Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2011, 12(2), p.
328-335
EFFECT OF SPACING ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD
OF SWEET PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)
Monirul ISLAM', Satyaranjan SAHA2, MD. Hasanuzzaman AKAND1, Md. Abdur
RAHIM3*
'Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
2Horticulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institutre, Gazipuir, Bangladesh
3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207,
Bangladesh, e-mail: rahimgpb ©yahoo.com, corresponding author
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out at the Horticultural farm of the Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during September 2006
to April 2007 to investigate growth and yield of sweet pepper as influenced by
spacing. There were three levels of spacing viz. 50x50 cm, 50x40 cm, 50x30 cm.
The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with
three replications. Data were recorded on various parameters and subjected to
statistical analysis. The plant spacing had significant variation in almost all the growth
and yield components except pericarp thickness. Number of branches per plant,
number of leaves per plant, stem girth, number of fruits per plant, days to first
harvest, fruit length, individual fruit weight, yield per plant were found to be
significantly increased with the increasing of plant spacing but plant height at different
stages, number of fruits per plot, days to 50% flowering, fruit breadth, yield per plot
and yield per hectare were found to be significantly increased with the decreasing
plant spacing. Considering the yield of fruits per hectare, cost of production and net
return, 50x30cm spacing appeared to be recommendable for the cultivation of sweet
pepper.
Keywords: spacing, yield, growth, sweet pepper
INTRODUCTION
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) belongs to the family solanaceae.
Sweet pepper and chilli, the Capsicum, are native to Tropical South America. It is
now widely cultivated in Central and South America, Peru, Bolivia, Costa Rica,
Mexico, in almost all the European countries, Honkong and India. Most of the
peppers cultivated in temperate and tropical areas belong to the botanical species
Capsicum annuum, thought to originate in Mexico and Central America [1]. It is the
world's second most important vegetables after tomato [2]. In Bangladesh, it is minor
vegetable but this crop has got high export potentiality considering its high nutritive
value and export potentiality, it is imperative to take attempts for its successful
cultivation in the country. Successful cultivation of any crop depends in several
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ISLAM et al. : Effect Of Spacing On The Growth And Yield Of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annu...
factors. Sowing date and plant spacing are of the important aspects for production
system of different crops. Optimum plant spacing ensures proper growth and
development of plant resulting maximum yield of crop and economic use of land.
Yield of sweet pepper has been reported to be dependent on the number of plants
accommodated per unit area of land [4]. There are very few reports regarding the
sowing date and spacing to cultivate the crop under the agro-climatic conditions of
Gazipur, Bangladesh. Considering the above facts, the present experiment was
undertaken to standardize suitable spacing for higher yield at the experimental site.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural farm of the Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during the Kharif and
Rabi season (September 2006 to April 2007). The experimental area is situated at
24.00°N latitude and 90.25°E longitude at an elevation of 8.4 meters from the sea
level [3]. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. There were in total 9 unit plots, each plot of 3x1m
were made and raised by 10 cm which was separated by 0.50 m space. The blocks
were also separated by 0.50 m space. The treatments included 3 spacing and 3
replications. There were 9 treatment combinations such as 50x50 cm, 50x40 cm,
50x30 cm. The seeds were sown in October 1, 2006. Capsicum annuum var.
grossum cv. California Wonder, 10 g seeds were needed for sowing. Seeds were
soaked in water for 12 hour prior to sowing and thirty days old seedlings were
obtained from the seedbed of the Horticultural farm of the Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute. Half of the quantity of cowdung was applied during final land
preparation. The remaining half of Cowdung, the entire quantity of TSP, ZnO,
Gypsum and one third each of urea and MP were applied during pit preparation. The
rest of Urea and MP were applied in two equal splits, 25 and 50 days after
transplanting in the main field (Table 1). Thirty days old seedlings were transplanted
on experimental plots at each planting time with 2 cm depth maintaining single
seedling per hill. After planting the seedlings, the following intercultural operations
Table 1. Doses of application of manure and
fertilizers for of sweet pepper
Elemental form Fertilizer form
Cowdung 10 t/ha
N-100 kg/ha Urea-217 kg/ha
P205-150 kg/ha TSP - 333 kg/ha
K20-120 kg/ha MP- 200 kg/ha
S-20 kg/ha Gypsum - 111 kg/ha
Zn-4 kg/ha ZnO -5 kg/ha
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were accomplished for their better growth and development. The crop was irrigated
when needed depending on the moisture status of the soil and requirement of plants.
Plots with transplanted seedlings were regularly observed to find out any damage or
dead seedlings for its replacement and weeding was done as per requirement and
also plant protective measures were done against insect and disease. Data were
collected from five plants were randomly selected from each plot for data collection
on growth and yield characteristics during the growth of plants and at harvesting time
of the crop. These were plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of
leaves per plant, stem girth (mm), fruit length (cm), fruit breadth (cm), days 50% to
flowering, days to 1St harvest, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight (g),
yield per plant (g) and yield per plot (kg). The recorded data for different characters
were analyzed statistically using `MSTAT-C' program to find out the significance of
variation among the treatments. The analysis of variance was performed by F-test,
while the significance of difference between the pairs of treatment means were
evaluated by the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test at 5% and 1% level of
probability [5].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of plant spacing was found to be significant on plant height at different
stage of plant growth (Figure 1). It was also found that the lowest spacing 50x30 cm
produced the plants with higher plant height at all stages of plant growth as
compared to other higher spacing. The closest spacing (50x30 cm) produced the
50x50 cm 50x40 cm -A- 50x30 cm
50 -
45
t 40 -
,;-: 35 -
30 -
'ai 25
4,,,20-
ct 15-
0
a: 10 -
5-
0
45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS At fi nal
harvest
Days after sowing
Figure 1. The effect of plant spacing on plant height of sweet pepper at
different stages of plant growth.
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tallest plant (42.99 cm) and the shortest plants (39.54 cm) were obtained from the
widest spacing (50x50 cm) as comparable to that of 50x40 cm spacing at final
harvesting stage. The results of the present study for this character are in agreement
with the findings of Maya et al. [9] who stated that, plant height of sweet pepper was
significantly increased with close spacing. Viloria et al. [16] and Manchanda et al. [8]
also expressed similar opinion on plant height of sweet pepper. Number of branches
per plant differed significantly by different spacing levels (Table 2). Maximum average
number of branches (5.63) per plant was recorded from plants of the widest spacing
(50x50 cm). The lowest number of branches (4.12) per plant was recorded from the
closest spacing (50x30 cm) which was statistically different from other treatments.
Table 2. The effect of plant spacing on number of branches per plant, of leaves per
plant and stem girth of sweet pepper
Treatment No. of branches/ No. of
Stem girth (mm)
(Spacing) plant leaves/plant
50 x 50cm (51) 5.63a 204.39a 14.79a
50 x 40cm (S2 ) 4.79b 182.51b 14.48b
50 x 30cm (53 ) 4.12c 185.97b 12.80c
** ** **
Level of Significance
** Significant at 1% level of probability measured by DMRT
The results of the present study for this character is in agreement with the findings of
Ravanappa et al. [12] who reported that the lowest plant density treatment obtained
from the widest spacing (75x60 cm) produced the highest number of branches per
plant. This might be due to the plants of wider spacing could receive more light,
nutrients and other resources than the plants of close spacing. Plant spacing also
showed significant influence on number of leaves per plant of sweet pepper (Table 2).
The maximum number of leaves per plant (204.39) was recorded from 50x50 cm
spacing. The minimum number of leaves per plant of sweet pepper (182.51) was
recorded from 50x40 cm plant spacing which was statistically similar (185.97) to
50x30 cm plant spacing. The stem girth of sweet pepper was found to be
statistically significant due to different plant spacing (Table 2). The widest spacing
(50x50 cm) produced the maximum (14.79 mm) stem girth and it was gradually
decreased with decreasing plant spacing. It was recorded the lower (12.08 mm) stem
girth with the closest plant spacing (50x30 cm). The result of the present study for
this character is in agreement with the findings of Sundstrom et al. [14]. Kim et al. [6]
also expressed similar opinion on stem diameter of Capsicum. The plant spacing was
found to influence significantly at 1% level of probability to the days to 50% flowering
(Table 3). Flowering occurred earlier (104.29 days) in plant when grown as higher
spacing (50x50 cm) but late flowering (110.93 days) occurred in plant with closer
spacing (50x30 cm) which was statistically similar (108.81 days) to that of 50x40 cm
spacing. The result is consistent with that of Srivastava [13] who reported that days to
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50% flowering decreased with increasing spacing. The main effect of spacing was
found to influence significantly at 1% level of probability to days to 1st harvest (Table
3). It was observed that the first harvest was earlier (136.72 days) at the closest
spacing (50x30 cm). On the other hand, first harvest was later (145.90 days) at
50x40 cm spacing. The number of fruits per plant varied significantly under different
plant spacings (Table 3). The highest average number of fruits (6.08) per plant was
recorded from the widest spacing (50x50 cm) which was significantly higher than
Table 3. The effect of plant spacing on days to 50% flowering, number of fruits
per plant and days to 1st harvest of sweet pepper
Treatment Days to 50% No. of
Days to 1st harvest
Spacing flowering fruits/plant
50 x 50cm (51) 104.29b 6.08a 142.19b
50 x 40cm (S2) 108.81a 5.37b 145.90a
50 x 30cm (S3 ) 110.43a 4.63c 136.72c
** ** **
Level of Significance
**Significant at 1% level of probability measured by DMRT
those of other spacings (50x40 cm and 50 x 30 cm). The lowest number of fruits
(4.63) per plant was noted under the closest spacing (50x30 cm). Reduced number
of plants under wider spacing undergone less inter or intra plant competition which
caused an increased number of fruits per plant. The results are in agreement with the
report of Mishriky and Alphonse [10] who stated that the number of fruits per plant
and yield per plant decreased with closer plant spacings. There was also significant
variation in fruit length of sweet pepper due to plant spacing (Table 4). Significantly
longer fruit (5.97 cm) was obtained from the widest plant spacing (50x50 cm). The
closest plant spacing (50x30 cm) produced the shortest fruits (5.45 cm) and the
medium plant spacing (50x40 cm) produced the medium fruits (5.67 cm). The result
is in agreement with the report of Manchanda et al. [8] who reported that the number
Table 4. Main effect of plant spacing on fruit length, fruit breadth and
pericarp thickness of sweet pepper
Fruit length Fruit breadth Pericarp thickness
Treatment Spacing
(cm) (cm) (mm)
50 x 50cm (51) 5.97a 5.64b 4.50
50 x 40cm (S2) 5.67b 5.94a 4.46
50 x 30cm (S3 ) 5.45c 5.88a 4.19
** **
Level of Significance NS
**Significant at 1% level of Probability measured by DMRT
NS Non significant
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of fruits per plant and fruit length increased with decreasing plant density. The
spacing level varied significantly in respect of fruit breadth (Table 4). The highest fruit
breadth (5.94 cm) was obtained in plants of 50x40 cm spacing which was statistically
similar (5.88 cm) to 50x30 cm spacing. The lowest fruit breadth (5.64 cm) was
recorded in the widest spacing (50x50 cm). The results of the present experiment
showed disagreement with the report of Kim et al. [6] who stated that planting
systems and distances did not significantly alter plant height, main stem length, fruit
length, fruit diameter or thickness of pericarp. The plant spacing level did not vary
significantly in respect of pericarp thickness, which ranged from 4.19 mm to 4.50 mm
(Table 4). The maximum thickness (4.50 mm) was obtained in plant 50x50 cm
spacing and the minimum thickness (4.19 mm) was recorded in the closest spacing
(50x30 cm). Plant spacing also influenced the individual fruit weight (Table 5).
Table 5. The effect of plant spacing on individual fruit
weight, yield per and yield per plot of sweet pepper
Individual fruit Yield per plant
Treatment Spacing
weight (g) (g)
50 x 50cm (S1) 45.09a 271.12a
50 x 40cm (S2) 44.69a 238.50b
50 x 30cm (S3 ) 41.12b 191.73c
** **
Level of Significance
**Significant at 1% level of probability measured by DMRT
The maximum fruit weight (45.09 g) was obtained in the widest spacing (50x50 cm),
which was statistically identical to that of 50x40 cm plant spacing. The closest
spacing (50x30 cm) performed the significantly least fruit weight (41.12 g). The result
is in agreement with the report of Verheij and Verwer [15] who reported that the
individual fruit weight declined with increased plant density. Yield per plant was
significantly influenced by spacing levels (Table 5). The maximum yield (271.12 g)
was recorded from the widest spacing (50x50 cm) and differed significantly from that
of the other spacings. The lowest yield (191.73 g) per plant was obtained from the
closest spacing (50x30 cm). The wider spacing facilitated the plants to develop
properly with less inter and intra plant competition for utilizing the available resources
resulting higher yield per plant. On the other hand, in higher population density
reduced yield per plant might be attributed to lesser fruit yield per plant. The result of
the present experiment is in agreement with the findings of Ravanappa et al. [12],
who also obtained the highest yield with the lowest plant density treatment of 75x60
cm. Plant spacing had significant effect on yield per plot and per hectare ( Figure 2).
The closest spacing (50x30 cm) produced the maximum yield of fruit (3.83 kg/plot
and 12.78 t/ha) and the widest (50x50 cm) spacing showed the minimum (3.25 kg/
plot) fruit weight per plot which was statistically similar weight of fruit per plot where
plant grown at 50x40 cm spacing. It was observed that the yield of fruits per unit area
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was inversely related to the plant spacing i.e. the closer plant spacing produced the
higher yield of fruits per plot and per hectare. The higher yield of fruits was mainly
contributed by the higher plant population per unit area in closer spacing. The result
of the present experiment is in agreement with the findings of Manchanda et al. [8],
and Ramachandran and Subbiah [11]. Mishriky and Alphonse [10] also obtained the
highest yield (22.9 t/ha) from 30 cm plant spacing.
13
12.5
la
50x50 cm 50x40 cm 50x30 cm
Figure 2. The effect of plant spacing on yield (t/ha) of sweet pepper
CONCLUSION
Therefore, it was evident from the above results, 50x30 cm spacing with October 1
sowing found to be the best for production of sweet pepper under the Horticultural
farm of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
conditions.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are express highly thanks to Honorable Vice Chancellor, Shere-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh and also sincere thanks to the Director
General, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh for
providing facilities and logistic supports.
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