Introduction to AI

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 Intro to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Well there are many definitions . Some popular definitions are as follows:
Artificial Intelligence is:
➢ The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act.
(Patrick Henry Winston)

➢The science of making machines that:

• Think like people.
• Act like people.
• Think rationally.
• Act rationally.

Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to

think how smart human think. The aim of AI is to improve computer functions
which are related to human knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning, and
problem-solving.

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 Revolution of AI
Artificial intelligence is changing the world as we know it. Part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, together with
nanotechnology, robotics, the IoT, and many other tech trends, AI is the buzzword of the 2010s.

The most powerful countries in the world are jumping on the bandwagon of artificial intelligence, increasing their
investments in this field.

Similarly, the largest global companies are working hard to come up with revolutionary AI solutions that will get them ahead
of the curve.

Artificial intelligence is also being introduced in many fields of work. From automotive to construction industry, to medicine
and Web search, different aspects of AI are improving our everyday lives.

When it comes to figures regarding the current trends in artificial intelligence, one of the most astonishing projections is
that the AI software market will grow from $1.4bn in 2016 to $59.8bn in 2025. Only this year more than 4 billion people will
carry AI voice assistants with them on their mobiles.

It’s expected that at least 30% of businesses will use some AI features to improve their sales by 2020.

The AI stats regarding security are also remarkable. That way, by 2020 there are going to be about 1 billion AI-powered
surveillance cameras in different cities around the world. As for online security, AI tools are expected to prevent about 86%
of different cyber attacks.

Further, businesses that use the insights obtained via AI are projected to overtake $1.2 trillion from their rivals, due to the
enhanced data analysis.

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 Philosophies of CS and AI
From the perspective of definition, artificial intelligence differs from most of psychology
because of the greater emphasis on computation, and AI differs from most of computer
science because of greater emphasis on perception, reasoning and action.

From the perspective of goals, artificial intelligence can be viewed as part engineering,
and part science.
• The engineering goal of AI is to solve real-world problems using AI as an armamentarium
of ideas about representing of knowledge, using knowledge, and assembling systems.
• The scientific goal of AI is to determine which ideas about representing knowledge, using
knowledge, and assembling systems explain various sorts of intelligence.

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 Strong and Weak AI
STRONG AI : WEAK AI :
Aka Artificial General Intelligence, an AI Aka narrow AI, an AI system that is designed
system with generalized human cognitive and trained for a particular task. Example a
abilities. When presented with an virtual personal assistant like Apple’s Siri or
unfamiliar task, it has enough intelligence Google’s Google Assistant.
to find a solution.

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 Ethics of AI
Five Areas of Ethical Focus:
It’s our collective responsibility to understand and evolve these
ethical focus areas as AI capabilities increase over time. These
focal areas provide an intentional framework for establishing an
ethical foundation for building and using AI systems.
i. Accountability
ii. Value Alignment
iii. Explainability
iv. Fairness
v. User Data Rights

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 Structure of Intelligent Agents

To design an agent, we have to, first, specify four things:

1. Performance measures
2. Environment
3. Actuators
4. Sensors

Agent = Agent Program + Architecture

•The agent program maps percept sequences to actions.

•Architecture is whatever the agent program runs on.

The architecture has three functions:

1. Maps sensory input to data structures that are made available to the program
2. Runs the program
3. Maps program outputs onto signals to the effectors.

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 Revolution & Current Trends in AI

We have autonomous cars/robots that

figure out how to take us to our
destination. Eg. Waymo’s autonomous car,
Tesla autopilot or fully autonomous car. Yet
to be commercialized.

Robots help nurses in hospitals deliver stuff

to different rooms

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 Revolution & Current Trends in AI

Or drones that record cool videos of

us as we do outdoor activities or as
we get married or is used for
surveillance activities.

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 Current Trends in AI

Image courtesy by CMU

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 Terminology of AI

Algorithm
A formula or set of rules for performing a task. In AI, the algorithm tells the machine how to
go about finding answers to a question or solutions to a problem.
Analogical Reasoning
Solving problems by using analogies, by comparing to past experiences.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A field of computer science dedicated to the study of computer software making intelligent
decisions, reasoning, and problem solving.
Autonomous
Autonomy is the ability to act independently of a ruling body. In AI, a machine or vehicle is
referred to as autonomous if it doesn’t require input from a human operator to function
properly.
Deep learning
A subset of machine learning that uses specialized algorithms to model and understand
complex structures and relationships among data and datasets.

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 Terminology of AI

Forward chaining
A situation where an AI system must work "forward" from a problem to find a solution.
Using a rule-based system, the AI would determine which "if" rules it would apply to the
problem.
Heuristics
These are rules drawn from experience used to solve a problem more quickly than
traditional problem-solving methods in AI. While faster, a heuristic approach typically is less
optimal than the classic methods it replaces.
Inductive reasoning
In AI, inductive reasoning uses evidence and data to create statements and rules.
Machine learning
A field of AI focused on getting machines to act without being programmed to do so.
Machines "learn" from patterns they recognize and adjust their behavior accordingly.
Natural language processing (NLP)
The ability of computers to understand, or process natural human languages and derive
meaning from them. NLP typically involves machine interpretation of text or speech
recognition.

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 Terminology of AI

Planning
A branch of AI dealing with planned sequences or strategies to be performed by an AI-powered
machine. Things such as actions to take, variable to account for, and duration of performance
are accounted for.
Pruning
The use of a search algorithm to cut off undesirable solutions to a problem in an AI system. It
reduces the number of decisions that can be made by the AI system.
Strong AI
An area of AI development that is working toward the goal of making AI systems that are as
useful and skilled as the human mind.
Turing test
A test developed by Alan Turing that tests the ability of a machine to mimic human behavior.
The test involves a human evaluator who undertakes natural language conversations with
another human and a machine and rates the conversations.

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 Terminology of AI

Weak AI
Also known as narrow AI, weak AI refers to a non-sentient computer system that operates
within a predetermined range of skills and usually focuses on a singular task or small set of
tasks. Most AI in use today is weak AI.
Weights
The connection strength between units, or nodes, in a neural network. These weights can be
adjusted in a process called learning.
Agent
Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and reasoning
directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids,
intelligent agents, and software agents.
Environment
It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent.
Percepts
It is the format in which the agent obtains information about the environment.

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