EXPT.

NO: 5
DATE:

5 (A) LASER GRATING–

Determination of Wavelength of Laser Beam

Aim:
To determine the wavelength of given Laser beam using grating.
Apparatus Required:
Diode Laser, Plane Transmission Grating and Graduated Scale (screen).
Formula:
Sin
The wavelength of the given Laser Source ()  metre
Nm
Where,
 - Wavelength of Laser Beam in metre
 - Angle of Diffraction in degree
N - Number of Lines/meter in the Grating, N=1.010 x 105 lines/m
m - Order of Diffraction

Figure. 5(a) Laser Grating

Procedure:
Determination of Wavelength ():
1. The Laser Source, a Plane Transmission Grating and the screen are mounted on separate
stands as shown in Figure.5 (a).
2. The distance between the grating and the screen (D) is fixed and it is noted.
3. The Laser source is switched ON and the beam is allowed to fall on the grating.
4. Depending on the number of lines/meter on the grating (N), the diffracted images will be
formed and are viewed on the screen.
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 5. The image has central maxima and several orders in its left and right side
6. The distance of different orders of images on the left and right side of the central
maxima are measured and are tabulated in Table 5.1. The mean value of different orders
(x) can be calculated from the tabulated data.
7. From the measured data wavelength of the given Laser source is calculated by using the
Sin
formula,   metre
Nm

Table 5.1 To Determine the Wavelength of the Laser Beam ():

The distance between the grating and the scale (D) = ________ cm

Distance from the Mean

Order of central maxima (x) x Sin
diffraction
LHS RHS y x 2
 D2 Sin   
x y Nm
(m) (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm) (m)

Result:

The wavelength of the given Laser source () = ----------m.

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 5 (B) LASER-
Determination of Particle Size
Aim:
To determine the Particles size of the given specimen using laser.

Apparatus required:

Laser source, Glass Plate, Lycopodium Powder and Screen.

Formula:

1.22m
The size of the particle (t)  metre
Sin

Where,
 - Wavelength of the Laser source in (m)
 - Angle of Diffraction in degree.
m - Order of the Diffraction Pattern.

Figure. 5(b) Particle Size Determination

Figure. 5 (c) Circular Fringe Pattern

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Procedure:
Determination of Particle Size by Laser
1. Spread the Lycopodium powder uniformly on the optically plane glass plate.
2. Mount the Laser source on a stand.
3. Place a screen in front of the LASER source at some distance.
4. Mount the optically plane glass plate on a separate stand and place it in between the Laser
source and the screen as shown in Figure 5(b).
5. Switch ON the Laser source and allow the beam to pass through the glass plate.
6. The distance between glass plate and the screen is properly adjusted. Due to diffraction of
Laser beam by the particle a clear circular pattern is obtained on the screen as viewed in
the Figure 5(c).
7. The intensity of the diffraction pattern is found to decrease from central maxima to the
higher orders.
8. The distance between the glass plate and the screen (D) is measured using metre scale.
9. The distance of first order, second order and so on from the central maxima should be
measured as 2x on either sides of the screen and tabulated in Table 5.2.
10. The distance between the glass plate and the screen (D) is varied and the new pattern
could be formed by repeating the above steps.
11. Using the given formula, the size of the particle can be calculated.
Table 5.2. To determine the size of the particle:
Distance Diffraction Diameter of Radius of y  x 2
 D2 x 1.22 m
Sin   t
(D) Order each ring each ring y Sin
S.No cm
(m) (2x) (x)
cm cm cm m

Result:
The size of the particles using laser diffraction grating (t) =------------m.

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 5(C) OPTICAL FIBER –
Determination of Numerical Aperture & Acceptance Angle

Aim:
To measure the Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle of the given Optical fiber.
Apparatus required:
Numerical Aperture, Measurement JIG, Optical Fiber Cable and Light Source.

Formula:
W
(i) Numerical Aperture NA 
4L  W 2
2

(ii) Acceptance Angle   Sin 1 ( NA) deg ree

Where,
L – The Distance of the Screen from the Fiber end, (m)
W – The Diameter of the Light spot, (m)

NA jig

Figure. 5 (d) Numerical Aperture

Procedure:
Numerical Aperture:
1. One end of the 1 metre fiber cable is connected to the output of the source and the other
end to the NA Jig. as shown in Figure 5 (d).
2. When the Laser source is switched ON, light rays appear at the end of the fiber on the NA
Jig.
3. The white screen with concentric rings(with 5,10,15 and 20mm diameter) drawn on it can
be held in front of the fibre end and adjust the fibre to screen distance (L) to have the
image lie within the circles drawn on the screen.

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4. The distance of the screen from the fiber end is noted followed by diameter of the circular
spot (W) of NA jig at which the circular spot just cuts are measured and are tabulated in
Table 5.3.
5. The procedure is repeated for 15mm and 20mm diameter circles in the same manner. By
substituting the values in the given formula Numerical Aperture and the Acceptance angle
can be measured.
Table 5.3 To determine the Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle:
Circle Distance Diameter of the
between the spot (W) W
fibre and screen NA    Sin 1 ( NA)
(L) 4L  W
2 2

cm cm
degree
1

Result:
a. The Numerical Aperture of the given Optical Fiber (NA) = -----------------

b. The Acceptance Angle (θ) = ----------------------- degree.

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