical method one can
determine the population in the said year. Again, sometimes we observed that the solutions
of non-linear differential equations cannot be determined by analytical methods, but, such
problems can easily be solved by numerical methods. Numerical computations are almost
invariably contaminated by errors, and it is important to understand the source, propagation,
magnitude, and rate of growth of these errors.
In this age of computer, many complicated and large problems are solved in significantly
less time. But, without using numerical methods we cannot solve any mathematical
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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

problem using computer, as analytical methods are not suitable to solve a problem
by computer. Thus, the numerical methods are highly appreciated and extensively used
by Mathematicians, Computer Scientists, Statisticians, Engineers and others.

1.3. Sources of error:

The solution of a problem obtained by numerical method contains some errors. To

minimize the errors, it is most essential to identify the causes or sources of the errors
and their growth and propagation in numerical computation. Three types of errors, viz.,
inherent errors, round-off errors and truncation errors, occur in finding the solution of
a problem using numerical method. These three type of errors are discussed below.

❖ Inherent errors:

This type of errors is present in the statement of the problem itself, before determining its
solution. Inherent errors occur due to the simplified assumptions made in the process of
mathematical modelling of a problem. It can also arise when the data is obtained from
certain physical measurements of the parameters of the proposed problem.

❖ Round-off errors:

Generally, the numerical methods are carried out using calculator or computer. In
numerical computation, all the numbers are represented by decimal fraction. Some
numbers such as 1/3, 2/3, 1/7 etc. can not be represented by decimal fraction in finite
numbers of digits. Thus, to get the result, the numbers should be rounded-off into some
finite number of digits.
❖ Truncation errors:
These errors occur due to the finite representation of an
inherently infinite process. For example, the use of a finite number of terms in the
infinite series to compute the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 , etc.
The Taylor’s series expansion of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is

This is an infinite series expansion. If only first five terms are taken to compute the
value of sin x for a given x, then we obtain an approximate result. Here, the error occurs
due to the truncation of the series. Suppose, we retain the first n terms, the truncation
error (𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐 ) is given by

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Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

1.4. Exact and Approximate Numbers

Definition:
Exact number gives a true value of a result and approximate number gives a value which
is closed to the true value.
Example:
1
1. Suppose an exact number is 𝑥 = 3. The value 𝑥𝐴 = 0.333 is an approximate value of the true value 𝑥.

2. The numbers √3 and 𝜋 are the exact numbers and the numbers 1.732 and 3.142 are the approximate
numbers corresponding to √3 and 𝜋, respectively.

1.5. Significant figures

The concept of significant figures has been developed to designate formally

the reliability of a numerical value. The significant figures of a number are
those that can be used reliably, e.g: used to determine the accuracy of the
measurement.
Definition:
The significant digits or significant figures of a number are all its digits, except for zeros which appear to
the left of the first non-zero digit or at the end of an integer number. Zeros at the end of a fractional number
are always significant digit. For example, the numbers 0.001205, 3400 and 356.800 have 4, 2 and 6
significant digits respectively.

Importance of significant figures:

The concept of significant figures has two important implications for the study of
numerical methods.

I. The numerical methods obtain approximate results. Therefore, we must develop

criteria to specify how accurate are the results obtained. A way to do it is in terms of
significant figures.

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

II. Although certain quantities such as 𝜋 or e represents specific numbers. They can’t
express exactly with a finite number of digits.
Ex. 𝜋=3.14159265358973238462643…to infinity.
The computers hold only a finite number of significant figures, these numbers can never
be represented accurately.

When a digit or some digits become significant?

❖ All non-zero digits are significant.

Ex: 1.284 → 4 significant figures.
1.33 → 3 significant figures.

❖ With zeroes the situations are particularly:

(i) Zeroes placed before other digits are not significant.

Ex: 0.046 → 2 significant figures.
(ii) Zeroes placed between other two significant digits are always significant.
Ex:4006 → 4 significant figures.
(iii) Zeroes placed after other digits but behind a decimal point are also significant.
Ex: 7.90 → 3 significant figures.
(iv) Zeroes at the end of a number are significant only if they are behind a decimal point.
Otherwise it is impossible to say if they are significant.

Example:
Find the number of significant figures of the following numbers.

1.6. Round-off of numbers

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

In practical calculations, some numbers occur containing large number of digits, and it will
be necessary to cut them to a usable number of figures. This process is called rounding-off
of numbers.

The following rules of rounding-off are commonly used:

(i) If the digit removed is greater than 5, the previous digit increases by one.
Ex: 8.236 →8.24 (correct upto 3 significant digits or 2 decimal places)

(ii) If the digit removed is less than 5, the previous digit is not changed.
Ex: 8.231 →8.23(correct upto 3 significant digits or 2 decimal )
(iii) If the digit removed is 5 followed by a different number other than 0, the previous digit
increases by one.
Ex: 8.2353 →8.24(correct upto 3 significant digits)
(iv) If the digit ends in exactly at 5, then see the previous digits. if it is odd then the digit is
increased by one or if it is even then the digit remains unchanged.
Ex: 8.2335 →8.23(correct upto 4 significant digits or 3 decimal places)

8.225 →8.22(correct upto 3 significant digits)

1.7 Error

The numerical errors are generated with the use of approximations to represent
mathematical operations and quantities. An error is the representation of the
inaccuracy and vagueness of predictions. The difference between the exact value 𝑥𝑇
and its approximate value 𝑥𝐴 is an error.

Accuracy & Precision:

✓ The inaccuracy or bias is defined as a systematic departure from the truth.

✓ Accuracy refers to how close is measured or calculated value to the true value.

✓ The vagueness or uncertainty refers to the magnitude of the spread of values.

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

✓ Precision refers to how close is an measured or calculated individual value with

respect to the others.

1.7.1 Types of error

There are three types of error which discussed below.

❖ Absolute error: The absolute error of the number 𝑥 is the difference between true
value and approximate value, i.e., the absolute error is defined as
𝛥𝑥 = |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝐴 |.
It may be noted from the rounding process that, if a number be rounded to 𝑚 decimal
1
places then absolute error ≤ × 10−𝑚 .
2

Note: The absolute error measures only the quantitative aspect of the error but not the
qualitative one, i.e., does not show whether the measurement and calculation were
accurate.
❖ Relative error: The relative error (𝛿𝑥) of the number 𝑥𝐴 is
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 |𝑥 −𝑥 |
𝛿𝑥 = |𝑥 | or |𝑥 | = 𝑇|𝑥 |𝐴 ,
𝐴 𝑇 𝑇

Note: The relative error measures the quantity and quality of the calculation and
measurement.
Thus, the relative error is a better measurement of error than absolute error.

❖ Percentage error:
|𝑥 −𝑥 |
The percentage error of an approximate number 𝑥𝐴 is 𝛿𝑥 × 100% = 𝑇|𝑥 |𝐴 × 100%
𝑇
It is a particular type of relative error. This error is sometimes called relative
percentage error.

Note: This error also calculates the quantity and quality of measurement.
When relative error is very small then the percentage error is calculated.

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

Example:
If 3.45234 be an approximate value of 3.45678, find the absolute, relative and percentage
error.
Solution:
𝑥𝑇 = 3.45678 and 𝑥𝐴 = 3.45234
Approximate error: 𝐸𝐴 = |𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝐴 | = |3.45678 − 3.45234| = 4.44 × 10−3
𝐸𝐴
Relative error: 𝐸𝑅 = = 1.28 × 10−3
𝑥𝑇

Percentage error:𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅 ×100%=1.28 × 10−3 × 102 = 0.128%

1.8 Propagation of Errors in Arithmetic Operations
1.8.1 The errors in addition:
Let u be the sum of 3 approximate numbers 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3
Then u= 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3
|∆𝑢| = |(𝑢1 + ∆𝑢1 ) + (𝑢2 + ∆𝑢2 ) + (𝑢3 + ∆𝑢3 ) − 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑢3 |
=|∆𝑢1 + ∆𝑢2 + ∆𝑢3 |
≤ |∆𝑢1 |+|∆𝑢2 |+|∆𝑢3 |
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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Thus the absolute error of a sum of number of approximate numbers is less than or equal to
the sum of the absolute errors of the numbers.
Example:
1.8.2 The error in Subtraction:
Let u be the difference of 2 approximate numbers 𝑢1 , 𝑢2
Then u= 𝑢1 − 𝑢2
|∆𝑢| = |(𝑢1 + ∆𝑢1 ) − (𝑢2 + ∆𝑢2 ) − 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 |
=|∆𝑢1 − ∆𝑢2 |
≤ |∆𝑢1 |+|∆𝑢2 |
Thus the maximum absolute error of a sum of number of approximate numbers is less than
or equal to the sum of the absolute errors of the numbers.
1.8.3 The error in Multiplication:
Let u be the product of 2 approximate numbers 𝑢1 , 𝑢2
Then u= 𝑢1 . 𝑢2
ln 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑢2
∆𝑢 ∆𝑢1 ∆𝑢2
or, = +
𝑢 𝑢1 𝑢2

∆𝑢 ∆𝑢1 ∆𝑢2
or, 𝐸𝑟 = | | ≤ | |+| |
𝑢 𝑢1 𝑢2

Therefore, Absolute error 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝑟 × 𝑢

Thus the relative error of the product of two approximate numbers is less than or equal to
the sum of the relative errors of all the approximate numbers.
1.8.4 The error in Division:
Let u be the product of 2 approximate numbers 𝑢1 , 𝑢2
𝑢1
Then u =
𝑢2

ln 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑢2
∆𝑢 ∆𝑢1 ∆𝑢2
or, = −
𝑢 𝑢1 𝑢2

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

∆𝑢 ∆𝑢1 ∆𝑢2
or, 𝐸𝑟 = | | ≤ | |+| |
𝑢 𝑢1 𝑢2

Thus, the relative error of a quotient of two approximate numbers is less than or equal to the
sum of the relative errors of the numbers.
Example: Find the difference of the approximate numbers 27.5 and 35.8 having
absolute errors 0.02 and 0.03 respectively. Evaluate the absolute and the relative
errors of the result.
Solution:
Let 𝑥1 = 27.5 and 𝑥2 = 35.8. Then 𝑥 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = −8.3. The total
absolute error 𝛥𝑥 = 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.05.
Thus, the difference 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 is −8.3 with absolute error 0.05.
0.05
The relative error is | ≅ 0.006 = 0.6%.
− 8.3|

3
Example: If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 5 and errors in x, y, z are 0.005, 0.001, 0.001 respectively at
2
x=3, y=z=1, compute the maximum absolute and relative errors in evaluating u.
Solution:
3
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 5
2
𝜕𝑢 9
We have, = y𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 5
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝑢 15
= x𝑧 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 4
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢
= 2xyz
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∆𝑢 ≅ .∆𝑥 + .∆𝑦 + .∆𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
9 15
=(y𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 5 ) ∆𝑥 +(x𝑧 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 4 ) ∆𝑦 + (2xyz)∆𝑧
2 2

For calculating maximum absolute value

9 15
|∆𝑢| ≤ |(y𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 5 ) ∆𝑥| + |(x𝑧 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 4 ) ∆𝑦| + |(2xyz)∆𝑧 |
2 2

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

83 411
= × 0.005 + × 0.001 + 6 × 0.001
2 2

=0.419
0.419
Relative error= = 9.632 × 10−3
43.5

1.9. Exercise
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Identify the number of significant figures in 0.03409.

a)5 b)6

c)7 d)4

2. Select the correct digit that is not significant of the number 0.025.
a) 0 b) 2

c) 5 d) None of these.
3. Select the number of significant digits in the number 3.0056.
a)3 b)4

c)5 d)2
4. Identify the number of significant digits in the number 0.0001234.

a)7 b)4

c)8 d)6

5. If ‘a’ be the actual value and ‘e’ be its estimated value, then define formula for relative
error.

𝑎 |𝑎−𝑒|
a) 𝑒 b) 𝑒

(𝑎−𝑒) |𝑎−𝑒|
c) d)
𝑒 𝑎

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Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

6.
If 0.1 is approximated to 0.09, then the relative error is __. Select the correct option.

a) b)
1 0.11111
9

c) d)
0.11 None of these

7. Select the correct option. After being rounding off to three places of decimal the number
57.1092 becomes__

a) 57.109 b) 57.100

c) 57.110 d) 0.109
8. Select the error if 0.0081 is the approximate value of 0.00809

a) 0.001 b) 0.00001

c) -0.00001 d) None of these

9. Select the correct option. The kind of error when 3.14 is approximate values of 𝜋 is
a) inherent error b) truncation error

c) round-off error d) percentage error

10. If the number 0.005723 is rounded-off up to three significant digits then select the correct
answer.
a) 0.005 b) 0.00572

c) 0.006 d) None of these.

11. If the number 1.005723 is rounded-off up to three significant digits then identify the
correct answer.

a) 1.00 b) 1.005

c) 1.01 d) None of these.

12. Select the correct answer. If the number 0.0456 is rounded-off up to five significant
figures then the obtained number is__.

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Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
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Academic Session : 2023-2024

a) 0.0456 b) 0.04560

c) 0.045600 d) None of these.

13. Select the correct answer if the number 3.45672 is rounded-off up to five significant
figures then the number is

a) 3.456 b) 3.457

c) 3.458 d) 3.4567

14. Identify the round-off number of the number 0.0000123 up to four decimals.

a) 0.0001 b) 0.0000

c) 0.0002 d) None of these.

15. Tell the result, if the number 5.4555 is rounded-off up to four significant figures.
a) 5.455 b) 5.456

c) 5.457 d) None of these.

16. Select the correct option. The round-off number to the number 5.45752 correct up to four
significant figures is____

a) 5.457 b) 5.459
c) 5.458 d) None of these.

17. 4
Identify the percentage error in approximating to 1.3333.
3

a) 0.0025% b) 25%
c) 0.00025% d) 0.25%
18. Select the correct option. If 𝐸 = 𝑒1 𝑒2with 𝑒1 = 5.43,𝑒2 = 3.82and if error in both
𝑒1 , 𝑒2 is 0.01, then the relative error of E is___

a) 0.0425 b) 0.0045

c) 0.045 d) None of these

19. Locate the correct option. When 9.8 is approximated to 9.79 then the percentage error
is___

a)-0.01 b)0.01

c)0.00102145 d)0.102041
20. Identify the digits that are not significant digit of the number 1.025.

a)0 b)2

c)1 d) None of these.

21. Identify the number of significant digits in 1.00234.

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Academic Session : 2023-2024

a)4 b)6

c)3 d)5
22. Identify the total number of significant digits in 0.00303.

a)6 b)5

c) 3 d)2
23. Select the total number of significant digits in the number 30.06.

a) 4 b) 3

c) 2 d) None of these
24. Select the correct option. The round-off number of 3.14159 to four significant digits is

a) 3.140 b) 3.1415

c) 3.142 d) None of these

25. Select the correct option. The round-off number of 1.6583 to four significant digits is

a) 1.659 b) 1.668

c) 1.658 d) None of these

26. Select the correct option. The round-off number of 0.859378 to four significant digits is

a) 0.8593 b) 0.9593

c) 0.8594 d) None of these

27. After rounding off to three places of decimals, the number15.23186 becomes__. Select
the correct option.

a)15.231 b) 15.232

c) 15.241 d) 15.2

28. Select the correct option. The result after rounding off to five decimal places of decimals
of the number 15.231865 is__

a) 15.23196 b) 15.23187

c) 15.23186 d) None of these

29. Identify the number that is obtained by rounding off to three places of decimals of the
number 7.16528.
a)7.17 b)7.16

c)7.2 d) 7.165

30. 𝑏
Select the correct option. The error in Trapezoidal rule in evaluating ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , is of
order

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a) ℎ2 b) ℎ3

c) ℎ4 d) ℎ

31. Select the correct option. Round-off error is a form of__

a) truncation error b) numerical error

c) inherent error d) none of these.

32. If 0.0082 is approximated to 0.00809, then select the absolute error from the followings.
a)0.001 b)0.00011

c)-0.00001 d)none of these

33. If 0.0071 is approximated to 0.00709, the absolute error is__. Select the correct option.

a)0.001 b)0.00001

c)-0.00001 d)none.
34. Select the correct option. The truncation error in composite Simpson’s one-third rule is
of order

a) ℎ2 b) ℎ3

c) ℎ5 d) ℎ4

35. Identify the correct error of approximation in Trapezoidal rule for finding the
209.12
approximate value of ∫103.7 (0.6𝑥 + 7.92)𝑑𝑥.

a) 0.0001 b) 10−15

c) 0 d) none of these

36. 719.8
Trapezoidal rule for finding the approximate value of ∫212 𝐾𝑑𝑥

(K is a constant), then select the correct error of approximation.

a) 0 b) 10−2

c) −10−2 d) 10−4

37. 𝑏
The error of approximation in Simpson’s one-third rule to find ∫𝑎 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 is__.
Identify the correct option.

a) 2 b) b-a

c) 0 d) 1

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Academic Session : 2023-2024

38. Select the correct option. The digit that is not significant of the number .034 is__

a) 0 b) 3

c) 4 d) None of these

39. Select the correct option. The digit that is not significant of the number 1.205 is__

a) 1 b) 2

c) 5 d) None of these

40. Identify the number of significant digits in the number 3.0059.

a)4 b) 5

c) 3 d) None of these
41. Identify the number of significant digits in the number 0.00303.

a) 3 b) 5

c) 6 d) None of these
42. Identify the number of significant digits in the number 0.0005.

a) 1 b) 4

c) 5 d) None of these
43. Identify the number of significant digits in the number 0.0034500.

a) 3 b) 8

c) 5 d) None of these

44. Select the correct option. After rounding off to three places of decimals the number
15.23186 becomes__.

a) 15.231 b) 15.232

c) 15.241 d) None of these

45. Select the correct option. After rounding off to five places of decimals the number
15.231867 becomes__.

a) 15.231 b) 15.23186

c) 15.23187 d) None of these

46. After being rounded off to two places of decimals the number 7.16528 becomes—. Select
the correct option.

a) 7.17 b) 7.16

c) 7.156 d) None of these

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47. After being rounded off to five places of decimals the number 7.1652850 becomes—.
Select the correct option.

a) 7.16528 b) 7.16529

c) 7.165285 d) None of these

48. After being rounded off to five significant figures, the number 7.1652850 becomes—.
Select the correct option.

a) 7.1653 b) 7.1652

c) 7.16528 d) None of these

49. After being rounded off to three places of decimals the number 0.199561 becomes—.
Select the correct option.

a) 0.199 b) 0.190

c) 0.200 d) None of these

50. After being rounded off to five places of decimals the number 0.199561 becomes—.
Select the correct option.

a) 0.199 b) 0.190

c) 0.19956 d) None of these

51. After being rounded off to one places of decimals, the number 35.956 becomes—.
Predict the correct option.
a) 36.0 b) 36

c) 35.9 d) 35.0
52. After being rounded off to three significant figures, the number 125.42 becomes—.
Predict the correct option.

a) 125 b) 126

c) 125.420 d) None of these

53. Round off the number 150 to one significant figure. Identify the correct option.

a) 200 b) 100

c) 150 d) None of these

54. Round off the number 250 to one significant figure. Identify the correct option.

a) 200 b) 300

c) 250 d) None of these

55. When 9.8 is approximate value of 9.79, the percentage error becomes__ Trace the correct
option.

Department Mathematics
Brainware University, Kolkata 17
Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

a) -0.01 b) 0.01

c) 0.00102145 d) 0.102145

56. Cite the error in computation of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 at 𝑥 = 1 if ∆𝑥 = 0.1.

a) 0.1 b) 0.4

c) 0.2 d) 0.0

57. Select the kind of error if 3.14 is approx. value of 𝜋 is

a) Inherent error b) Truncation error

c) Round off error d) Percentage error

58. If 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 and error in 𝑥, 𝑦 are 0.01, 0.02 respectively at 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 1, then the

maximum absolute error in evaluating 𝑢 is __.
Select the correct option.

a) 0.04 b) 0.03

c) 0.01 d) None of these

59. Identify the correct answer. At the time of calculation of value of𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) if ∆𝑥 be the
error done in measurement of x then the error for y is
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓
a) 𝑑𝑥 . ∆𝑥 b) 𝑑𝑥

c) 𝑑𝑥 d) None of these

60. The number 0.1 approximates the value 0.09, the relative error is__.
Identify the correct relative error.
1 b) 0.11111
a) 9

c) 0.11 d) None of these

II. Short Answer Type question:

1. Round-off the number 34.5340123 upto four decimal places and
locate the number of significant digits of the approximate number.

Department Mathematics
Brainware University, Kolkata 18
Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

2. Round off the numbers 865250 to four significant figures and

identify the relative error.
3. Estimate the sum of the numbers and round off the obtained sum
up to one decimal place: 245.72, 258.8, 17.5, 0.0087, 0.00031,
41.5.
4. Estimate the subtraction of the number 57.4662 from 786.85
correct up to two decimal places.
5. Estimate the product of 171.72, 51.027 and 0.0085 correct up to
two decimal places.

6. Convert the following numbers into the round off number correct
up to 4-decimal places:
a) 56.243827
b) 0.235082
c) 0.560012
d) 40.35856

7. List the round-off numbers of the following numbers correct up to

4-significant digits:
a) 5.2056
b) 0.24062
c) 0.0055672
d) 87.268466

8. Identify the approximate value of 𝜋 correct to 4 significant figures

4
and then record the absolute error.

9. Identify the approximate value of 2 correct to 4 significant figures

3
and then record the absolute error.

10. Define significant digit with an example.

11. Identify the relative error in the computation of 𝑥 − 𝑦 for 𝑥 =
12.05 and 𝑦 = 8.02 having absolute errors ∆𝑥 = 0.005 and ∆𝑦 =
0.001.

12. Identify the number of significant figures in 𝑉𝐴 w.r.t. 𝑉𝑇 where

𝑉𝐴 = 0.0004, 𝑉𝑇 = 0.00036.

Department Mathematics
Brainware University, Kolkata 19
Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

III. Long answer Questions

1. Identify the relative error and percentage error in
4
approximating to 1.33.
3
2. Locate the relative error and percentage error in
7
approximating to 1.6666.
6

3.
Describe (i) Inherent errors
(ii) Truncation error

4. Describe (i) Relative errors

(ii) Percentage error
5.

If 3.45234 be an approximate value of 3.45678, locate the

absolute, relative and percentage error.

6.
22
An approximate value of 𝜋 is given by 𝑋1 = =
7
3.1428571 and its true value is 𝑋 = 3.1415926. Identify
the absolute, relative and percentage error of this
approximation.

7. Show that 0.33 is the best approximation for the number

1 1
among the approximations 0.30, 0.33, 0.34 of .
3 3

8. If the exact value of a number is 20 and its approximate value

3
is 6.666, then show that the percentage error is 0.01%.

9. Round off the numbers 865240 and 37.46235 to four

significant digits and identify the absolute and relative errors
in each case.

10. Define exact number and approximate number with an

example.

Department Mathematics
Brainware University, Kolkata 20
Bachelor of Computer applications and Semester III
Numerical Method (BCAC303)
BCA
Academic Session : 2023-2024

Department Mathematics
Brainware University, Kolkata 21